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body and push them into a cup shape with her feet. The cup has four layers: coarse twigs (and sometimes bits of trash) covered in a leafy mat, then lined with grapevine bark (when available) and finally grasses, stems, rootlets, and pine needles (where available). The nest typically takes three to nine days to build; the finished product is 5.1–7.6 cm (2.0–3.0 in) tall, 10.1 cm (4.0 in) across, with an inner diameter of about 7.6 cm (3.0 in). Cardinals do not usually use their nests more than once. The female builds a
754:
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1019:
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The face mask of the female is gray to black and is less defined than that of the male. Both sexes possess prominent raised crests and bright coral-colored beaks. The beak is cone-shaped and strong. Young birds, both male and female, show coloring similar to the adult female until the fall, when they molt and grow adult feathers. They are brown above and red-brown below, with brick-colored crest, forehead, wings, and tail. The legs and feet are a dark pink-brown. The iris of the eye is brown.
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405:: Females are a reddish olive color, and have a gray mask around the beak, while males are a vibrant red color, and have a black mask on the face, as well as a larger crest. Juvenile cardinals do not have the distinctive red-orange beak seen in adult birds until they are almost fully mature. On hatching, their beaks are grayish-black and they do not become the trademark orange-red color until they acquire their final adult plumage in the fall.
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591:. The legs and feet are thin and lack feathers, and are vulnerable to rapid heat loss. In cold temperatures, cardinals will shiver and tense their muscles, especially breast muscles, to generate heat. Cardinals have the ability to drop their body temperature 3 to 6° if needed in order to survive cold temperatures.
840:
There are usually three or four eggs per nest, though there are sometimes as few as one or as many as five. The eggs are white, with a tint of green, blue, or brown, and are marked with lavender, gray, or brown blotches which are thicker around the larger end. The shell is smooth and slightly glossy.
713:
song bird. The male sings in a loud, clear whistle from the top of a tree or another high location to defend his territory. He will chase off other males entering his territory. He may mistake his image on various reflective surfaces as an invading male and will fight his reflection relentlessly. The
571:
pigments in the diet. Coloration is produced from both red pigments and yellow carotenoid pigments. Northern cardinal males metabolize carotenoid pigments to create plumage pigmentation of a color different from the ingested pigment. When fed only yellow pigments, males become a pale red color. A few
416:, marking out his territory with song. During courtship, the male feeds seed to the female beak-to-beak. The northern cardinal's clutch typically contains three to four eggs, with two to four clutches produced each year. It was once prized as a pet, but its sale was banned in the United States by the
1062:
Cardinals were once prized as pets due to their bright color and distinctive song. In the United States, this species is protected under the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which also banned their sale as cage birds. It is illegal to take, kill, or possess northern cardinals, and violation of the
726:
The cardinals' nest is made of thin twigs, bark strips, and grasses, lined with grasses or other plant fibers. Males sometimes bring nest material to the female, who does most of the building. She crushes twigs with her beak until they are pliable, then turns in the nest to bend the twigs around her
563:
The adult male is a brilliant crimson red color with a black face mask over the eyes, extending to the upper chest. The color becomes duller and darker on the back and wings. The female is fawn-colored, with mostly grayish-brown tones and a slight reddish tint on the wings, crest, and tail feathers.
886:
Newly hatched cardinals weigh an average of 3–3.5 grams, are naked, blind, and immobile, and do not have feathers until they are 4–5 days old. Unlike adults, their diet is mainly composed of insects, which adults crush with their beaks and feed to them. They gain weight at a rate of about 2–3 grams
599:
Both sexes sing clear, whistled song patterns, which are repeated several times, then varied. Some common phrases are described as "cheeeer-a-dote, cheeer-a-dote-dote-dote", "purdy, purdy, purdy...whoit, whoit, whoit, whoit", "what-cheer, what-cheer... wheet, wheet, wheet, wheet" and "cheer, cheer,
722:
Pairs may mate for successive years, but some also "divorce" between seasons or choose a new mate when one dies. Pairs generally stay together year-round but are not necessarily monogamous. DNA studies of two populations of cardinals found that 9–35% of nestlings were not fathered by the female's
914:
Nestlings defecate in the form of a fecal sac, where the fecal matter is enclosed by a tough mucous membrane. They are produced every 3 or 4 feedings, and female cardinals sometimes stimulate defecation by poking the nestling near the cloaca. Fecal sacs from the first 4- or 5 days of nesting are
541:
In 1929, Forbush described the species as rare, and by 1955 Griscom reported the bird to be "pushing northward" when recorded annually at feeding stations. Audubon data shows that the population has grown rapidly in
Massachusetts since 1960. In Massachusetts, the species is most abundant in the
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seeds. An increase in backyard feeding by humans has increased the range of this species, with an estimated global range of 5,800,000 km (2,200,000 sq mi) and a global population of some 100 million. Populations appear to remain stable or increasing.
714:
northern cardinal learns its songs, and as a result the songs vary regionally. Mated pairs often travel together. The songs of a northern cardinal will usually overlap more in syllables when compared to other northern cardinals near it than those far away from it.
554:
with a body length of 21–23.5 cm (8.3–9.3 in) and a wingspan of 25–31 cm (9.8–12.2 in). The adult weighs from 33.6–65 g (1.19–2.29 oz), with an average 44.8 g (1.58 oz). The male averages slightly larger than the female.
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898:
625:
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In the United States, the northern cardinal (referred to as just "cardinal") is the mascot of numerous athletic teams; however, most teams portray the bird with a yellow beak and legs. In professional sports, it is the mascot of the
1845:
McGraw, Kevin J.; Hill, Geoffrey E.; Stradi, Riccardo; Parker, Robert S. (2001). "The
Influence of Carotenoid Acquisition and Utilization on the Maintenance of Species-Typical Plumage Pigmentation in Male American Goldfinches
792:
655:
The songs of the two sexes of the northern cardinal, although not distinguishable by the human ear, are sexually dimorphic. It is suggested that this is because of the differences in levels of hormones of the two sexes.
616:
873:
Cardinals in
Massachusetts have been observed to nest in thick and dense shrubs, trees, and vine tangles, making nests out of twigs, grass, and plant fibers. The eggs are usually incubated by female cardinals, who have
734:
The oldest wild cardinal banded by researchers lived at least 15 years and 9 months, although 28.5 years was achieved by a captive bird. Annual survival rates for adult northern cardinals have been estimated at 60–65%.
664:
The diet of the adult northern cardinal consists mainly (up to 90%) of weed seeds, grains, and fruits. It is a ground feeder and finds food while hopping on the ground through trees or shrubbery. It will also consume
1901:
McGraw, Kevin J; Hill, Geogffrey E.; Parker, Robert S. (August 2003), "Carotenoid
Pigments in a Mutant Cardinal: Implications for the Genetic and Enzymatic Control Mechanisms of Carotenoid Metabolism in Birds",
723:
mate. Mated pairs sometimes sing together before nesting. During courtship they may also participate in a bonding behavior where the male collects food and brings it to the female, feeding her beak-to-beak.
542:
east, especially in areas where dense cover is interspersed with open areas, such as woodland edges, brushy fields, wooded wetlands, parks, and suburban areas. They tend to avoid extensive woodlands.
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Nestlings vocalize to attract parents for feeding. Very young nestlings will beg if the nest is moved, but as they grow older, they start to only respond to their parents' presence or their songs.
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10 or 11 days after hatching. Two or three, and even four, broods are raised each year. The male cares for and feeds each brood as the female incubates the next clutch of eggs.
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law is punishable by a fine of up to US$ 15,000 and imprisonment of up to six months. It is also protected by the
Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada.
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819:
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1469:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. T(Laurentii Salvii)
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1562:
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1972:
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471:, who wear distinctive red robes and caps. The term "northern" in the common name refers to its range, as it is the northernmost cardinal species known.
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1199:; although in each case the particular state just refers to the bird as "cardinal". It was also a candidate to become the state bird of
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transmission in the United States found that unlike other species, northern cardinals biologically suppress the disease upon infection.
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per day, but grow a bit slower until day 2, faster from day 2 to day 7 or 8, and then slower for the day or two before fledging.
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and the common name was changed to "northern cardinal" to avoid confusion with the several other species also termed cardinals.
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since its introduction in 1929. Its habitat includes woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and wetlands. It is the state bird of
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2504:"Supersuppression: Reservoir Competency and Timing of Mosquito Host Shifts Combine to Reduce Spillover of West Nile Virus"
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sound. This call often is given when predators approach the nest, in order to give warning to the female and nestlings.
1099:, which for many years were also based in St. Louis. In college athletics, it is the mascot of many schools, including
50:
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the eggs. The male may incubate for brief periods of time, though this is rare. Incubation takes 12 or 13 days. Young
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113:
2920:
2606:
1568:
1188:
1088:
4662:
4571:
2242:
Anderson, Mary E.; Conner, Richard N. (1985). "Northern cardinal song in three forest habitats in eastern Texas".
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2825:
2218:
1940:
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with a body length of 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in) and a crest on the top of the head. The species expresses
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in order to retain warm air next to their body. The down feathers are small and hairlike at the base of each
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to convert carotenoids into red pigments, and have a yellow beak and feathers (except for black face mask).
64:
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Eggs measure approximately 26 mm × 19 mm (1.02 in × 0.75 in) in size.
731:
in a well-concealed spot in dense shrub or a low tree 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) off the ground.
4809:
3128:
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2175:
2005:
1977:
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are laid one to six days following the completion of the nest. Three or four eggs are laid in each
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503:, all the way east to Cape Breton Island. Its range also extends south through Mexico to the
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Northern cardinals are numerous across the eastern United States from the southern half of
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1973:"'It's a show stopper': One-in-a-million picturesque yellow cardinal spotted in Florida"
1721:
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225:
98:
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17:
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175:
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eaten by the parents, and later sacs are carried away from the nest and dropped.
623:
323:. It can be found in southeastern Canada, through the eastern United States from
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875:
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500:
4328:
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attract it by using feeders containing seeds, particularly sunflower seeds and
677:, and the young are fed almost entirely on insects. Other common items include
448:, a genus which now contains only crossbills. In 1838, it was recategorized as
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336:
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938:
698:
508:
484:
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352:
328:
165:
125:
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1879:
2519:
2276:
1050:
The northern cardinal is found in residential areas throughout its range.
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3770:
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364:
145:
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2158:
997:
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368:
356:
340:
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3557:
3440:
3107:
3102:
2980:
2551:
Jackson, Laura Spess; Thompson, Carol A.; Dinsmore, James J. (1996).
1954:"'One in a million' yellow cardinal named 'Sunny' spotted in Florida"
1564:
Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names
943:
933:
856:
783:
670:
648:
The northern cardinal has a distinctive alarm call, a short metallic
577:
524:
512:
360:
348:
344:
135:
4584:
4339:
2149:
2132:
1012:
The male often feeds the female as part of their courtship behavior.
4522:
4496:
2645:
1871:
4491:
4045:
3832:
3395:
2265:"Northern Cardinal - Introduction | Birds of North America Online"
1760:
Birdcraft: A Field Book of Two
Hundred Song, Game, and Water Birds
894:
861:
678:
666:
488:
480:
441:
332:
324:
4701:
2448:"16 U.S. Code Chapter 7, Subchapter II Migratory Bird Treaty Act"
1918:
4509:
4021:
3388:
3351:
3321:
2735:
2701:
2133:"A sexually dimorphic learned birdsong in the northern cardinal"
975:
380:
155:
4343:
3185:
2674:
4143:
3000:
2762:
1815:
Krinsky, Norman I; Mayne, Susan T. & Sies, Helmut (2004).
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
682:
355:. It is also an introduced species in a few locations such as
798:
Juvenile male northern cardinal (left) at feeder with female
605:
534:
in 1700. It has also been introduced in Hawaii. Its natural
452:. In 1918, the scientific name was sometimes replaced with
2359:, Vol. 440. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America.
1440:"Juvenile Cardinals (Identification Guide with Pictures)"
491:-Mexico border and in Canada in the southern portions of
2182:
The
Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds
1684:
Dewey, Tanya; Kirschbaum, Kari; Crane, Jonathan (2002).
928:
Northern cardinals are preyed upon by a wide variety of
519:
population is found on the
Pacific slope of Mexico from
2054:"How Cardinals Survive Winter & Ways You Can Help"
412:
but also feeds on insects and fruit. The male behaves
4293:
2508:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1941:'One in a million' yellow cardinal spotted in Alabama
1125:
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
2665:
Florida bird sounds, including the northern cardinal
2351:
Halkin, S., S. Linville. (1999). Northern cardinal (
538:
is in woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and wetlands.
456:. In 1983, the scientific name was changed again to
4352:
4118:
4073:
4012:
3983:
3954:
3933:
3894:
3857:
3848:
3815:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3705:
3629:
3588:
3526:
3498:
3474:
3450:
3423:
3344:
3331:
3292:
3261:
3200:
3116:
3019:
2919:
2869:
2796:
2726:
1171:of seven U.S. states, more than any other species:
2502:Levine, Rebecca S.; et al. (November 2016) .
2419:"Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act"
2179:
1594:"Proliferation of cardinals a fairly recent event"
1418:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723819A132024136.en
1066:A study conducted in 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia, on
30:"Red cardinal" redirects here. For the plant, see
1040:A male northern cardinal feeding on a bird feeder
567:The plumage color of the males is produced from
528:(this population is not shown on the range map)
2001:"SEE IT: Rare yellow cardinal seen in Florida"
1486:Handbook of Birds of the Western United States
1000:have been observed to parasitize their nests.
2686:
2110:. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. p. 28.
2078:"Why you should feed cardinals in the winter"
583:During winter, cardinals will fluff up their
8:
878:, while the male cardinal forages for food.
2611:"Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies"
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
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1508:
1506:
1504:
1145:State University of New York at Plattsburgh
4340:
3854:
3775:
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3757:
3495:
3341:
3328:
3289:
3285:
3258:
3197:
3193:
3182:
3178:
2693:
2679:
2671:
1776:
1774:
1556:
1554:
253:
87:
63:
49:
40:
4820:Native birds of the Eastern United States
2527:
2170:
2168:
2148:
1917:
1840:
1838:
1752:
1750:
1416:
2473:"50 CFR 10.13 - List of Migratory Birds"
2367:
2365:
343:, southern California and south through
4572:northern-cardinal-cardinalis-cardinalis
4300:
2355:). pp. 1-32 in A. Poole, F. Gill, eds.
2309:. Houghton Mifflin Field. p. 228.
2099:
2097:
1716:
1714:
1378:
1002:
962:. Predators of chicks and eggs include
737:
428:The northern cardinal was described by
2375:Nests and Eggs of North American Birds
638:
2648:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
2617:. International Ornithologists' Union
2578:deValinger Jr., Leon (July 8, 1940).
2306:A Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests
2259:
2257:
2211:Robison, B C; Tveten, John L (1990).
1856:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1472:(in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 824.
550:The northern cardinal is a mid-sized
394:The northern cardinal is a mid-sized
7:
4252:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1028:at Okeeheelee Nature Center, Florida
813:Male juvenile in Manhasset, New York
4805:IUCN Red List least concern species
4276:
2667:- Florida Museum of Natural History
2104:Elliott, Lang; Read, Marie (1998).
1404:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
932:native to North America, including
439:. It was originally categorized as
2660:Cardinal stamps at bird-stamps.org
2646:Explore Species: Northern Cardinal
1999:Goldsberry, Jenny (May 11, 2022).
1105:The Catholic University of America
1024:Male cardinal feeding on American
72:Female in New York, United States
25:
3154:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1971:McClenny, Brad (March 10, 2022).
1818:Carotenoids In Health And Disease
1652:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1483:Bailey, Florence Merriam (1921).
418:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
4327:
4315:
4303:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4240:
4239:
4130:(New World vultures and condors)
2186:. New York, NY: Knopf. pp.
1606:from the original on 2014-10-06.
1113:University of the Incarnate Word
1033:
1017:
1005:
818:
806:
791:
776:
764:
752:
740:
669:and insects, including beetles,
639:Problems playing this file? See
621:
600:cheer, what, what, what, what".
530:. The species was introduced to
408:The northern cardinal is mainly
112:
58:Male in New York, United States
2654:Northern cardinal photo gallery
2609:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
2397:. Stackpole Books. p. 69.
1797:from the original on 2015-01-16
1736:from the original on 2014-08-20
1730:United States Geological Survey
1700:from the original on 2015-02-24
1393:BirdLife International (2018).
245:
4815:Native birds of Eastern Canada
2423:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1650:Dunning, John B., ed. (1992).
27:Species of North American bird
1:
2335:Pennsylvania State University
1757:Wright, Mabel Osgood (1907).
1561:Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003).
1167:The northern cardinal is the
902:Call of the northern cardinal
631:Song of the northern cardinal
305:), known colloquially as the
262:Approximate distribution map
2656:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2557:. University of Iowa Press.
2554:The Iowa Breeding Bird Atlas
2107:Common Birds and Their Songs
1781:Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1592:Duchesne, Bob (2012-09-21).
954:and several owls, including
825:Female juvenile in Manhasset
463:The cardinal is named after
4845:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4194:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2640:Article on cardinal's songs
2615:World Bird List Version 9.2
2478:Code of Federal Regulations
2452:Code of Federal Regulations
1864:University of Chicago Press
709:The northern cardinal is a
689:, the blossoms and bark of
4891:
4825:Birds of the United States
4056:(cormorants and relatives)
3149:Extinct species since 1500
2357:The Birds of North America
2052:onthefeeder (2021-12-16).
1850:) and Northern Cardinals (
1821:. CRC Press. p. 258.
29:
4860:Symbols of North Carolina
4235:
4186:(kingfishers and rollers)
4040:(albatrosses and petrels)
3924:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3906:(nightjars and relatives)
3756:
3730:(pheasants and relatives)
3288:
3257:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3177:
2713:
2393:Ritchinson, Gary (1997).
2303:Harrison, Hal H. (1979).
2219:University of Texas Press
2131:Yamaguchi, Ayako (1998).
2028:"How do birds keep warm?"
1491:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1411:: e.T22723819A132024136.
1215:There are 19 subspecies:
1141:Saint John Fisher College
1109:Illinois State University
359:and all major islands of
317:, is a bird in the genus
279:
272:
261:
252:
242:
237:
214:
207:
109:Scientific classification
107:
85:
76:
71:
62:
57:
48:
43:
4875:Symbols of West Virginia
4085:(seriemas and relatives)
4064:(pelicans and relatives)
2642:from Columbia University
2580:"Letters to the Editors"
1527:Ritchison, Gary (1997).
1121:University of Louisville
1097:National Football League
1046:Relationship with humans
866:Nest with three eggs in
475:Distribution and habitat
4835:Birds described in 1758
4178:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4093:(falcons and relatives)
851:. The female generally
697:sap from holes made by
4162:(trogons and quetzals)
3974:(cranes and relatives)
3244:(emus and cassowaries)
3134:Glossary of bird terms
2946:Confuciusornithiformes
2372:Davie, Oliver (1900).
2337:. 2002. Archived from
1694:University of Michigan
1157:William Jewell College
980:eastern gray squirrels
903:
870:
868:Durham, North Carolina
771:Female feeding a chick
610:
505:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
454:Richmondena cardinalis
450:Cardinalis virginianus
4780:Cardinalis-cardinalis
4749:Paleobiology Database
4736:Paleobiology Database
4422:cardinalis-cardinalis
4409:Cardinalis_cardinalis
4384:Cardinalis cardinalis
4354:Cardinalis cardinalis
4003:(kagu and sunbittern)
3966:(gulls and relatives)
2971:Songlingornithiformes
2936:Omnivoropterygiformes
2520:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0809
2378:. D. McKay. pp.
2353:Cardinalis cardinalis
2277:10.2173/bow.norcar.02
1943:. AL.com. 22 Feb 2018
1852:Cardinalis cardinalis
1785:Cardinalis cardinalis
1724:Cardinalis cardinalis
1688:Cardinalis cardinalis
1397:Cardinalis cardinalis
1129:North Central College
1101:Ball State University
1085:Major League Baseball
901:
865:
609:
576:" cardinals lack the
469:Roman Catholic Church
458:Cardinalis cardinalis
302:Cardinalis cardinalis
218:Cardinalis cardinalis
18:Cardinalis cardinalis
3825:Phoenicopteriformes
2454:. Cornell Law School
1765:Macmillan Publishers
1137:Otterbein University
968:coluber constrictors
960:eastern screech owls
4870:Symbols of Virginia
4855:Symbols of Kentucky
4840:Symbols of Illinois
3796:Mesitornithiformes
3790:(doves and pigeons)
3124:Families and orders
2986:Ichthyornithiformes
2961:Patagopterygiformes
2331:"Northern Cardinal"
2244:The Wilson Bulletin
2006:Washington Examiner
1978:The Gainesville Sun
1960:. October 15, 2019.
1722:"Northern cardinal
1696:Museum of Zoology.
1153:Wheeling University
1149:Wesleyan University
1133:North Idaho College
1081:St. Louis Cardinals
286:Linnaeus, 1758
244:19 subspecies, see
79:Conservation status
4850:Symbols of Indiana
4138:(eagles and hawks)
4038:Procellariiformes
3943:Opisthocomiformes
3912:Steatornithiformes
3139:List by population
2976:Hongshanornithidae
2901:Evolution of birds
2483:Cornell Law School
2032:Tough Little Birds
1791:Cornell University
1359:(van Rossem, 1932)
1300:C. c. magnirostris
904:
871:
759:At one week of age
611:
200:C. cardinalis
44:Northern cardinal
33:Erythrina herbacea
4790:
4789:
4723:Open Tree of Life
4715:northern-cardinal
4559:northern-cardinal
4346:Taxon identifiers
4291:
4290:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4024:(loons or divers)
3993:Phaethontiformes
3985:Phaethontimorphae
3935:Opisthocomiformes
3904:Caprimulgiformes
3844:
3843:
3833:Podicipediformes
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3470:
3469:
3253:
3252:
3210:Struthioniformes
3078:Waterfowl hunting
3011:Gastornithiformes
3006:Aepyornithiformes
2996:Lithornithiformes
2395:Northern Cardinal
1848:Carduelis tristis
1599:Bangor Daily News
1530:Northern Cardinal
1368:
1364:C. c. yucatanicus
1360:
1352:
1344:
1340:C. c. sinaloensis
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1271:J.L. Peters, 1913
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1205:Delaware Blue Hen
1093:Arizona Cardinals
988:eastern chipmunks
899:
626:
617:Northern cardinal
403:sexual dimorphism
297:northern cardinal
293:
292:
102:
16:(Redirected from
4882:
4783:
4782:
4770:
4769:
4757:
4756:
4744:
4743:
4731:
4730:
4718:
4717:
4705:
4704:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4678:
4666:
4665:
4653:
4652:
4650:NHMSYS0001689438
4640:
4639:
4627:
4626:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4451:
4450:
4438:
4437:
4435:4E74AE2276258520
4425:
4424:
4412:
4411:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4279:
4278:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4242:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4168:Leptosomiformes
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4136:Accipitriformes
4131:
4110:
4109:(perching birds)
4102:
4094:
4086:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4030:Sphenisciformes
4025:
4004:
3996:
3975:
3967:
3964:Charadriiformes
3946:
3925:
3907:
3886:
3878:
3875:Musophagiformes
3870:
3855:
3836:
3828:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3776:
3767:
3758:
3731:
3718:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3398:
3391:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3325:
3290:
3286:
3259:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3198:
3194:
3183:
3179:
3046:Bird collections
3001:Dinornithiformes
2906:Darwin's finches
2896:Origin of flight
2836:Seabird breeding
2826:Sexual selection
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2514:(5): 1174–1184.
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2425:. Archived from
2415:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2214:Birds of Houston
2208:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1939:Dennis Pillion.
1937:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1524:
1499:
1498:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1390:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1292:C. c. littoralis
1287:S.F. Baird, 1860
1286:
1278:
1276:C. c. floridanus
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1236:C. c. canicaudus
1230:
1223:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1222:
1220:C. c. cardinalis
1203:but lost to the
1117:Lamar University
1037:
1021:
1009:
900:
822:
810:
795:
780:
768:
756:
744:
693:, and drinks of
628:
627:
608:
434:10th edition of
287:
283:Loxia cardinalis
267: Year-round
266:
257:
220:
117:
116:
96:
91:
90:
67:
53:
41:
21:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4865:Symbols of Ohio
4830:Birds of Mexico
4795:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4684:Observation.org
4682:
4674:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4420:
4415:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4348:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4199:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4176:Bucerotiformes
4170:(cuckoo-roller)
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4128:Cathartiformes
4114:
4108:
4100:
4099:Psittaciformes
4092:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:Pelecaniformes
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4008:
4002:
4001:Eurypygiformes
3994:
3979:
3973:
3965:
3950:
3944:
3929:
3923:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3840:
3834:
3826:
3811:
3805:
3804:Pterocliformes
3797:
3789:
3740:
3729:
3716:
3701:
3625:
3584:
3522:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3446:
3419:
3396:
3389:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3242:Casuariiformes
3235:
3234:Apterygiformes
3227:
3219:
3211:
3188:
3173:
3144:Lists by region
3112:
3022:
3015:
2956:Chaoyangiformes
2941:Jeholornithidae
2915:
2879:Origin of birds
2865:
2846:Brood parasites
2792:
2722:
2709:
2699:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2150:10.2307/1369716
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1666:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1611:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1535:Stackpole Books
1526:
1525:
1502:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1356:C. c. townsendi
1324:C. c. saturatus
1316:C. c. phillipsi
1268:C. c. flammiger
1260:C. c. coccineus
1213:
1165:
1163:U.S. state bird
1089:National League
1076:
1068:West Nile virus
1048:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1010:
956:long-eared owls
926:
921:
912:
895:
893:
884:
838:
833:
826:
823:
814:
811:
802:
796:
787:
786:at a box feeder
781:
772:
769:
760:
757:
748:
745:
720:
707:
687:sunflower seeds
662:
646:
645:
637:
635:
634:
633:
632:
629:
622:
619:
612:
606:
597:
561:
548:
511:, and northern
477:
436:Systema Naturae
426:
307:common cardinal
285:
268:
264:
233:
222:
216:
203:
111:
103:
92:
88:
81:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4888:
4886:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4797:
4796:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4771:
4758:
4745:
4732:
4719:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4654:
4641:
4628:
4615:
4602:
4589:
4576:
4563:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4465:
4452:
4439:
4426:
4413:
4400:
4389:
4374:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4184:Coraciiformes
4181:
4173:
4165:
4160:Trogoniformes
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:Passeriformes
4104:
4096:
4091:Falconiformes
4088:
4083:Cariamiformes
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4046:Ciconiiformes
4043:
4035:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3960:
3958:
3956:Cursorimorphae
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3817:Mirandornithes
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3788:Columbiformes
3784:
3782:
3780:Columbimorphae
3773:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3715:Meleagridinae
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3631:Odontophoridae
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3410:Stictonettinae
3407:
3405:Dendrocygninae
3402:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3356:
3339:
3326:
3283:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3158:Notable birds
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3108:Egg collecting
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Hesperornithes
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2966:Ambiortiformes
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Enantiornithes
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2634:External links
2632:
2629:
2628:
2598:
2570:
2563:
2543:
2494:
2464:
2439:
2410:
2403:
2385:
2361:
2344:
2341:on 2013-12-26.
2322:
2315:
2288:
2253:
2234:
2227:
2221:. p. 59.
2203:
2196:
2164:
2143:(3): 504–511.
2123:
2116:
2093:
2069:
2044:
2019:
1991:
1963:
1958:FOX 35 Orlando
1945:
1932:
1912:(3): 587–592,
1893:
1872:10.1086/323797
1834:
1827:
1807:
1770:
1767:. p. 161.
1746:
1710:
1671:
1664:
1642:
1609:
1584:
1577:
1571:. p. 59.
1550:
1543:
1537:. p. 82.
1500:
1475:
1464:Linnaeus, Carl
1455:
1431:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1348:C. c. superbus
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1252:C. c. clintoni
1249:
1247:(Lesson, 1842)
1241:
1233:
1225:
1212:
1209:
1185:North Carolina
1164:
1161:
1075:
1072:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1004:
925:
922:
920:
917:
911:
908:
892:
889:
883:
880:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
817:
815:
812:
805:
803:
797:
790:
788:
782:
775:
773:
770:
763:
761:
758:
751:
749:
746:
739:
719:
716:
706:
705:Territoriality
703:
661:
658:
636:
630:
620:
615:
614:
613:
604:
603:
602:
596:
593:
589:flight feather
560:
557:
547:
544:
476:
473:
425:
422:
377:North Carolina
291:
290:
289:
288:
277:
276:
270:
269:
263:
259:
258:
250:
249:
240:
239:
235:
234:
223:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
195:
191:
190:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
105:
104:
86:
83:
82:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4887:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:Strigiformes
4142:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3995:(tropicbirds)
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3917:Podargiformes
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:Cuculiformes
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:Macrocephalon
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3452:Anseranatidae
3449:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:Tinamiformes
3224:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3202:Palaeognathae
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Pigeon racing
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:Archaeopteryx
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
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2801:
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2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
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2682:
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2676:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2564:9781587291166
2560:
2556:
2555:
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2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2429:on 2007-10-10
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2404:0-8117-3100-6
2400:
2396:
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2316:0-618-16437-5
2312:
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2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:(4): 436–449.
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2228:0-89263-303-4
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2197:0-394-46651-9
2193:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:Terres, J. K.
2171:
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2124:
2119:
2117:0-395-91238-5
2113:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2082:spectrum news
2079:
2073:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
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1873:
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1830:
1828:0-8247-5416-6
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1672:
1667:
1665:9780849342585
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1627:"Find A Bird"
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1578:0-88192-600-0
1574:
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1566:
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1555:
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1546:
1544:0-8117-3100-6
1540:
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1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1367:Ridgway, 1887
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:Ridgway, 1885
1349:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:C. c. seftoni
1330:
1327:Ridgway, 1885
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:Ridgway, 1896
1277:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:Ridgway, 1873
1261:
1258:
1255:(Banks, 1963)
1253:
1250:
1245:
1244:C. c. carneus
1242:
1239:Chapman, 1891
1237:
1234:
1229:
1228:C. c. affinis
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:West Virginia
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
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1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
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1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
993:
992:domestic cats
989:
985:
984:fox squirrels
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:golden eagles
949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
931:
923:
918:
916:
909:
907:
891:Vocalizations
890:
888:
881:
879:
877:
876:brood patches
869:
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
830:
821:
816:
809:
804:
801:
794:
789:
785:
779:
774:
767:
762:
755:
750:
747:Newly hatched
743:
738:
736:
732:
730:
724:
717:
715:
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
659:
657:
653:
651:
644:
642:
618:
601:
594:
592:
590:
586:
585:down feathers
581:
579:
575:
570:
565:
559:Adult plumage
558:
556:
553:
545:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:New Brunswick
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
443:
438:
437:
431:
430:Carl Linnaeus
423:
421:
419:
415:
414:territorially
411:
406:
404:
400:
397:
392:
390:
389:West Virginia
386:
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366:
362:
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213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:Passeriformes
164:
161:
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157:
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151:
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147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
106:
100:
95:
94:Least Concern
84:
80:
75:
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
34:
19:
4792:
4353:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4154:(mousebirds)
4152:Coliiformes
4022:Gaviiformes
4014:Aequornithes
3922:Apodiformes
3883:Otidiformes
3859:Otidimorphae
3806:(sandgrouse)
3728:Phasianinae
3694:
3687:
3680:
3675:Odontophorus
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3513:Oreophasinae
3459:
3439:
3432:
3337:(waterfowls)
3333:Anseriformes
3083:Cockfighting
3068:Conservation
3063:Bird feeding
3051:Birdwatching
3041:Ornithomancy
2981:Gansuiformes
2928:
2921:Fossil birds
2811:Intelligence
2619:. Retrieved
2614:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:
2553:
2546:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2456:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:the original
2413:
2394:
2388:
2374:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2339:the original
2325:
2305:
2280:. Retrieved
2268:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2213:
2206:
2181:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2106:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2034:. 2012-12-27
2031:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2004:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1919:10.1650/7281
1909:
1903:
1896:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1817:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1784:
1759:
1738:. Retrieved
1723:
1702:. Retrieved
1687:
1651:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1631:Mass Audubon
1630:
1597:
1587:
1569:Timber Press
1563:
1529:
1485:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1408:
1402:
1396:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1343:Nelson, 1899
1339:
1335:(Huey, 1940)
1331:
1323:
1319:Parkes, 1997
1315:
1311:Nelson, 1898
1308:C. c. mariae
1307:
1299:
1295:Nelson, 1897
1291:
1284:C. c. igneus
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1231:Nelson, 1899
1227:
1219:
1214:
1166:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1052:Bird feeders
1049:
996:
937:
927:
913:
905:
885:
872:
843:
839:
733:
725:
721:
718:Reproduction
708:
675:grasshoppers
663:
654:
649:
647:
598:
582:
574:yellow morph
566:
562:
549:
540:
527:
478:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
435:
432:in the 1758
427:
407:
393:
318:
314:
311:red cardinal
310:
306:
301:
300:
296:
294:
282:
243:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
176:Cardinalidae
38:
32:
4671:Neotropical
4632:NatureServe
4580:iNaturalist
4378:Wikispecies
4282:WikiProject
4192:Piciformes
4075:Australaves
4054:Suliformes
3972:Gruiformes
3827:(flamingos)
3736:Tetraoninae
3707:Phasianidae
3696:Rhynchortyx
3661:Dactylortyx
3528:Megapodidae
3518:Penelopinae
3476:Galliformes
3218:Rheiformes
3212:(ostriches)
3162:individuals
3036:Ornithology
3023:interaction
2778:Preen gland
2607:Gill, Frank
2588:. p. 4
2269:birdsna.org
2058:OnTheFeeder
1866:: 843–852.
1493:. pp.
1424:12 November
1303:Bangs, 1903
1026:beautyberry
964:milk snakes
948:bald eagles
800:house finch
711:territorial
507:, northern
501:Nova Scotia
410:granivorous
339:, southern
238:Subspecies
4810:Cardinalis
4799:Categories
4775:Xeno-canto
4032:(penguins)
3885:(bustards)
3723:Perdicinae
3668:Dendrortyx
3640:Callipepla
3572:Megapodius
3537:Aepypodius
3415:Tadorninae
3397:true geese
3228:(tinamous)
3187:Neornithes
3098:Pheasantry
3073:Aviculture
2841:Incubation
2831:Lek mating
2592:2015-02-23
2488:2015-02-23
2458:2007-10-14
2433:2007-10-14
2282:2020-03-06
2137:The Condor
2087:2024-04-20
2063:2021-06-17
2038:2016-02-05
1905:The Condor
1801:2007-08-24
1740:2007-11-08
1704:2007-08-24
1636:2023-06-12
1449:2023-09-05
1373:References
1211:Subspecies
1169:state bird
910:Defecation
699:sapsuckers
641:media help
569:carotenoid
517:allopatric
495:, Quebec,
446:cardinalis
337:New Mexico
320:Cardinalis
313:, or just
187:Cardinalis
4101:(parrots)
3945:(hoatzin)
3896:Strisores
3877:(turacos)
3869:(cuckoos)
3798:(mesites)
3717:(turkeys)
3689:Philortyx
3606:Agelastes
3599:Acryllium
3590:Numididae
3579:Talegalla
3489:gamebirds
3482:landfowls
3461:Anseranas
3425:Anhimidae
3384:Anserinae
3167:fictional
2889:dinosaurs
2884:Theropoda
2871:Evolution
2816:Migration
2798:Behaviour
1656:CRC Press
1056:safflower
972:blue jays
939:Accipiter
930:predators
924:Predators
882:Nestlings
853:incubates
784:Fledgling
691:elm trees
509:Guatemala
485:Minnesota
465:cardinals
353:Guatemala
329:Minnesota
194:Species:
132:Kingdom:
126:Eukaryota
4637:2.105565
4624:22723819
4598:11230818
4448:22723819
4443:BirdLife
4363:Wikidata
4246:Category
4120:Afroaves
4048:(storks)
3850:Passerea
3835:(grebes)
3771:Columbea
3682:Oreortyx
3654:Cyrtonyx
3544:Alectura
3508:Cracinae
3500:Cracidae
3377:Oxyurini
3367:Aythyini
3362:Anatinae
3346:Anatidae
3093:Falconry
3056:big year
2911:Seabirds
2821:Foraging
2768:Feathers
2538:27503511
2178:(1980).
1928:32164111
1888:10265039
1880:11731975
1795:Archived
1734:Archived
1698:Archived
1604:Archived
1466:(1758).
1444:Birdfact
1201:Delaware
1193:Virginia
1181:Kentucky
1173:Illinois
1091:and the
998:Cowbirds
729:cup nest
552:songbird
424:Taxonomy
399:songbird
396:perching
385:Virginia
373:Kentucky
365:Illinois
315:cardinal
274:Synonyms
226:Linnaeus
172:Family:
146:Chordata
142:Phylum:
136:Animalia
122:Domain:
99:IUCN 3.1
4702:1484332
4549:2490384
4510:1052070
4430:Avibase
4369:Q726389
4334:Biology
4322:Animals
4296:Portals
4258:Commons
3762:Neoaves
3647:Colinus
3613:Guttera
3551:Eulipoa
3372:Mergini
3236:(kiwis)
3220:(rheas)
3031:Ringing
2856:Hybrids
2851:Nesting
2806:Singing
2783:Plumage
2758:Dactyly
2728:Anatomy
2718:Outline
2708:: Aves)
2621:26 June
2529:5094236
2159:1369716
2012:May 14,
1984:May 14,
1177:Indiana
1095:of the
944:shrikes
942:hawks,
934:falcons
919:Ecology
671:cicadas
536:habitat
532:Bermuda
521:Jalisco
493:Ontario
487:to the
467:of the
369:Indiana
357:Bermuda
341:Arizona
182:Genus:
162:Order:
152:Class:
97: (
4754:289505
4741:368096
4728:307364
4676:norcar
4611:179124
4556:GNAB:
4531:EURING
4523:CRDNCA
4497:norcar
4471:norcar
4417:ARKive
4397:norcar
4270:Portal
4146:(owls)
3620:Numida
3558:Leipoa
3441:Chauna
3434:Anhima
3129:Genera
3103:Imping
3021:Human
2861:Colony
2788:Vision
2773:Flight
2561:
2536:
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2313:
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1195:, and
1155:, and
1143:, the
1123:, the
1119:, the
1111:, the
1074:Mascot
990:, and
958:, and
936:, all
857:fledge
849:clutch
673:, and
667:snails
578:enzyme
572:rare "
546:Adults
525:Oaxaca
513:Belize
387:, and
361:Hawaii
351:, and
349:Belize
345:Mexico
265:
4689:19284
4663:98964
4593:IRMNG
4536:18880
4492:eBird
4468:BOW:
4461:11340
4310:Birds
3390:swans
3352:ducks
3322:fowls
3117:Lists
2741:Brain
2706:class
2702:Birds
2382:–400.
2155:JSTOR
1924:S2CID
1884:S2CID
1862:(6).
976:crows
831:Nests
695:maple
595:Songs
515:. An
489:Texas
481:Maine
442:Loxia
333:Texas
325:Maine
4767:3478
4710:ODNR
4697:OBIS
4658:NCBI
4619:IUCN
4606:ITIS
4585:9083
4544:GBIF
4518:EPPO
4484:R56G
4456:BOLD
2763:Eggs
2751:milk
2746:Crop
2736:Beak
2623:2019
2585:Life
2559:ISBN
2534:PMID
2399:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2014:2022
1986:2022
1876:PMID
1854:)".
1823:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1426:2021
1409:2018
1189:Ohio
845:Eggs
836:Eggs
683:oats
679:corn
660:Diet
650:chip
499:and
381:Ohio
295:The
246:text
230:1758
156:Aves
4762:TSA
4645:NBN
4567:IBC
4505:EoL
4479:CoL
4404:ADW
4393:ABA
2524:PMC
2516:doi
2380:399
2273:doi
2188:293
2145:doi
2141:100
1914:doi
1910:105
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