Pallet - Knowledge

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these, carbon steel offers excellent durability at the lowest cost. Stainless steel doesn't require a paint coating, and is preferred for such applications as clean room environments. Carbon steel units are expensive compared to wood, and stainless and aluminum cost about 2–3 times that of carbon steel. Long term costs, however, can be lower than wood. General advantages of metal pallets are high strength and stiffness, excellent durability, resistance to bugs, the absence of splinters, sanitization, and recyclability. Disadvantages include a higher initial price, significant weight, low friction, and susceptibility to rusting (in the case of carbon steel). Metal is primarily used in captive or closed loop environments where durability and product protection are key performance requirements. Metal units today are increasingly price competitive and lighter in weight. Primary industries that use metal pallets include automotive, pharmaceutical, lawn tractors, motorcycles, and tires.

358: 463: 225: 478:(drink bottles). They are usually extremely durable, lasting for a hundred trips or more, and resist weathering, rot, chemicals and corrosion. The benefits of plastic pallets over wood pallets include the ability to be easily sanitized, resistance to odor, fire retardancy, longer service life span, durability and better product protection, non-splintering, and lighter weight, thus saving on transportation and labor costs and making them safer and more environmentally friendly. They often stack. Plastic pallets are exempt by inspection for biosafety concerns, and easily sanitize for international shipping. HDPE is impervious to most acids, and toxic chemicals clean from them more easily. Some plastic pallets can collapse from plastic 239:

types. George G. Raymond and William C. House filed for a patent in 1937 (granted US Patent 2178646 in 1939) for a pallet designed to complement a new pallet jack design; the essential features of both are still in common use today. A 1939 patent from Carl Clark shows a type of pallet with steel stringers. Wartime developments were often patented just after the war, so there is a patent from Robert Braun on a four-way pallet in 1945, and a patent from Norman Cahners (a U.S. Navy supply officer) shows a disposable pallet in 1949. The principle of a modern four-way pallet is described by Darling Graeme in 1949.

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2010 recall of Johnson and Johnson Tylenol and other drugs was due to their being stored on wooden pallets that had been treated with the fungicide/pesticide 2,4,6-tribromophenol. This chemical can be degraded by molds to produce 2,4,6-tribromoanisole whose strong, musty odor caused consumers to complain. There is no acute or chronic health data on 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, but it is believed that the contaminated drugs caused nausea and other health effects in some people.

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Charities Foundation's Conference on a Sustainable Future organized in collaboration with IBM and The Financial Times. The Pallet House is an affordable transitional home that can become permanent over time. It can be used as refugee housing or as affordable housing as well. Due to the nature of the Pallet module, the wall cavity can be insulated with a variety of materials that are accessible to the user.

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If a pallet does not need to be lifted from all four sides, two-way pallets with unnotched stringers may be used, with the additional benefits of added rigidity and strength. Specifying tolerances on flatness and water content may help the supplier meet target requirements. Inspection of pallets, whether in person or by a third-party (such as "SPEQ" inspected pallets) offer additional assurance of quality.

57: 89: 350: 646:(IPPC) Pallets are approximately 44 inches (1,118 mm) wide by 48 inches (1,219 mm) long, have three wood stringers that are a nominal 4 inches (102 mm) high by 3 inches (76 mm) wide timber, and weigh about 135 pounds (61 kg). Their deck is fully covered by 30 mm (1.18 in) plywood, and is painted in blue in European and Russian countries. 1244:

are able to save warehouse space and truck load capacity. Another advantage of pallet boxes is that the goods are stored safely and are not easily damaged during logistic movements and transport. Furthermore, there are collapsible pallet boxes from which the pallet walls can be laid flat on the pallet. In this way, less space is required during empty return transport.

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are less than 4,000 lb (1,814 kg), weatherproof, and stack 16 ft (4.88 m) high. They often use steel pallets, steel straps with notched seals, outdoor plywood, and plastic film. The standard describes tests for stacking, transport, sling, forklift and pallet jack, impact, drop tests, tip, water-retention, and disassembly.

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fumigation and barrier "slip" sheets. They are cleaner, safer, and provide a cost-saving eco-friendly alternative to other pallet materials. Some engineered Corrugated pallets offer a significant reduced height, providing substantial freight cost reduction. Low profile hand pallet trucks allow picking up pallets as low as 25 mm.

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concrete is excellent. The greatest investment needed for economical pallet use is in the construction of commercial or industrial buildings. Ability to pass through standard doors and buildings make handling more convenient. For this reason, some modern pallet standards are designed to pass through standard doorways, for example the

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All stringer and some block pallets have "unidirectional bases," i.e. bottom boards oriented in one direction. While automated handling equipment can be designed for this, often it can operate faster and more effectively if the bottom edges of a pallet have bottom boards oriented in both directions.

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Stringer pallets are one of the original models of wooden pallets. They use a frame of three or more parallel pieces of timber (called stringers). The top deckboards are then affixed to the stringers to create the pallet structure. Stringer pallets can have a notch cut into them allowing "four-way"

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and as the name suggests, reused pallets to form a modular, energy efficient and affordable housing. The idea was born in 2008 during a competition and the Pallet house has been exhibited in several European cities including Venice, Vienna, Linz and Grenoble. It could become a clever approach to low

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Pallet boxes are pallets with four pallet walls on top and possibly a lid. Unlike pallets, pallet boxes can be stacked when they are fully loaded. They may also be fitted with a lid during stacking for stability reasons. By stacking pallet boxes on each other space can be used more efficiently, thus

1240:'. When combined with a cargo net, an air cargo pallet becomes an aircraft 'Unit Load Device' and must be inspected for integrity before use in an aircraft. It is handled on dedicated roller or ball-mat ground equipment and vehicles (fork-lifting is prohibited especially when the pallet is loaded). 325:

The least expensive way to improve a pallet is usually to specify better nails. With non-wood pallets, a controlled coefficient of friction is often helpful to prevent the pallet from slipping from forks and racks. Stiffer pallets are more durable, and are handled more easily by automated equipment.

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Items made from pallet wood are likely to be durable and demonstrate good weather resistance due to these treatments. However, close contact with pallet wood or inhalation of dusts from sanding or sawing can be a source of exposure to pesticide and fungicide chemicals. It is likely that the January

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of the Australian Railway. They are ill-suited for the standard 20-foot (6.1 m) and 40-foot (12 m) ISO shipping containers used around the globe. Australian standard pallets are usually manufactured in hardwood, but 1165 × 1165 mm pallets can also be manufactured using lighter timber

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A standard wooden pallet (48 in × 40 in × 6 in or 1,219 mm × 1,016 mm × 152 mm) with a static load bearing capacity of 3 short tons (2.7 long tons; 2.7 t) and a 1-short-ton (0.89-long-ton; 0.91 t) dynamic capacity, will weigh approximately

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The lack of a single international standard for pallets causes substantial continuing expense in international trade. A single standard is difficult because of the wide variety of needs a standard pallet would have to satisfy: passing doorways, fitting in standard containers, and bringing low labor

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alone. Organizations using standard pallets for loading and unloading can have much lower costs for handling and storage, with faster material movement than businesses that do not. The exceptions are establishments that move small items such as jewelry or large items such as cars. But even they can

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The U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Navy, Naval Sea Systems Command maintains MIL-STD-1660, the standard description of palletized unit loads for the U.S. Military and some allies. DOD Unit loads generally use 40 in × 48 in (1,016 mm × 1,219 mm) pallets,

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pallets are strong and are used for heavy loads, high-stacking loads, long term dry storage, and loads moved by abusive logistic systems. They are often used for military ammunition. Metal pallets make up less than 1% of the market. Materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Of

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pallets are also used where recycling and easy disposal is important. New designs of ecopallets have been made from just two flat pieces of corrugated board (no glue/staples) and weigh just 4.5 kg (9.9 lb), offering dramatic freight savings. Ecopallets are also ISPM 15 exempt, negating

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for their submission of “The Pallet House”, a design solution to house the returning refugees of Kosovo. Full-scale prototypes of The Pallet House were featured in the "Casa per Tutti" Exhibit at the Milan Triennale and the Earth Awards in HRH Prince Charles’ Royal Gardens as part of The Prince's

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can be combined (for example the Pally), eliminating pallet instability and the need for additional lifting equipment along with creating valuable space in busy operating environments. They also deliver significant time and cost savings by reducing supply chain handling. Plastics' reusability has

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if used to store heavy loads for long periods. Plastic pallets cannot easily be repaired, and can be ten times as expensive as hardwood, so they are often used by logistics service providers who can profit from their durability and stackability. The large supply chains have increased the use of

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References to the early modern pallets types are slim with a string of patents showing parts of the development. The earliest may be a U.S. patent on a skid from 1924 describing Howard T. Hallowell's "Lift Truck Platform". In the late 1930s, pallets became more commonplace with the newer forklift

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and car manufacturers use pallets to move components and spare parts. Pallets make it easier to move heavy stacks. Loads with pallets under them can be hauled by forklift trucks of different sizes, or even by hand-pumped and hand-drawn pallet jacks. Movement is easy on a wide, strong, flat floor:

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Although pallets come in all sizes and configurations, all pallets fall into two very broad categories: "stringer" and "block" pallets. Various software packages exist to assist the pallet maker in designing an appropriate pallet for a specific load and evaluating wood options to reduce costs.

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ISO Technical Committee 51 (Pallets for unit load method of materials handling) states its scope of work entailing the "standardization of pallets in general use in the form of platforms or trays on which goods may be packed to form unit loads for handling by mechanical devices". The Technical

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A number of different organizations and associations around the world work towards establishing and promulgating standards for pallets. Some strive to develop universal standards for pallet dimensions, types of material used in construction, performance standards, and testing procedures. Other

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Though some major standards exist, there are no universally accepted standards for pallet dimensions. Companies and organizations utilize hundreds of different pallet sizes around the globe. While no single dimensional standard governs pallet production, a few different sizes are widely used.

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Wooden pallet construction specifications can depend on the pallet's intended use: general, FDA, storage, chemical, export; the expected load weight; type of wood desired: recycled, hard, soft, kiln dried or combo (new & recycle); and even the type of fasteners desired to hold the pallet

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Wooden pallets typically consist of three or four stringers that support several deckboards, on top of which goods are placed. In a pallet measurement, the first number is the stringer length and the second is the deckboard length. Square or nearly square pallets help a load resist tipping.

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Of the top pallets used in North America, the most commonly used by far is the Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA) pallet, which accounts for 30% of all new wood pallets produced in the United States. The ISO also recognizes the GMA pallet footprint as one of its six standard sizes.

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block pallets, plastic pallets and metal pallets can be lifted from all four sides. These costlier pallets usually require a deposit and are returned to the sender or resold as used. Many "four way" pallets are color-coded according to the loads they can bear, and other attributes.

1201:, also known as the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), produces standards for pallets. While the standards are voluntary in nature, many companies and organizations involved in transportation have adopted them. The major standard for pallets produced by CEN is 1149:

The Australian standard pallet is a pallet size commonly found in Australia but rarely found elsewhere. It is a square pallet originally made of hardwood 1,165 mm × 1,165 mm (45.9 in × 45.9 in) in size which fits perfectly in the

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Pallets made of raw, untreated wood are not compliant with ISPM 15. To be compliant the pallets (or other wood packaging material) must meet debarked standards, and must be treated by either of the following means under the supervision of an approved agency:

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suitable for use as disposable pallets using 16 millimeter boards. Extensively used in storage and warehousing, they are popular pallets for racking, with the right shape and size to be removed from transport and directly onto warehouse racking for storage.

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for transport has spurred the use of pallets because shipping containers have the smooth, level surfaces needed for easy pallet movement. Since its invention in the twentieth century, its use has dramatically supplanted older forms of crating like the

1372:. They are built in the weeks ahead and are lit in loyalist neighbourhoods, often accompanied by street parties and marching bands. There is some contention to this practice, especially when they involve the burning of flags or effigies. 1455:"Remains of timber, the lengths laid upon the pavement parallel to one another (fig. 114) where a large number of blocks were found, suggest skids upon which they were moved". (Loud, 1936: 108). Cited by Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, 652:

Four-way pallets, or pallets for heavy loads (or general-purpose systems that might have heavy loads) are best lifted by their more rigid stringers. These pallets are usually heavier, bigger and more durable than two-way pallets.

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are common treatments for wooden pallets. In addition, imported palletized goods are routinely fumigated with highly toxic pesticides. During use, harmful materials or chemicals also may spill on the pallet wood and be absorbed.

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pallets are stronger than wood or plastic, lighter than steel, and resist weather, rotting, plastic creep and corrosion. They are sometimes used for air-freight, long-term outdoor or at-sea storage, or military transport.

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Block pallets utilize both parallel and perpendicular stringers to better facilitate efficient handling. A block pallet is also known as a "four-way" pallet, since a pallet-jack may be used from any side to move it.

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Commission Decision of 18 September 2008 concerning the non-inclusion of methyl bromide in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing that

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Lightweight plastic pallets can weigh as little as 3 to 15 pounds (1.4 to 6.8 kg), while heavier models may weigh up to 300 pounds (140 kg). Standard GMA pallets can hold up to 460 pounds (210 kg).

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Discarded wooden pallets should not be used for firewood or crafts unless it has been determined that the wood in these pallets has not been treated with wood preservatives, fungicides and/or pesticides. Various

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near the IPPC logo. From 19 March 2010 the use of methyl bromide as a treatment according to ISPM15 has been banned within all EU member states. This is due to causing potential harm to the Earth's stratospheric

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games, or other sport-related items. Other publications have suggested using pallet wood for small animal cages or fences. Pallet wood has been recycled for use as furniture wood by at least one company.

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and are often considered expendable, to be discarded as trash along with other wrapping elements, at the end of the trip. These pallets are simple stringer pallets, and able to be lifted from two sides.

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costs. For example, organizations already handling large pallets often see no reason to pay the higher handling cost of using smaller pallets that can fit through doors. Heavy-duty pallets are a form of

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Raballand, Gaël; Aldaz-Carroll, Enrique (February 2005). How Do Differing Standards Increase Trade Costs? The Case of Pallets (Report). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3519.

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The National Wood Pallet and Container Association (NWPCA) is a trade organization based in the United States representing the interests of wood pallet and container manufacturers.

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A plastic skid with nine legs, which can be lifted from all four sides. This type of transport is commonly called a pallet, but since it has no bottom it is technically a skid.

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Committee works in conjunction with other Technical Committees focused on transportation infrastructure to develop interrelated standards. TC 51 is responsible for developing

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entry. Forklifts can lift a stringer pallet from all four directions, though lifting by the stringers is more secure. Stringer pallets can be made of both wood and plastic.

132:, or an erect crane. Many pallets can handle a load of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). While most pallets are wooden, pallets can also be made of plastic, metal, paper, and 396:

The wood must be heated to achieve a minimum core temperature of 56 °C (132.8 °F) for at least 30 minutes. Pallets treated using this method bear the initials

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once produced a high quality "pallet guitar" made from pallet wood, in order to demonstrate the importance of construction technique versus expensive exotic woods.

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Plastic pallets are produced and used widely in the U.S. and Europe, spurred by the adoption of the ISPM 15. A full comparison of wood vs plastic can be made by a

2001: 1864: 1614: 662: 1474: 533:, also referred to as "ecopallets", are often used for light loads, but engineered paper pallets are increasingly used for loads that compare with wood. 643: 366: 224: 1596: 1349:

with live musical performances, sustainable living demonstrations, an upcycled fashion show, vendors and artists selling upcycled goods, and a

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Most less than 1 in (25 mm) thick, for a Cargo aircraft. Many civilian types have evolved over 6 decades from the thicker military '

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and are designed to be used multiple times. Lightweight pallets are designed for a single use. In the EU, government legislation based on the

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The standard 48×40 North American pallet, or GMA pallet, has stringers of 48 inches and deckboards of 40 inches, and was standardized by the

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commonly used for bulk shipping. In 2020 about half a billion pallets are made each year and about two billion pallets are in use across the

1972: 1668: 1213: 1166:, is square, and leaves less wasted space than other pallets, including the GMA pallet. In 2010, Australia adopted the globally accepted 318:

Flush pallets are pallets with deck boards that are flush with the stringers and stringer boards along the ends and sides of the pallet.

2127: 495:. Plastic pallets can cost 10 times as much as hardwood pallets and even more expensive compared to cheap expendable softwood pallets. 1571: 1341:

was host to an Inaugural Pallet-Fest festival, which showcased the versatility of pallets and included large art structures made with

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An air cargo pallet is a detachable and interchangeable airworthy floor panel. It can be loaded and unloaded on aircraft to transport

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Treated wood pallets must be stamped on two opposite sides, indicating either HT for heat treated or MB for methyl bromide treatment.

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organizations choose to focus on pallet standards for a specific industry (such as groceries) or type of material (such as wood).

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I-Beam Design, an architecture and interior design firm based in New York, NY won an award in a 1999 competition sponsored by

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plastic pallets as many organisations seek to reduce costs through waste, transport and health & safety. Pallets and

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The development of the forklift and the needs of World War II logistics operations led to substantial use of pallets.

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pallets can pose serious bio-hazard risks as they are susceptible to bacterial and chemical contamination, such as

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Lee, S. G. (March 2004), "A simplified life cycle assessment of re-usable and single-use bulk transit packaging",

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For example, it may not need to turn a pallet to rack it, and operation is less sensitive to pallet orientation.

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ISO Standard 6780:2003 Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling — Principal dimensions and tolerances

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ISO Standard 6780: Flat pallets for intercontinental materials handling—Principal dimensions and tolerances

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Skids date back to Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia, at least as far back as the 1st millennium B.C.

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problems in food and produce transportation, and even insect infestation, and thus the need for ISPM 15.

1935: 1217: 451: 447: 1517: 2223: 1781: 1326: 183: 2167: 1919:. U.S. DOD, Dept of the Navy, Naval Sea Systems Command. 8 April 1970. MIL-STD-1660. Archived from 492: 479: 1216:

requires that both types "shall be stored outside or in a detached structure" unless protected by

116:) is a flat transport structure, which supports goods in a stable fashion while being lifted by a 2269: 2249: 2240: 2131: 1976: 1973:"18-2010 - Adoption of bark tolerance for imports defined in the wood packaging standard ISPM 15" 1729: 1237: 989: 577:. To avoid shipping air, pallets should also pack tightly inside intermodal containers and vans. 209: 144: 133: 125: 1813:

Pallets – Where Form Meets Function By Peter Hamner, Center for Unit Loan Design, Virginia Tech

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The production of pallets accounts for 43% of hardwood and 15% of softwood usage in the U.S.

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inch (7.9 mm) thick each. Other dimensions of pallets have different weight capacities.

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wood packaging material regulations (before this time it was hardwood and more expensive).

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do not need IPPC approval, and are considered to be exempt from ISPM 15 regulations.

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There are six main types of plastic processes that are used to manufacture pallets:

100: 1402: 1399: – Material handling storage aid system designed to store materials on pallets 1354: 1346: 1159: 1023: 530: 152: 1572:"Investigation of New and Recovered Wood Shipping Platforms in the United States" 1570:

Gerber, Nathan; Horvath, Laszlo; Araman, Philip; Gething, Brad (7 January 2021).

1507:, patent reference 1,508,183, awarded 9 September 1924, accessed 21 January 2017 1381: 1250:

are closely related; they are usually large separate boxes shipped on pallets.

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Pallet users want pallets to pass easily through buildings, to stack and fit in

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as well as sixteen other standards related to pallet construction and testing.

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chips can be molded into the pallets to monitor locations and track inventory.

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requires the reuse of packaging items in preference to recycling and disposal.

2170:, published 26 August 2015 (re: second annual event), accessed 31 October 2019 2025: 1279: 1018: 573:, to be accessible to forklifts and pallet jacks and to function in automated 403: 201: 171: 77: 17: 2056: 1886:"Pallets 101: Industry Overview and Wood, Plastic, Paper, and Metal Options" 1342: 1295: 1271: 1233: 574: 570: 196: 148: 140: 56: 1997: 1364:, wooden pallets are used to construct bonfires during celebrations of the 349: 252: 1860: 1258: 88: 2236: 1457:

Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archeological Evidence

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can be used to support and protect items shipped and stored on pallets.

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steel pallet. Galvanized steel pallets are fireproof and rust resistant.

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Europe, Asia; similar to 40" × 48". Same footprint as a EUR 3 pallet.

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ANSI MH1-2021 – Pallets, Slip Sheets, and Other Bases for Unit Loads

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Craft publications have advised readers to use pallets to build a

1257: 1022: 546: 534: 461: 427: 356: 348: 251: 223: 99: 87: 71: 63: 55: 47: 1475:"Pallets: The single most important object in the global economy" 1998:"ISO/TC 51 – Pallets for unit load method of materials handling" 496: 471: 329:

The main processes that are used to manufacture wooden pallets:

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ASTM D6253 Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials

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Europe; fits many doorways. Same footprint as a EUR 1 pallet.

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Two-way pallets are designed to be lifted by the deckboards.

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48 in × 40 in (122 cm × 102 cm)

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A metal pallet with removable beams, in this case for firewood

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Both wood and plastic pallets are possible fire hazards. The

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The price of wooden pallets reached a record high during the

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GMA pallets typically weigh 37 pounds (17 kg), and are

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ASTM D 1185 Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures

1597:"The Forgotten Shipping Pallet Stages a Pandemic-Era Rally" 143:, which allows handling and storage efficiencies. Goods in 1540:"Pallets – An efficient and safe way of material handling" 1748:"Asset-Tracking Technology Helps iGPS Rescue Its Pallets" 2182:"The Twelfth: Why are bonfires lit in Northern Ireland?" 2085:

Chemical & Engineering News, January 25, 2010, p. 18

2022:"National Wood Pallet and Container Association Mission" 1294:

obstacle called a manual pad, barricades during amateur

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contributed to an increase in usage of plastic pallets.

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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31.50 in × 23.62 in × 5.67 in

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39.37 in × 47.24 in × 5.67 in

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47.24 in × 39.37 in × 5.67 in

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31.50 in × 47.24 in × 5.67 in

2146:"Pallet House / Schnetzer Andreas Claus + Pils Gregor" 1262:

Example of a bench constructed from repurposed pallets

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In addition to the other standards it publishes, the

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1,000 mm × 1,200 mm × 144 mm

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1,200 mm × 1,000 mm × 144 mm

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inches (170 mm) tall. Their deck boards measure

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800 mm × 1,200 mm × 144 mm

665:(ISO) sanctions six pallet dimensions, detailed in 381:. The standards for these pallets are specified in 52:The classic wooden pallet, with a glove for scale. 1099:800 mm × 600 mm × 144 mm 1654: 1652: 1650: 1266:Old and discarded wooden pallets can be used in 104:A truckload of used wooden pallets in California 1953:, para. 4.8.3, mil-std pallets are 4-way: 4.3.1 191:be improved. For instance, the distributors of 2002:International Organization for Standardization 1865:International Organization for Standardization 1603:. April 9, 2021 – via www.bloomberg.com. 663:International Organization for Standardization 178:, as it works well with modern packaging like 1158:The Australian standard pallet dates back to 8: 1545:. Bureau of Indian Standards. Archived from 669:, which was reviewed and confirmed in 2014: 1975:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from 1917:"Design Criteria for Ammunition Unit Loads" 426:Pallets made of non-wood materials such as 312:Carrier blocks are specialized pallets for 139:A pallet is the structural foundation of a 1615:"ISPM 15 WPM Clarification - Timber Creek" 147:are often placed on a pallet secured with 1836: 1390: – Machine used to turn over pallets 644:International Plant Protection Convention 466:Three different types of plastic pallets. 367:International Plant Protection Convention 1435:. CRC Press. pp. Section: 6.8.3.2. 1411: – Transport structure with support 1405: – Pallet for containing oil spills 1030: 791: 671: 361:IPPC marks on a pallet from Germany (DE) 353:IPPC marks on a pallet from Germany (DE) 1644:, 2008/753/EC, accessed 31 October 2019 1421: 974:ISO container, fits 36" standard doors 1944: 1933: 1203:ICS: 55.180.20 General purpose pallets 1199:European Committee for Standardization 1108:Weight of the safe load: 500 kg. 1074:ISO2. The pallet weight is 33 kg. 470:Plastic pallets are often made of new 2228:American National Standards Institute 1059:The pallet weight is 20 – 25 kg. 7: 2211:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology 1778:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology 1689:Grande, Joseph A. (September 2008). 1214:National Fire Protection Association 704:3.7% (20 pallets in 40 ft ISO) 1345:materials, a pallet maze, a pallet 1129:15.75 in × 11.81 in 1117:23.62 in × 15.75 in 950:Beverage, shingles, packaged paper 593:33 to 48 lb (15 to 22 kg) 1473:Vanderbilt, Tom (14 August 2012). 1091:Weight of a load of 1920 kg. 339:Chamfering (depends on the demand) 25: 1962:MIL-STD-1660, ibid., para. 4.8.3 1357:and organized by Upcycle Events. 1106:The pallet weight is 9.5 kg. 624:inches (83 mm) wide and are 586:Grocery Manufacturers Association 263:The cheapest pallets are made of 27:Flat structure to transport goods 1714:Packaging Technology and Science 1585:(2) (published 6 March 2020): 2. 1089:The pallet weight is 29 kg. 1076:Weight of a load: 1470 kg. 1061:Weight of a load: 2490 kg. 406:The wood must be fumigated with 2213:, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 506:High pressure injection molding 1429:Richards, K. L. (2020-01-30). 1127:400 mm × 300 mm 1115:600 mm × 400 mm 256:Wooden pallet being dismantled 195:normally use pallets in their 1: 1432:The Engineering Design Primer 84:robots at a bakery in Germany 749:North America, Europe, Asia 290:together: staples or nails. 2232:Material Handling Institute 2180:Gordon, Ali (9 July 2021). 2104:Ion, Alex (February 2012). 1538:Singh, R. R. (2013-07-18). 1501:United States Patent Office 1132:one-eighth the size of EUR 1104:ISO0, half the size of EUR. 2286: 2168:PalletFest Upcycles Denver 1804:MIL-STD-1660, ibid., 4.8.3 1746:Swedberg, C (March 2012), 1384: – Packaging material 1317:The two Austrian students 1302:The acoustic guitar maker 1145:Australian standard pallet 1142: 1016: 838:Telecommunications, paint 336:Cutting wood plate / block 159:and shipped. In addition, 40: 29: 2094:Sigma Aldrich, MSDS, 2009 1311:Architecture for Humanity 228:Stacked pallets in Turkey 214:Waste Framework Directive 80:of bread with industrial 1329:created a home entitled 1120:quarter the size of EUR 36:Palette (disambiguation) 30:Not to be confused with 1754:: 49–60, archived from 1368:, the night before the 1319:Andreas Claus Schnetzer 1057:ISO1, same size as EUR. 1042:ISO pallet alternative 1039:Dimensions (L × W × H) 509:Structural foam molding 271:Slightly more complex, 43:Pallet (disambiguation) 1943:Cite journal requires 1658:Raballand, ibid., pg11 1353:course. The event was 1263: 1028: 467: 362: 354: 257: 229: 105: 97: 85: 69: 61: 53: 2134:on November 20, 2008. 1884:Clarke, John (2004). 1782:John Wiley & Sons 1693:. Plastics Technology 1669:"HSM MAGAZINE - Home" 1639:European Commission, 1518:"US Patent 2178646 A" 1459:(Eisenbrauns, 1999), 1261: 1026: 824:Grocery, many others 465: 452:corrugated fiberboard 448:oriented strand board 360: 352: 345:Nailing wooden pallet 255: 227: 184:intermodal containers 103: 91: 75: 67: 59: 51: 1327:University of Vienna 988:Military air cargo ( 693:Region most used in 41:For other uses, see 2166:Confluence Denver, 2046:MIL-STD-1660, ibid. 1829:10.2139/ssrn.665064 1776:Yam, K. L. (2009). 1505:Lift-Truck Platform 880:Chemical, beverage 515:Compression molding 493:life cycle analysis 404:Chemical fumigation 400:near the IPPC logo. 145:shipping containers 2250:ASTM International 2241:ASTM International 1264: 1238:463L Master Pallet 1029: 518:Rotational molding 468: 442:products, such as 363: 355: 333:Material selection 258: 230: 210:reusable packaging 134:recycled materials 106: 98: 86: 70: 62: 54: 2219:978-0-470-08704-6 1791:978-0-470-08704-6 1758:on March 17, 2012 1442:978-0-429-55993-8 1136: 1135: 1010: 1009: 866:Military, cement 810:Industries using 781: 780: 521:Profile extrusion 295:COVID-19 pandemic 16:(Redirected from 2277: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2130:. Archived from 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2024:. Archived from 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1891:. Archived from 1890: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1840: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1645: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1617:. Archived from 1611: 1605: 1604: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1508: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1470: 1464: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1426: 1393: 1388:Pallet inverters 1362:Northern Ireland 1339:Denver, Colorado 1334:income housing. 1254:Alternative uses 1174:Standards bodies 1031: 973: 972: 968: 922:Drums, chemical 792: 672: 633: 632: 628: 623: 622: 618: 615: 609: 608: 604: 601: 371:invasive species 180:corrugated boxes 167:Containerization 21: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2255: 2254: 2206: 2204:Further reading 2201: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2128:"Pallet Guitar" 2126: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1942: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1726:10.1002/pts.643 1711: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1621:on 3 March 2016 1613: 1612: 1608: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1391: 1378: 1370:Twelfth of July 1256: 1230: 1218:fire sprinklers 1210: 1176: 1147: 1141: 1128: 1116: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1090: 1085: 1075: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1035: 1021: 1015: 970: 966: 965: 857:1,219 × 1,016 806: 801: 796: 786: 681: 676: 659: 630: 626: 625: 620: 616: 613: 611: 606: 602: 599: 597: 563: 544: 528: 460: 440:engineered wood 314:lumber carriers 250: 245: 222: 193:costume jewelry 112:(also called a 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2283: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2221: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2172: 2159: 2148:. 7 April 2010 2137: 2119: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2048: 2039: 2013: 1989: 1964: 1955: 1945:|journal= 1908: 1876: 1852: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1790: 1768: 1738: 1704: 1681: 1660: 1646: 1632: 1606: 1588: 1562: 1530: 1509: 1493: 1465: 1448: 1441: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1397:Pallet racking 1394: 1385: 1377: 1374: 1366:Eleventh Night 1304:Taylor Guitars 1255: 1252: 1229: 1226: 1209: 1206: 1175: 1172: 1152:RACE container 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 986: 983: 980: 979:2,240 × 2,740 976: 975: 962: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 931: 928: 924: 923: 920: 917: 914: 913:1,118 × 1,118 910: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899:1,219 × 1,143 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 885:1,016 × 1,016 882: 881: 878: 875: 872: 871:1,219 × 1,067 868: 867: 864: 861: 858: 854: 853: 850: 847: 844: 840: 839: 836: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822: 819: 816: 815:1,016 × 1,219 812: 811: 808: 803: 798: 785: 782: 779: 778: 775: 772: 771:31.50 × 47.24 769: 765: 764: 761: 758: 757:43.30 × 43.30 755: 754:1,100 × 1,100 751: 750: 747: 744: 743:42.00 × 42.00 741: 740:1,067 × 1,067 737: 736: 733: 730: 727: 726:1,165 × 1,165 723: 722: 719: 716: 715:39.37 × 47.24 713: 712:1,000 × 1,200 709: 708: 707:North America 705: 702: 701:40.00 × 48.00 699: 698:1,016 × 1,219 695: 694: 691: 685:Wasted floor, 683: 678: 658: 655: 636: 635: 594: 562: 559: 543: 540: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 459: 456: 421: 420: 408:methyl bromide 401: 394:Heat treatment 379:plant diseases 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 249: 246: 244: 241: 221: 218: 161:pallet collars 130:jacking device 26: 24: 18:Cargo platform 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2282: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2028:on 7 May 2004 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1979:on 2010-06-27 1978: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1937: 1923:on 2007-11-24 1922: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1898:on 2009-11-22 1894: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1705: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1601:Bloomberg.com 1598: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1552:on 2014-02-02 1548: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292:skateboarding 1288: 1285: 1284:propiconazole 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1268:pallet crafts 1260: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1146: 1138: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1012: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 991: 987: 984: 981: 978: 977: 963: 960: 957: 954: 953: 949: 946: 943: 940: 939: 935: 932: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 915: 912: 911: 907: 904: 901: 898: 897: 893: 890: 887: 884: 883: 879: 876: 873: 870: 869: 865: 862: 859: 856: 855: 851: 848: 845: 842: 841: 837: 834: 831: 829:1,067 ×1,067 828: 827: 823: 820: 817: 814: 813: 809: 804: 799: 794: 793: 790: 784:North America 783: 776: 773: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 752: 748: 745: 742: 739: 738: 734: 731: 728: 725: 724: 720: 717: 714: 711: 710: 706: 703: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 689: 688:ISO container 684: 679: 674: 673: 670: 668: 664: 656: 654: 650: 647: 645: 640: 595: 591: 590: 589: 587: 582: 578: 576: 572: 567: 560: 558: 555: 551: 548: 541: 539: 536: 532: 531:Paper pallets 525: 520: 517: 514: 512:Thermoforming 511: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 494: 489: 486: 481: 477: 473: 464: 457: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 418: 413: 409: 405: 402: 399: 395: 392: 391: 390: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 359: 351: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 323: 319: 316: 315: 310: 306: 302: 298: 296: 291: 287: 285: 284: 279: 274: 269: 266: 261: 254: 247: 242: 240: 236: 233: 226: 219: 217: 215: 211: 205: 203: 198: 194: 189: 188:United States 185: 181: 177: 176:wooden barrel 173: 168: 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L., 2189:. Retrieved 2185: 2175: 2162: 2150:. Retrieved 2140: 2132:the original 2122: 2110:. Retrieved 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2060:. Retrieved 2051: 2042: 2030:. Retrieved 2026:the original 2016: 2005:. Retrieved 1992: 1981:. Retrieved 1977:the original 1967: 1958: 1936:cite journal 1925:. Retrieved 1921:the original 1911: 1900:. Retrieved 1893:the original 1879: 1868:. Retrieved 1855: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1777: 1771: 1760:, retrieved 1756:the original 1752:RFID Journal 1751: 1741: 1720:(2): 67–83, 1717: 1713: 1707: 1695:. Retrieved 1684: 1672:. Retrieved 1663: 1635: 1623:. Retrieved 1619:the original 1609: 1600: 1591: 1582: 1579:BioResources 1578: 1565: 1554:. Retrieved 1547:the original 1533: 1521:. Retrieved 1512: 1496: 1484:. Retrieved 1478: 1468: 1456: 1451: 1431: 1424: 1403:Spill pallet 1359: 1347:amphitheater 1336: 1331:Pallet house 1330: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1301: 1289: 1276: 1270:and various 1265: 1246: 1242: 1231: 1222: 1211: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1160:World War II 1157: 1148: 1036:pallet type 997:1,219 × 508 955:889 × 1,156 941:1,219 × 914 843:1219 × 1219 787: 768:800 × 1,200 729:45.9 × 45.9 686: 666: 660: 651: 648: 641: 637: 583: 579: 568: 564: 552: 545: 529: 501: 490: 474:or recycled 469: 425: 422: 411: 397: 387: 364: 328: 324: 320: 317: 311: 307: 303: 299: 292: 288: 281: 270: 262: 259: 237: 234: 231: 206: 165: 153:stretch wrap 138: 126:front loader 113: 109: 107: 2230:(ANSI), at 2191:30 November 2152:1 September 2062:1 September 2032:1 September 1674:1 September 1625:1 September 1382:Molded pulp 1355:crowdfunded 1323:Gregor Pils 990:463L system 908:Automotive 802:(W × L) in 797:(W × L) mm 682:(W × L) in 677:(W × L) mm 642:Heavy duty 417:ozone layer 365:Due to the 157:shrink wrap 122:pallet jack 2259:Categories 2007:2019-01-31 1983:2010-06-25 1927:2008-01-01 1902:2019-01-31 1870:2019-01-31 1838:10986/8837 1762:15 October 1556:2014-01-22 1523:20 January 1416:References 1280:pyrethrins 1248:Bulk boxes 1027:EuroPallet 1019:EUR-pallet 958:35 × 45.5 927:914 × 914 805:Production 800:Dimensions 795:Dimensions 735:Australia 680:Dimensions 675:Dimensions 575:warehouses 561:Dimensions 202:europallet 197:warehouses 172:wooden box 94:galvanized 78:palletizer 76:Automated 2270:Packaging 2226:, by the 2108:. Decoist 1734:110349416 1642:substance 1486:16 August 1337:In 2014, 1325:from the 1296:paintball 1272:furniture 1234:air cargo 1139:Australia 964:Military 936:Beverage 243:Materials 149:strapping 141:unit load 2186:BBC News 1409:Stillage 1376:See also 1343:upcycled 1274:pieces. 1228:Variants 1003:Unknown 1000:48 × 20 985:Unknown 982:88 ×108 961:Unknown 944:48 × 36 930:36 × 36 916:44 × 44 902:48 × 45 888:40 × 40 874:48 × 42 860:48 × 40 846:48 × 48 832:42 × 42 818:40 × 48 588:(GMA). 554:Aluminum 432:aluminum 342:Notching 273:hardwood 265:softwood 174:and the 118:forklift 2265:Pallets 2076:NFPA 13 1461:page 32 1351:parkour 1208:Hazards 1168:ISPM 15 1164:dunnage 1006:Retail 969:⁄ 629:⁄ 619:⁄ 605:⁄ 485:dollies 458:Plastic 444:plywood 436:plastic 383:ISPM 15 375:insects 283:E. coli 220:History 2217: 2112:19 May 2057:"Home" 1847:665064 1845: 1788: 1732: 1697:8 June 1439: 1096:EUR 6 1081:EUR 3 1066:EUR 2 1049:EUR 1 1013:Europe 894:Dairy 852:Drums 774:15.2% 746:11.5% 110:pallet 32:Palate 1896:(PDF) 1889:(PDF) 1730:S2CID 1575:(PDF) 1550:(PDF) 1543:(PDF) 1480:Slate 807:rank 763:Asia 732:8.1% 718:6.7% 571:racks 547:Steel 542:Steel 535:Paper 526:Paper 480:creep 450:, or 438:, or 428:steel 2215:ISBN 2193:2023 2154:2016 2114:2014 2064:2016 2034:2016 1949:help 1843:SSRN 1786:ISBN 1764:2012 1699:2014 1676:2016 1627:2016 1525:2015 1488:2012 1437:ISBN 1321:and 1282:and 1034:EURO 760:14% 661:The 497:RFID 472:HDPE 377:and 278:Wood 248:Wood 182:and 128:, a 124:, a 120:, a 114:skid 82:KUKA 1833:hdl 1825:doi 1722:doi 1360:In 1047:EUR 947:10 657:ISO 476:PET 373:of 155:or 34:or 2261:: 2248:, 2239:, 2184:. 2000:. 1940:: 1938:}} 1934:{{ 1863:. 1841:. 1831:. 1784:. 1780:. 1750:, 1728:, 1718:17 1716:, 1649:^ 1599:. 1583:15 1581:. 1577:. 1503:, 1477:. 1220:. 992:) 933:9 919:8 905:7 891:6 877:5 863:4 849:3 835:2 821:1 631:16 446:, 434:, 430:, 412:MB 398:HT 385:. 151:, 136:. 108:A 2195:. 2156:. 2116:. 2066:. 2036:. 2010:. 1986:. 1951:) 1947:( 1930:. 1905:. 1873:. 1849:. 1835:: 1827:: 1794:. 1724:: 1701:. 1678:. 1629:. 1559:. 1527:. 1490:. 1463:. 1445:. 971:2 967:1 627:5 621:4 617:1 614:+ 612:3 607:2 603:1 600:+ 598:6 419:. 45:. 38:. 20:)

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