962:
643:
727:
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65:
781:, then marched overland to reach the Mohawk villages in mid-October. All four villages had been hastily abandoned. The Mohawk, faced with Tracy's overwhelming force, had elected not to engage the French in battle. On 17 October 1666, the French symbolically claimed the four villages and surrounding territory in the name of Louis XIV. After burning the villages, the expedition returned to Fort Sainte Anne. The only casualties were eight men who drowned when their canoes overturned on Lake Champlain during a storm.
40:
1008:. The regiment was thereafter known as the Soissons Regiment. It was renamed the Perche Regiment in 1690 when Louis XIV, unhappy with the conduct of the Comte de Soissons, removed him from command. The Perche was incorporated into the Gardes de Lorraine Regiment in 1744, which was subsequently renamed the Lorraine Regiment in 1766. In 1791, during the French Revolution the Lorraine became the 47th Infantry Regiment. Three years later the 47th was split into the 93rd and 94th
592:, reacted to the soldiers negatively, saying that "vices which have, in fact, risen and grown here since that time along with many other troubles and misfortunes which had not up to that time made their appearance here". In Verney's view, this is a much more realistic account given how the men had "marked their progress along the road to La Rochelle with outbreaks of disorder and indiscipline".
704:. Courcelle assumed they belonged to the Mohawk and ordered an attack. The cabins were ransacked. Three of the occupants were killed and a number were captured. The sound of gunfire attracted the attention of a party of Mohawk who had been at Schenectady to trade. The French and Mohawk skirmished which caused the deaths of one officer, five soldiers and one volunteer as well as four Mohawk.
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428:
arrive until mid-September. 35 men aboard the two ships had died during the voyage while 130 were hospitalized upon arrival suffering from scurvy, typhus or cholera. 20 did not survive. The regiment's supply ship depart La
Rochelle on 22 June 1665 and arrived at Quebec on 12 September. The ships that brought the Carignan-Salières Regiment to New France were as follows:
794:
938:. This term is used to refer to the approximately 800 young French women who emigrated to New France between 1663 and 1673 as part of a program sponsored by King Louis XIV to increase the population. The women, the majority of whom were impoverished orphans but of good character, were provided with free passage, a trousseau, and a dowry of 50
375:, the governor of Trois-Rivières, visited Paris in 1661 to plead for help, saying that people in Trois-Rivières were afraid to hunt lest they be carried off by the Iroquois, only to be politely told that the responsibility of the defence of New France rested with the Company of One Hundred Associates not the Crown. In 1663, however,
699:
guides were to meet the expedition there, however, after waiting several weeks, Courcelle set off without them on 30 January 1666. As a result, the expedition frequently lost their way. Provisions became scarce, and the men suffered greatly from frostbite, hypothermia and exhaustion. The expedition
784:
The expedition was considered a success despite not having inflicting a military defeat on the enemy. A peace settlement with the Mohawk was reached in July 1667 when they brought several families to Quebec to serve as hostages and asked for Jesuit missionaries to be sent to their homeland. Without
418:
on the
Atlantic coast. Each of the twenty companies had a nominal strength of 50 men and three officers; however, many were understrength. At La Rochelle, men from eight companies that were overstrength were transferred to the understrength companies. Other men were recruited from young men looking
580:
Although Marie de l'Incarnation viewed them as saviours, modern-day scholars like Jack Verney argue that their mission, contrary to what she states, was "a secular rather than sacred one" since Louis XIV and
Colbert expected that the regiment would ensure that the colony became a source of revenue
281:
became proprietary colonel. Two years later the prince ceded the regiment to the French crown as he could no longer afford to maintain it. When the Treaty of the
Pyrenees ended the war with Spain, the regiment was reduced in strength to ten companies and merged with the Salières Regiment (formerly
926:
The granting of seigneurial tenure to officers who wished to remain in New France served an ulterior purpose. The properties granted to
Contrecœur and Pierre de Saurel, for example, were placed in strategic areas that could be used as a buffer against the Iroquois and English. These newly created
682:
When I understood and saw the state our soldiers were in for this enterprise, I saw all things ill disposed, the soldiers having no snowshoes, very few axes, a single blanket, no equipment for the ice and having only one pair of moccasins and stockings. When I saw all this, I said to the captains
575:
The ships have all arrived, bringing us the rest of the army, along with the most eminent persons whom the king has sent to the aid of the country," she wrote." They feared they would all perish in the storms they braved on their voyage...we are helping them to understand that this is a holy war,
427:
arrived with the
Lieutenant Général on 30 June 1665. These companies were attached to, but never formally integrated into, the Carignan-Salières. Salières and eight companies arrived in mid-August. The last two transports with Courcelle, Talon and eight companies sailed on 25 May 1665 but did not
600:
The arrival of the
Carignan-Salières in the summer of 1665 temporarily increased the population of New France by more than a quarter. To avoid overcrowding at Quebec, Tracy dispatched four of the companies to the Richelieu River shortly after his arrival. Their task was to construct a series of
677:
Salières recognized that a winter campaign would not succeed without basic necessities such as snowshoes, winter clothing and cooking equipment. He thought the expedition was doomed to failure as his men were ill-equipped to operate in the cold and deep snow. In his memoirs he wrote:
327:. The Iroquois wanted to expand their hunting grounds, increase their population through the adoption of captives, and control the fur trade with New France. The disruption of the fur trade brought the Iroquois into conflict with the French as it was through the Wendat that the
286:
by Johann von
Balthazard. Balthazard retired in 1658 and turned over command to Henri de Chastelard de Salières, who was subsequently given command of the merged regiment. The Carignan-Salières spent the next several years in garrison along the northeastern frontier of France.
389:
Louis XIV and
Colbert took several steps to ensure the survival of New France. Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy was commissioned Lieutenant Général of the Americas and tasked with ending the Iroquois threat. Daniel de Remy de Courcelle was appointed Governor General to replace
711:, arrived on the scene and informed Courcelle that his expedition had strayed into English territory. Courcelle negotiated for the purchase of provisions and care for the wounded. He turned his prisoners over to Van Curler and ordered the expedition back to Fort St. Louis.
358:, with the rest spread out in small settlements along the St. Lawrence. Almost two-thirds of the population were male. The Company of One Hundred Associates had tried to fulfill the terms of its charter to bring settlers to New France; however, many of the inhabitants were
362:
who left after their three-to-five-year contracts expired. The harsh winters, the shortage of women, and the threat of being carried off by the
Iroquois led to very few wanting to stay. As a result, New France lacked the manpower to effectively counter the Iroquois.
422:
Seven ships were required to transport the regiment and its equipment to New France. The first, carrying four companies, departed La Rochelle on 19 April 1665 and arrived at Quebec on 19 June 1665. Four companies from other regiments that had been with Tracy in
953:(nicknames) to their soldiers. Many of these nicknames gradually became the official surnames of the soldiers who elected to remain in New France when their service expired. These names are also reflected in the names of cities and towns throughout the region.
386:, advised the king that revenues from the fur trade could be used to finance plans to push France to its "natural frontiers" in Europe. But if New France was to have a thriving fur trade and a self-sustaining economy, the Iroquois "menace" had to be addressed.
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were issued before departing La Rochelle, as well as 100 flintlock pistols. The flintlock had increased reliability, a higher rate of fire, and the ability to be fired without the use of an external flame. Black powder was carried in wooden powder flasks or a
299:
in 1608, New France began as a proprietary colony granted by the Crown to a succession of merchant companies. In 1627, following the failure of the Compagnie de Montmorency to fulfill its contractual obligations, control of New France was granted by
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Throughout the struggle, the authorities in New France sent desperate appeals for help to Paris, only to be told that France was fully engaged in a war with Spain and there were no soldiers to spare. Additionally, France was caught up in the
147:, and took part in three expeditions against the Iroquois in 1666. A peace settlement was reached the following year. Roughly 400 officers and soldiers remained behind in New France as settlers when the regiment returned to France in 1668.
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In July 1666, news arrived at Quebec that a hunting party on Isle La Motte had been ambushed by the Mohawk. Seven soldiers were killed and four others taken captive including Tracy's cousin, Lieutenant Louis de Canchy de Lerole. Captain
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With the end to the Iroquois threat, King Louis XIV and Colbert decided to offer the men of the regiment the opportunity to remain in New France to help increase the population. As incentive, ordinary soldiers were offered either 100
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of the Carignan-Salières was tasked with leading 200 men in a retaliatory strike against the Mohawk. The expedition was two days' march from Mohawk territory when they encountered a delegation led by the warrior known as the
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warriors gathered at Fort Sainte Anne in the early fall of 1666. The first of three contingents set out on 29 September. The main body departed on 3 October followed by the rear guard four days later. The expedition crossed
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record that over 60 men died from hunger during the expedition, while Captain Francois de Tapie de Monteil of the Poitou Regiment wrote in his journal that "we lost 400 men who dropped dead from cold."
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discovered that there were significant numbers of Huguenots as well as unconfirmed Catholics within the ranks of the Carignan-Salières, corrective measures were taken. The Huguenots were coerced into
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was initiated by Courcelle and approved by Tracy. Tracy recognized that the Mohawk, the easternmost of the five Iroquois nations, were the most aggressive towards the French. In December 1665, an
930:
Although the majority of the regiment returned to France in 1668, about 450 remained behind to settle in Canada. These men were encouraged to marry. Many of them married the young women known as
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406:, Colbert wrote: "His Majesty has resolved to send a good regiment of infantry at the end of the year, or in the month of February next, in order to destroy these barbarians completely".
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and it was therefore impossible to send a force across the Atlantic. Even after the Treaty of the Pyrenees ended the war with Spain in 1659, the Crown remained indifferent to New France.
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the following spring. The forts were used as advance bases for the three expeditions against the Mohawk in 1666, and served to deter Indigenous raids and possible English attacks.
222:
259:
382:
The decision to make New France a royal province was as much, if not more, motivated by mercantile ambitions than pleas for help. Louis XIV's influential finance minister,
841:
The Carignan-Salières Regiment was dressed for "efficiency rather than looks". The soldiers wore grey-lined brown coats, brown leather boots, and a wide-brimmed felt
171:
ended the war, the regiment served with the French Army as an auxiliary unit. While the prince was the proprietary colonel, command of the regiment was assigned to a
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that it would require one of God's miracles for any good to come of this. Some of them replied that M. le gouverneur did as he pleased and took advice from no one.
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833:
gave two emergency sermons within five days of Tracy's arrival in New France to prepare those who needed to be confirmed or readmitted into the Catholic faith.
155:
The Carignan-Salières Regiment was the result of the merger of the Carignan Regiment with the Salières Regiment in 1659. The Carignan Regiment was raised in
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that shielded the face from rain. The Carignan-Salières were one of the first French regiments to wear a standardized uniform. Most of the soldiers carried
744:, who was bringing the unharmed French prisoners back to Fort Sainte Anne. The expedition turned back, and Saurel escorted the Mohawk delegation to Quebec.
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and in 1803 became the 24th Infantry of the Line. The 94th became the 2nd Infantry of the Line in 1796 and renamed the 50th Infantry of the Line in 1816.
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wooden forts along the main Iroquois invasion route. Other companies of the regiment were dispatched almost as soon as they disembarked.
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asked the Company of One Hundred Associates to relinquish its charter, and declared New France a royal province under his direct rule.
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In 1660, the total population of New France was 3,035, of which 1,928 were considered adults. There were about 900 people living in
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in July 1652. The regiment returned to Piedmont in 1653, and in the summer of 1655 took part in the unsuccessful siege of
768:
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seigneurs rented land to former members of their companies, thus creating a cadre of veterans in strategic areas.
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valley to begin construction of fortifications. Companies were also sent to garrison Montreal and Trois-Rivières.
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unit formed by the merging of two other regiments in 1659. Approximately 1,100 men from the regiment were sent to
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the threat of Iroquois raids the colony entered a period of growth and prosperity that lasted until 1684.
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to the colony. While in New France they were under the command of the Lieutenant Général of the Americas,
1134:
The European Invasion of North America: Colonial Conflict Along the Hudson-Champlain Corridor, 1609-1760
814:
701:
383:
143:; and their colonel, Henri de Chastelard de Salières. The regiment constructed fortifications along the
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in 1675 but left a year later after razing its fortifications. The regiment then went into garrison in
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The first of the regiment's campaigns took place in the winter of 1666. The expedition against the
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for free passage to New France or from the surplus of workman that had been hired for the colony.
229:, and was present at the capture of Forte delle Saline. It faced strong resistance at the foot of
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674:. Although the western Iroquois nations appeared willing to discuss peace, the Mohawk did not.
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the Balthazard Regiment). The Balthazard had been raised in Germany near the beginning of the
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923:, and François Jarret de Verchères, who were granted seigneuries along the Richelieu River.
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866:, leggings and blanket coats. Officers wore a white sash with their uniform and carried a
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La Durantaye (Chambellé), Berthier (L'Allier), La Brisardière (Orléans), Monteil (Poitou)
144:
120:
17:
233:, and withdrew to Piedmont after Spanish reinforcements relieved the siege of Orbetello.
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eventually came across a few cabins on the outskirts of the Anglo-Dutch settlement of
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The regiment's third campaign against the Mohawk was led by Tracy. 600 soldiers, 600
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valley began in the early 1650s. Iroquois war parties blockaded the St. Lawrence and
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Almost immediately after their arrival many of the companies were dispatched to the
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delegation arrived at Quebec to begin negotiations on behalf of themselves and the
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where the only things that matter are the glory of God and the salvation of souls.
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and a year's worth of rations. Officers were offered land grants in the forms of
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When French regiments were recalled to France during the civil wars known as the
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against a Spanish attack. The remainder of the regiment moved from Kortrijk to
842:
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traded furs to the French. Significant raids on the French settlements in the
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at the confluence of the Richelieu and St. Lawrence Rivers was restored, and
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for two years. A few companies of the regiment were detached for service in
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240:
Forte delle Saline was a Spanish fortification north of Orbetello in Tuscany
210:
813:) substantial rights, they were not permitted to settle in New France. The
1168:. Translated by Patricia Claxton. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited.
969:
The regiment began recruiting again upon its return to France. During the
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1000:
When Colonel Salières retired in 1676, command of the regiment passed to
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These four companies had sailed to the West Indies with Tracy in 1664.
1109:
The Good Regiment: The Carignan-Salières Regiment in Canada, 1665-1668
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the regiment participated in the 1672 French offensive commanded by
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as a symbol of their authority. Both officers and soldiers carried
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and a year's worth of rations. Sergeants, were offered either 150
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Plans of the forts made by the Carignan-Salières Regiment on the
563:
The soldiers of the Carignan-Salières were welcomed as saviours.
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44:
An officer and soldier of the Carignan-Salières Regiment in 1665
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1004:, a nephew of Prince Emmanuel Philibert and older brother of
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volunteers rendezvoused at Fort St. Louis in early January.
605:(now known as Fort Chambly) was completed first followed by
1307:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
817:
played a major role in administering the colony with the
911:. This offer was particularly beneficial to such men as
414:
The Carignan-Salières Regiment marched across France to
1240:"List of the Ships that Arrived in New France in 1665"
277:
Following the death of Prince Thomas in 1656, his son
27:
17th century French military unit active in New France
1400:. La Société des Filles du Roi et Soldats du Carignan
1242:. La Société des Filles du Roi et Soldats du Carignan
985:
in 1674, and the following year defended the fort at
1456:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1794
1111:. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queens University Press.
258:. It was part of the royalist army commanded by the
1028:(fl. 1665 – 1668), was the regiment's surgeon major
965:
Company colours of the Carignan-Salières in Europe.
730:
Soldier or militia in winter outfit with snowshoes.
189:In 1645, the regiment participated in the siege of
100:
95:
87:
77:
57:
49:
32:
1221:
1161:
1136:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 24–25.
1451:Military units and formations established in 1659
797:Officer of the Carignan-Salières Regiment, 1666.
1273:"The Arrival of the Carignan-Salières Regiment"
680:
573:
485:Grandfontaine, La Fredière, La Motte, Salières
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862:. In cold weather the soldiers wore fur hats,
182:The Blockade of Orbetello, 1646, engraving by
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821:wielding considerable influence. When Bishop
225:. The regiment disembarked at the harbour of
8:
1461:Line infantry regiments of the Ancien Régime
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530:Rougemont, Boisbriand , Des Portes, Varenne
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343:Rivers, intercepted canoes bringing furs to
165:Thomas Francis of Savoy, Prince of Carignano
1420:"Carignan-Salières Regiment Lineage Chart"
1305:The Edge of the Woods: Iroquoia, 1534–1701
1228:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited.
1071:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1058:Histoire de l'Ancienne Infanterie Francais
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323:, the homeland of New France's allies the
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500:La Colonelle, Contrecœur, Maximy, Saurel
221:aboard the French fleet commanded by the
205:. The following year it took part in the
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1012:. In 1796 the 93rd was renamed the 49th
545:La Fouille, Laubia, Saint-Ours, Naurois
430:
1164:The Beginnings of New France: 1524–1663
1061:. Vol. 5. Paris. pp. 236–244.
1038:
209:against the Spanish-controlled town of
127:in 1665 to deal with the threat of the
1064:
29:
1424:Acadian and French Canadian Genealogy
7:
1372:"Carignan-Salières Regiment Victory"
947:The French had a practice of giving
250:, the Carignan Regiment crossed the
1378:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1279:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
354:and about 200 each in Montreal and
878:Departure and settlement in Canada
758:volunteers, and 100 Algonquin and
25:
1224:Canada Under Louis XIV: 1663–1701
849:muskets, however, 200 of the new
571:convent, wrote of their arrival:
455:Chambly, Froment, La Tour, Petit
306:Company of One Hundred Associates
264:Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine
1347:"The Carignan-Salières Regiment"
1180:"Economic Activities: Fur Trade"
63:
1351:The French-Canadian Genealogist
1002:Louis-Thomas, Comte de Soissons
829:their faith, and Jesuit Father
133:Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy
106:Henri de Chastelard de Salières
1335:. Ottawa, ON: Esprit de Corps.
347:, and took numerous captives.
1:
977:, and was then garrisoned in
921:Antoine Pécaudy de Contrecœur
805:in 1598 granted the minority
1186:. Canadian Museum of History
1184:Virtual Museum of New France
1132:Laramie, Michael G. (2012).
687:300 French regulars and 200
392:Augustin de Saffray de Mézy
217:. The regiment sailed from
197:, and in the engagement at
175:whom the prince appointed.
141:Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle
1477:
1376:Canada: A People's History
1277:Canada: A People's History
590:François Dollier de Casson
437:Date of arrival at Quebec
117:Carignan-Salières Regiment
33:Carignan-Salières Regiment
18:Carignan-Salieres Regiment
773:
279:Prince Emmanuel Philibert
184:Matthäus Merian the Elder
37:
1026:Vincent Basset Du Tartre
1333:Battles Without Borders
1303:Parmenter, Jon (2010).
1160:Trudel, Marcel (1973).
625:at the northern end of
559:Reception in New France
319:, the Iroquois invaded
1398:"The King's Daughters"
1055:Susane, Louis (1851).
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774:Lac du Saint Sacrement
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707:Schenectady's leader,
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565:Marie de l'Incarnation
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402:. In a 1664 letter to
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169:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1331:Tawtio, Bill (2005).
1107:Verney, Jack (1991).
964:
815:Roman Catholic Church
796:
729:
645:
507:Le Jardin de Hollande
410:Arrival in New France
384:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
239:
181:
1014:Infantry of the Line
715:The Jesuit Relations
315:In 1649, during the
291:Crisis in New France
1220:Eccles, W. (1964).
611:Fort Sainte Thérèse
360:indentured laborers
297:Samuel de Champlain
262:that fought at the
260:Viscount of Turenne
159:in 1644 during the
119:was a 17th-century
975:Marshal d'Humières
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917:Alexandre Berthier
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732:
652:
522:Le Saint-Sébastien
440:Companies carried
337:St. Lawrence River
310:Cardinal Richelieu
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187:
161:Franco-Spanish War
934:Les Filles du Roi
823:François de Laval
722:Second expedition
584:In Montreal, the
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542:14 September 1665
527:12 September 1665
512:12 September 1665
321:Wendake (Huronia)
167:. Until the 1659
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82:French Royal Army
16:(Redirected from
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777:) in canoes and
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748:Third expedition
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709:Arent van Curler
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638:First expedition
619:Fort Sainte Anne
581:for the Crown.
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447:Le Joyeux Siméon
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284:Thirty Years War
231:Monte Argentario
223:Marquis of Brézé
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702:Schenectady
416:La Rochelle
317:Beaver Wars
295:Founded by
1445:Categories
1429:9 February
1404:2024-02-15
1283:9 February
1246:2024-02-08
1190:29 January
1033:References
843:slouch hat
807:Calvinists
537:La Justice
425:Martinique
396:Jean Talon
302:Louis XIII
207:expedition
125:New France
103:commanders
96:Commanders
1067:cite book
868:half-pike
864:moccasins
851:flintlock
847:matchlock
837:Equipment
827:recanting
811:Huguenots
697:Algonquin
633:Campaigns
586:Sulpician
400:Intendant
377:Louis XIV
211:Orbetello
979:Kortrijk
855:bayonets
789:Religion
755:Canadien
691:Canadien
660:Onondaga
588:priest,
569:Ursuline
462:Le Brézé
345:Montreal
227:Talamone
203:Piedmont
199:La Morra
195:Lombardy
191:Vigevano
157:Piedmont
129:Iroquois
91:Infantry
901:or 100
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819:Jesuits
779:bateaux
492:La Paix
304:to the
270:in the
256:Guyenne
215:Tuscany
101:Notable
58:Country
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983:Sicily
941:livres
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898:livres
892:livres
889:or 50
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760:Wendat
672:Cayuga
668:Seneca
664:Oneida
656:Mohawk
394:, and
369:Fronde
352:Quebec
341:Ottawa
333:Ojibwe
247:Fronde
135:; the
78:Branch
71:France
68:
50:Active
434:Ship
329:Odawa
268:Pavia
219:Genoa
1431:2024
1384:2024
1358:2024
1309:ISBN
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1192:2024
1138:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1073:link
767:and
670:and
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331:and
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115:The
88:Type
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213:in
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