31:
244:
228:
289:
268:. He was hesitant to report his results, both for fear of embarrassing his mentor Berzelius, by showing that his discovery cerium was not an element; and because he was uncertain that he himself had reduced cerium to all of its components. Berzelius eventually suggested the name "lanthan", for "hidden" for this new discovery.
297:
324:
used optical spectroscopy to conclusively prove that yttrium, terbium and erbium were separate elements. Ironically, however, the confusion that had been introduced between the names continued. Mosander's proposed names were switched, giving the amethyst compound the name "erbium" oxide and the
255:
in 1838. This came from the Cerite-(Ce) from
Bastnaes, Sweden, which at the time was the only abundant source for "Cerium", which had been discovered therein by Berzelius and Hisinger, and independently by Klaproth, in 1803. At that time, one of the two known components of the mineral ytterbite
215:
In 1832 Jöns Jakob
Berzelius retired in favor of Mosander, his student, who succeeded him as professor of chemistry and pharmacy in the Karolinska Institute. From 1845 Mosander was also a professor at and inspector for the Pharmaceutical Institute. Mosander was an assistant curator of the
271:
By 1840, Mosander had separated cerium oxide into yellow cerium oxide, white lanthanum oxide and a pinkish third component which he called "didymium" meaning "twin". Didymium was accepted as an element for many years, appearing in
284:
separated the two remaining elements through repeated fractional crystallizations. Welsbach named them praseodidymium (green didymium) and neodidymium (new didymium). They came to be known as praseodymium and neodymium.
964:
959:
954:
969:
320:
denied that two elements existed, failing to confirm the existence of "erbia" and suggesting that its name be applied to "terbia". In 1864,
521:
994:
912:
885:
743:
494:
467:
425:
398:
329:
217:
790:
760:
989:
280:
predicted that didymium contained at least two elements. In 1879, Lecoq de
Boisbaudran isolated samarium, while in 1885
944:
221:
726:
Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (October 31, 2014). "Northern
Scandinavia: An Elemental Treasure Trove".
462:(Dover reprint of the 1970 3rd printing by Harper and Row ed.). New York: Harper and Row/Dover. p. 375.
949:
387:
Tansjö, Levi (December 6, 2012). "Carl Gustaf
Mosander and His Research on Rare Earths". In Evans, C. H. (ed.).
340:
Mosander married Hulda
Philippina Forsström on 20 December 1832. They had four children, two sets of twins.
200:
281:
939:
934:
835:
700:
606:
554:
224:
in 1819. From 1825 he was the owner of a spa in
Stockholm where people could go to drink the waters.
196:
138:
325:
yellow substance the name "terbium" oxide, instead of the other way around as originally proposed.
204:
195:
pharmacy. He took his pharmacy examination in 1817, but had an interest in medicine and joined the
161:
974:
388:
264:. Mosander partially decomposed ceria by heating it and treating the resulting salt with dilute
908:
881:
875:
853:
739:
688:
624:
572:
517:
490:
463:
457:
421:
415:
394:
321:
317:
984:
902:
843:
731:
708:
646:
614:
562:
484:
352:
277:
273:
76:
979:
839:
704:
672:
610:
558:
30:
928:
199:
in 1820. He passed his medical examination in 1825. He worked in the laboratory of
511:
265:
243:
735:
619:
594:
257:
236:
344:
252:
232:
188:
164:
128:
103:
857:
628:
576:
348:
227:
848:
823:
712:
691:(1932). "The discovery of the elements: XVI. The rare earth elements".
567:
542:
443:
305:
191:
with his mother in 1809. In
Stockholm, he became an apprentice at the
172:
157:
111:
72:
347:
in later life. He died in 1858, at his summer house on the island of
288:
313:
309:
184:
168:
154:
107:
54:
789:
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015).
759:
Marshall, James L. Marshall; Marshall, Virginia R. Marshall (2015).
791:"Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years"
296:
295:
287:
261:
242:
226:
414:
Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary
Virginia (2014).
316:. However, this discovery was hotly contested. Spectroscopist
276:'s periodic system as number 95, with the symbol Di. In 1874,
647:"Didymium Facts and Uses What You Need to Know About Didymium"
761:"Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Beginnings"
730:. Vol. 1179. ACS Symposium Series. pp. 209–257.
677:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
593:
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2019).
541:
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (24 January 2017).
445:. Uppsala: Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. p. 16.
417:
The lost elements : the periodic table's shadow side
393:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 38–55.
880:. Vol. 4. Griffin & Company. pp. 221–223.
390:
Episodes from the History of the Rare Earth Elements
239:). Lanthanum can be obtained from the black portion.
187:, Mosander attended school there until he moved to
134:
124:
99:
91:
83:
61:
40:
21:
153:(10 September 1797 – 15 October 1858) was a
486:Rare Earth Materials: Properties and Applications
965:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
901:Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar (December 16, 2015).
640:
638:
420:. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–120.
8:
645:Helmenstine, Anne Marie (November 1, 2018).
203:and became a close friend of fellow student
960:Academic staff of the Karolinska Institute
588:
586:
536:
534:
532:
18:
907:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–7.
869:
867:
847:
817:
815:
728:Science history : a traveler's guide
618:
566:
516:, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 444–454,
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
364:
328:Mosander was elected a member of the
7:
904:Extractive metallurgy of rare earths
459:The Development of Modern Chemistry
877:A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry
247:A sample of the element lanthanum.
14:
330:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
218:Swedish Museum of Natural History
216:mineralogical collections of the
955:Discoverers of chemical elements
822:Piguet, Claude (21 March 2014).
292:A sample of the element terbium.
29:
595:"Seekers of the lost lanthanum"
441:Dahlgren, Erik Wilhelm (1915).
300:A sample of the element erbium.
1:
970:19th-century Swedish chemists
693:Journal of Chemical Education
674:The discovery of the elements
336:Personal life and final years
874:Friend, John Newton (1917).
513:Encyclopedia of the elements
304:In 1843 Mosander discovered
995:Karolinska Institute alumni
671:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
483:Jha, A.R. (June 17, 2014).
260:) was a white oxide called
222:Swedish Academy of Sciences
1011:
736:10.1021/bk-2014-1179.ch011
620:10.1038/s41557-018-0208-3
543:"The neodymium neologism"
144:
117:
28:
179:Early life and education
456:Ihde, Aaron J. (1970).
343:Mosander suffered from
301:
293:
282:Carl Auer von Welsbach
248:
240:
990:Rare earth scientists
299:
291:
246:
230:
824:"Extricating erbium"
510:Enghag, Per (2004),
251:Mosander discovered
201:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
197:Karolinska Institute
160:. He discovered the
151:Carl Gustaf Mosander
139:Karolinska Institute
95:Karolinska Institute
35:Carl Gustaf Mosander
23:Carl Gustaf Mosander
840:2014NatCh...6..370P
705:1932JChEd...9.1751W
611:2019NatCh..11..188T
559:2017NatCh...9..194T
162:rare earth elements
945:People from Kalmar
849:10.1038/nchem.1908
713:10.1021/ed009p1751
689:Weeks, Mary Elvira
568:10.1038/nchem.2722
302:
294:
249:
241:
699:(10): 1751–1773.
523:978-3-527-30666-4
322:Marc Delafontaine
318:Nils Johan Berlin
312:as components of
220:, founded by the
148:
147:
119:Scientific career
51:10 September 1797
1002:
950:Swedish chemists
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
871:
862:
861:
851:
828:Nature Chemistry
819:
810:
809:
807:
805:
795:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
765:
756:
750:
749:
723:
717:
716:
685:
679:
678:
668:
662:
661:
659:
657:
642:
633:
632:
622:
599:Nature Chemistry
590:
581:
580:
570:
547:Nature Chemistry
538:
527:
526:
507:
501:
500:
480:
474:
473:
453:
447:
446:
438:
432:
431:
411:
405:
404:
384:
353:Stockholm County
278:Per Teodor Cleve
274:Dmitri Mendeleev
205:Friedrich Wöhler
77:Stockholm County
68:
50:
48:
33:
19:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
925:
924:
923:
922:
915:
900:
899:
895:
888:
873:
872:
865:
821:
820:
813:
803:
801:
793:
788:
787:
783:
773:
771:
763:
758:
757:
753:
746:
725:
724:
720:
687:
686:
682:
670:
669:
665:
655:
653:
644:
643:
636:
592:
591:
584:
540:
539:
530:
524:
509:
508:
504:
497:
482:
481:
477:
470:
455:
454:
450:
440:
439:
435:
428:
413:
412:
408:
401:
386:
385:
366:
361:
338:
213:
181:
110:
106:
92:Alma mater
79:
70:
66:
65:15 October 1858
57:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
16:Swedish chemist
12:
11:
5:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
927:
926:
921:
920:
913:
893:
886:
863:
811:
781:
751:
744:
718:
680:
663:
634:
582:
528:
522:
502:
495:
475:
468:
448:
433:
426:
406:
399:
363:
362:
360:
357:
337:
334:
212:
209:
180:
177:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
101:
100:Known for
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
71:
69:(aged 61)
63:
59:
58:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1007:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
916:
914:9781466576346
910:
906:
905:
897:
894:
889:
887:9781130017649
883:
879:
878:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
816:
812:
799:
792:
785:
782:
769:
762:
755:
752:
747:
745:9780841230200
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
681:
676:
675:
667:
664:
652:
648:
641:
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
587:
583:
578:
574:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
519:
515:
514:
506:
503:
498:
496:9781466564039
492:
489:. CRC Press.
488:
487:
479:
476:
471:
469:9780486642352
465:
461:
460:
452:
449:
444:
437:
434:
429:
427:9780199383344
423:
419:
418:
410:
407:
402:
400:9789400902879
396:
392:
391:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
369:
365:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
335:
333:
331:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
256:(later named
254:
245:
238:
235:(later named
234:
229:
225:
223:
219:
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
903:
896:
876:
831:
827:
802:. Retrieved
797:
784:
772:. Retrieved
767:
754:
727:
721:
696:
692:
683:
673:
666:
654:. Retrieved
650:
602:
598:
550:
546:
512:
505:
485:
478:
458:
451:
442:
436:
416:
409:
389:
342:
339:
327:
303:
270:
250:
231:The mineral
214:
192:
182:
150:
149:
135:Institutions
118:
67:(1858-10-15)
940:1858 deaths
935:1797 births
804:30 December
798:The Hexagon
774:30 December
768:The Hexagon
656:13 December
266:nitric acid
84:Nationality
929:Categories
834:(4): 370.
651:Thought Co
605:(2): 188.
553:(2): 194.
359:References
258:gadolinite
237:gadolinite
47:1797-09-10
975:Lanthanum
345:cataracts
332:in 1833.
253:lanthanum
233:ytterbite
189:Stockholm
165:lanthanum
129:chemistry
104:lanthanum
858:24651207
629:30679779
577:28282053
183:Born in
985:Terbium
836:Bibcode
800:: 72–77
770:: 41–45
701:Bibcode
607:Bibcode
555:Bibcode
306:terbium
173:terbium
158:chemist
155:Swedish
112:terbium
87:Swedish
980:Erbium
911:
884:
856:
742:
627:
575:
520:
493:
466:
424:
397:
314:yttria
310:erbium
211:Career
193:Ugglan
185:Kalmar
169:erbium
125:Fields
108:erbium
55:Kalmar
794:(PDF)
764:(PDF)
349:Lovön
262:ceria
909:ISBN
882:ISBN
854:PMID
806:2019
776:2019
740:ISBN
658:2019
625:PMID
573:PMID
518:ISBN
491:ISBN
464:ISBN
422:ISBN
395:ISBN
308:and
171:and
73:Lovö
62:Died
41:Born
844:doi
732:doi
709:doi
615:doi
563:doi
207:.
931::
866:^
852:.
842:.
830:.
826:.
814:^
796:.
766:.
738:.
707:.
695:.
649:.
637:^
623:.
613:.
603:11
601:.
597:.
585:^
571:.
561:.
549:.
545:.
531:^
367:^
355:.
351:,
175:.
167:,
75:,
917:.
890:.
860:.
846::
838::
832:6
808:.
778:.
748:.
734::
715:.
711::
703::
697:9
660:.
631:.
617::
609::
579:.
565::
557::
551:9
499:.
472:.
430:.
403:.
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
