33:
266:. PACER used technology that was "designed in the bygone days of screechy telephone modems ... put the nation's legal system behind a wall of cash and kludge." Malamud appealed to fellow activists, urging them to visit one of 17 libraries conducting a free trial of the PACER system, download court documents, and send them to him for public distribution.
338:, Timothy Lee, who later made use of the documents obtained by Swartz as a co-creator of RECAP, offered some insight into discrepancies in reporting on just how much data Swartz had downloaded: "In a back-of-the-envelope calculation a few days before the offsite crawl was shut down, Swartz guessed he got around 25 percent of the documents in PACER. The
384:"... we conclude that the People are the ultimate authors of the annotations. As a work of the People the annotations are inherently public domain material and therefore uncopyrightable. Because we conclude that no copyright can be held in the annotations, we have no occasion to address the parties’ other arguments regarding originality and fair use."
260:, which was charging 8 cents per page, should instead be providing the information for free, because government documents are not protected by copyright. The fees were "plowed back to the courts to finance technology, but the system a budget surplus of some $ 150 million, according to court reports," reported
420:
and asked for the public to endorse him for the position. The role is filled by an appointment by the president and it is unusual that it would be the subject of a public campaign. Malamud sought the position on a platform of promising to "make all primary legal materials produced by the U.S. readily
292:
characterized his actions this way: "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to make them available outside of the expensive service. The move drew the attention of the FBI, which ultimately decided not to press charges as the documents, were, in fact, public."
324:
We sent our results to the Chief Judges of 31 District Courts ... They redacted those documents and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them ... The
Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. ... the bureaucrats who ran the Administrative Office of the United States Courts ... we were
319:
At a 2013 memorial for Swartz, Malamud recalled their work with PACER. They brought millions of U.S. District Court records out from behind PACER's "pay wall", he said, and found them full of privacy violations, including medical records and the names of minor children and confidential
342:
similarly reported Swartz had downloaded "an estimated 20 percent of the entire database". Based on the facts that Swartz downloaded 2.7 million documents while PACER, at the time, contained 500 million, Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded less than one percent of the database.
308:) request with the FBI and described their response as the "usual mess of confusions that shows the FBI's lack of sense of humor." PACER still charges per page, but customers have the option of saving the documents for free public access with a
202:
to not assert copyright over its legislative statutes. He has also been active in challenging the state of
California's copyright claims on state laws by publishing copies of the criminal, building, and plumbing codes online.
528:
10,000 times before he got the lightbulb right, and when he was asked about those failures, he said “I have not failed, I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Fail. Fail often. And don’t forget, you can question
355:. Although the state's Code Revision Commission did not claim that the statutes themselves were copyrighted, they believed that their annotated work could only be distributed by the state's chosen commercial publisher,
548:
218:, the head of the Government Printing Office. He is leading an effort, under the banner of Law.gov, to bring online all primary legal materials (including legal codes and case law) for open public access.
499:
Rule 3: Eyeballs rule. If a million people use your service, and on the
Internet you can do that, you’ve got a lot more credibility than if you’re just issuing position papers and flaming the man.
351:
On
October 18, 2018, a federal appeals court decision struck down the State of Georgia's attempt to claim that its officially published statutes were protected by copyright due to the addition of
921:
1337:
748:
1554:
1532:
362:
Carl
Malamud initiated the copyright challenge by purchasing the official printed works for more than $ 1200, digitally scanning the contents, and mailing the digital copies on
1644:
281:
to download the documents, using credentials belonging to a
Sacramento library. From September 4 to 20, 2008, Swartz's software accessed documents and uploaded them to a
1019:
1363:
214:
to liberalize its video archive access policy, and begun publishing court decisions. In 2009 he proposed, through the "Yes We Scan" campaign, that he serve as the
1772:
304:. The case was closed after two months with no charges filed. Swartz learned the details of the investigation as a result of filing a Freedom of Information Act (
1617:
778:
432:
granted him the position that it would be an excellent step toward fulfilling his promise to introduce "an unprecedented level of openness in
Government."
305:
195:
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1396:
1332:
388:
In 2019 Malamud expressed a wish for the matter to advance to the
Supreme Court for clarification, despite the appellate court ruling in his favor.
297:
187:
128:
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744:
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496:
Rule 2: When the starting gun goes off, run really fast. As a small player, the elephant can step on you, but you can outrun the elephant.
1750:
1522:
1585:
CODE REVISION COMMISSION, for the
Benefit of and on behalf of General Assembly of Georgia, STATE OF GEORGIA vs PUBLIC.RESOURCE.ORG, INC.
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freely available, rather than allowing them to continue being only available at high cost and subject to restrictive terms of use.
1307:
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conference in April 2010. It's a slim and often humorous account of interaction with various bureaucracies and how to make
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989:
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suspended the free trial, "pending an evaluation" of the program. Swartz's actions were subsequently investigated by the
1878:
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163:
155:
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32:
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With his nonprofit foundation Public
Resource, he released an index of words and phrases from academic papers, the
215:
612:
482:
478:
1809:
1452:
808:
774:
405:
90:
574:
190:, and federal government agencies. Among his achievements have been digitizing 588 government films for the
37:
Carl Malamud speaking at the UC Berkeley iSchool about "(Re-)defining the public domain", October 17, 2007.
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664:
363:
329:
Malamud penned a more detailed account of his collaboration with Swartz on the Pacer project in an essay.
183:
1386:
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thieves that took $ 1.6 million of their property. So they called the FBI ... found nothing wrong ...
159:
1888:
396:
Carl Malamud is currently involved in several lawsuits through his organization Public.Resource.Org.
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119:. He was also founder and president of the Internet Multicasting Service, an organization based in
116:
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Page 5 of Case: 17-11589, Filed: October 19, 2018, United States Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit,
1080:
274:
262:
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1479:
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/10/appeals-court-tells-georgia-state-code-cant-be-copyrighted
988:. Hearing on Smithsonian Institution Business Ventures. United States House of Representatives.
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720:
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100:
1016:"Another win for Carl Malamud (or: news you won't see in the May 2007 issue of the Atlantic)"
955:
1302:
509:, the inventor of the VAX, once said that you should keep your vision, but modify your plan.
237:
191:
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on his website, borrowing his own word to describe it as "a successful form of 'terrorism
221:
An early Internet pioneer, he is the author of many early books about networking such as
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521:
Rule 9: Look for overreaching, things that are just blatantly, obviously wrong or silly.
1779:. COMMUNIA - The European Thematic Network on the Digital Public Domain. Archived from
1709:"Hardware Hacker, E-Voting Investigator, and Public Domain Advocate Win Pioneer Awards"
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716:
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Rule 6: When you get the microphone, get to the point. Be clear about what you want.
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Rule 7: Get standing. Have some skin in the game, some reason you’re at the table.
830:
421:
available" and to include "principles of bulk data distribution in legislation."
1708:
860:
506:
356:
257:
123:. During his time with this group, he was responsible for developing the first
1523:"Georgia claims that publishing its state laws for free online is 'terrorism'"
985:
352:
278:
245:
1045:
1424:(Speech). Memorial for Aaron Swartz at the Internet Archive. San Francisco.
428:
said that his agenda was "ambitious and impressive" and that if President
1839:
186:, to work for the publication of public domain information from local,
604:
1843:
1803:
1448:
1334:
The inside story of Aaron Swartz's campaign to liberate court filings
211:
199:
1555:"Georgia accuses public records activist of information 'terrorism'"
800:
1743:"10 Rules for Radicals: Lessons from rogue archivist Carl Malamud"
1641:"Cases Shed Light on Copyright Protection of Standards Developers"
313:
132:
1360:"Darrell Issa Praises Aaron Swartz, Internet Freedom At Memorial"
745:"Bob Lisbonne and Carl Malamud Join the Mozilla Foundation Board"
582:
524:
And finally, rule 10, which is don’t be afraid to fail. It took
1589:
http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf
1298:"FBI Investigated Coder for Liberating Paywalled Court Records"
684:
1253:"An Effort to Upgrade a Court Archive System to Free and Easy"
549:"Expo to introduce public to capabilities of information nets"
285:
service. He released the documents to Malamud's organization.
1834:
369:
In 2013, the State of Georgia sued Malamud for providing the
111:(born July 2, 1959) is an American technologist, author, and
1863:
Smithsonian Joint Venture With Showtime Raises Many Concerns
1475:
Appeals Court Tells Georgia: State Code Can’t be Copyrighted
1206:"Petition to Her Majesty's Government on the Safety of Toys"
206:
He has also challenged the information management policy of
1610:"Accused of 'Terrorism' for Putting Legal Materials Online"
1477:, By Joe Mullin, published October 23, 2018, Article URL:
256:
In 2008, Malamud contended that the federal court archive
1112:"Yes We Scan! Carl Malamud for Public Printer of the USA"
1046:"Congressional Hearings, Fair Use, and the Public Domain"
1449:"On Crime and Access to Knowledge: An Unpublished Essay"
1176:. J. Ranade Dec Series. Intertext Publications. p.
232:
In September 2015, Malamud published a petition to the
194:
and YouTube, publishing a 5 million page crawl of the
1773:""10 Rules for Radicals": making PSI more accessible"
1144:(2nd ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 340.
1076:"A Quest to Get More Court Rulings Online, and Free"
411:
634:
456:Malamud authored eight books as of 2009, including
96:
86:
70:
60:
42:
23:
1327:
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416:In 2009 Malamud announced his candidacy to become
922:"He's giving you access, one document at a time"
142:Malamud is the author of eight books, including
18:Technologist, author, and public domain advocate
1245:
1243:
1241:
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1237:
1235:
1233:
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490:
1675:"Yes We Scan: Carl Malamud for Public Printer"
666:Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue
412:Malamud's campaign to become US Public Printer
1473:Electronic Frontier Foundation news article,
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8:
1668:
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1348:, February 8, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
347:State of Georgia statutes copyright decision
166:, and was a board member of the non-profit
1702:
1700:
31:
20:
269:After reading Malamud's call for action,
258:Public Access to Electronic Court Records
505:Rule 5: Keep asking until they say yes.
1428:from the original on September 11, 2018
540:
135:database on-line, and for creating the
129:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1366:from the original on February 11, 2013
1310:from the original on February 11, 2014
1088:from the original on November 24, 2020
775:"Carl Malamud and Public.Resource.Org"
615:from the original on February 18, 2010
493:Rule 1: Call everything an experiment.
150:. He was a visiting professor at the
1723:from the original on October 20, 2013
1685:from the original on October 20, 2013
1385:Johnson, Bobbie (November 11, 2009).
1264:from the original on October 21, 2018
1216:from the original on October 17, 2015
962:from the original on January 21, 2016
712:A World's Fair for the Global Village
502:Rule 4: When the time comes, be nice.
7:
1639:St. Denis, Nick (January 26, 2016).
1399:from the original on October 8, 2018
1387:"Recap: Cracking open US courtrooms"
1250:Schwartz, John (February 12, 2009).
605:"Securities and Exchange Commission"
448:for being a public domain advocate.
1521:Los Angeles Times (July 27, 2015).
1455:from the original on March 26, 2016
1118:from the original on March 24, 2010
871:from the original on April 16, 2016
418:Public Printer of the United States
380:The appeals court decision states:
115:advocate, known for his foundation
1812:from the original on June 25, 2024
1753:from the original on June 25, 2024
1707:Bishop, Katina (October 6, 2009).
1647:from the original on June 25, 2024
1620:from the original on June 25, 2024
1535:from the original on June 25, 2024
1502:from the original on June 25, 2024
1418:Malamud, Carl (January 24, 2013).
992:from the original on March 6, 2016
901:from the original on March 5, 2016
891:"public.resource.org - oregon.gov"
841:from the original on March 3, 2016
811:from the original on March 6, 2016
781:from the original on July 20, 2011
751:from the original on July 20, 2011
641:from the original on June 15, 2010
371:Official Code of Georgia Annotated
154:and is the former chairman of the
14:
1358:Will Wrigley (February 7, 2013).
1052:from the original on May 17, 2008
1022:from the original on May 13, 2008
518:Rule 8: Get them to threaten you.
477:is Malamud's keynote at the 19th
1849:Malamud, Carl (April 17, 2006).
1447:Malamud, Carl (March 30, 2013).
1296:Singel, Ryan (October 5, 2009).
831:"public.resource.org - ntis.gov"
777:. The Weblog of Mitchell Baker.
747:. The Weblog of Mitchell Baker.
635:"Internet 1996 World Exposition"
234:Government of the United Kingdom
861:"public.resource.org - gpo.gov"
158:. He also is the co-founder of
1717:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1492:"Carl Malamud, Public Printer"
1172:Dec Networks and Architectures
446:Electronic Frontier Foundation
426:Electronic Frontier Foundation
227:DEC Networks and Architectures
198:, and persuading the state of
137:Internet 1996 World Exposition
1:
1608:Liptak, Adam (May 13, 2019).
440:In 2009 Malamud received the
366:to every Georgia legislator.
236:, calling for it to make the
178:Malamud set up the nonprofit
1884:American non-fiction writers
1859:Center for American Progress
1673:Jones, Tim (March 2, 2009).
164:Center for American Progress
156:Internet Software Consortium
986:"Testimony of Carl Malamud"
801:"About Public.Resource.Org"
296:On September 29, 2008, the
1920:
1587:, 55 pages, Document URL:
1496:Columbia Journalism Review
216:Public Printer of the U.S.
196:Government Printing Office
1594:October 19, 2018, at the
1142:Analyzing Novell Networks
483:public sector information
479:World Wide Web Consortium
223:Analyzing Novell Networks
127:station, for putting the
30:
91:Rebecca Hargrave Malamud
1598:Retrieved April 1, 2019
1481:Retrieved April 1, 2019
1048:. public.resource.org.
958:. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
364:USB flash memory drives
1899:Open content activists
1851:"Dear Secretary Small"
1362:. Huffingtonpost.com.
1340:June 16, 2018, at the
956:"Smithsonian Sunshine"
532:
458:Exploring the Internet
392:Other pending lawsuits
327:
184:Sebastopol, California
174:Public domain activism
162:, was a fellow at the
144:Exploring the Internet
101:2009 EFF Pioneer Award
77:Exploring the Internet
1805:10 Rules for Radicals
1802:Carl Malamud (2010).
1204:(September 4, 2015).
1110:(February 25, 2009).
1044:(February 27, 2007).
743:(November 22, 2006).
575:"Internet Talk Radio"
475:10 Rules for Radicals
469:10 Rules for Radicals
322:
1018:. The Atlantic.com.
932:on September 4, 2008
279:Amazon cloud servers
275:Perl computer script
208:Smithsonian Networks
152:MIT Media Laboratory
1879:Public.Resource.Org
1835:Public.Resource.Org
1777:communia-project.eu
1749:. August 29, 2010.
1210:Public.Resource.Org
1074:(August 20, 2007).
920:Halverson, Nathan.
609:public.resource.org
182:, headquartered in
180:Public.Resource.Org
117:Public.Resource.Org
65:Public.Resource.Org
1614:The New York Times
1258:The New York Times
1081:The New York Times
926:The Press Democrat
709:(August 8, 1997).
663:(September 1992).
555:. January 17, 1996
263:The New York Times
168:Mozilla Foundation
1904:Internet pioneers
1528:Los Angeles Times
1168:(February 1989).
1014:(March 9, 2007).
954:(April 5, 2006).
585:on April 26, 2010
553:The Straits Times
485:more accessible.
442:EFF Pioneer Award
310:browser extension
240:published by the
106:
105:
1911:
1865:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1799:
1793:
1792:
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1783:on June 17, 2018
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1565:on July 29, 2015
1561:. Archived from
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984:(May 25, 2006).
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773:(May 22, 2007).
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581:. Archived from
579:museum.media.org
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238:safety standards
192:Internet Archive
160:Invisible Worlds
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741:Baker, Mitchell
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719:. p. 304.
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687:on May 13, 2008
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290:Huffington Post
283:cloud computing
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121:Washington D.C.
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1747:boingboing.net
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1306:. Condé Nast.
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1108:Doctorow, Cory
1099:
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1012:Fallows, James
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25:Carl Malamud
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1889:1959 births
1855:Open letter
1840:Appearances
1727:October 13,
1689:October 13,
1314:January 12,
1268:January 12,
691:February 9,
507:Gordon Bell
436:Recognition
408:, in 2021.
357:Lexis-Nexis
353:annotations
332:Writing in
320:informants.
277:running on
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1624:August 27,
1395:. London.
535:References
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246:toy safety
49:1959-07-02
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1506:April 29,
1459:March 17,
444:from the
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