Carl Rogers - Knowledge (XXG)

741:. Distortion occurs when the individual perceives a threat to their self-concept. They distort the perception until it fits their self-concept. This defensive behavior reduces the consciousness of the threat but not the threat itself. And so, as the threats mount, the work of protecting the self-concept becomes more difficult and the individual becomes more defensive and rigid in their self-structure. If the incongruity is immoderate this process may lead the individual to a state that would typically be described as neurotic. Their functioning becomes precarious and psychologically vulnerable. If the situation worsens it is possible that the defenses cease to function altogether and the individual becomes aware of the incongruity of their situation. Their personality becomes disorganised and bizarre; irrational behavior, associated with earlier denied aspects of self, may erupt uncontrollably. 838:"The structure and organization of self appears to become more rigid under threats and to relax its boundaries when completely free from threat" (Rogers, 1951). If students believe that concepts are being forced upon them, they might become uncomfortable and fearful. A barrier is created by a tone of threat in the classroom. Therefore, an open, friendly environment in which trust is developed is essential in the classroom. Fear of retribution for not agreeing with a concept should be eliminated. A supportive classroom tone helps to alleviate fears and encourages students to have the courage to explore concepts and beliefs that vary from those they bring to the classroom. Also, new information might threaten the student's concept of themself; therefore, the less vulnerable the student feels, the more likely they will be able to open up to the learning process. 829:"A person cannot teach another person directly; a person can only facilitate another's learning" (Rogers, 1951). This is a result of his personality theory, which states that everyone exists in a constantly changing world of experience in which they are the center. Each person reacts and responds based on perception and experience. The belief is that what the student does is more important than what the teacher does. The focus is on the student (Rogers, 1951). Therefore, the background and experiences of the learner are essential to how and what is learned. Each student will process what they learn differently depending on what they bring to the classroom. 342:. Some time later he reportedly became an atheist. Although referred to as an atheist early in his career, Rogers eventually came to be described as agnostic. However, in his later years it is reported he spoke about spirituality. Thorne, who knew Rogers and worked with him on a number of occasions during his final ten years, writes that "in his later years his openness to experience compelled him to acknowledge the existence of a dimension to which he attached such adjectives as mystical, spiritual, and transcendental". Rogers concluded that there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology, a realm he came to prize as "the indescribable, the spiritual." 835:"Experience which, if assimilated, would involve a change in the organization of self, tends to be resisted through denial or distortion of symbolism" (Rogers, 1951). If the content or presentation of a course is inconsistent with preconceived information, the student will learn if they are open to varying concepts. Being open to concepts that vary from one's own is vital to learning. Therefore, gently encouraging open-mindedness is helpful in engaging the student in learning. Also, it is important, for this reason, that new information be relevant and related to existing experience. 841:"The educational situation which most effectively promotes significant learning is one in which (a) threat to the self of the learner is reduced to a minimum and (b) differentiated perception of the field is facilitated" (Rogers, 1951). The instructor should be open to learning from the students and working to connect the students to the subject matter. Frequent interaction with the students will help achieve this goal. The instructor's acceptance of being a mentor who guides rather than the expert who tells is instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, and unforced learning. 725:. In a fully congruent person, realizing their potential is not at the expense of experiencing positive regard. They are able to lead authentic and genuine lives. Incongruent individuals, in their pursuit of positive regard, lead lives that include falsity and do not realize their potential. Conditions put on them by those around them make it necessary for them to forgo their genuine, authentic lives to meet with others' approval. They live lives that are not true to themselves. 697:" as the aspect of a person that is founded in the actualizing tendency, follows organismic values and needs, and receives positive regard from others and self. On the other hand, to the extent that society is out of sync with the actualizing tendency and people are forced to live with conditions of worth that are out of step with organismic valuing, receiving only conditional positive regard and self-regard, Rogers said that people develop instead an "ideal self". By 625:... the organized consistent conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of 'I' or 'me' and the perceptions of the relationships of the 'I' or 'me' to others and to various aspects of life, together with the values attached to these perceptions. It is a gestalt which is available to awareness though not necessarily in awareness. It is a fluid and changing gestalt, a process, but at any given moment it is a specific entity. (Rogers, 1959) 525:" personality theory of Combs and Snygg (1949). Rogers's elaboration of his theory is extensive. He wrote 16 books and many more journal articles about it. Prochaska and Norcross (2003) states Rogers "consistently stood for an empirical evaluation of psychotherapy. He and his followers have demonstrated a humanistic approach to conducting therapy and a scientific approach to evaluating therapy need not be incompatible." 889:. Leaders from 17 nations convened to discuss the topic "The Central America Challenge". The meeting was notable for several reasons: it brought national figures together as people (not as their positions), it was a private event, and was an overwhelming positive experience where members heard one another and established real personal ties, as opposed to stiffly formal and regulated diplomatic meetings. 49: 3724: 338:, for an international Christian conference, Rogers started to doubt his religious convictions. To help him clarify his career choice, he attended a seminar titled "Why Am I Entering the Ministry?" after which he decided to change careers. In 1924, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, married Helen Elliott (a fellow Wisconsin student whom he had known from Oak Park), and enrolled at 924: 898:

sworn opponents; rather, it can and should consist of an ongoing dialogue among all parties. Such dialogue is characterized by respect among the parties, authentic speaking by each, and—ultimately—empathic understanding among all parties. Out of such understanding, mutually acceptable solutions will (or at least can) flow.

800:, using the recordings of therapeutic sessions between Rogers and his clients. Porter used Rogers's transcripts to devise a system to measure the degree of directiveness or non-directiveness a counselor employed. The counselor's attitude and orientation were shown to be instrumental in the decisions the client made. 901:

During his last decade, Rogers facilitated or participated in a wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, and other social leaders, often outside the U.S. He also lent his support to several non-traditional U.S. political initiatives, including the "12-Hour Political Party" of

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Rogers suggested that the incongruent individual, who is always on the defensive and cannot be open to all experiences, is not functioning ideally and may even be malfunctioning. They work hard at maintaining and protecting their self-concept. Because their lives are not authentic, this is difficult,

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As experiences occur in the life of the individual, they are either (a) symbolized, perceived and organized into some relation to the self, (b) ignored because there is no perceived relationship to the self structure, or (c) denied symbolization or given distorted symbolization because the experience

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Between 1974 and 1984, Rogers, his daughter Natalie Rogers, and psychologists Maria Bowen, Maureen O'Hara, and John K. Wood convened a series of residential programs in the U.S., Europe, Brazil and Japan, the Person-Centered Approach Workshops, which focused on cross-cultural communications, personal

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Accustomed as I was to the rather rigid Freudian approach of the Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and exhaustive batteries of tests before even thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked by Dr. Adler's very direct and deceptively simple manner of immediately relating to the child and the

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to communication to revise the traditional Aristotelian framework for rhetoric. The Rogerian method of argument involves each side restating the other's position to the satisfaction of the other, among other principles. In a paper, it can be expressed by carefully acknowledging and understanding the

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One of Rogers's most famous lines is: "Death is final, and accepting that is the most difficult thing to undertake. That loved one is not coming back and nothing can change that. Nothing compares to them. Life is precious and vulnerable, so be wise with how you choose to spend it, because once death

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An increasingly existential lifestyle: living each moment fully, not distorting the moment to fit personality or self-concept but allowing personality and self-concept to emanate from the experience. This results in excitement, daring, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, and lack of rigidity, and

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Some scholars believe there is a politics implicit in Rogers's approach to psychotherapy. Toward the end of his life, Rogers came to that view himself. The central tenet of Rogerian, person-centered politics is that public life need not consist of an endless series of winner-take-all battles among

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In the development of the self-concept, he saw conditional and unconditional positive regard as key. Those raised in an environment of unconditional positive regard have the opportunity to fully actualize themselves. Those raised in an environment of conditional positive regard feel worthy only if

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The application to cross-cultural relations has involved workshops in highly stressful situations and global locations, including conflicts and challenges in South Africa, Central America, and Ireland. Rogers, Alberto Zucconi, and Charles Devonshire co-founded the Istituto dell'Approccio Centrato

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The values attached to experiences, and the values that are a part of the self-structure, in some instances, are values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values introjected or taken over from others, but perceived in distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced

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As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluative interaction with others, the structure of the self is formed—an organized, fluid but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the "I" or the "me", together with

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to democracy; in the United States, consumers and providers in the health field. His last trip, at age 85, was to the Soviet Union, where he lectured and facilitated intensive experiential workshops fostering communication and creativity. He was astonished at how many Russians knew of his work.

910:. By the 21st century, interest in dialogic approaches to political engagement and change had become widespread, especially among academics and activists. Theorists of a specifically Rogerian, person-centered approach to politics as dialogue have made substantial contributions to that project. 5433: 832:"A person learns significantly only those things that are perceived as being involved in the maintenance of or enhancement of the structure of self" (Rogers, 1951). Therefore, relevancy to the student is essential for learning. The students' experiences become the core of the course. 584:

Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure. When this situation exists, there is a basic or potential psychological

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Increasing organismic trust: they trust their own judgment and ability to choose behavior appropriate for each moment. They do not rely on existing codes and social norms but trust that as they are open to experiences they will be able to trust their own sense of right and

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This process of the good life is not, I am convinced, a life for the faint-hearted. It involves the stretching and growing of becoming more and more of one's potentialities. It involves the courage to be. It means launching oneself fully into the stream of life. (Rogers

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Rogers originally developed his theory as the foundation for a system of therapy. He initially called it "non-directive therapy" but later replaced the term "non-directive" with "client-centered", and still later "person-centered". Even before the publication of

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As the individual perceives and accepts into his self structure more of his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing his present value system—based extensively on introjections which have been distortedly symbolized—with a continuing organismic valuing

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Reliability and constructiveness: they can be trusted to act constructively. An individual who is open to all their needs will be able to maintain a balance between them. Even aggressive needs will be matched and balanced by intrinsic goodness in congruent

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Freedom of choice: not being shackled by the restrictions that influence an incongruent individual, they are able to make a wider range of choices more fluently. They believe they play a role in determining their own behavior and so feel responsible for

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based on Rogerian listening. In 1956, Rogers became the first president of the American Academy of Psychotherapists. He taught psychology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison (1957–63), during which time he wrote one of his best-known books,

1032:. "We were asked to figure out what we thought of him and what would be the best way of dealing with him. And that seemed to be an entirely principled and legitimate aspect. I don't think we contributed very much, but, anyway, we tried." 576:

In some instances, behavior may be brought about by organic experiences and needs that have not been symbolized. Such behavior may be inconsistent with the structure of the self, but in such instances the individual does not "own" the

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The application to education has a large robust research tradition similar to that of therapy, with studies having begun in the late 1930s and continuing today (Cornelius-White, 2007). Rogers described the approach to education in

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Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of

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A rich full life: Rogers describes the life of the fully functioning individual as rich, full and exciting, and suggests that they experience joy and pain, love and heartbreak, fear and courage more intensely. His description of

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in 1972. In a study by Steven J. Haggbloom and colleagues using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Rogers was found to be the sixth most eminent psychologist of the 20th century and second, among clinicians, only to

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Under certain conditions, involving primarily complete absence of threat to the self structure, experiences inconsistent with it may be perceived and examined, and the structure of self revised to assimilate and include such

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Any experience that is inconsistent with the organization of the structure of the self may be perceived as a threat, and the more of these perceptions there are, the more rigidly the self structure is organized to maintain

825:, that Lyon and Reinhard Tausch completed and published in 2013. It contains Rogers's last unpublished writings on person-centered teaching. Rogers had the following five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education: 650:

A growing openness to experience: they move away from defensiveness and have no need for subception (a perceptual defense that involves unconsciously applying strategies to prevent a troubling stimulus from entering

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Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) On Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge,

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When the individual perceives and accepts into one consistent and integrated system all his sensory and visceral experiences, he is necessarily more understanding of others and more accepting of others as separate

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Emotion accompanies, and in general facilitates, such goal directed behavior, the kind of emotion being related to the perceived significance of the behavior for the maintenance and enhancement of the organism.

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Rogers, Carl R, Lyon, Harold C., Tausch, Reinhard: (2013) On Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge

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With regard to development, Rogers described principles rather than stages. The main issue is the development of a self-concept and the progress from an undifferentiated self to being fully differentiated.

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In 1945, Rogers was invited to set up a counseling center at the University of Chicago. In 1947, he was elected president of the American Psychological Association. While a professor of psychology at the

386:(1942). In it, Rogers suggests that by establishing a relationship with an understanding, accepting therapist, a client can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. 1203:

has conducted extensive research on the work of Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centered approach. Kirschenbaum published the first thorough book in English on Rogers’ life and work, titled,

1028:-funded organization that provided grants to researchers looking into personality. In addition, he and other people in the field of personality and psychotherapy were given a lot of information about 701:, he was suggesting something not real, something always out of reach, a standard people cannot meet. This gap between the real self and the ideal self, the "I am" and the "I should", Rogers called 5408: 5393: 1569:

Fierro, Catriel (November 2021). "'A backdrop for psychotherapy': Carl R. Rogers, psychological testing, and the psycho-educational clinic at Columbia University's Teachers College (1924–1935)".

394:(1945–57), Rogers helped establish a counseling center connected with the university and there conducted studies to determine his methods' effectiveness. His findings and theories appeared in 821:

was revised twice. The new Learner-Centered Model is similar in many regards to this classical person-centered approach to education. Before Rogers's death, he and Harold Lyon began a book,

374:(1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. He was strongly influenced in constructing his client-centered approach by the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of 363: 787:

relations and other "helping" professions and situations. In 1946 Rogers co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L. Wallen (the creator of the behavioral model known as

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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. (March 2003).

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Creativity: it follows that they will feel freer to be creative. They will also be more creative in the way they adapt to their circumstances without feeling a need to conform.

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suggests a foundation of trust. "To open one's spirit to what is going on now, and discover in that present process whatever structure it appears to have" (Rogers 1961).

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Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the

272:. Based on a 1982 survey of 422 respondents of U.S. and Canadian psychologists, he was considered the most influential psychotherapist in history (Freud ranked third). 5311: 1508:. "Among celebrity atheists with much biographical data, we find leading psychologists and psychoanalysts. We could provide a long list, including...Carl R. Rogers..." 5326: 775:

in 1951, Rogers believed the principles he was describing could be applied in a variety of contexts, not just in therapy. As a result, he started to use the term

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is the application of the person-centered approach to therapy. Other applications include a theory of personality, interpersonal relations, education, nursing,

263:), organizations, and other group settings. For his professional work he received the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Psychology from the 469:

Rogers's last years were devoted to applying his theories in situations of political oppression and national social conflict, traveling worldwide to do so. In

5388: 5428: 5403: 251:, Rogers's approach to understanding personality and human relationships, found wide application in various domains, such as psychotherapy and counseling ( 1491:

Oak Park, Cook, Illinois; Roll T624_239; Page: 2B; Enumeration District: 70; Image: 703. Carl is fourth of six children of Walter A. and Julia M. Rogers.

339: 109: 1381:(APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered. 1077:

Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch,

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Porter, E.H. (1941) The development and evaluation of a measure of counseling interview procedure. Ph. D. Dissertation, Ohio State University.

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in 1927 to 1928 when Rogers was an intern at the now defunct Institute for Child Guidance in New York City. Later in life, Rogers recalled:

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deCarvalho, Roy J. (1999). "Otto Rank, the Rankian Circle in Philadelphia, and the Origins of Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Psychotherapy".

646:, where the organism continually aims to fulfill its potential. He listed the characteristics of a fully functioning person (Rogers 1961): 299:

Rogers was intelligent and could read well before kindergarten. Following an education in a strict religious and ethical environment as an

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Rogers, Carl. (1959). "A theory of therapy, personality relationships as developed in the client-centered framework.". In S. Koch (ed.).

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Hall, C.S. & Linzey, G. (1957). Rogers self-theory. "Theories of Personality". (pp. 515–551). NY; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2445: 1378: 264: 241: 167: 163: 2336:, cover and pp. 4 ("Presenters"), 28–31, 41–43. A publication of the Association for Humanistic Psychology. Retrieved August 1, 2016. 2123:'s Centennial Conference on Communications held on 11 October 1951. It was later reprinted as a book chapter with a different title: 5398: 4621: 4594: 4589: 1505: 1171:

On Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon

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On Becoming an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon

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The first empirical evidence of the client-centered approach's effectiveness was published in 1941 at the Ohio State University by

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as important in his theory. In proposition #6, he refers to the actualizing tendency. At the same time, he recognized the need for

4717: 4401: 1617: 477:, he brought together influential Protestants and Catholics; in South Africa, blacks and whites; in Brazil, people emerging from 1429:

The genealogy of the Cushing family, an account of the ancestors and descendants of Matthew Cushing, who came to America in 1638

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Optimal development, as referred to in proposition 14, results in a certain process rather than static state. Rogers calls this

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All individuals (organisms) exist in a continually changing world of experience (phenomenal field) of which they are the center.

349:, obtaining an M.A. in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931. While completing his doctoral work, he engaged in child study. He studied with 5341: 5285: 559:

Behavior is basically the goal-directed attempt of the organism to satisfy its needs as experienced, in the field as perceived.

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by denomination. His mother, Julia M. Cushing, was a homemaker and devout Baptist. Carl was the fourth of their six children.

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The organism reacts to the field as it is experienced and perceived. This perceptual field is "reality" for the individual.

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Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (March 2007). "Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Are Effective: A Meta-Analysis".

1374: 1326: 1280: 960: 941: 403: 382:. In 1940 Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at the Ohio State University, where he wrote his second book, 31: 458:, California. Rogers left the WBSI to help found the Center for Studies of the Person in 1968. His later books include 307:

of Jimpley, he became rather isolated, independent and disciplined, and acquired knowledge and an appreciation for the

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Kirschenbaum, Howard, and Henderson, Valerie Land. "A More Human World." In Kirschenbaum and Hendersion, eds. (1989).

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Ansbacher, Heinz L. (Fall 1990). "Alfred Adler's influence on the three leading cofounders of humanistic psychology".

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research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the

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Rogers's international work for peace culminated in the Rust Peace Workshop, which took place in November 1985 in

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Kramer, Robert (October 1995). "The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and 'The Beyond'".

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The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism.

466:(1983). He remained a La Jolla resident for the rest of his life, doing therapy, giving speeches and writing. 1743: 974: 573:

Most of the ways of behaving that the organism adopts are those that are consistent with the concept of self.

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The best vantage point for understanding behavior is from the internal frame of reference of the individual.

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Rogers continued teaching at the University of Wisconsin until 1963, when he became a resident at the new

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Rogers, C. & Wallen, J.L. (1946) Counseling with Returned Servicemen. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

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Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.

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It was also reprinted in Young, Becker, and Pike's textbook that popularized Rogerian rhetoric.

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Michael Martin (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge University Press. p. 310.

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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients

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Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context.

609:", which is defined as accepting a person "without negative judgment of .... basic worth". 474: 1916:

Psychology: A study of a science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the person and the social context

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Rogers, Carl. (nd, @1978). A personal message from Carl Rogers. In: N. J. Raskin. (2004).

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Encountering Feminism: Intersections Between Feminism and the Person-Centered Approach

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in the 1950s. In articles, he criticized society for its backward-looking affinities.

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A portion of the total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self.

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Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (1949). A coordinated research in psychotherapy.

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Barry, P. (2002). Mental Health and Mental Illness. (7th ed.) New York: Lippincott.

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Proctor, Gillian; Cooper, Mick; Sanders, Pete; and Malcolm, Beryl, eds. (2006).

923: 444: 379: 320: 1630: 1404: 1107: 439:, which reached its peak in the 1960s. In 1961, he was elected a Fellow of the 5185: 5100: 4995: 4304: 4139: 3935: 3792: 3683: 3521: 2679: 1682: 1547: 1349: 1318: 189: 17: 1802: 1294: 1275: 1097: 5145: 5080: 5065: 4795: 4339: 4124: 4028: 2578: 2478: 2347:

Seeds of the Seventies: Values, Work, and Commitment in Post-Vietnam America

694: 375: 300: 256: 1690: 1590: 3723: 2151: 1412: 1260: 1187:, 13, 149–200. Cited in: N.J. Raskin, The first 50 years and the next 10. 1141:. (pp. v-vi). Herefordshire, United Kingdom: PCCS Books, Ross-on-the-Wye. 4871: 4544: 4053: 4048: 4008: 2487:

Contributions to Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach

2079: 1139:

Contributions to Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach

497:

failed the next night and he died a few days later after a heart attack.

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parent. It took me some time to realize how much I had learned from him.

2131:"Dealing with breakdowns in communication—interpersonal and intergroup" 1582: 1373:, with three qualitative variables (converted to quantitative scores): 948: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 470: 331: 285: 2257:

Politicizing the Person-Centered Approach: An Agenda for Social Change

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Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory

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Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory

162:

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (1956,

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From the late 1950s into the '60s, Rogers served on the board of the

906:

and the founding of a "transformational" political organization, the

490: 414:, who was getting his Ph.D. in philosophy, developed the practice of 2101:(Winter 1952) . "Communication: its blocking and its facilitation". 1789:

Demanchick, S.; Kirschenbaum, H. (2008). "Carl Rogers and the CIA".

2575:

Mearns and Thorne, Person Centred Counselling in Action (Sage 1999)

882:

sulla Persona (Person-Centered Approach Institute) in Rome, Italy.

543:

The organism reacts as an organized whole to this phenomenal field.

402:(1954). One of his graduate students at the University of Chicago, 117: 104: 4490: 4068: 1441: 4494: 3494: 2595: 2582: 2559:

Carl Rogers—Key Figures in Counselling and Psychotherapy series

443:. Rogers was also one of the people who questioned the rise of 1132:

On Personal Power: Inner Strength and Its Revolutionary Impact

1025: 917: 121: 3490: 1719:"American Academy of Psychotherapists History of the Academy" 1169:

Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013)

489:

In 1987, Rogers suffered a fall that resulted in a fractured

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in Rochester, New York. From 1935 to 1940 he lectured at the

236:. Rogers is widely considered one of the founding fathers of 1865:

Individual Behavior: A New Frame of Reference for Psychology

1391:

Smith, D. (1982). "Trends in counseling and psychotherapy".

868:, a widely influential college writing textbook that used a 2169:

Mediation: A Psychological Insight Into Conflict Resolution

533:

Rogers's theory (as of 1951) was based on 19 propositions:

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growth, self-empowerment, and learning for social change.

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On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy

1936:

On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy

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On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy

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Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

1319:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century" 1243:

Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice

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Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice

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Isenhart, Myra Warren, and Spangle, Michael L. (2000).

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Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become

605:

In relation to No. 17, Rogers is known for practicing "

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The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: cases and commentary

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Proctor, Gillian, and Napier, Mary Beth, eds. (2004).

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Article on Snygg and Combs' "Phenomenal Field" Theory

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Presidents of the American Psychological Association

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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

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Freddie Strasser; Paul Randolph (30 December 2004).

1245:. Boston, Massachusetts/New York: Houghton Mifflin. 345:

After two years, Rogers left the seminary to attend

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He describes two mechanisms: 4506: 3506: 2607: 1529: 1527: 1072:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1052:. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1045:. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 8: 5414:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni 1610: 1608: 1164:Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human 1106:. (1st ed.) Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merill. 817:devoted exclusively to the subject in 1969. 2235:. SAGE Publications, 3rd ed., pp. 119–120. 1863:Snygg, Donald and Combs, Arthur W. (1949), 1043:The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child 372:The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child 4854: 4532: 4513: 4499: 4491: 3513: 3499: 3491: 2614: 2600: 2592: 2579: 2251: 2249: 2231:Thorne, Brian, with Sanders, Pete (2012). 2201:. Google Books: Houghton Mifflin. p. 2092:A paper by Rogers that greatly influenced 509:Rogers's theory of the self is considered 362:In 1930, Rogers served as director of the 315:, where he was a member of the fraternity 47: 36: 2323:A Report on AHP's 12-Hour Political Party 2304:. Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 433–435. 2227: 2225: 1994:An Introduction to Therapeutic Counseling 1763:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1339: 1293: 1008:Learn how and when to remove this message 873:opposition, rather than dismissing them. 1468:Rogers' mother's maiden name is Cushing. 30:For other people named Carl Rogers, see 1758:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter R" 1233: 634:) that others have laid down for them. 280:Rogers was born on January 8, 1902, in 5424:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni 5332:European Association for Psychotherapy 2031: 2029: 2027: 1929: 1927: 1925: 435:(1908–70) pioneered a movement called 340:Union Theological Seminary in New York 330:At age 20, following his 1922 trip to 288:. His father, Walter A. Rogers, was a 1371:Association for Psychological Science 1317:Haggbloom, S.J.; et al. (2002). 904:Association for Humanistic Psychology 452:Western Behavioral Sciences Institute 441:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 347:Teachers College, Columbia University 212:Western Behavioral Sciences Institute 7: 2415:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 141. 1208:in 1979, followed by the biography, 946:adding citations to reliable sources 410:(P.E.T.) movement. Another student, 400:Psychotherapy and Personality Change 132:The person-centered approach (e.g., 5389:20th-century American psychologists 4617:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 2440:. American Counseling Association. 2412:ENIGMA: A Veteran's Quest for Truth 1867:. New York, Harper & Brothers. 1648:. Delacorte Press. pp. 92–93. 1479:"1910 United States Federal Census" 1456:"California Death Index, 1940–1997" 1196:Research on the work of Carl Rogers 1166:. Lafayette, CA: Real People Press. 501:arrives there is no turning back." 5429:American educational psychologists 5404:Scientists from Oak Park, Illinois 5337:Society for Psychotherapy Research 4565:Transference focused psychotherapy 2624:American Psychological Association 2103:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 1379:American Psychological Association 893:Person-centered, dialogic politics 550:values attached to these concepts. 242:American Psychological Association 25: 4622:Rational emotive behavior therapy 4595:Functional analytic psychotherapy 4590:Acceptance and commitment therapy 1521:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pg IX. 1426:Cushing, James Stevenson (1905). 914:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 713:Rogers described the concepts of 232:and was known especially for his 27:American psychologist (1902–1987) 3722: 1791:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1618:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1536:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1367:from the original on 2014-12-25. 1210:The Life and Work of Carl Rogers 1185:Journal of Consulting Psychology 922: 779:to describe his overall theory. 423:(1961). A student of his there, 215:Center for Studies of the Person 5342:World Council for Psychotherapy 1770:from the original on 2006-06-18 1191:, 5(4), November 1990, 364–372. 933:needs additional citations for 521:. It is based directly on the " 323:, followed by history and then 313:University of Wisconsin–Madison 208:University of Wisconsin–Madison 101:University of Wisconsin–Madison 2467:Review of Educational Research 2321:Multiple authors (May 1980). " 2048:Rhetoric: Discovery and Change 1824:Goleman, Daniel (1987-02-06). 1744:"About Dr. Marshall Rosenberg" 866:Rhetoric: Discovery and Change 613:Development of the personality 319:, his first career choice was 170:); 1964 Humanist of the Year ( 1: 5419:University of Chicago faculty 4555:Mentalization-based treatment 3818:Industrial and organizational 2436:Kirschenbaum, Howard (2009). 2217:1985 the rust peace workshop. 2172:. A&C Black. p. 13. 1976:Kirschenbaum, Howard (1979). 1644:Kirschenbaum, Howard (1979). 1036:Selected works by Carl Rogers 607:unconditional positive regard 464:Freedom to Learn for the '80s 460:Carl Rogers on Personal Power 408:Parent Effectiveness Training 311:in a practical world. At the 234:person-centered psychotherapy 172:American Humanist Association 4612:Dialectical behavior therapy 4602:Cognitive behavioral therapy 4059:Human factors and ergonomics 2538:Resources in other libraries 2519:Resources in other libraries 2438:Life and Work of Carl Rogers 2280:. SAGE Publications, p. 68. 1375:National Academy of Sciences 1327:Review of General Psychology 1281:Review of General Psychology 846:Rogerian rhetorical approach 384:Counseling and Psychotherapy 32:Carl Rogers (disambiguation) 4642:Emotionally focused therapy 2119:This paper was written for 2054:Harcourt, Brace & World 1155:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 5450: 4913:Systematic desensitization 4842:Practitioner–scholar model 4585:Clinical behavior analysis 2561:(Sage publications, 1992). 2278:Psychotherapy and Politics 1631:10.1177/002216789003000404 1405:10.1037/0003-066X.37.7.802 1116:. New York: Harrow Books, 849: 763: 748: 110:Union Theological Seminary 29: 4445: 3748:Applied behavior analysis 3720: 3528: 2589: 2584:Links to related articles 2533:Resources in your library 2514:Resources in your library 2409:Tagatz, Glenn E. (2013). 1683:10.1037/1093-4510.2.2.132 1548:10.1177/00221678950354005 1350:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 804:Learner-centered teaching 755:Student-centered learning 261:student-centered learning 219: 178: 138:Student-centered learning 46: 5399:Humanistic psychologists 4924:Other individual therapy 3449:Jessica Henderson Daniel 2036:Young, Richard Emerson; 2010:Client-Centered Therapy. 1978:On Becoming Carl Rogers. 1918:. New York: McGraw Hill. 1803:10.1177/0022167807303005 1295:10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.37 877:Cross-cultural relations 856:In 1970, Richard Young, 777:person-centered approach 638:Fully functioning person 429:Nonviolent Communication 249:person-centered approach 4946:Cognitive restructuring 4667:Person-centered therapy 4024:Behavioral neuroscience 3588:Behavioral neuroscience 3413:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 3025:Robert Richardson Sears 2870:Harry Levi Hollingworth 2757:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 2662:George Stuart Fullerton 2479:10.3102/003465430298563 2121:Northwestern University 1705:"Former APA Presidents" 1646:On Becoming Carl Rogers 1206:On Becoming Carl Rogers 811:Client-Centered Therapy 781:Person-centered therapy 773:Client-Centered Therapy 766:Person-centered therapy 760:Person-centered therapy 751:Person-centered therapy 693:Rogers identified the " 396:Client-Centered Therapy 368:University of Rochester 253:client-centered therapy 134:Client-centered therapy 4877:Contingency management 4756:Transtheoretical model 4746:Eclectic psychotherapy 4723:Transactional analysis 4074:Psychology of religion 4014:Behavioral engineering 3951:Human subject research 3607:Cognitive neuroscience 3573:Affective neuroscience 3133:George Armitage Miller 2823:Margaret Floy Washburn 2739:Henry Rutgers Marshall 2551:(Guilford Press 1998). 2345:Stein, Arthur (1985). 2302:The Carl Rogers Reader 2197:The Carl Rogers Reader 2008:Rogers, Carl. (1951). 1517:Thorne, Brian (2003). 1189:Person-Centered Review 1151:Rogers, Carl. (1980). 1130:Rogers, Carl. (1977). 1112:Rogers, Carl. (1970). 1102:Rogers, Carl. (1969). 1084:Rogers, Carl. (1961). 1081:New York: McGraw Hill. 1055:Rogers, Carl. (1951). 1048:Rogers, Carl. (1942). 684: 627: 360: 4827:Common factors theory 4791:Residential treatment 4450:Wiktionary definition 3986:Self-report inventory 3981:Quantitative research 2370:. SAGE Publications. 2276:Totton, Nick (2000). 2193:Rogers, Carl (1989). 1938:. London: Constable. 1934:Rogers, Carl (1961). 1884:. London: Constable. 1880:Rogers, Carl (1951). 1671:History of Psychology 1571:History of Psychology 1393:American Psychologist 1241:Rogers, Carl (1942). 1173:. London: Routledge, 1088:. London: Constable. 1059:. London: Constable. 790:The Interpersonal Gap 529:Nineteen propositions 437:humanistic psychology 427:, went on to develop 392:University of Chicago 230:humanistic psychology 204:University of Chicago 200:Ohio State University 89:San Diego, California 5256:Lorna Smith Benjamin 5091:Harry Stack Sullivan 5016:Sensitivity training 4817:Clinical formulation 3976:Qualitative research 3931:Behavior epigenetics 3455:Rosie Phillips Davis 3186:Wilbert J. McKeachie 2966:John Edward Anderson 2906:Louis Leon Thurstone 2900:Walter Richard Miles 2894:Walter Samuel Hunter 2817:Shepherd Ivory Franz 2751:Charles Hubbard Judd 2733:James Rowland Angell 2656:James McKeen Cattell 2644:George Trumbull Ladd 942:improve this article 421:On Becoming a Person 4988:Group psychotherapy 4899:Counterconditioning 4776:Brief psychotherapy 4647:Existential therapy 4455:Wiktionary category 4019:Behavioral genetics 3991:Statistical surveys 3848:Occupational health 3583:Behavioral genetics 3407:Melba J. T. Vasquez 3276:Charles Spielberger 3234:Janet Taylor Spence 3043:Orval Hobart Mowrer 3037:Laurance F. Shaffer 2918:Albert Poffenberger 2781:Robert S. Woodworth 2727:Mary Whiton Calkins 2485:Raskin, N. (2004). 1842:Dagmar Pescitelli, 1201:Howard Kirschenbaum 1114:On Encounter Groups 632:conditions of worth 114:Columbia University 5384:American humanists 5116:Milton H. Erickson 4951:Emotion regulation 4931:Autogenic training 4822:Clinical pluralism 4751:Multimodal therapy 4550:Analytical therapy 4427:Schools of thought 4330:Richard E. Nisbett 4210:Donald T. Campbell 3888:Sport and exercise 3401:Carol D. Goodheart 3169:Donald T. Campbell 2960:Calvin Perry Stone 2948:Leonard Carmichael 2847:I. Madison Bentley 2805:John Wallace Baird 2745:George M. Stratton 2715:William Lowe Bryan 2668:James Mark Baldwin 2622:Presidents of the 2328:2019-10-29 at the 1851:2017-01-13 at the 1830:The New York Times 1583:10.1037/hop0000201 1377:(NAS) membership, 1222:Hidden personality 1158:Rogers, Carl. and 1022:Human Ecology Fund 908:New World Alliance 731:defense mechanisms 425:Marshall Rosenberg 406:, established the 317:Alpha Kappa Lambda 282:Oak Park, Illinois 226:Carl Ransom Rogers 70:Oak Park, Illinois 5379:American atheists 5356: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5276:William R. Miller 5261:Marsha M. Linehan 5231:Jean Baker Miller 5191:Salvador Minuchin 5071:Ludwig Binswanger 5024: 5023: 4859:Behaviour therapy 4786:Online counseling 4764: 4763: 4703:Narrative therapy 4607:Cognitive therapy 4488: 4487: 4465:Wikimedia Commons 4392:Counseling topics 4355:Ronald C. Kessler 4345:Shelley E. Taylor 4270:Lawrence Kohlberg 4245:Stanley Schachter 4044:Consumer behavior 3926:Archival research 3694:Psycholinguistics 3578:Affective science 3488: 3487: 3467:Jennifer F. Kelly 3437:Susan H. McDaniel 3419:Donald N. Bersoff 3347:Norine G. Johnson 3330:Patrick H. DeLeon 3300:Robert J. Resnick 3258:Raymond D. Fowler 3252:Bonnie Strickland 3204:Nicholas Cummings 3198:M. Brewster Smith 3097:Charles E. Osgood 2978:Edwin Ray Guthrie 2811:Walter Dill Scott 2571:978-0-415-81698-4 2547:Farber, Barry A. 2500:Library resources 2422:978-1-4836-7942-6 2397:978-1-898059-65-3 2376:978-0-7619-1930-8 2355:978-0-87451-343-1 2310:978-0-395-48357-2 2286:978-0-7619-5849-9 2265:978-1-898059-72-1 2241:978-1-4462-5223-9 2212:978-0-395-48357-2 2179:978-0-8264-7503-9 2094:Rogerian rhetoric 2071:978-0-15-576895-6 1945:978-1-84529-057-3 1891:978-1-84119-840-8 1655:978-0-440-06707-8 1252:978-1-4067-6087-3 1179:978-0-415-81698-4 1018: 1017: 1010: 992: 870:Rogerian approach 852:Rogerian rhetoric 412:Eugene T. Gendlin 309:scientific method 294:Congregationalist 223: 222: 180:Scientific career 142:Rogerian argument 16:(Redirected from 5441: 5266:Vittorio Guidano 5236:Otto F. Kernberg 5106:Donald Winnicott 4963:Free association 4908:Exposure therapy 4887:Stimulus control 4867:Aversion therapy 4855: 4718:Systemic therapy 4693:Feminist therapy 4545:Adlerian therapy 4533: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4492: 4422:Research methods 4365:Richard Davidson 4360:Joseph E. LeDoux 4235:George A. Miller 4225:David McClelland 4220:Herbert A. Simon 4120:Edward Thorndike 3941:Content analysis 3726: 3699:Psychophysiology 3515: 3508: 3501: 3492: 3473:Frank C. Worrell 3371:Ronald F. Levant 3365:Diane F. Halpern 3359:Robert Sternberg 3282:Jack Wiggins Jr. 3264:Joseph Matarazzo 3210:Florence Denmark 3192:Theodore H. Blau 3145:Kenneth B. Clark 3055:Theodore Newcomb 3031:J. McVicker Hunt 2930:Edward C. Tolman 2888:Herbert Langfeld 2775:Howard C. Warren 2769:Edward Thorndike 2674:Hugo Münsterberg 2616: 2609: 2602: 2593: 2580: 2482: 2452: 2451: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2406: 2400: 2385: 2379: 2364: 2358: 2343: 2337: 2319: 2313: 2298: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2253: 2244: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2200: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2140:Houghton Mifflin 2133: 2118: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2051: 2042:Pike, Kenneth L. 2038:Becker, Alton L. 2033: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1998:Houghton Mifflin 1987: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1931: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1877: 1871: 1861: 1855: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1721:. 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Stanley Hall 2626: 2620: 2585: 2557:Thorne, Brian. 2544: 2543: 2542: 2524: 2523: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2494:Further reading 2464: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2386: 2382: 2365: 2361: 2344: 2340: 2330:Wayback Machine 2320: 2316: 2299: 2292: 2275: 2271: 2254: 2247: 2230: 2223: 2213: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2126:Rogers, Carl R. 2124: 2099:Rogers, Carl R. 2097: 2091: 2087: 2072: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1933: 1932: 1923: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1862: 1858: 1853:Wayback Machine 1841: 1837: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1499: 1495: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1364: 1341:10.1.1.586.1913 1321: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1253: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1218: 1198: 1038: 1014: 1003: 997: 994: 951: 949: 939: 927: 916: 895: 879: 858:Alton L. Becker 854: 848: 806: 768: 762: 757: 749:Main articles: 747: 723:positive regard 711: 709:Psychopathology 691: 651:consciousness). 640: 615: 531: 507: 278: 244:(APA) in 1956. 214: 210: 206: 202: 112: 108: 97:Alma mater 92: 86: 82: 73: 67: 66:January 8, 1902 61: 59: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251:Arnold Lazarus 5248: 5246:Irvin D. Yalom 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5221:Eugene Gendlin 5218: 5213: 5208: 5206:Ogden Lindsley 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Virginia Satir 5178: 5173: 5171:James Bugental 5168: 5166:Silvano Arieti 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:Philippe Pinel 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Family therapy 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4943: 4941:Clean language 4938: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4801:Support groups 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4581: 4579: 4575:Cognitive and 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4560:Psychoanalysis 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375:Roy Baumeister 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4310:Michael Posner 4307: 4302: 4297: 4295:Elliot Aronson 4292: 4290:Walter Mischel 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4255:Albert Bandura 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4230:Leon Festinger 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4200:Neal E. Miller 4197: 4195:Abraham Maslow 4192: 4187: 4182: 4180:Ernest Hilgard 4177: 4175:Donald O. Hebb 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4155:J. P. Guilford 4152: 4150:Gordon Allport 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4130:John B. Watson 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3921:Animal testing 3917: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3624:Cross-cultural 3621: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3604: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3443:Antonio Puente 3440: 3434: 3431:Barry S. Anton 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3389:Alan E. Kazdin 3386: 3380: 3377:Gerald Koocher 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3306:Dorothy Cantor 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3270:Stanley Graham 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3240:Robert Perloff 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3216:John J. Conger 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3163:Albert Bandura 3160: 3157:Leona E. Tyler 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3127:Abraham Maslow 3124: 3118: 3115:Nicholas Hobbs 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3085:Neal E. Miller 3082: 3079:Donald O. Hebb 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3008:J. P. Guilford 3005: 3002:Ernest Hilgard 2999: 2996:Donald Marquis 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2972:Gardner Murphy 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2942:Gordon Allport 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2864:Harvey A. Carr 2860: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2787:John B. Watson 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2709:Edmund Sanford 2706: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2686:Joseph Jastrow 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2527:By Carl Rogers 2525: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2473:(1): 113–143. 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2447:978-1556202919 2446: 2428: 2421: 2401: 2391:. PCCS Books. 2380: 2359: 2338: 2334:AHP Newsletter 2314: 2290: 2269: 2259:. PCCS Books. 2245: 2221: 2211: 2185: 2178: 2158: 2085: 2070: 2023: 2014: 2001: 1982: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1944: 1921: 1906: 1897: 1890: 1872: 1856: 1835: 1816: 1781: 1749: 1735: 1710: 1696: 1677:(2): 132–148. 1661: 1654: 1636: 1604: 1577:(4): 323–349. 1561: 1523: 1510: 1493: 1481:. Ancestry.com 1470: 1458:. Ancestry.com 1447: 1418: 1399:(7): 802–809. 1383: 1334:(2): 139–152. 1309: 1266: 1251: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1181: 1167: 1156: 1153:A Way of Being 1149: 1135: 1128: 1118:Harper and Row 1110: 1100: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1053: 1046: 1037: 1034: 1016: 1015: 930: 928: 921: 915: 912: 894: 891: 878: 875: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 843: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 805: 802: 785:cross-cultural 764:Main article: 761: 758: 746: 743: 710: 707: 690: 687: 686: 685: 671: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 639: 636: 614: 611: 603: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 571: 567: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 547: 544: 541: 538: 530: 527: 506: 503: 433:Abraham Maslow 290:civil engineer 284:, a suburb of 277: 274: 221: 220: 217: 216: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 176: 175: 160: 156: 155: 153:Natalie Rogers 150: 146: 145: 130: 129:Known for 126: 125: 98: 94: 93: 87: 85:(aged 85) 79: 75: 74: 68: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 40: 26: 24: 18:Carl R. Rogers 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5446: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Jeffrey Young 5289: 5287: 5286:Michael White 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271:Les Greenberg 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Carl Whitaker 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:Viktor Frankl 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121:Jacques Lacan 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111:Wilhelm Reich 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Melanie Klein 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5046:Sigmund Freud 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4892:Token economy 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:Music therapy 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4688:Dance therapy 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4537:Psychodynamic 4534: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522:Psychotherapy 4516: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Psychologists 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Organizations 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4350:John Anderson 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4280:Ulric Neisser 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265:Endel Tulving 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250:Robert Zajonc 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Jerome Bruner 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4170:B. F. Skinner 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135:Clark L. Hull 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4115:Sigmund Freud 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:William James 4103: 4101: 4100:Wilhelm Wundt 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092:Psychologists 4088: 4080: 4079:Psychometrics 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4039:Consciousness 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3971:Psychophysics 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3913:Methodologies 3910: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873:Psychotherapy 3871: 3869: 3868:Psychometrics 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3725: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3634:Developmental 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425:Nadine Kaslow 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395:James H. Bray 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3324:Richard Suinn 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312:Norman Abeles 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294:Ronald E. Fox 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222:William Bevan 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151:Anne Anastasi 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3109:Jerome Bruner 3107: 3104: 3103:Quinn McNemar 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3091:Paul E. Meehl 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2984:Henry Garrett 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936:John Dashiell 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2924:Clark L. 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Laing 5201:Haim Ginott 5131:Carl Rogers 5096:Fritz Perls 5011:Psychodrama 4936:Biofeedback 4738:Integrative 4683:Art therapy 4662:Logotherapy 4397:Disciplines 4370:Susan Fiske 4260:Roger Brown 4160:Carl Rogers 4145:Jean Piaget 4110:Ivan Pavlov 3966:Observation 3946:Experiments 3893:Suicidology 3788:Educational 3743:Anomalistic 3714:Theoretical 3689:Personality 3619:Comparative 3602:Cognitivism 3593:Behaviorism 2990:Carl Rogers 2505:Carl Rogers 2233:Carl Rogers 2142:. pp. 2056:. pp. 1797:(1): 6–31. 1519:Carl Rogers 1160:Stevens, B. 703:incongruity 689:Incongruity 515:existential 462:(1977) and 445:McCarthyism 398:(1951) and 380:Jessie Taft 321:agriculture 41:Carl Rogers 5363:Categories 5186:Aaron Beck 5101:Anna Freud 4996:Co-therapy 4851:Techniques 4781:Counseling 4769:Approaches 4634:Humanistic 4577:behavioral 4460:Wikisource 4305:Paul Ekman 4140:Kurt Lewin 4034:Competence 3956:Interviews 3936:Case study 3813:Humanistic 3793:Ergonomics 3778:Counseling 3753:Assessment 3735:psychology 3684:Perception 3644:Ecological 3560:psychology 3538:Philosophy 3522:Psychology 3228:Max Siegel 2680:John Dewey 2138:. 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