42:
1044:
inspecting his troops or pursuing his pastimes, she was often lonely and sad. The marriage itself, however, is considered a success, with the King and Queen being very fond of each other. As queen, Ulrika
Eleonora had little political involvement and was placed in the shadow of her mother-in-law. During "The Great Reversion" to the crown of counties, baronies and large lordships from the nobility, Ulrika tried to speak on the behalf of the people whose property was confiscated by the crown. But the king told her that the reason he had married her was not because he wanted her political advice. Instead, she helped people whose property had been confiscated by secretly compensating them economically from her own budget. However Charles XI's confidence in her grew over time: in 1690, he named her future Regent, should his son succeed him still a minor. Instead Ulrika Eleonora predeceased him by almost four years. At the time of her death she was personally supporting 17,000 people.
470:
428:. These provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. On 14 February, the day after King Charles X's death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the following council in Stockholm on 13 May, the council tried to keep her from attending. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and that if not, it would be hard to keep sending a messenger to her quarters. Her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonora's ostensible indifference to politics came as a great relief to the lords of the guardian government.
649:
1122:
380:
1051:
740:). This was done to discover and identify corruption and oppression against the populace. There are many stories about him arriving in villages looking for corrupt church officials and punishing them. One anecdote tells of him visiting one village with a church in splendid condition and the priest living in poverty. Continuing, the King found in the next village a church in disrepair and a priest living lavishly. The King solved the situation by switching the priests, giving the poor priest the lavish living condition and a church the King was certain he would rebuild. Always followed by a military cortège, Charles toured the country more than other Swedish kings during this era and was famous for the speed at which he travelled, setting many records. The stories of
1033:
757:
1964:, p. 91: "There was a widespread contemporary impression that the king was poorly qualified and ineffective in foreign affairs The Danish minister, M. Scheel, reported to his king how Charles XI seemed embarrassed by questions, kept his eyes down and was taciturn The French diplomat, Jean Antoine de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux, described him as 'a prince with few natural talents', so obsessed with getting money out of his subjects that he 'does not concern himself much with foreign affairs'. The Dane, Jens Juel, made a similar comment."
677:
2911:
997:
1147:
368:
768:. Since 1634, it had been mandatory for the king to take advice from the council. During the Scanian War, the members of the council were engaged in internal feuds, and the king more or less ruled without listening to their advice. At the 1680 assembly, he asked the Estates whether he was still bound to the council, to which the Estates responded with his desired reply: "he was not bound by anyone other than himself"
444:, a disability that was poorly understood at the time. According to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs. Charles was dependent on his mother and advisors to interact with the foreign envoys since he had no foreign language skills apart from German and was ignorant of the world outside Sweden.
1161:, unduly eclipsed by his father and his son. In the first half of the 20th century, the view of him changed and he was regarded as dependent, uncertain, and easily influenced by others. In the most recent book, Rystad's biography from 2003, the king is again characterized as a strong-willed shaper of Sweden through economic reforms and achievement of financial and military stability and strength.
2817:
953:. In February 1686, a church law was put forth on his initiative. The church order declared that the king was ruler of the Church in the same way that he ruled the country and God ruled the world. Attending sermons on Sunday was made obligatory and ordinary people found walking during that time risked arrest. Three years later, he declared it obligatory for all commoners to learn to read a
1205:, is dedicated to Charles XI. The recognition of his sores and corpse didn't show the incorruptibility that medieval hagiographers believed to be a sign of Christian sainthood. In 1697 the same belief caused Charles's subjects to ask if "God had put the illness inside the king...to punish the people or Charles." Two years later, the course of events that highlighted the crisis was of the
828:
1134:
severe for him to cope and he returned to
Stockholm where the doctors discovered he had a large, hard lump in his stomach. At this point there was little the doctors could do except alleviate the King's pain as best they could. Charles XI died on 5 April 1697, at the age of 41. An autopsy showed that the King had developed cancer and that it had spread through his entire
2876:
596:. This was one of the bloodiest engagements of its time. Of the over 20,000 combatants, about 8,000 perished on the battlefield. All the Swedish commanders showed ability, but the chief glory of the day was attributed to Charles XI and his fighting spirit. The battle proved to be a decisive one for the rule of the
799:
Charles XI was initially enthusiastic about warfare and combat and he was often portrayed as the soldier-King. In the years after the
Scanian War however, during which he personally engaged in the fighting and saw the devastation of war, he would later come to view that war was something better to be
1133:
Charles XI had complained of stomach pains since 1694. In the summer of 1696, he asked his doctors for an opinion on the pain as it had continuously become worse, but they had no viable cure or treatment for it. He continued to perform his duties as usual, but, in
February 1697, the pains became too
1025:
throughout her tenure endeared her to the
Swedish people and eased some of the difficulties brought on by her Danish background. In the peace negotiations between Sweden and Denmark in 1679, the marriage between her and Charles XI was on the agenda, and ratified on 26 September 1679. They married at
485:
The situation in Europe was shaky during this time and Sweden was going through financial problems. Charles XI's guardians decided to negotiate an alliance with France in 1671. This would ensure that Sweden would not be isolated if there was a war, and that the national finances would improve thanks
890:
movement, in northern Scania, had attacked his soldiers and stolen his money. They also had strong support from the local villages. Charles remained suspicious of the
Scanian inhabitants throughout his life. He did not allow soldiers from Scania in his Scanian regiment: the 1,200 soldiers that were
592: – on 11 November. The Danish army commanded by Christian V was positioned on the other side. It was impossible to cross the river and Charles had to wait for weeks until it froze over. This finally happened on 4 December and Charles launched a surprise attack on the Danish forces to fight the
431:
His mother, Queen Hedvig
Eleonora, remained the formal regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672, but she was careful not to embroil herself in political conflicts. During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her. He would whisper the
343:
and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged
1104:
Ulrika
Eleonora (the elder) was sickly, and the many child births eventually broke her. When she became seriously ill, in 1693, Charles finally dedicated his time and care to her. Her death in July that year shook him deeply and he never fully recovered. Her infant son Ulric (1684–1685) had been
454:
visited
Stockholm in 1674 and described the teenage Charles XI as "virtually afraid of everything, uneasy to talk to foreigners, and not daring to look anyone in the face". Another trait was a deep religious devotion: he was God-fearing, frequently prayed kneeling and attended sermons. Magalotti
1043:
Charles and Ulrika
Eleonora were very different. He enjoyed hunting and riding, while she enjoyed reading and art, and is best remembered for her great charitable activity. She was also limited by ill-health and numerous pregnancies. Charles was very active and busy and while Charles was away
1024:
soon broke out. During the war, Ulrika Eleonora gained a reputation for loyalty to her future home country by exhibiting kindness to Swedish prisoners: she pawned her jewelry, even her engagement ring, to care for the Swedish prisoners of war. Her personal merits and continued charitable acts
656:
Charles devoted the rest of his life to avoiding further warfare by gaining larger independence in foreign affairs, while he also promoted economic stabilization and a reorganization of the military. His remaining 20 years on the throne were the longest peacetime of the
926:). In Germany, Charles found himself being opposed by the Estates there. He was also bound by the law of the German emperor and the peace treaty. In the Baltic, the power structure was completely different, with a German-descended nobility that used
432:
questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him. As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise, and his favourite pastime of bear-hunting. He appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of
355:(1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles. The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being
41:
327:. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired
619:
dictated the terms of a general pacification, and Charles XI, who is said to have bitterly resented "the insufferable tutelage" of the French king, was forced at last to acquiesce to a peace that managed to leave his
668:(1635–1680). Some sources say the king was basically dependent on Gyllenstierna. His sudden death in 1680 opened up the road to the monarch, and many men tried to get close to the king to take Gyllenstierna's place.
705:
ordeal, something that had been discussed in the Riksdag since 1650. It meant that any land or object previously owned by the crown and lent or given away – including counties, baronies and
792:, trained to be skilled and preferring to attack rather than defend. Savagery and looting were strictly forbidden. Soldier huts around the country were the most visible part of the new
273:
469:
648:
538:
continued its internal feuds, and the king was forced to rule without them. The 20-year-old king was inexperienced and considered ill-served amidst what has been called the
413:. Here he beheld his four-year-old son for the first time. Only a few weeks later, in mid-January 1660, the king fell ill; one month later, he wrote his last will and died.
1121:
3250:
2993:
811:, revealing deficiencies in organization and supply, and disadvantages in basing the fleet at Stockholm. The navy was bolstered with the founding of an ice-free base at
379:
1050:
351:
Though Charles was crowned as Charles XI, he was not the 11th king of Sweden of that name. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King
776:
was formally established in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates confirmed his power in 1693 by officially proclaiming that the king was the sole ruler of Sweden.
4477:
3543:
3416:
701:
in October 1680. The assembly has been described as one of the most important held by the Riksdag of the Estates. Here, the king finally pushed through the
4482:
4447:
2841:
2738:
796:. However, Charles also modernized the military techniques and worked to improve the skills and knowledge of the officers by sending them abroad to study.
206:
4472:
3473:
3349:
1020:, but the engagement was broken after a scandal. Charles and Ulrika were engaged in 1675 in an attempt to smooth over longstanding hostilities, but the
800:
avoided if possible. With the recent war in mind he wanted to strengthen the armed forces for a defensive war which he knew would come sooner or later.
709: – could be recovered. It affected many prominent members of the nobility, some of whom were ruined by it. One of them was the former guardian and
2522:
3032:
425:
1168:
bill. His portrait is taken from one of Ehrenstrahl's paintings, possibly the one displayed on this page. The king is pictured on the bill since the
4275:
3063:
1271:
1245:
3364:
416:
Charles X Gustav's will and testament left the administration of the Swedish Empire during Charles XI's minority to a regency led by Queen Dowager
4487:
2683:
1513:
3468:
3390:
3133:
788:
were to have 1,200 soldiers at the ready, at all times, and two farms were to provide accommodations for one soldier. His soldiers were known as
732:
According to Swedish legend, Charles XI travelled around the country dressed as a farmer or simple traveller. In the legend he is referred to as
523:
engaged to the Swedish king. In mid-June 1675, the engagement was officially proclaimed. However, when news arrived of the Swedish defeat at the
884:
The king had seen bitter resentment from the Scanian peasants during the Scanian War and was particularly tough on that province. The guerrilla
4437:
3276:
3271:
637:
2832:
2293:
2226:
1487:
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to be stationed there had to be recruited from more northern provinces. He also advocated rough treatment of the inhabitants and the first
424:
was one member of the council. In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and a seat on the council to his younger brother,
4457:
3395:
1571:
1032:
417:
324:
251:
108:
600:
and it has been described as the most significant event for Charles' personality. Charles commemorated this date the rest of his life.
4492:
4210:
3059:
2925:
1303:
231:
3092:
4105:
2801:
2787:
2756:
2716:
2182:
2159:
1961:
75:
3118:
923:
919:
1191:, built during his reign to host the primary navy base in southern Sweden, which it remains to this day, is also named after him.
873:. Some assimilation policies included: the ban of all books written in Danish or Norwegian, thus breaking the promise made at the
756:
272:
3536:
3123:
1607:
896:
665:
216:
2470:
1423:
1391:
784:
In the 1682 assembly of the Riksdag of the Estates, the king put forth his suggestion for military reform, whereby each of the
580:
defeated a Danish division, was the king's first glimmer of good luck. Charles continued south through Scania, arriving on the
4462:
4442:
3426:
3333:
3323:
2894:
2880:
2425:
1047:
It is said that on his death bed, Charles XI admitted to his mother that he hadn't been happy since Ulrika Eleonora's death.
625:
515:, and it was evident that Sweden was on the verge of yet another war with that country. A remedy was attempted by chancellor
420:
as both formal regent and chair of a six-member Regency Council with two votes and a final say over the rest of the council.
3987:
3489:
3369:
2747:
Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.).
4452:
4057:
4010:
3993:
3025:
1029:
on 6 May 1680 in a hasty ceremony, as Charles prioritized government work over private matters, even a marriage ceremony.
550:. The Swedish soldiers in Scania were outnumbered and out-equipped by the Danes. In May 1676, they invaded Scania, taking
301:
297:
4222:
1665:
1194:
1037:
710:
478:
372:
47:
3529:
2857:
2636:
2612:
2588:
211:
2655:
4396:
4390:
4196:
2962:
1329:
1009:
1001:
816:
689:
520:
320:
167:
88:
2492:
4295:
4254:
3224:
1633:
1097:
1017:
892:
633:
356:
1819:
3829:
3552:
3018:
2969:
2660:
2205:
1013:
793:
305:
56:
3070:, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽckens.
4467:
4406:
4400:
4125:
3151:
3000:
2197:
1062:
765:
535:
2728:
4497:
4119:
4050:
4033:
4022:
3976:
3887:
3839:
3400:
3297:
3161:
698:
676:
577:
406:
4260:
4249:
4087:
3924:
3431:
3208:
3203:
2983:
1079:
745:
421:
345:
3677:
1157:
Charles XI has sometimes been described in Sweden as the greatest of all the Swedish kings, except for
405:. After several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659, gathered his family and the
697:
Sweden's weak economy had suffered during the war and was now in a deep crisis. Charles assembled the
4432:
4427:
4216:
4186:
4098:
4081:
3980:
3872:
3171:
3156:
3097:
2933:
2081:
1935:Ă…berg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell
1365:
1158:
900:
604:
524:
352:
4324:
3858:
3771:
3649:
3634:
3578:
3067:
1073:
978:) to be printed and distributed to the churches (completed 1693), and a new printed version of the
907:
721:
720:. The reduction process involved the examination of every title deed in the kingdom, including the
713:
616:
499:
398:
394:
328:
153:
125:
4279:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4129:
4091:
4064:
4026:
4016:
3928:
3849:
3761:
3742:
3686:
3436:
3421:
3113:
3087:
3082:
3051:
3041:
2902:
2888:
2828:
2723:
2538:
2400:
1827:
1777:
1754:
1545:
874:
702:
574:
570:
3814:
3583:
717:
680:
494:
in 1672, and by the spring of 1674, Sweden was forced to take part by directing forces towards
4344:
4191:
3963:
3959:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3834:
3799:
3787:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3682:
3560:
3302:
3128:
2797:
2783:
2752:
2712:
2514:
2506:
2478:
2421:
2373:
Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark in CF Bricka, Danish biographical encyclopaedia (1st edition, 1904)
2289:
2222:
2178:
2155:
1957:
1206:
996:
984:
931:
911:
840:
773:
612:
585:
512:
451:
309:
198:
899:(governor-general 1679–1680), was notably brutal in his treatment of the locals. The rule of
566:. The King had to grow up quickly. He suddenly found himself alone and under great pressure.
4339:
4239:
3781:
3752:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3644:
3639:
3607:
3359:
3281:
3166:
2691:
2631:
2607:
2583:
2498:
1773:
1176:
1146:
1135:
1106:
1066:
878:
289:
241:
4369:
4364:
4305:
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3844:
3452:
3385:
3266:
2550:
2474:
2201:
1823:
1769:
935:
785:
664:
In the early years, he was assisted by the man who had become his trusted prime-minister,
881:
in the conduct of sermons; and all new priests and teachers having to come from Sweden.
367:
4074:
4043:
4003:
3663:
3653:
2910:
2667:
1730:
1169:
1126:
958:
832:
658:
629:
621:
608:
593:
474:
332:
313:
455:
otherwise described the king's main pursuits as hunting, the upcoming war, and jokes.
4421:
4151:
4070:
4039:
3999:
3970:
3953:
3793:
3776:
3766:
3757:
3710:
3629:
3593:
3055:
2973:
2836:
2823:
2733:
2467:
1165:
1100:("the younger", 1688–1741), who succeeded her brother on the Swedish throne; no issue
1054:
Charles XI's family with his sister-in-law and her son (his future son-in-law), 1690s
962:
915:
846:
684:
519:, who traveled to Copenhagen in the spring of 1675 to try to get the Danish princess
402:
60:
930:, something that Charles abhorred and wanted to abolish but was unable to. Finally,
4310:
3901:
3245:
2414:
804:
2727:
597:
2151:
2144:
17:
4166:
4136:
4112:
3588:
2494:
A Pathology of Sacral Kingship: Putrefaction in the Body of Charles XI of Sweden
1184:
1021:
947:
866:
862:
808:
706:
559:
555:
547:
528:
495:
491:
464:
336:
98:
4349:
4300:
3658:
3318:
3240:
2518:
1188:
1151:
950:
812:
551:
516:
410:
2510:
2742:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 927–929.
2502:
1725:
954:
886:
827:
815:
in 1680 which became the mainstay of future naval operations. Today it is a
789:
611:
of the war since, in September 1678, Christian V evacuated his army back to
603:
In the following year, 13,000 men led by Charles routed 12,000 Danes at the
340:
1058:
The marriage produced seven children, of whom only three outlived Charles:
2906:
2875:
4359:
4354:
3354:
3328:
2664:(in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 583–584
1720:
1026:
974:
854:
581:
563:
543:
509:
441:
437:
261:
2887:
716:, who, among many other Estates, had to return the extravagant 248-room
3624:
2845:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 929.
2054:
Rystad (2003), p. 95, estimates that 8,000–9,000 men fell out of 20,000
1202:
1198:
927:
870:
858:
724:, and it resulted in a complete readjustment of the nation's finances.
539:
505:
487:
226:
2711:, Wahlström & Widstrand 1958 (reprinted by ScandBook, Falun 1994,
2395:
1816:
1749:
348:, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe.
3521:
1180:
969:
850:
433:
764:
Another important decision made during the assembly was that of the
371:
Charles at the age of five, dressed as a Roman emperor. Painting by
624:
practically intact. Peace was made with Denmark in the treaties of
3010:
2822:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2404:(in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. pp. 967–968.
1145:
1120:
1049:
1031:
995:
979:
826:
755:
675:
647:
468:
447:
378:
366:
2194:
760:
Portrait in Samuel von Pufendorf: De rebus a Carolo Gustavo, 1696
1070:
589:
3525:
3014:
906:
The assimilation was not as strongly implemented in the German
542:
in the nation. He dedicated autumn in his newly formed camp in
300:
24 November] 1655 – 15 April [
1758:(in Swedish). Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). 1910. p. 962.
1082:(1682–1718), who succeeded him to the throne; he had no issue
344:
during this period. Charles XI was succeeded by his only son
1870:
1868:
683:, one of many mansions reclaimed by the Crown. Engraving by
339:. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to
1016:(1609–1670). He had previously been engaged to his cousin,
2381:
2379:
1780:, Charles was born 4 December 1655 and died 15 April 1697.
982:
that was completed in 1703 and named after his successor:
807:
suffered major defeats against Danish-Dutch forces in the
3513:
Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden
965:
so that they would understand the "magnificence of God".
440:. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of
3157:
King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
2856:Ă…berg, A., "The Swedish army from LĂĽtzen to Narva", in
2678:
2676:
2749:
Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort
3152:
King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania
2649:
2647:
2601:
2599:
2562:
2560:
2364:
Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN (Swedish)
401:, had left Sweden in July that year to fight in the
4332:
4323:
4288:
4274:
4232:
4209:
4159:
4150:
3917:
3900:
3880:
3871:
3822:
3813:
3719:
3704:
3615:
3606:
3568:
3559:
3482:
3461:
3445:
3409:
3378:
3342:
3311:
3290:
3259:
3233:
3217:
3196:
3180:
3144:
3106:
3075:
2688:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
2288:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 240.
2221:(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 255.
938:were sparsely populated and not of great interest.
903:(governor-general 1680–1693), proved more lenient.
267:
257:
247:
237:
225:
197:
161:
146:
132:
119:
115:
104:
94:
84:
74:
66:
55:
34:
2150:. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p.
2143:
1187:, was named after Charles XI. The Swedish town of
1164:Charles XI was commemorated on the previous 500-
3167:John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and KrakĂłw
2625:
2623:
2347:
2345:
2751:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76.
2335:
2333:
3537:
3026:
2794:Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697.
2577:
2575:
2323:
2321:
2319:
490:. France directed its aggression against the
8:
3251:Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland
2497:. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–117.
2309:
2307:
2305:
2270:
2268:
1954:Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697
1172:was founded in 1668, during Charles' reign.
546:to arm the Swedish nation for battle in the
3134:Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland
2258:
2256:
1772:, which was used in Sweden until 1700 (see
4329:
4285:
4229:
4156:
3914:
3877:
3819:
3716:
3612:
3565:
3544:
3530:
3522:
3033:
3019:
3011:
2916:
2909:
1226:
1217:
845:Charles believed it was very important to
308:from 1660 until his death, in a period of
207:Hedvig Sophia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp
40:
31:
3509:Lost his title due to an unequal marriage
3417:Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
426:Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
2616:(in Swedish). Vol. 20. p. 204.
2592:(in Swedish). Vol. 18. p. 512.
2481:official site. Accessed 2 September 2008
1902:(History of Sweden: Greatness and fall)
1879:(in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand.
1859:
1847:
1272:John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
1036:The death of Prince Ulric as painted by
869:, in northern Sweden, and the island of
383:Miniature of Charles XI, Pierre Signac,
3350:Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland
3172:Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole
2684:"Marie Elizabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)"
2176:Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 ĂĄr
1741:
1514:Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
968:Charles encouraged the production of a
573:(17 August 1676), when Charles and his
531:declared war on Sweden that September.
3050:The generations indicate descent from
2640:(in Swedish). Vol. 21. p. 1.
2546:
2536:
1900:Historien om Sverige: Storhet och Fall
1587:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1345:
1235:
1231:
823:Assimilation of the newest territories
638:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
2566:
2525:from the original on 26 December 2020
2491:Sennefelt, Karin (22 December 2020).
1804:
1663:
1653:
1649:
1637:
1631:
1621:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1447:
1437:
1421:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1301:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1259:
1246:John I, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
1243:
1239:
7:
4478:Deaths from stomach cancer in Sweden
3474:Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland
3469:Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
3391:Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland
2694:. 2002 – via Encyclopedia.com.
1956:. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
1488:John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
187:
3505:Also prince of Poland and Lithuania
3298:Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa
3272:Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of SmĂĄland
3093:Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland
1572:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
748:in the middle of the 19th century.
325:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
252:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
109:Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
4483:Swedish monarchs of German descent
3432:Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna
3365:Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland
2796:Cambridge University Press, 1998.
2729:"Charles X., king of Sweden"
835:in Early Modern Europe (1560–1815)
652:Equestrian portrait of Charles XI.
183:
25:
3401:Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland
3124:Prince John, Duke of Östergötland
1221:Ancestors of Charles XI of Sweden
3396:Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland
3060:Houses of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
2874:
2815:
1608:John George I, Elector of Saxony
271:
217:Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
27:King of Sweden from 1660 to 1697
4448:House of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
3437:Prince Lennart, Duke of SmĂĄland
3422:Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland
2926:House of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
2771:Roberts, Michael. "Charles XI"
1424:Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern
1304:Magdalene of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
1008:On 6 May 1680, Charles married
849:the new Swedish territories of
179:
70:13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697
4488:Burials at Riddarholmen Church
4473:Counts Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
3427:Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland
3334:Prince August, Duke of Dalarna
3324:Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland
3001:Duke of Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
2895:New International Encyclopedia
1914:Nationalencyclopedin, article
1875:Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna (1947).
1776:for more information). In the
1012:(1656–1693), daughter of King
397:in November 1655. His father,
1:
4438:17th-century Swedish monarchs
3569:
3360:Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland
2360:Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947).
1109:, which was renamed for him (
666:Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna
607:. This proved to be the last
384:
3747:descendant of Inge the Elder
3691:descendant of Inge the Elder
3058:, and continues through the
2654:Kellenbenz, Hermann (1961),
1666:Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
918:, and the Baltic dominions (
895:of Scania, his trusted aide
744:were published in a book by
319:He was the only son of King
304:5 April] 1697) was
3988:Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
3490:Prince Oscar, Duke of SkĂĄne
3370:Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
3277:Crown Prince Charles August
2637:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
2613:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
2589:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
2455:Back-cover of Rystad (2003)
395:Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor
212:Charles XII, King of Sweden
4514:
4458:Dukes of Bremen and Verden
4058:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
4011:Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
3994:Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)
2582:Dahlgren, Stellan (1971).
2446:Back-cover of Ă…berg (1958)
2437:Rystad (2003), pp. 368–369
2274:Rystad (2003), pp. 241–265
1952:Upton, Anthony F. (1998).
1581:
1465:
1339:
1330:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
1233:
1094:Charles Gustav (1686–1687)
1010:Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
838:
817:UNESCO World Heritage Site
690:Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna
558:, then proceeding through
521:Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
462:
321:Charles X Gustav of Sweden
168:Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark
4493:People of the Scanian War
4382:
3498:
3048:
2998:
2990:
2980:
2974:Duke of Bremen and Verden
2967:
2959:
2954:
2919:
2862:Sweden's Age of Greatness
2385:Rystad (2003), pp.287–289
2351:Rystad (2003) pp. 345–357
2339:Åberg (1958), pp. 157–166
2327:Rystad (2003) pp. 307–344
2313:Åberg (1958), pp. 135–146
2096:Åberg (1958), pp. 106–107
1651:
1643:
1634:Marie Elisabeth of Saxony
1615:
1593:
1589:
1553:
1531:
1523:
1495:
1473:
1469:
1431:
1409:
1401:
1373:
1351:
1347:
1311:
1289:
1281:
1253:
1237:
1038:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
1018:Juliana of Hesse-Eschwege
479:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
61:Duke of Bremen and Verden
48:David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
39:
3162:Prince Alexander Charles
3119:Gustav, Prince of Uglich
2661:Neue Deutsche Biographie
2262:Åberg (1958) pp. 125–134
2206:Swedish National Library
2200:20 November 2021 at the
1822:30 November 2019 at the
1183:, at the site of modern
1150:Statue of Charles XI in
1065:(1681–1708), duchess of
1014:Frederick III of Denmark
794:Swedish allotment system
393:Charles was born in the
2842:Encyclopædia Britannica
2775:50:169 (1965): 160–192.
2739:Encyclopædia Britannica
2146:The People's Chronology
2132:Åberg (1958), pp. 93–94
2045:Åberg (1958), pp. 77–79
2036:Åberg (1958), pp. 75–76
2027:Åberg (1958), pp. 72–74
2018:Åberg (1958), pp. 71–72
1991:Åberg (1958), pp. 63–65
296:; 4 December [
4120:Sten Sture the Younger
4051:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
4034:Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)
3977:Christopher of Bavaria
2284:Rystad, Göran (2001).
2217:Rystad, Göran (2001).
2174:Lars O. Lagerqvist in
2142:Trager, James (1979).
2000:Åberg (1959) pp. 50–53
1768:This article uses the
1175:The fortified town of
1154:
1130:
1055:
1040:
1005:
957:written by archbishop
946:Charles was a devoted
865:in western Sweden and
861:, in southern Sweden;
836:
780:Military restructuring
761:
699:Riksdag of the Estates
694:
653:
578:Simon Grundel-Helmfelt
482:
407:Riksdag of the Estates
390:
376:
293:
232:Palatinate-ZweibrĂĽcken
4463:Knights of the Garter
4443:People from Stockholm
3501:Also prince of Norway
3282:King Charles XIV John
2921:Charles XI of Sweden
2782:, AiT Falun AB 2001.
2780:Karl XI / En biografi
2630:Kromnow, Ă…ke (1977).
2606:Kromnow, Ă…ke (1975).
2503:10.1093/pastj/gtaa025
2114:Rystad (2003), p. 167
1149:
1124:
1091:Frederick (1685–1685)
1053:
1035:
999:
839:Further information:
830:
766:Swedish Privy Council
759:
746:Arvid August Afzelius
679:
672:Financial restoration
651:
536:Swedish Privy Council
477:in 1676. Painting by
472:
382:
370:
4453:House of Wittelsbach
4099:Sten Sture the Elder
4082:Sten Sture the Elder
3981:House of Wittelsbach
3453:King Carl XVI Gustaf
3386:King Gustaf VI Adolf
3267:King Gustav IV Adolf
3225:King Adolf Frederick
3129:King Gustav II Adolf
2934:House of Wittelsbach
2931:Cadet branch of the
2903:Charles XI of Sweden
2883:at Wikimedia Commons
2881:Charles XI of Sweden
2767:Historien om Sverige
2473:8 April 2008 at the
2286:Karl XI: en biografi
2250:Ă…berg (1958), p. 190
2241:Ă…berg (1958), p. 111
2219:Karl XI: en biografi
2123:Rystad (2003) p. 181
2105:Rystad (2003) p. 165
2082:Nationalencyklopedin
1926:Rystad (2003), p. 23
1889:Rystad (2003), p. 26
1450:Charles XI of Sweden
1366:Charles IX of Sweden
1159:Gustavus II Adolphus
901:Rutger von Ascheberg
626:Fontainebleau (1679)
605:Battle of Landskrona
525:Battle of Fehrbellin
498:, under the lead of
353:Charles IX of Sweden
186:; died
3772:Sverker the Younger
2889:"Charles XI."
2864:, 1632–1718 (1973).
2829:Bain, Robert Nisbet
2765:Lindqvist, Herman:
2724:Bain, Robert Nisbet
2072:Rystad (2003) p. 97
1982:Rystad (2003) p. 37
1392:Catharina of Sweden
1069:and grandmother of
897:Johan Gyllenstierna
831:Development of the
714:Magnus De La Gardie
687:from circa 1700 in
617:Louis XIV of France
508:was an ally of the
500:Karl Gustav Wrangel
399:Charles X of Sweden
363:Under guardian rule
154:Riddarholmen Church
4130:House of Oldenburg
4092:House of Oldenburg
4065:Erik Axelsson Tott
4027:House of Oldenburg
4017:Erik Axelsson Tott
3929:House of Estridsen
3743:House of Estridsen
3733:Eric "IX" the Holy
3687:House of Estridsen
3678:Ragnvald Knaphövde
3553:Monarchs of Sweden
2792:Upton, Anthony F.
2419:Kungliga släktband
2401:Nordisk familjebok
2063:Ă…berg (1958) p. 81
1898:Herman Lindqvist:
1828:Nordisk familjebok
1778:Gregorian calendar
1755:Nordisk familjebok
1546:Augusta of Denmark
1155:
1131:
1085:Gustav (1683–1685)
1056:
1041:
1006:
875:Treaty of Roskilde
837:
762:
711:Lord Chief Justice
695:
654:
575:commander-in-chief
571:Battle of Halmstad
483:
473:Charles XI at the
403:war against Poland
391:
377:
142:Tre Kronor, Sweden
4415:
4414:
4391:Norwegian monarch
4386:Lineage uncertain
4378:
4377:
4319:
4318:
4270:
4269:
4205:
4204:
4146:
4145:
3964:House of Griffins
3947:House of Griffins
3937:House of Griffins
3896:
3895:
3867:
3866:
3809:
3808:
3748:
3727:Sverker the Elder
3700:
3699:
3692:
3616:c. 1060 – c. 1130
3602:
3601:
3519:
3518:
3246:King Charles XIII
3009:
3008:
2981:Succeeded by
2879:Media related to
2584:"Hedvig Eleonora"
2468:500-kronorssedeln
2295:978-91-89442-27-6
2228:978-91-89442-27-6
1850:, pp. 58–59.
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1088:Ulric (1684–1685)
985:Charles XII Bible
912:Swedish Pomerania
841:Uniformity policy
774:absolute monarchy
513:Holy Roman Empire
452:Lorenzo Magalotti
279:
278:
80:28 September 1675
18:Carl XI of Sweden
16:(Redirected from
4505:
4340:Charles XIV John
4330:
4286:
4276:Holstein-Gottorp
4240:Charles X Gustav
4230:
4226:
4157:
3915:
3878:
3820:
3746:
3717:
3690:
3673:Inge the Younger
3613:
3571:
3566:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3209:King Frederick I
3204:King Charles XII
3114:King Sigismund I
3064:Holstein-Gottorp
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
2991:Preceded by
2963:Charles X Gustav
2960:Preceded by
2950:
2943:
2942:24 November 1655
2917:
2913:
2899:
2891:
2878:
2846:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2762:
2743:
2731:
2696:
2695:
2680:
2671:
2668:full text online
2665:
2656:"Friedrich III."
2651:
2642:
2641:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2488:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:Hedvig Eleonora.
2358:
2352:
2349:
2340:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2192:
2186:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1781:
1774:Swedish calendar
1766:
1760:
1759:
1746:
1227:
1218:
1195:Charles's Church
1136:abdominal cavity
1107:Ulriksdal Palace
1067:Holstein-Gottorp
1004:, Charles's wife
961:and then-bishop
893:Governor-General
879:Swedish language
772:and thereby the
644:Post-war actions
389:
386:
275:
242:Charles X Gustav
191:
189:
185:
181:
150:24 November 1697
139:
123:24 November 1655
89:Charles X Gustav
44:
32:
21:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4374:
4370:Carl XVI Gustaf
4365:Gustaf VI Adolf
4315:
4306:Gustav IV Adolf
4296:Adolf Frederick
4266:
4255:Ulrika Eleonora
4220:
4219:
4212:
4201:
4192:Gustav II Adolf
4142:
3911:
3909:
3892:
3863:
3805:
3696:
3617:
3598:
3584:Olof Skötkonung
3555:
3550:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3483:16th generation
3478:
3462:15th generation
3457:
3446:14th generation
3441:
3410:13th generation
3405:
3379:12th generation
3374:
3343:11th generation
3338:
3319:King Charles XV
3312:10th generation
3307:
3286:
3255:
3241:King Gustav III
3229:
3213:
3192:
3188:King Charles XI
3176:
3140:
3102:
3098:King Charles IX
3071:
3044:
3042:Swedish princes
3039:
3004:
2996:
2994:Frederick Louis
2986:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2922:
2886:
2871:
2858:Michael Roberts
2853:
2851:Further reading
2827:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2778:Rystad, Göran:
2759:
2746:
2722:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2608:"Johan Kasimir"
2605:
2604:
2597:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:Wayback Machine
2464:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2413:
2409:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2384:
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2338:
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2326:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:Wayback Machine
2193:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2162:
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2100:
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2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1877:Hedvig Eleonora
1874:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1824:Wayback Machine
1814:
1810:
1803:
1784:
1770:Julian calendar
1767:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1717:
1712:
1215:
1144:
1119:
1098:Ulrika Eleonora
1002:Ulrika Eleonora
994:
944:
843:
825:
786:lands of Sweden
782:
754:
730:
674:
646:
584:of the flooded
569:Victory at the
467:
461:
418:Hedwig Eleonora
387:
365:
357:Carl XVI Gustaf
310:Swedish history
221:
193:
177:
173:
170:
157:
151:
141:
137:
124:
59:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Child monarchs
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4407:king of Poland
4403:
4401:Danish monarch
4393:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4283:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4252:
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4242:
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4234:
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4154:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4106:Svante Nilsson
4102:
4095:
4085:
4078:
4075:House of Bonde
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4044:House of Bonde
4037:
4030:
4020:
4007:
4004:House of Bonde
3997:
3984:
3974:
3971:Charles (VIII)
3967:
3957:
3954:Charles (VIII)
3950:
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3912:
3904:
3898:
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3779:
3774:
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3720:c. 1130 – 1250
3714:
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3664:Inge the Elder
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3326:
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3315:
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3300:
3294:
3292:
3291:9th generation
3288:
3287:
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3284:
3279:
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3269:
3263:
3261:
3260:8th generation
3257:
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3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3234:7th generation
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3218:6th generation
3215:
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3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3197:5th generation
3194:
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3190:
3184:
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3181:4th generation
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3145:3rd generation
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3107:2nd generation
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3076:1st generation
3073:
3072:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2970:King of Sweden
2966:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:Regnal titles
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2907:DigitaltMuseum
2900:
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2869:External links
2867:
2866:
2865:
2852:
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2848:
2847:
2837:Chisholm, Hugh
2810:
2807:
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2734:Chisholm, Hugh
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2547:|journal=
2483:
2479:Bank of Sweden
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2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1945:
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1170:Bank of Sweden
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1127:lying in state
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993:
992:Family matters
990:
959:Olov Svebilius
943:
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833:Swedish Empire
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821:
781:
778:
753:
750:
729:
726:
673:
670:
659:Swedish Empire
645:
642:
609:pitched battle
594:Battle of Lund
586:Kävlinge River
527:, Danish king
475:Battle of Lund
463:Main article:
460:
457:
364:
361:
335:troops in the
314:Swedish Empire
306:King of Sweden
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140:(aged 41)
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3:
2:
4510:
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4498:Sons of kings
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3767:Knut Eriksson
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3645:HĂĄkan the Red
3643:
3641:
3640:Anund GĂĄrdske
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Eric and Eric
3628:
3626:
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3614:
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3609:
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3595:
3594:Emund the Old
3592:
3590:
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3580:
3577:
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3572:970 – c. 1060
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3355:King Gustaf V
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3329:King Oscar II
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3088:King John III
3086:
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3083:King Eric XIV
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3056:House of Vasa
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2830:
2825:
2824:public domain
2813:
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2808:
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2802:0-521-57390-4
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2788:91-89442-27-X
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2015:
2012:
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1973:Upton, p. 91.
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1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Hedwig Sophia
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
987:
986:
981:
977:
976:
971:
966:
964:
963:Haqvin Spegel
960:
956:
952:
949:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Bremen-Verden
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
888:
882:
880:
877:; the use of
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
834:
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
779:
777:
775:
771:
767:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
691:
686:
685:Willem Swidde
682:
678:
671:
669:
667:
662:
661:(1611–1718).
660:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
598:Scanian lands
595:
591:
588: – near
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
476:
471:
466:
458:
456:
453:
449:
445:
443:
439:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
381:
374:
369:
362:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
316:(1611–1721).
315:
312:known as the
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
228:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
202:
200:
196:
169:
164:
160:
155:
149:
145:
135:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4311:Charles XIII
4259:
4244:
4223:Hesse-Kassel
4221:
4217:Wittelsbach)
4135:
4126:Christian II
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4080:
4071:Charles VIII
4063:
4056:
4049:
4040:Charles VIII
4032:
4015:
4009:
4000:Charles VIII
3992:
3986:
3969:
3952:
3905:
3902:Kalmar Union
3798:
3786:
3731:
3709:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3303:King Oscar I
3187:
2999:
2968:
2949:5 April 1697
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2893:
2861:
2840:
2793:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2748:
2737:
2708:
2707:Ă…berg, Alf:
2687:
2666:; (
2659:
2635:
2611:
2587:
2527:. Retrieved
2493:
2486:
2465:(in Swedish)
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2418:
2415:Ulf Sundberg
2410:
2399:
2390:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2285:
2279:
2246:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2190:
2175:
2170:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2009:Ă…berg, p. 66
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1904:(in Swedish)
1899:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1855:
1843:
1838:Ă…berg (1958)
1834:
1811:
1764:
1753:
1744:
1449:
1193:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1132:
1111:Ulric's Dale
1110:
1103:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1007:
983:
973:
967:
945:
905:
885:
883:
844:
805:Swedish navy
802:
798:
783:
770:("envälde"),
769:
763:
742:the Greycoat
741:
737:
734:the Greycoat
733:
731:
718:Läckö Castle
696:
688:
681:Läckö Castle
663:
655:
602:
568:
533:
504:
484:
446:
430:
415:
392:
350:
318:
285:
281:
280:
138:(1697-04-05)
136:5 April 1697
46:Portrait by
29:
4433:1697 deaths
4428:1655 births
4261:Frederick I
4250:Charles XII
4213:ZweibrĂĽcken
4211:Palatinate-
4113:Eric Trolle
4023:Christian I
3873:Mecklenburg
3753:Charles VII
3589:Anund Jacob
2984:Charles XII
2833:Charles XI.
2809:Attribution
2204:listing at
1939:instead of
1185:Bremerhaven
1125:Charles XI
1080:Charles XII
1022:Scanian War
809:Scanian War
634:Brandenburg
632:, and with
615:. In 1679,
556:Helsingborg
548:Scanian War
529:Christian V
496:Brandenburg
465:Scanian War
459:Scanian War
436:and almost
388: 1662
373:Ehrenstrahl
346:Charles XII
337:Scanian War
156:, Stockholm
111:(1660–1672)
99:Charles XII
85:Predecessor
4422:Categories
4350:Charles XV
4333:since 1818
4325:Bernadotte
4301:Gustav III
4245:Charles XI
4187:Charles IX
4137:Gustav (I)
3850:Eric "XII"
3835:Magnus III
3794:Knut LĂĄnge
3659:Blot-Sweyn
3579:Eric "VII"
3068:Bernadotte
3066:; and the
3005:1681–1697
2978:1660–1697
2831:(1911b). "
2702:References
2632:"Katarina"
2567:Bain 1911a
2519:8620538229
2426:9185057487
2084:, article
1805:Bain 1911b
1207:absolutism
1189:Karlskrona
1152:Karlskrona
847:assimilate
813:Karlskrona
752:Absolutism
736:(Swedish:
552:Landskrona
517:Nils Brahe
486:to French
438:illiterate
434:statecraft
411:Gothenburg
282:Charles XI
126:Tre Kronor
76:Coronation
35:Charles XI
4397:Norwegian
4289:1751–1818
4280:Oldenburg
4233:1654–1751
4197:Christina
4182:Sigismund
4160:1523–1654
3960:Eric XIII
3943:Eric XIII
3933:Eric XIII
3918:1389–1523
3881:1364–1389
3855:Magnus IV
3845:Magnus IV
3823:1250–1364
3800:Eric "XI"
3788:Eric "XI"
3739:Magnus II
3618:1160–1161
3054:, of the
2726:(1911a).
2549:ignored (
2539:cite book
2511:1477-464X
2396:"Karl XI"
1750:"Karl XI"
1726:Caroleans
1213:Ancestors
1177:Carlsburg
1074:Peter III
955:catechism
951:Christian
908:dominions
887:Snapphane
790:Caroleans
738:GrĂĄkappan
722:dominions
707:lordships
703:reduction
582:tableland
488:subsidies
422:Per Brahe
341:Stockholm
329:dominions
268:Signature
95:Successor
4360:Gustaf V
4355:Oscar II
4177:John III
4172:Eric XIV
4167:Gustav I
3925:Margaret
3908:indicate
3830:Valdemar
3777:Eric "X"
3762:Boleslaw
3683:Magnus I
3052:Gustav I
2523:Archived
2471:Archived
2198:Archived
1916:Karl XII
1820:Archived
1815:Article
1721:Carlsten
1715:See also
1209:itself.
1027:Skottorp
975:Psalmbok
948:Lutheran
867:Jämtland
863:Bohuslän
855:Blekinge
728:Greycoat
564:Halmstad
562:towards
560:Bohuslän
510:Habsburg
481:in 1682.
442:dyslexia
262:Lutheran
258:Religion
128:, Sweden
4345:Oscar I
4088:John II
3910:regents
3906:Italics
3708:·
3706:Sverker
3650:Halsten
3635:Halsten
3625:Stenkil
3608:Stenkil
2898:. 1905.
2860:(ed.),
2839:(ed.).
2826::
2773:History
2736:(ed.).
2709:Karl XI
2477:– From
2086:Karl XI
1203:Estonia
1199:Tallinn
1129:, 1697.
932:Kexholm
924:Livonia
920:Estonia
871:Gotland
859:Halland
636:in the
613:Zealand
540:anarchy
506:Denmark
450:writer
448:Italian
294:Karl XI
290:Swedish
192:
176:
172:
3888:Albert
3859:Haakon
3840:Birger
3815:Bjälbo
3782:John I
3669:Philip
2945:
2835:". In
2820:
2800:
2786:
2755:
2715:
2529:15 May
2517:
2509:
2424:
2292:
2225:
2195:Libris
2185:p. 185
2181:
2158:
1960:
1943:, etc.
1181:Bremen
1166:kronor
1142:Legacy
1105:given
1000:Queen
970:hymnal
942:Church
936:Ingria
851:Scania
622:empire
544:Scania
333:Danish
248:Mother
238:Father
182:
162:Spouse
147:Burial
105:Regent
50:, 1689
4405:Also
4395:Also
4389:Also
3561:Munsö
2947:Died:
2940:Born:
2732:. In
2428:p 137
1941:afton
1937:faton
1737:Notes
1179:near
1117:Death
980:Bible
928:serfs
492:Dutch
331:from
227:House
199:Issue
190:)
178:(
174:
67:Reign
4399:and
4152:Vasa
3931:) /
3711:Eric
2798:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2692:Gale
2551:help
2531:2021
2515:OCLC
2507:ISSN
2422:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2156:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1817:Karl
1664:15.
1606:14.
1544:13.
1486:12.
1422:11.
1364:10.
1071:Tsar
934:and
922:and
803:The
630:Lund
628:and
590:Lund
554:and
534:The
323:and
302:O.S.
298:O.S.
286:Carl
188:1693
184:1680
133:Died
120:Born
3758:Kol
2905:at
2499:doi
2417:ln
2152:256
1826:in
1632:7.
1570:3.
1512:6.
1448:1.
1390:5.
1328:2.
1302:9.
1270:4.
1244:8.
1197:in
1113:).
910:of
409:in
284:or
4424::
4014:/
3991:/
3857:/
3760:/
3745:,
3689:,
3671:/
3652:/
3570:c.
3062:,
2892:.
2690:.
2686:.
2675:^
2658:,
2646:^
2634:.
2622:^
2610:.
2598:^
2586:.
2574:^
2559:^
2543::
2541:}}
2537:{{
2521:.
2513:.
2505:.
2398:.
2378:^
2344:^
2332:^
2318:^
2304:^
2267:^
2255:^
2154:.
1867:^
1785:^
1752:.
1201:,
1138:.
988:.
914:,
857:,
853:,
819:.
640:.
502:.
385:c.
359:.
292::
180:m.
4282:)
4278:(
4215:(
4132:)
4128:(
4094:)
4090:(
4077:)
4073:(
4046:)
4042:(
4029:)
4025:(
4006:)
4002:(
3983:)
3979:(
3966:)
3962:(
3949:)
3945:(
3939:)
3935:(
3927:(
3749:)
3741:(
3693:)
3685:(
3545:e
3538:t
3531:v
3034:e
3027:t
3020:v
2804:.
2761:.
2719:)
2670:)
2569:.
2553:)
2533:.
2501::
2298:.
2231:.
2164:.
1076:;
972:(
693:.
375:.
288:(
20:)
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