31:
1109:
1699:
583:(a policy supported by Boniface as necessary to defend Christianity). By 742 the Carolingians were wealthy enough to pay their military retainers and support the Church. For Carloman, a deeply religious man, it was a duty of love; for Pepin a practical duty. Both saw the necessity of strengthening the ties between their house and the Church. Carloman donated the land for one of Boniface's most important foundations, the monastery of
157:
1423:
671:. Carloman left Monte Cassino, at Aistulf's behest, to visit his brother to ask him not to march on Italy. Pepin, believing his uninformed brother was being used by Aistulf to stall for time, continued his preparations and asked his brother to settle in a Benedictine monastery in France instead of returning to Monte Cassino. However, before that could happen Carloman died shortly after in
1242:
557:, and continued under his father, Charles Martel, who erected four dioceses in Bavaria (Salzburg, Regensburg, Freising, and Passau) and gave them Boniface as archbishop and metropolitan over all Germany east of the Rhine, with his seat at Mainz. Boniface had been under Charles Martel's protection from 723 on; indeed the saint himself explained to his old friend,
578:
of the Church to be held in the eastern regions of the
Frankish kingdom. Chaired jointly by him and Boniface, the synod ruled that priests were not allowed to bear arms or to host females in their houses and that it was one of their primary tasks to eradicate pagan beliefs. His father had frequently
641:. All sources from the period indicate that Carloman's renunciation of the world was volitional, although some have speculated that he went to Rome for other, unspecified reasons and was "encouraged" to remain in Rome by the pope, acting on a request from Pepin to keep Carloman in Italy.
524:
Unlike most medieval instances of fraternal power sharing, Carloman and Pepin for seven years seemed at least willing to work together; certainly, they undertook many military actions together. Carloman joined Pepin against
652:. All sources from the period indicate that he believed his calling was monastic life. He withdrew to Monte Cassino and spent most of the remainder of his life there, presumably in meditation and prayer. His son,
611:. This eradicated virtually the entire tribal leadership of the Alemanni and ended the independence of the tribal duchy of Alemannia, which was thereafter governed by counts appointed by their Frankish overlords.
454:, "more interested in religious devotion than royal power, who frequently appeared in the following three centuries and who was an indication of the growing impact of Christian piety on Germanic society".
513:
With Grifo contained, the two mayors, who had not yet proved themselves in battle in defence of the realm as their father had, on the initiative of
Carloman, installed the Merovingian
553:), the so-called "Apostle of the Germans," whom he charged with restructuring the church in Austrasia. This was in part the continuation of a policy begun under his grandfather,
614:
These actions strengthened
Carloman's position, and that of the family as a whole, especially in terms of their rivalries with other leading Germanic families such as the
736:
972:
86:
864:
595:
Despite his piety, Carloman could be ruthless towards opponents. After repeated armed revolts and rebellions, Carloman in 746 convened an assembly of the
537:, in 742 and again in 744, when peace was established between the brothers and their brother-in-law, for Odilo had married their sister Hiltrude.
450:
kings of the Franks. He withdrew from public life in 747 to take up the monastic habit, "the first of a new type of saintly king", according to
1826:
398:
1831:
30:
1836:
767:
789:
470:. This was per Charles' wishes; although Grifo demanded a portion of the realm, his brothers refused him. In 741, Carloman and Pepin
1619:
965:
881:
800:
778:
1571:
1764:
1727:
659:
Seven years after
Carloman's retirement and on the eve of his death, he once more stepped briefly on the public stage. In 754,
1342:
1160:
478:, took him captive and forced him into a monastery. Each brother turned his attention towards his own area of influence as
1816:
1297:
1222:
340:
1821:
1773:
1754:
958:
1806:
653:
579:
confiscated church property to reward his followers and to pay for the standing army that had brought him victory at
691:
There is some discrepancy between the sources on his year of birth. It is given variously as 706, 708, 714, or 716.
1406:
1231:
391:
530:
629:
On 15 August 747, Carloman renounced his position as mayor of the palace and withdrew to a monastic life, being
1092:
1778:
858:
700:
There is some discrepancy between the sources on his date of death. It is the 17 of either August or July.
1030:
534:
185:
1510:
1007:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
835:
526:
446:
and it can be argued that he was instrumental in consolidating their power at the expense of the ruling
384:
1501:
1487:
608:
568:
558:
317:
230:
1811:
1601:
1597:
1535:
1531:
1491:
1411:
1274:
1269:
1204:
985:
927:
896:
561:, that without it he could neither administer his church, defend his clergy, nor prevent idolatry.
479:
471:
447:
443:
419:
299:
293:
256:
148:
121:
1108:
1707:
1679:
1670:
1611:
1469:
1373:
1117:
1080:
1026:
427:
423:
236:
179:
129:
656:, demanded from Pepin his father's share of the family patrimony, but was swiftly neutralised.
1749:
1740:
1716:
1615:
1557:
1465:
1356:
877:
796:
774:
529:'s rising in 742 and again in 745. Pepin assisted Carloman against the Saxons in 742–43, when
752:
1698:
1586:
1520:
1402:
1068:
1057:
672:
554:
363:
351:
332:
224:
218:
173:
67:
1575:
1567:
1544:
1539:
1473:
1431:
1284:
1150:
1022:
942:
660:
580:
431:
311:
275:
39:
950:
603:
and then had most of the magnates, numbering in the thousands, arrested and executed for
1563:
1446:
1393:
1351:
1279:
1136:
1053:
920:
550:
462:
After the death of
Charles Martel, power was not divided to include their half-brother
415:
345:
305:
263:
206:
35:
1422:
156:
1800:
1292:
1176:
1155:
853:
720:
649:
645:
514:
487:
463:
451:
80:
1648:
638:
604:
546:
518:
369:
357:
857:
545:
In his realm, Carloman strengthened his authority in part via his support of the
1606:
1260:
1187:
618:
517:
as king (743), even though Martel had left the throne vacant since the death of
287:
1241:
1661:
1549:
1483:
1310:
467:
281:
199:
101:
88:
1456:
1250:
1126:
1064:
1040:
1013:
981:
932:
600:
495:
435:
242:
212:
166:
125:
770:
The Early
Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne
1478:
664:
596:
483:
439:
868:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 343.
668:
663:
had begged Pepin, now king, to come to his aid against the king of the
630:
615:
499:
1004:
584:
575:
507:
491:
634:
503:
475:
954:
414:(between 706 and 716 – 17 August 754) was the eldest son of
755:
Encyclopedia of
Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
872:
434:
succeeded to their father's legal positions, Carloman in
1664:
from 888 until 898. It was the last
Carolingian kingdom.
876:, ed. Joanna Story. Manchester University Press, 2005.
430:. On Charles's death (741), Carloman and his brother
737:"Nuremberg Chronicle", Morse Library, Beloit College
1763:
1739:
1706:
1669:
1647:
1585:
1519:
1500:
1455:
1430:
1392:
1372:
1341:
1309:
1259:
1249:
1221:
1201:
1175:
1135:
1116:
1079:
1039:
1012:
135:
117:
76:
55:
47:
21:
442:. He was a member of the family later called the
675:, on 17 August. He was buried in Monte Cassino.
839:is the only source for the Lombard explanation.
794:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993, p. 52
494:) and Carloman in the East (in what was called
966:
392:
8:
792:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe
510:), which was the Carolingian base of power.
65:
748:
746:
744:
566:
564:Carloman was instrumental in convening the
1655:
1439:
1380:
1256:
1209:
1045:
973:
959:
951:
887:
399:
385:
144:
29:
18:
533:was forced to come to terms, and against
482:, Pepin in the West (in what was called
859:"Carloman s.v. Carloman (d. 754)"
713:
684:
147:
1660:West Francia was in the hands of the
139:(possibly) Rotrude, Countess of Paris
7:
725:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
466:, Charles's son by his second wife
14:
1697:
1421:
1240:
1107:
644:Carloman founded a monastery on
155:
892:Carloman (mayor of the palace)
874:Charlemagne: Empire and Society
1:
1827:8th-century Frankish nobility
341:Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor
541:Strengthening of the dynasty
1832:8th-century dukes in Europe
625:Withdrawal from public life
498:, roughly the area between
486:, roughly the area between
1853:
1837:Children of Charles Martel
1407:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
549:missionary Winfrid (later
38:divides the realm between
16:8th-century Frankish ruler
1695:
1658:
1442:
1419:
1383:
1326:
1238:
1212:
1105:
1048:
992:
939:
925:
917:
890:
59:17 July or 17 August 754
28:
997:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
772:, ABC-CLIO, 2013, p. 145
609:Blood Court at Cannstatt
574:in 742, the first major
865:Encyclopædia Britannica
1215:Sons of Charles Martel
1031:Childebert the Adopted
591:Political ruthlessness
567:
535:Odilo, Duke of Bavaria
186:Childebert the Adopted
81:Abbey of Monte Cassino
66:
982:Pippinids, Arnulfings
836:Royal Frankish Annals
833:Fouracre, p. 17. The
527:Hunald I of Aquitaine
102:41.49000°N 13.81389°E
1817:Mayors of the Palace
1412:Counts of Vermandois
768:Frassetto, Michael.
753:Frassetto, Michael.
569:Concilium Germanicum
559:Daniel of Winchester
318:Pepin I of Aquitaine
1822:Carolingian dynasty
1765:Charles of Lorraine
1728:Charles of Lorraine
1598:Louis the Stammerer
1386:Sons of Charlemagne
1275:Charles the Younger
1270:Pepin the Hunchback
928:Mayor of the Palace
897:Carolingian dynasty
480:mayor of the Palace
458:Assumption of power
420:mayor of the palace
300:Charles the Younger
294:Pepin the Hunchback
149:Carolingian dynasty
122:Mayor of the Palace
98: /
1807:8th-century births
1671:Charles the Simple
1612:Charles the Simple
428:Chrotrud of Treves
424:duke of the Franks
237:Drogo of Champagne
130:Duke of the Franks
107:41.49000; 13.81389
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1616:Charles the Child
1558:Louis the Younger
1466:Louis II of Italy
1368:
1367:
1337:
1336:
1197:
1196:
1093:Hugh of Champagne
949:
948:
940:Succeeded by
648:and then went to
409:
408:
143:
142:
1844:
1701:
1656:
1623:Lothair the Lame
1587:Charles the Bald
1521:Louis the German
1440:
1425:
1381:
1257:
1244:
1210:
1111:
1058:Chlodulf of Metz
1046:
1000:* ≡ "brother of"
975:
968:
961:
952:
918:Preceded by
913:
906:
888:
869:
861:
840:
831:
825:
822:The Carolingians
818:
812:
811:Fouracre, p. 16.
809:
803:
787:
781:
765:
759:
757:, ABC-CLIO, 2003
750:
739:
734:
728:
718:
701:
698:
692:
689:
572:
555:Pepin of Herstal
401:
394:
387:
364:Louis the German
352:Charles the Bald
333:Treaty of Verdun
225:Pepin of Herstal
219:Chlodulf of Metz
174:Pippin the Elder
159:
145:
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
71:
62:
33:
19:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1786:
1759:
1735:
1702:
1693:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1568:Charles the Fat
1566:
1556:
1540:Louis the Child
1524:
1515:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1474:Louis the Blind
1451:
1435:
1432:Louis the Pious
1426:
1417:
1388:
1375:
1364:
1333:
1322:
1305:
1285:Louis the Pious
1245:
1236:
1217:
1203:
1193:
1171:
1131:
1112:
1103:
1075:
1035:
1008:
1003:
988:
979:
945:
943:Pepin the Short
936:
930:
923:
907:
901:
900:
893:
852:
849:
844:
843:
832:
828:
820:Riche, Pierre,
819:
815:
810:
806:
790:Riché, Pierre.
788:
784:
766:
762:
751:
742:
735:
731:
719:
715:
710:
705:
704:
699:
695:
690:
686:
681:
661:Pope Stephen II
627:
593:
543:
460:
438:, and Pepin in
432:Pepin the Short
426:, and his wife
405:
376:
375:
367:
355:
343:
336:
324:
323:
312:Louis the Pious
276:Pepin the Short
259:
249:
248:
221:(d. 696 or 697)
215:(d. 662 or 679)
202:
192:
191:
169:
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
83:
72:
63:
60:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1447:Arnulf of Sens
1443:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1137:Charles Martel
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1054:Arnulf of Metz
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
989:
980:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
947:
946:
941:
938:
924:
921:Charles Martel
919:
915:
914:
894:
891:
886:
885:
870:
856:, ed. (1911).
854:Chisholm, Hugh
848:
845:
842:
841:
826:
813:
804:
782:
760:
740:
729:
712:
711:
709:
706:
703:
702:
693:
683:
682:
680:
677:
626:
623:
592:
589:
551:Saint Boniface
542:
539:
531:Duke Theoderic
459:
456:
416:Charles Martel
407:
406:
404:
403:
396:
389:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
361:
349:
346:Middle Francia
337:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
315:
309:
306:Pepin of Italy
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
264:Charles Martel
260:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
207:Arnulf of Metz
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
183:
177:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
152:
151:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:Known for
115:
114:
78:
74:
73:
64:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:Charles Martel
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1849:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1185:Nibelung I →
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:Childebrand I
1174:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
999:
996:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
953:
944:
935:
934:
929:
922:
916:
911:
904:
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883:
882:0-7190-7089-9
879:
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867:
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846:
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837:
830:
827:
823:
817:
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801:9780812213423
798:
795:
793:
786:
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779:9781598849967
776:
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764:
761:
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756:
749:
747:
745:
741:
738:
733:
730:
726:
722:
721:Norman Cantor
717:
714:
707:
697:
694:
688:
685:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
650:Monte Cassino
647:
646:Monte Soratte
642:
640:
636:
632:
624:
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612:
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598:
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582:
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522:
520:
516:
515:Childeric III
511:
509:
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501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
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452:Norman Cantor
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
382:
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371:
365:
362:
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353:
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342:
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158:
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150:
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138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
82:
79:
77:Resting place
75:
70:
69:
68:Vienne, Isère
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:and Carloman.
41:
37:
32:
27:
20:
1477:
1410:
1385:
1214:
1205:Carolingians
1186:
1145:
1063:
1052:
986:Carolingians
926:
909:
902:
895:
873:
863:
834:
829:
821:
816:
807:
791:
785:
769:
763:
754:
732:
724:
716:
696:
687:
658:
643:
639:Pope Zachary
628:
613:
605:high treason
599:magnates at
594:
565:
563:
544:
523:
519:Theuderic IV
512:
461:
444:Carolingians
411:
410:
370:East Francia
358:West Francia
269:
257:Carolingians
176:(c. 580–640)
61:(aged 40-41)
1607:Carloman II
1374:Carolingian
1261:Charlemagne
1188:Nibelungids
1021:Carloman →
619:Agilolfings
547:Anglo-Saxon
448:Merovingian
288:Charlemagne
231:Grimoald II
105: /
1812:754 deaths
1801:Categories
1741:Lothair IV
1717:Lothair IV
1662:Robertians
1578:→ Adalbert
1550:Zwentibold
1484:Lothair II
1118:Grimoald I
1071:, his sons
1041:Arnulfings
1027:Grimoald I
708:References
468:Swanachild
344:(795–855;
331:After the
282:Carloman I
200:Arnulfings
93:13°48′50″E
90:41°29′24″N
1602:Louis III
1552:→ Godfrey
1470:Ermengard
1457:Lothair I
1302:Theoderic
1251:Pepin III
1151:Pepin III
1127:Theudoald
1065:Ansegisel
1014:Pippinids
933:Austrasia
727:, p. 170.
601:Cannstatt
496:Austrasia
474:Grifo in
436:Austrasia
366:(804–876)
354:(823–877)
320:(797–838)
314:(778–840)
308:(773–810)
302:(772–811)
296:(768–811)
290:(742–814)
284:(751–771)
278:(714–768)
266:(686–741)
243:Theudoald
239:(670–708)
227:(635–714)
213:Ansegisel
209:(582–640)
182:(616–656)
167:Pippinids
126:Austrasia
1708:Louis IV
1680:Louis IV
1620:Carloman
1560:→ Louis
1532:Carloman
1511:Pepin II
1479:Bosonids
1357:Adalhard
1311:Carloman
1223:Carloman
1168:Remigius
1146:Carloman
1069:Pepin II
937:741–747
723:, 1993.
665:Lombards
631:tonsured
616:Bavarian
597:Alemanni
521:in 737.
484:Neustria
472:besieged
440:Neustria
412:Carloman
272:(d. 754)
270:Carloman
245:(d. 741)
233:(d. 714)
188:(d. 662)
180:Grimoald
136:Children
23:Carloman
1783:Charles
1750:Louis V
1721:Charles
1651:Francia
1632:Charles
1572:Bernard
1502:Pepin I
1492:Charles
1403:Bernard
1361:Bernhar
1343:Bernard
1289:Lothair
1161:Bernard
1097:Godfrey
1023:Pepin I
847:Sources
824:, p. 59
669:Aistulf
607:in the
1767:, sons
1755:Arnulf
1743:, sons
1710:, sons
1690:Rorico
1684:Arnulf
1673:, sons
1576:Ratold
1545:Ratold
1536:Arnulf
1459:, sons
1376:Empire
1345:, sons
1263:, sons
1253:, sons
1165:Jerome
1139:, sons
1089:Arnulf
1083:, sons
908:
880:
799:
777:
673:Vienne
500:Bruges
51:c. 713
1779:Louis
1732:Henry
1724:Louis
1687:Drogo
1629:Pepin
1626:Drogo
1504:, son
1396:, son
1394:Pepin
1330:Pepin
1319:Pepin
1313:, son
1293:Drogo
1280:Pepin
1232:Drogo
1225:, son
1202:Early
1179:, son
1156:Grifo
1120:, son
1100:Pepin
1081:Drogo
1005:Begga
910:Died:
903:Born:
679:Notes
654:Drogo
585:Fulda
581:Tours
576:synod
508:Fulda
492:Reims
488:Nancy
464:Grifo
335:(843)
40:Pepin
1774:Otto
1649:West
1591:sons
1564:Hugh
1555:Otto
1525:sons
1488:Hugh
1436:sons
1352:Wala
1298:Hugh
984:and
878:ISBN
797:ISBN
775:ISBN
635:Rome
506:and
504:Metz
490:and
476:Laon
422:and
56:Died
48:Born
931:of
912:754
905:716
637:by
633:in
124:of
1803::
1600:→
1570:→
1538:→
1534:→
1486:→
1476:→
1472:→
1468:→
1409:→
1405:→
1067:→
1056:→
1029:→
1025:→
862:.
743:^
667:,
621:.
587:.
502:,
418:,
128:,
1589:,
1523:,
1434:,
974:e
967:t
960:v
884:.
400:e
393:t
386:v
372:)
368:(
360:)
356:(
348:)
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