507:
174:
839:
33:
24:
345:
634:
activity (raising the platelet counts in patient's blood). For example, a treatment used for a 45-year-old male patient in
Pakistan diagonosed with dengue fever involved administering 25mL of the extracted Carpaine twice daily for five consecutive days. The treatment showed significant improvement in
443:
hydrochloride (8 mg/kg) did not alter the circulatory response to carpaine. Carpaine, 2 mg/kg, reduced cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work, and cardiac power, but the calculated total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. It is concluded from these results that carpaine affects
607:
Another extraction route reported that mechanical blending of the leaves prior to extraction significantly enhances the yield of
Carpaine. After blending the leaves with water and freeze-dried, the samples were soaked in ethanol. This mixture was then concentrated and purified using an acid-base
1048:
Sharma, Anshu; Sharma, Ruchi; Sharma, Munisha; Kumar, Manoj; Barbhai, Mrunal Deepak; Lorenzo, José M.; Sharma, Somesh; Samota, Mahesh Kumar; Atanassova, Maria; Caruso, Gianluca; Naushad, Mo.; Chandran, Deepak; Prakash, Pramod; Hasan, Muzaffar; Rais, Nadeem; Dey, Abhijit; Mahato, Dipendra Kumar;
537:
to discover that the molecular weight of
Carpaine is closer to 478 g/mol, which is represented by twice of the original empirical formula. The new finding proved that Carpaine consists of two identical halves, which form a 26-membered cyclic
655:
treatment by activating key pathway that promotes cell cycle progression and prevents cell death during stressful condition. Furthermore, Carpaine treatment further demonstrates its cardioprotective effects by improving mitochondrial
629:
Recent research highlights the possible efficacy of
Carpaine in managing the symptoms and severe complications associated with dengue fever. Carpaine in papaya leaves extract is the major active compounds that contributes to the
111:
576:
One possible extraction rout was accomplished first drying the leaves in an electric blast drying oven and milled to fine powder. The powdered plant material were macerated with a mixed solution of ethanol/water/
238:
InChI=1S/C28H50N2O4/c1-21-25-19-17-23(29-21)13-9-5-3-8-12-16-28(32)34-26-20-18-24(30-22(26)2)14-10-6-4-7-11-15-27(31)33-25/h21-26,29-30H,3-20H2,1-2H3/t21-,22-,23+,24+,25-,26-/m0/s1
248:
InChI=1/C28H50N2O4/c1-21-25-19-17-23(29-21)13-9-5-3-8-12-16-28(32)34-26-20-18-24(30-22(26)2)14-10-6-4-7-11-15-27(31)33-25/h21-26,29-30H,3-20H2,1-2H3/t21-,22-,23+,24+,25-,26-/m0/s1
358:
530:
ring between atoms numbered 3 and 6 on the piperidine nucleus. Later work from
Govindachari & Narasimhan and Tichy and Sicher further confirmed this structural formula.
1049:
Dhumal, Sangram; Singh, Surinder; Senapathy, Marisennayya; Rajalingam, Sureshkumar; Visvanathan, Marthandan; Saleena, Lejaniya Abdul Kalam; Mekhemar, Mohamed (9 June 2022).
503:
by van Rijn. In 1930s, Barger and his collogues investigated various degradation products of
Carpaine and was able to obtain a series of chemical structures of Carpaine.
857:
Julianti, Tasqiah; Oufir, Mouhssin; Hamburger, Matthias (25 August 2014). "Quantification of the
Antiplasmodial Alkaloid Carpaine in Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves".
264:
905:
Barger, G.; Robinson, Robert; Urushibara, Y. (1937). "141. Synthetical experiments relating to carpaine. Part I. Synthesis of a basic long-chain lactone".
604:. Finally, the chloroform fractions were pooled and evaporated and the whole operation was repeated again so the crude alkaloid Carpaine was obtained.
997:
Sudi, Suhaini; Chin, Yee-Zheng; Wasli, Nur
Syafinaz; Fong, Siat-Yee; Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury; How, Siew-Eng; Sunggip, Caroline (15 February 2022).
794:
Sudi, Suhaini; Chin, Yee-Zheng; Wasli, Nur
Syafinaz; Fong, Siat-Yee; Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury; How, Siew-Eng; Sunggip, Caroline (15 February 2022).
573:
Carpaine occurs in papaya leaves in concentrations as high as 0.4%, which is enough to make it available commercially at very reasonable costs.
427:(30 mg/kg) anesthesia. Increasing dosages of carpaine from 0.5 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg resulted in progressive decrease in
668:
Studies have shown
Carpaine’s ability to modulate the body’s inflammatory response by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory
229:
1051:"Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects"
891:
Hornick, C. A.; Sanders, L. I.; Lin, Y. C. "Effect of carpaine, a papaya alkaloid, on the circulatory function in the rat."
704:
in the body, that can lead to cellular damage and various chronic diseases. The anti-oxidant capacity was measured using the
1110:
365:
608:
method followed by chloroform extraction to isolate the Carpaine. Finally, the purity and structure were analyzed using
206:
648:
392:
effects. Carpaine extracted from Carica papaya trees has been reported to have diverse biological properties, such as
696:
The enhanced anti-oxidant activity in papaya leaves demonstrated in studies is due to the high concentration of
767:
Burdick, Everette M. (December 1971). "Carpaine: An alkaloid of Carica papaya—its chemistry and pharmacology".
651:(IRI), studies have shown Carpaine provided significant protection to recover the wounded area affected by the
515:
966:"Quantification of Carpaine and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Carica Papaya Plant Leaves and Stalks"
964:
Yap, Jing Ying; Hii, Ching Lik; Ong, Sze Pheng; Lim, Kuan Hon; Abas, Faridah; Pin, Kar Yong (November 2021).
506:
169:
717:
708:(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, where blended young papaya leaves exhibited significantly lower IC
45:
518:
obtained a new form of Carpaine chemical structure which they found the nitrogen-containing ring had a
1115:
681:
929:
77:
657:
1105:
1082:
1030:
874:
827:
652:
534:
471:
423:
Circulatory effects of carpaine were studied in Wistar male rats weighing 314 +/- 13 g, under
397:
1072:
1062:
1020:
1010:
977:
941:
910:
866:
817:
807:
776:
701:
631:
287:
151:
999:"Carpaine Promotes Proliferation and Repair of H9c2 Cardiomyocytes after Oxidative Insults"
796:"Carpaine Promotes Proliferation and Repair of H9c2 Cardiomyocytes after Oxidative Insults"
215:
843:
838:
587:
87:
173:
842: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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998:
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hematological parameters, a substantial increase in platelet and blood cell counts and
467:
389:
336:
131:
1099:
677:
424:
393:
324:
162:
928:
Wang, Xiuyi; Hu, Changying; Ai, Qian; Chen, Yanfen; Wang, Zhiwei; Ou, Shiyi (2015).
405:
401:
195:
930:"Isolation and Identification Carpaine in Carica papaya L. Leaf by HPLC-UV Method"
945:
982:
965:
697:
523:
440:
32:
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601:
590:
to remove fat materials. The acid fraction was adjusted to pH 8.0 ~ 9.0 using
519:
445:
435:, and mean arterial blood pressure. Selective autonomic nervous blockade with
409:
314:
142:
669:
543:
455:
432:
1086:
1067:
1034:
878:
870:
831:
700:, which are known for their strong anti-oxidant properties for combatting
914:
680:(IL-6), which would be beneficial in treating chronic disease, including
673:
565:, and the configuration was finally determined by Coke and Rice in 1965.
436:
381:
582:
for 24 hrs at room temperature. Then the extract was dissolved in water/
1015:
812:
780:
539:
527:
448:
444:
the myocardium directly. The effects of carpaine may be related to its
428:
182:
685:
452:
385:
335:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
23:
613:
592:
505:
122:
110:
100:
705:
893:
Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
609:
578:
526:
as previously thought; they also located the position of the
660:
and reducing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species.
466:
After the first isolation of Carpaine by Greshoff in 1890,
408:
effects. Especially, Carpaine possessed significant anti-
420:
of 0.2 μM) and high selectivity towards the parasites.
353:
716:= 293 μg/mL per 100 mg) with a stronger anti-oxidant
510:
The development of Carpaine structures over the years
533:However, Spiteller-Friedmann and Spiteller used
514:Then in 1953, Rapoport and his collogues at the
194:
86:
8:
272:O=C3O1CC(N1C)CCCCCCCC(=O)O2(N(CC2)CCCCCCC3)C
172:
150:
15:
1076:
1066:
1055:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
1024:
1014:
981:
907:Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)
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56:12,25-diazatricyclotriacontane-3,16-dione
934:International Journal of Food Properties
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561:
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970:Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts
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269:
234:
762:
760:
758:
756:
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586:mixture, filtered, and extracted with
388:leaves which has been studied for its
163:
959:
957:
955:
241:Key: AMSCMASJCYVAIF-QCVMBYIASA-N
130:
7:
488:to it, which was soon corrected to
251:Key: AMSCMASJCYVAIF-QCVMBYIABP
185:
14:
837:
343:
31:
22:
546:, with an empirical formula of
339:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1:
946:10.1080/10942912.2014.900785
664:Anti-inflammatory Properties
600:solution and extracted with
54:)-13,26-Dimethyl-2,15-dioxa-
983:10.1016/j.jobab.2021.03.002
649:ischemia-reperfusion injury
1132:
724:= 382 μg/mL per 100 mg).
439:sulfate (1 mg/kg) or
319:478.70 g/mol
676:factor-alpha (TNF-α) and
522:structure instead of the
333:
280:
260:
225:
70:
62:
44:
39:
30:
21:
643:Cardioprotective Effects
516:University of California
895:(1978), 22(2), 277-289.
692:Anti-oxidant Properties
871:10.1055/s-0034-1382948
625:Dengue Fever Treatment
620:Potential Medical Uses
511:
451:structure, a possible
52:1S,11R,13S,14S,24R,26S
569:Isolation of Carpaine
509:
1111:Piperidine alkaloids
1068:10.1155/2022/2451733
915:10.1039/JR9370000714
682:rheumatoid arthritis
380:is one of the major
720:than old leaves (IC
468:Merck & Company
18:
1016:10.3390/ph15020230
813:10.3390/ph15020230
781:10.1007/BF02985202
658:membrane potential
647:In the setting of
512:
366:Infobox references
16:
865:(13): 1138–1142.
653:hydrogen peroxide
535:Mass Spectrometry
472:empirical formula
398:anti-inflammatory
374:Chemical compound
372:
371:
112:Interactive image
57:
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742:, 11th Edition,
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702:oxidative stress
672:, such as tumor
632:thrombocytopenic
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470:assigned the
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164:ECHA InfoCard
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413:
406:vasodilatory
402:anti-oxidant
377:
376:
71:Identifiers
65:(+)-Carpaine
63:Other names
51:
1116:Macrocycles
740:Merck Index
698:polyphenols
524:pyrrolidine
458:structure.
446:macrocyclic
441:propranolol
281:Properties
170:100.020.378
1100:Categories
1009:(2): 230.
806:(2): 230.
728:References
712:values (IC
637:neutrophil
602:chloroform
520:piperidine
410:plasmodial
315:Molar mass
216:VLR223H4QP
143:ChemSpider
132:CHEBI:3433
99:3D model (
78:CAS Number
46:IUPAC name
844:CC BY 4.0
670:cytokines
544:dilactone
456:chelating
449:dilactone
433:diastolic
412:activity
88:3463-92-1
17:Carpaine
1106:Lactones
1087:35720184
1061:: 1–20.
1035:35215343
879:25153096
846:license.
832:35215343
674:necrosis
639:levels.
437:atropine
429:systolic
414:in vitro
382:alkaloid
378:Carpaine
1078:9203216
1026:8880139
909:: 714.
823:8880139
718:potency
688:, etc.
540:diester
528:lactone
462:History
359:what is
357: (
329:121 °C
309:
183:PubChem
1085:
1075:
1033:
1023:
877:
830:
820:
686:asthma
453:cation
404:, and
386:papaya
354:verify
351:
265:SMILES
196:442630
152:390994
40:Names
630:anti-
614:LC-MS
542:, or
230:InChI
123:ChEBI
101:JSmol
1083:PMID
1059:2022
1031:PMID
875:PMID
828:PMID
744:1866
706:DPPH
612:and
207:UNII
1073:PMC
1063:doi
1021:PMC
1011:doi
978:doi
942:doi
911:doi
867:doi
818:PMC
808:doi
777:doi
610:NMR
584:HCl
579:HCl
416:(IC
186:CID
1102::
1081:.
1071:.
1057:.
1053:.
1029:.
1019:.
1007:15
1005:.
1001:.
972:.
968:.
954:^
938:18
936:.
932:.
873:.
863:80
861:.
826:.
816:.
804:15
802:.
798:.
773:25
771:.
751:^
722:50
714:50
710:50
684:,
616:.
597:OH
593:NH
554:50
550:28
498:NO
496:25
492:14
483:NO
481:27
477:14
431:,
418:50
400:,
396:,
299:50
295:28
1089:.
1065::
1037:.
1013::
986:.
980::
974:6
948:.
944::
917:.
913::
881:.
869::
834:.
810::
783:.
779::
746:.
595:4
562:4
560:O
558:2
556:N
552:H
548:C
500:2
494:H
490:C
485:2
479:H
475:C
349:N
307:4
305:O
303:2
301:N
297:H
293:C
103:)
50:(
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