31:
52:
574:
523:
621:
637:
climatic conditions (salt) have also made it a favored garden plant. The ice plant was, for several decades, widely promoted as an ornamental plant, and it is still available at some nurseries. Ice plant foliage can turn a vibrant red to yellow in color. Despite its use as a soil stabilizer, it actually exacerbates and speeds up
696:
are used in different forms in traditional medicine, mainly in South Africa. Mostly, the fruits and flowers are eaten raw or cooked for fungal and bacterial infections. The leaves can be ingested orally for digestive problems or the juice can be sucked out to help a sore throat. The juice can also be
495:
as an invader can be attributed to several key adaptive mechanisms. The plant exhibits a high rate of clonal growth, a trait that is commonly associated with successful invasive species. Invasive ice plant also displays high levels of phenotypic plasticity, allowing it to best integrate into varied
636:
for ground cover along freeway embankments. Thousands of acres were planted in
California until the 1970s. It easily spreads by seed (hundreds per fruit) and from segmentation (any shoot segment can produce roots). Its succulent foliage, bright yellow flowers, and resistance to some harsh coastal
923:
LC/ESI-MS/MS characterisation of procyanidins and propelargonidins responsible for the strong antioxidant activity of the edible halophyte
Mesembryanthemum edule L. Hanen Falleh, Samia Oueslati, Sylvain Guyot, Alia Ben Dali, Christian Magné, Chedly Abdelly and Riadh Ksouri,
644:
The ice plant is still abundant along highways, beaches, on military bases, and in other public and private landscapes. It spreads beyond landscape plantings and has invaded foredune, dune scrub, coastal bluff scrub, coastal prairie, and, most recently, maritime
433:, and many beetle species. Leaves are eaten by tortoises. Flowers are eaten by antelopes and baboons. Fruits are eaten by baboons, rodents, porcupines, antelopes, who also disperse the seeds. The clumps provide shelter for
573:
641:. It holds great masses of water in its leaves, and its roots are very shallow. In the rainy season, the added weight on unstable sandstone slopes and dunes increases the chances of slope collapse and landslides.
1235:
Schierenbeck, Kristina A.; Symonds, V. Vaughan; Gallagher, Kelly G.; Bell, Jeffrey (February 2005). "Genetic variation and phylogeographic analyses of two species of
Carpobrotus and their hybrids in California".
656:
Flowering occurs almost year-round, beginning in
February in southern California and continuing until the autumn in northern California, with flowers present for at least a few months in any given population.
496:
environmental conditions such as coastal cliff ranges as well as nutrient-rich forests. Such plasticity has raised concerns about its continual spread, especially in the face of changing climatic conditions.
906:
Purification and identification of active antibacterial components in
Carpobrotusedulis L. Elmarie van der Watt and Johan C Pretorius, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, June 2001, Volume 76, Issue 1, pp. 87â91,
511:, leading to hybrid variants with unique genetic combinations that allow them to thrive and outcompete native flora. Analysis of chloroplast DNA has revealed a large amount of genetic similarities between
563:, has been shown to enhance the spreading of the ice plant through its feces. As the ice plant represents a food resource for the rat, both benefit from each other which is referred to as invasive
484:, all of which have similar climates. The ice plant has escaped from cultivation and has become invasive, posing a serious ecological problem by forming vast monospecific zones, lowering
1056:"Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions provide new insights into the phenotypic plasticity of the invasive species Carpobrotus sp. pl. in different coastal habitats"
256:
species. It grows year round, with individual shoot segments growing more than 1 m (3 ft) per year. It can grow to at least 50 m (165 ft) in diameter. The
277:
to 6 inches) in diameter. Two of the calyx lobes are longer, extending further than the petals. The flowers open in the morning in bright sunlight and close at night. The
30:
2250:
1873:
1938:
2345:
1420:
677:
herbicides are used. Because of the high water content of shoot tissues, burning of live or dead plants is not a useful method of control or disposal.
952:"Biomass partitioning in response to resources availability: A comparison between native and invaded ranges in the clonal invader Carpobrotus edulis"
1798:
2263:
2224:
1899:
1824:
2059:
1974:
1504:
1702:
503:
gains genetic diversity and novel traits that further enhance its adaptability. The species readily engages in genetic exchanges with other
2385:
1956:
1054:
PĂ©rez-Diz, Marta; RodrĂguez-Addesso, Berea; Hussain, Muhammad
Iftikhar; RodrĂguez, Jonatan; Novoa, Ana; GonzĂĄlez, LuĂs (May 15, 2023).
2380:
2211:
1736:
1697:
1483:
1406:
Dhuill, E.N. and Smyth, N. 2021. "Invasive non-native and alien garden escape plant species on the cliffs of Howth Head, Co. Dublin",
1395:
1371:
850:
665:
Control of ice plants can be attempted by pulling out individual plants by hand, or with the use of earth-moving machinery such as a
2390:
649:
communities. In
California, the ice plant is found in coastal habitats from north of Eureka, south at least as far as Rosarito in
689:), as are its leaves. In South Africa the sour fig's ripe fruit are gathered and either eaten fresh or made into a very tart jam.
2360:
2355:
1811:
750:
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1860:
1185:"Invasion dynamics of two alien Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) taxa on a Mediterranean island: I. Genetic diversity and introgression"
298:
can, however, be distinguished from most of its relatives by the size and yellow colour of its flowers. The smaller flowers of
991:
Song, Yao-Bin; Yu, Fei-Hai; Keser, Lidewij H.; Dawson, Wayne; Fischer, Markus; Dong, Ming; van
Kleunen, Mark (February 2013).
2111:
993:"United we stand, divided we fall: a meta-analysis of experiments on clonal integration and its relationship to invasiveness"
2268:
2038:
1904:
1446:
1925:
632:
was actively introduced in the early 1900s to stabilize dunes and soil along railroad tracks; it was later put to use by
653:. It is intolerant of frost, and is not found far inland or at elevations greater than about 500 ft (150 m).
2185:
2085:
1886:
1651:
816:
793:
559:
has spread out rapidly and now parts of the coastline are completely covered. Moreover, another invasive species, the
488:, and competing directly with several threatened or endangered plant species for nutrients, water, light, and space.
417:
in the
Northern Cape through the Western Cape to the Eastern Cape. It is often seen as a pioneer on disturbed sites.
281:
is somewhat wedge-shaped, tapering down to the pedicel. The fruit is multi-chambered, ripening from green to yellow.
51:
547:
Recorded as a garden escape from County Down, in the south and east and on the cliffs of Howth Head, County Dublin.
2286:
2116:
2072:
1943:
609:
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are a dull-green or yellow-green colour. They are only very slightly curved and have serrated sides near the tips.
2370:
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1979:
2291:
1432:
697:
mixed into a lotion base and used for external issues such as ringworm, bruises, sunburns, and cracked lips.
1121:
G. Campoy, Josefina; Lema, Margarita; Fenollosa, Erola; MunnĂ©âBosch, Sergi; Retuerto, RubĂ©n (October 2021).
588:
580:
1767:
1622:
284:
The species is easily confused with its close relatives, including the more diminutive and less aggressive
2365:
1762:
1666:
1584:
2375:
1829:
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176:
155:
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46:
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840:
263:
The yellow flowers are produced from April to
October, and range from 6.4 to 15.2 centimetres (
2198:
2000:
1684:
1391:
1367:
1344:
1326:
1269:
1261:
1214:
1206:
1162:
1154:
1123:"Functional responses to climate change may increase invasive potential of Carpobrotus edulis"
1103:
1095:
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2005:
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89:
714:
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1633:
583:
Example of an area completely covered with ice plant on a French Mediterranean island,
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842:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region
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forms monocultures and has taken over vast areas of coastal sand dune ecosystem.
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2015:
1930:
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601:
527:
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387:
366:
213:
132:
1607:
1573:
1366:(3rd ed.). Institute of Irish Studies The Queen's University of Belfast.
1016:
674:
666:
628:
Although the ice plant may have arrived by ship as early as the 16th century,
477:
450:
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1201:
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1166:
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820:
1992:
1297:"Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants?"
783:
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2299:
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2098:
1951:
1601:
669:
or tractor, though it is necessary to remove buried stems, and mulch the
633:
354:
102:
1790:
608:
and its hybrids are classed as unwanted organisms and are listed on the
1803:
1149:
535:
1139:
1122:
1090:
468:
has naturalised in many other regions throughout the world, and is an
1842:
950:
Portela, Rubén; Barreiro, Rodolfo; Roiloa, Sergio R. (January 2019).
457:
clumps, where they ambush the small rodents attracted by the fruits.
438:
257:
1578:
620:
765:
2242:
1865:
1728:
619:
521:
446:
442:
434:
342:
63:
1295:
Ellstrand, Norman C.; Schierenbeck, Kristina A. (June 20, 2000).
886:
Wisura, W. & Glen, H.F. (1993). The South African species of
992:
670:
1715:
1582:
685:
The fruit is edible (as with some other members of the family
1449:. Biosecurity New Zealand. October 22, 2008. Archived from
1364:
Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland
519:, indicating that the two may share a common ancestor.
1494:, University of Minnesota, Vol. 6, No. 1, Fall 2000.
1183:
Suehs, C. M.; Affre, L.; MĂ©dail, F. (January 2004).
381:
The species is a member of the fig-marigold family,
2150:
1591:
673:to prevent re-establishment. For chemical control,
409:The sour fig grows on coastal and inland slopes in
1301:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1509:Bureau of Land Management, Arcata Field Office
1538:"Carpobrotus edulis â Useful Tropical Plants"
624:The ice plant forms large monospecific zones.
425:The flowers are pollinated by solitary bees,
8:
1570:at the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry
1472:
1470:
1468:
1579:
365:properties of the plant. It also contains
29:
20:
1338:
1320:
1200:
1148:
1138:
1089:
1079:
967:
845:(rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 330â331.
330: in) in diameter, are deep magenta.
1481:in California Coastal Plant Communities
706:
385:, one of about 30 species in the genus
1532:
1530:
892:Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium
1230:
1228:
1178:
1176:
864:
862:
7:
2279:972b7074-ea30-4706-86f9-7538869cf7f7
2117:969df8ed-0a0d-4d28-b3e8-56e4126fe125
1967:42c62cf5-7a90-4911-80fc-9f53d5a3a939
1505:"Hottentot Fig (Carpobrotus edulis)"
834:
832:
830:
2346:Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
1492:Restoration and Reclamation Review
391:. It was previously classified in
14:
2078:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1200427-2
2292:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328406-2
1429:Global Invasive Species Database
1386:Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012
1258:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02417.x
1060:Science of the Total Environment
751:Global Invasive Species Database
572:
499:Through hybridization, invasive
397:and is sometimes referred to as
207:is a ground-creeping plant with
50:
1081:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162470
817:"Medicinal plants of Fernkloof"
940:(State Resources Agency 1990).
930:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.049
839:Spellenberg, Richard (2001) .
449:and other snakes, such as the
1:
913:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00197-0
890:(Mesembryanthema-Aizoaceae).
555:On the Mediterranean coast,
538:, near the Mediterranean Sea
2386:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
794:Invasive Species Compendium
252:is a creeping, mat-forming
221:. Its common names include
2407:
1486:December 24, 2013, at the
1408:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1127:American Journal of Botany
715:"Hottentots Fig - Flowers"
610:National Pest Plant Accord
472:in several parts, notably
361:; these contribute to the
2381:Taxa named by N. E. Brown
1362:Hackney, P., ed. (1992).
1017:10.1007/s00442-012-2430-9
290:(sea fig), with which it
190:
183:
161:
154:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
2391:Plants described in 1759
1574:Calflora invasive plants
405:Distribution and habitat
2361:Drought-tolerant plants
2356:Garden plants of Africa
1390:Cork University Press.
1322:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7043
969:10.1111/1442-1984.12228
692:The different parts of
589:Port-Cros National Park
2152:Mesembryanthemum edule
1542:tropical.theferns.info
1435:on September 28, 2006.
1431:. ISSG. Archived from
1388:Webb's An Irish Flora.
1202:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800374
625:
539:
461:As an invasive species
399:Mesembryanthemum edule
302:, 3.8 to 6.4 cm (
193:Mesembryanthemum edule
956:Plant Species Biology
623:
525:
517:Carpobrotus chilensis
509:Carpobrotus chilensis
453:, are often found in
287:Carpobrotus chilensis
874:www.plantzafrica.com
870:"Carpobrotus edulis"
771:Encyclopedia of Life
766:"Carpobrotus edulis"
211:leaves in the genus
16:Species of succulent
1313:2000PNAS...97.7043E
1250:2005MolEc..14..539S
1072:2023ScTEn.873p2470P
1009:2013Oecol.171..317S
797:. November 20, 2019
2029:Carpobrotus edulis
2016:Carpobrotus_edulis
1957:Carpobrotus~edulis
1781:Carpobrotus edulis
1703:Carpobrotus_edulis
1677:carpobrotus-edulis
1623:Carpobrotus edulis
1593:Carpobrotus edulis
1567:Carpobrotus edulis
1479:Carpobrotus edulis
1423:Carpobrotus edulis
786:Carpobrotus edulis
744:Carpobrotus edulis
626:
540:
513:Carpobrotus edulis
501:Carpobrotus edulis
493:Carpobrotus edulis
466:Carpobrotus edulis
250:Carpobrotus edulis
204:Carpobrotus edulis
165:Carpobrotus edulis
40:Carpobrotus edulis
2328:
2327:
2001:Open Tree of Life
1585:Taxon identifiers
1307:(13): 7043â7050.
1238:Molecular Ecology
1140:10.1002/ajb2.1745
1133:(10): 1902â1916.
823:on July 29, 2012.
661:Removal of plants
300:C. chilensis
239:highway ice plant
200:
199:
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1553:
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1515:on June 18, 2015
1511:. Archived from
1501:
1495:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:on March 6, 2012
1443:
1437:
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857:
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836:
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824:
819:. Archived from
813:
807:
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802:
788:(hottentot fig)"
780:
774:
763:
757:
756:
738:
732:
731:
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470:invasive species
394:Mesembryanthemum
371:propelargonidins
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1988:Observation.org
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1488:Wayback Machine
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651:Baja California
639:coastal erosion
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491:The success of
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2318:wfo-0000370236
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1513:the original
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1425:(succulent)"
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2341:Carpobrotus
2052:kew-2701245
1913:NatureServe
1838:iNaturalist
1617:Wikispecies
1547:November 9,
1519:October 10,
1150:10347/29048
888:Carpobrotus
720:Kruger Park
602:New Zealand
596:New Zealand
557:Carpobrotus
528:Cape Angela
505:Carpobrotus
455:Carpobrotus
447:Puff adders
415:Namaqualand
388:Carpobrotus
245:Description
214:Carpobrotus
134:Carpobrotus
90:Angiosperms
2335:Categories
2047:Plant List
1664:Calflora:
1447:"Iceplant"
1091:11093/4559
1066:: 162470.
701:References
675:glyphosate
667:skid-steer
507:, such as
478:California
451:Cape cobra
427:honey bees
351:hyperoside
292:hybridizes
279:receptacle
38:Flower of
2167:Q38408382
1768:220002386
1750:FloraBase
1674:Cal-IPC:
1331:0027-8424
1266:0962-1083
1211:1365-2540
1159:0002-9122
1100:0048-9697
1025:1432-1939
997:Oecologia
978:0913-557X
694:C. edulis
687:Aizoaceae
647:chaparral
606:C. edulis
587:, in the
565:mutualism
561:black rat
526:Found at
474:Australia
383:Aizoaceae
341:contains
339:C. edulis
334:Chemistry
294:readily.
254:succulent
231:ice plant
209:succulent
141:Species:
123:Aizoaceae
60:Kingdom:
2300:Tropicos
2256:11240940
2243:328406-2
2161:Wikidata
2112:VicFlora
2099:Tropicos
2013:PalDat:
1952:NSWFlora
1918:2.132600
1879:10588599
1866:161129-3
1698:eFloraSA
1608:Q1368577
1602:Wikidata
1484:Archived
1349:10860969
1282:25384753
1274:15660944
1219:14628076
1189:Heredity
1167:34636413
1108:36842586
1033:22915332
897::76â107.
634:Caltrans
480:and the
377:Taxonomy
355:catechin
227:sour fig
185:Synonyms
119:Family:
103:Eudicots
1804:3084842
1309:Bibcode
1246:Bibcode
1068:Bibcode
1041:2929123
1005:Bibcode
768:at the
543:Ireland
536:Tunisia
532:Bizerte
439:lizards
421:Ecology
325:⁄
311:⁄
272:⁄
177:N.E. Br
129:Genus:
109:Order:
64:Plantae
2351:Fynbos
2305:703728
2276:NZOR:
2269:517044
2217:150859
2178:112068
2175:APDB:
2104:703800
2060:PLANTS
2006:482394
1993:124107
1964:NZOR:
1944:379215
1830:101172
1791:caredu
1788:FoIO:
1742:150922
1716:588586
1657:112756
1644:131261
1641:APDB:
1631:AoFP:
1457:May 6,
1394:
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753:(GISD)
443:skinks
441:, and
435:snails
258:leaves
2251:IRMNG
2230:24137
2212:EUNIS
2204:3ZYKN
2191:95618
2124:WoI:
2065:CAED3
2036:PFI:
1975:NZPCN
1905:19934
1892:10648
1874:IRMNG
1850:IPA:
1843:49322
1776:FoAO2
1737:EUNIS
1729:CBSED
1340:34382
1278:S2CID
1037:S2CID
792:CABI
413:from
343:rutin
235:vygie
97:Clade
84:Clade
71:Clade
2287:POWO
2264:ITIS
2238:IPNI
2225:GRIN
2186:APNI
2127:2473
2091:3146
2073:POWO
2024:PfaF
1980:3638
1939:NCBI
1900:ITIS
1861:IPNI
1853:5233
1825:GRIN
1817:1010
1812:GISD
1799:GBIF
1755:2795
1724:EPPO
1690:RG7K
1667:1660
1652:APNI
1549:2020
1521:2015
1459:2010
1392:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1345:PMID
1327:ISSN
1270:PMID
1262:ISSN
1215:PMID
1207:ISSN
1163:PMID
1155:ISSN
1104:PMID
1096:ISSN
1029:PMID
1021:ISSN
974:ISSN
847:ISBN
803:2021
728:2021
681:Uses
671:soil
515:and
369:and
357:and
2313:WFO
2199:CoL
2135:WFO
2086:RHS
2039:565
1926:NBN
1887:ISC
1763:FNA
1711:EoL
1685:CoL
1634:326
1335:PMC
1317:doi
1254:doi
1197:doi
1145:hdl
1135:doi
1131:108
1086:hdl
1076:doi
1064:873
1013:doi
1001:171
964:doi
926:doi
909:doi
600:In
530:in
316:to
237:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
