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academic subjects but mathematics (which was always difficult for her, and where she scored a D) during her first term in Grade 1A, from
September 1930 to January 1931. She improved during her second term in 1B, meriting an A in deportment, C in mathematics, and B in all other academic subjects; she was placed on the honor roll in April 1931. Promoted to 2A, she had trouble during the fall term of 1931, failing mathematics and spelling but receiving A in deportment, B in reading, and C in writing and English. She was "retained in 2A" for the next term – or "left back" as we used to say, and scarcely a sign of imbecility as I remember all my buddies who suffered a similar fate. In any case, she again did well in her final term, with B in deportment, reading, and spelling, and C in writing, English, and mathematics during her last month in school. This daughter of "lewd and immoral" women excelled in deportment and performed adequately, although not brilliantly, in her academic subjects.
363:. Whitehead failed to adequately defend Buck and counteract the prosecutors. Thus, his case did not convince the Supreme Court to vote in favor of Buck. The cross examination and witnesses produced by Whitehead were ineffectual, and allegedly a result of his alliance with Strode during the trial. Additionally, Whitehead was also familiar with the sterilization law's drafters. There was no real litigation between the prosecution and the defense, and thus the Supreme Court did not receive sufficient evidence to make a fair decision on the "friendly suit."
38:
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401:, since it is not intended to be punitive. Citing the best interests of the state, Justice Holmes affirmed the value of a law like Virginia's in order to prevent the nation from being "swamped with incompetence." The Court accepted without evidence that Carrie and her mother were promiscuous, and that the three generations of Bucks shared the
393:, since sterilization could not occur until a proper hearing had occurred, at which the patient and a guardian could be present, and the patient had the right to appeal the decision. They also found that, since the procedure was limited to people housed in state institutions, it did not deny the patient
502:
case. He searched through case records and the papers of the lawyers involved in the case. Lombardo eventually found Carrie Buck and was able to interview her shortly before her death. Lombardo has alleged that several people had manufactured evidence to make the state's case against Carrie Buck, and
454:
According to famed eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin, whose written testimony was presented during the trial in his absence, Buck's legal defeat signaled the end of "eugenical sterilization's 'experimental period.'" Following the
Supreme Court ruling, over two dozen states enacted similar laws, including
409:
We have seen more than once that the public welfare may call upon the best citizens for their lives. It would be strange if it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State for these lesser sacrifices, often not felt to be such by those concerned, in order to prevent our being
475:
Buck was released shortly after her sterilization was performed. On May 14, 1932, at the age of 25, she married
William D. Eagle, a 65-year-old widower with six children from his first marriage; he died in 1941. In 1965, she married 61-year-old orchard worker Charlie Detamore; the marriage lasted
290:
She was a perfectly normal, quite average student, neither particularly outstanding nor much troubled. In those days before grade inflation, when C meant "good, 81–87" (as defined on her report card) rather than barely scraping by, Vivian Dobbs received A's and B's for deportment and C's for all
371:
This is the first case operated on under the sterilization law, and the case was carried through the courts of the State and the United States
Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of the Virginia act, and an appeal before the Supreme Court for a rehearing recently having been denied.
341:
in 1924. According to
American historian Paul A. Lombardo, politicians wrote the law to benefit a malpracticing doctor avoiding lawsuits from patients who had been the victims of forced sterilization. Eugenicists used Buck to legitimize this law in the 1927 Supreme Court case
240:, the first of three children born to Emma Buck; she also had a half-sister, Doris Buck, and a half-brother, Roy Smith. Little is known about Emma Buck except that she was poor and married to Frederick Buck, who abandoned her early in their marriage. Emma was committed to the
410:
swamped with incompetence. It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sustains
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Oregon and the
Carolinas, doubling American sterilizations from 6,000 to more than 12,000 by 1947. Buck was sterilized on October 19, 1927, roughly five months after the Supreme Court trial verdict. She became the first Virginian sterilized since the 1924
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the baby and named her "Vivian Alice Elaine Dobbs". She attended
Venable Public Elementary School of Charlottesville for four terms, from September 1930 until May 1932. By all accounts, Vivian was of average intelligence, far above feeblemindedness.
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until her death. Reporters and researchers who visited Buck later in life claimed she was a woman of normal intelligence. Later in life, she expressed regret that she had been unable to have additional children.
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The legal challenge was consciously collusive, brought on behalf of the state to test the legality of the statute. John H. Bell, the surgeon who operated on Buck on
October 19, 1927, wrote in his surgical report:
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made clear that the challenge was not upon the medical procedure involved, but on the process of the substantive law. The court was satisfied that the
Virginia Sterilization Act complied with the requirements of
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passed. The
Virginia sterilization law is said to have inspired Nazi Germany's 400,000 sterilizations, including those sanctioned under the 1933 Law for Protection Against Genetically Defective Offspring.
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of feeblemindedness. Thus, it was in the state's best interest to have Carrie Buck sterilized. The decision was seen as a major victory for eugenicists.
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In order to ensure that the Buck family could not reproduce, her sister Doris was also sterilized without consent when she was hospitalized for
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A historical marker was erected on May 2, 2002, in Charlottesville, Virginia, where Carrie Buck was born. At that time, Virginia Governor
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At 17, Buck became pregnant as a result of being raped by Alice Dobbs' nephew, Clarence Garland. On January 23, 1924, the Dobbses had her
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of the law. And finally, since the Virginia Sterilization Act was not a penal statute, the Court held that it did not violate the
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The 1927 Supreme Court opinion states that Carrie Buck is the likely parent of "socially inadequate offspring" which is a
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to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded on the grounds of feeblemindedness, incorrigible behavior, and
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that Buck was actually of normal intelligence. Lombardo was one of the few people who attended Carrie Buck's funeral.
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The story of Carrie Buck's sterilization and subsequent court case was made into a television drama in 1994,
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Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
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Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
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Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity
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From the microfilmed records of Carrie Buck, kept at the Central Virginia Training Center. Cited in
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in 1983; she was buried in Charlottesville near her only child, Vivian, who had died at age eight.
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557:, addresses the state's program of eugenics. Carrie Buck's story is explored in Adam Cohen's book
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Irving P. Whitehead, a known eugenicist, served as Buck's attorney. He was a close confidante of
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Reconsidering Judicial Finality: Why the Supreme Court Is Not the Last Word on the Constitution
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offered the "Commonwealth's sincere apology for Virginia's forced participation in eugenics."
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1314:"Dakota Johnson to tell the fucked-up true story of the government sterilizing "unfit" women"
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without the means to support it. The surgery, carried out while Buck was an inmate of the
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201:, after having been ordered to undergo compulsory sterilization for purportedly being "
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Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck
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Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck
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through which they sought to gain legal permission for Virginia to sterilize Buck.
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Eugenics: Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics & Buck v. Bell
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Eugenics: Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics & Buck v. Bell
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271:
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Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell
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On March 28, 1924, she gave birth to a daughter. Since Buck had been declared
1615:"Sterilization Act of 1924" by N. Antonios at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia
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The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
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Breeding Contempt: The History of Coerced Sterilization in the United States
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899:"Buck v. Bell: The Test Case for Virginia's Eugenical Sterilization Act"
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found that the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 did not violate the
1431:"Involuntary Sterilization in the United States: A Surgical Solution"
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853:
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1346:"The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations"
792:
Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, The Supreme Court, and
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644:
310:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985, pp. 316-317.
929:"Re-examining Supreme Court support for sterilization"
798:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
1229:"Influence of Virginia's Eugenical Sterilization Act"
995:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 124.
242:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
215:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
44:
Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded
308:
The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History
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28:
319:. She died from a secondary intestinal infection,
962:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory DNA Learning Center
530:woman. A feature film has been announced, titled
547:The song "Virginia State Epileptic Colony", by
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369:
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209:and impregnated her. She had given birth to an
538:. Buck's case was covered in the October 2018
451:testified against Buck in the original trial.
255:After her birth, Carrie Buck was placed with
8:
306:(1984), as reprinted in Gould, Stephen Jay,
1038:
1036:
205:" by her foster parents after their nephew
106:Oakwood Cemetery, Charlottesville, Virginia
958:"Irving Whitehead, still image with audio"
187:(July 3, 1906 – January 28, 1983) was the
36:
25:
1456:
19:For the member of the Nevada Senate, see
1286:. Claude Moore Health Sciences Library,
1111:. Claude Moore Health Sciences Library,
989:Fisher, Louis (2019). "Privacy Rights".
498:, spent almost 25 years researching the
217:, took place under the authority of the
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520:Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story
337:Virginia's General Assembly passed the
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259:, John and Alice Dobbs. She attended
244:after being accused of "immorality",
16:American Supreme Court case plaintiff
7:
770:from the original on 26 January 2021
645:Justia.com U.S. Supreme Court Center
544:documentary "The Eugenics Crusade".
135:
592:"Carrie Elizabeth Buck (1906–1983)"
1358:from the original on 24 March 2017
1326:from the original on 10 March 2017
1264:from the original on 27 March 2017
734:from the original on 21 April 2015
14:
1284:"Eugenics: Carrie Buck Revisited"
606:from the original on 25 June 2020
376:In an eight-to-one decision, the
148:Charles Albert "Charlie" Detamore
1406:
1386:
1258:"Buck v. Bell Historical Marker"
1109:"Eugenics: Eugenics in Virginia"
600:Dictionary of Virginia Biography
315:In June 1932, Vivian contracted
281:to raise her child, the Dobbses
1436:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1239:from the original on 2020-11-27
1152:from the original on 2018-10-05
968:from the original on 2020-11-27
939:from the original on 2015-10-05
909:from the original on 2020-11-08
427:Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes,
159:
131:
46:in November 1924, prior to the
1556:Johns Hopkins University Press
1392:Presentation by Adam Cohen on
1:
1654:Eugenics in the United States
138:; died 1941)
1073:. New York: Vintage Books.
1047:. New York: Vintage Books.
457:Eugenical Sterilization Act
416:cutting the Fallopian tubes
361:Eugenical Sterilization Act
339:Eugenical Sterilization Act
193:United States Supreme Court
1670:
1429:Reilly, Philip R. (1987).
1179:The Hastings Center Report
1173:Lombardo, Paul A. (2003).
842:The Hastings Center Report
836:Lombardo, Paul A. (2003).
789:Lombardo, Paul A. (2008).
447:Noted Virginia eugenicist
330:
223:Commonwealth of Virginia's
18:
1405:
1385:
554:Journal for Plague Lovers
414:is broad enough to cover
238:Charlottesville, Virginia
219:Sterilization Act of 1924
76:Charlottesville, Virginia
35:
1528:Rutgers University Press
1522:Largent, Mark A (2008).
1499:Bruinius, Harry (2007).
1412:Interview with Cohen on
1069:Bruinius, Harry (2007).
1043:Bruinius, Harry (2007).
927:USA Today (2008-11-16).
718:"Carrie Buck's Daughter"
496:Georgia State University
494:, a professor of law at
418:. Three generations of
236:Carrie Buck was born in
178:Vivian Dobbs (1924–1932)
1482:Oxford University Press
762:Dorr, Gregory Michael.
528:intellectually disabled
359:, who drafted the 1924
1288:University of Virginia
1142:"The Eugenics Crusade"
1113:University of Virginia
673:. New York, New York:
549:Manic Street Preachers
526:portraying Buck as an
434:
412:compulsory vaccination
374:
313:
1624:Encyclopedia Virginia
1474:Kühl, Stefan (1994).
764:"Buck v. Bell (1927)"
596:Encyclopedia Virginia
534:and starring actress
464:Later years and death
442:illegitimate children
431:, 274 U.S. 200 (1927)
386:Oliver Wendell Holmes
185:Carrie Elizabeth Buck
62:Carrie Elizabeth Buck
1175:"Facing Carrie Buck"
838:"Facing Carrie Buck"
669:Cohen, Adam (2016).
279:mentally incompetent
95:Waynesboro, Virginia
1146:American Experience
1001:10.2307/j.ctvqmp2sk
541:American Experience
323:, at the age of 8.
42:Carrie Buck at the
1217:– via JSTOR.
880:– via JSTOR.
714:Gould, Stephen Jay
650:2021-05-06 at the
639:2011-10-09 at the
551:on the 2009 album
378:U.S. Supreme Court
327:Supreme Court case
211:illegitimate child
1591:978-1-5942-0418-0
1565:978-0-8018-9010-9
1546:Lombardo, Paul A.
1537:978-0-8135-4182-2
1526:. New Brunswick:
1514:978-0-375-71305-7
1491:978-0-19-508260-9
1425:
1424:
1119:on 10 August 2011
1080:978-0-375-71305-7
1054:978-0-375-71305-7
1010:978-0-7006-2810-0
449:Joseph DeJarnette
382:U.S. Constitution
297:Stephen Jay Gould
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1322:. 7 March 2017.
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1290:. Archived from
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492:Paul A. Lombardo
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399:Eighth Amendment
395:equal protection
357:Aubrey E. Strode
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1639:1906 births
1606:Carrie Buck
1574:Cohen, Adam
1019:j.ctvqmp2sk
422:are enough.
391:due process
272:promiscuity
30:Carrie Buck
1633:Categories
1243:2020-11-16
1156:2020-11-17
972:2020-11-17
943:2020-11-25
913:2020-11-16
774:23 October
578:References
384:. Justice
232:Early life
68:1906-07-03
1620:Biography
1414:Imbeciles
1394:Imbeciles
1199:0093-0334
1185:(2): 16.
1027:241678748
862:0093-0334
818:195763255
559:Imbeciles
438:euphemism
420:imbeciles
268:committed
228:program.
189:plaintiff
1576:(2016).
1548:(2008).
1362:25 March
1356:Archived
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565:See also
514:In media
425:—
304:magazine
294:—
250:syphilis
226:eugenics
175:Children
1582:Penguin
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532:Unfit
207:raped
195:case
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612:2015
440:for
164:1965
136:1932
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