382:. Myself and two mates looking out of the tent saw a great reflection in the southern heavens at about 7 o'clock p.m., and in about half an hour, a scene of almost unspeakable beauty presented itself: Lights of every imaginable color were issuing from the southern heavens, one color fading away only to give place to another if possible more beautiful than the last, the streams mounting to the zenith, but always becoming a rich purple when reaching there, and always curling round, leaving a clear strip of sky, which may be described as four fingers held at arm's length. The northern side from the zenith was also illuminated with beautiful colors, always curling round at the zenith, but were considered to be merely a reproduction of the southern display, as all colors south and north always corresponded. It was a sight never to be forgotten, and was considered at the time to be the greatest aurora recorded . The rationalist and pantheist saw nature in her most exquisite robes, recognising, the divine immanence, immutable law, cause, and effect. The superstitious and the fanatical had dire forebodings, and thought it a foreshadowing of Armageddon and final dissolution.
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gorgeous. The light appeared to cover the whole firmament, apparently like a luminous cloud, through which the stars of the larger magnitude indistinctly shone. The light was greater than that of the moon at its full, but had an indescribable softness and delicacy that seemed to envelop everything upon which it rested. Between 12 and 1 o'clock, when the display was at its full brilliancy, the quiet streets of the city resting under this strange light, presented a beautiful as well as singular appearance.
308:
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589:, including the Carrington Event. More recent ice core work, however, casts significant doubt on this interpretation and shows that nitrate spikes are likely not a result of solar energetic particle events but can be due to terrestrial events such as forest fires, and correlate with other chemical signatures of known forest fire plumes. Nitrate events in cores from
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290:, and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solarβterrestrial connection. However, he was not sure whether the two phenomena were related, writing that "one swallow does not make a summer". Worldwide reports of the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by American mathematician
648:
359:
Those who happened to be out late on
Thursday night had an opportunity of witnessing another magnificent display of the auroral lights. The phenomenon was very similar to the display on Sunday night, though at times the light was, if possible, more brilliant, and the prismatic hues more varied and
325:
in the United States was so bright that the glow woke gold miners, who were reported to have begun to prepare breakfast because they thought it was morning. It was also reported that people in the north-eastern United States could read a newspaper by the aurora's light. The aurora was also visible
448:"My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."
1815:
Severe Space
Weather Events β Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report. Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council (Report). National Academies Press. 2008. p. 13.
264:
Just before noon on 1 September 1859, the
English amateur astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently recorded the earliest observations of a solar flare. Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in
608:. "Initial analysis suggests the rates of change of the field of over 700 nT/min exceeded the 1-in-100 years extreme value of 350β400 nT/min at this latitude based on digital-era records", indicating a far greater change rate than modern digital measurements.
249: mi) journey. Typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth, but it is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on 29 August that "cleared the way" of ambient
548:. Carbon-14 levels stored in 775 suggest an event about 20 times the normal variation of the Sun's activity, and 10 or more times the size of the Carrington Event. An event in 7176 BCE may have exceeded even the 774β775 event based on this proxy data.
403:. Telegraph pylons threw sparks. Some operators were able to continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies. The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American telegraph line between
1706:
Moreno CΓ‘rdenas, Freddy; Cristancho SΓ‘nchez, Sergio; Vargas DomΓnguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in
Colombia in 1859".
3646:
Townsend, L.W.; Stephens, D.L.; Hoff, J.L.; Zapp, E.N.; Moussa, H.M.; Miller, T.M.; Campbell, C.E.; Nichols, T.F. (2006). "The
Carrington event: Possible doses to crews in space from a comparable event".
1464:
2746:
3166:
Kappenman, J. (2006). "Great geomagnetic storms and extreme impulsive geomagnetic field disturbance events β An analysis of observational evidence including the great storm of May 1921".
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529:
600 billion to $ 2.6 trillion (equivalent to $ 774 billion to $ 3.35 trillion in 2023), which, at the time, equated to roughly 3.6 to 15.5 percent of annual GDP.
916:
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Ridley, A.J.; de Zeeuw, D.L.; Manchester, W.B.; Hansen, K.C. (2006). "The magnetospheric and ionospheric response to a very strong interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection".
2288:
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022).
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and
Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER) in the US used data from the Carrington Event to estimate the cost of a similar event in the present to the US alone at
267:
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Wilson, L. (2006). "Excerpts from and
Comments on the Wochenschrift fΓΌr Astronomie, Meteorologie und Geographie, Neue Folge, zweiter Jahrgang (new series 2)".
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power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner.
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is still unclear. The Sun may differ in important ways such as size and speed of rotation from the types of stars that are known to produce superflares.
177:βthe first records of a solar flare. A geomagnetic storm of this magnitude occurring today has the potential to cause widespread electrical disruptions,
2730:"The largest magnetic storm on record ... or is it? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London"
1895:
Loomis, Elias; Kingston, G. P.; Lyman, C. S.; Twining, Alexander C.; Kirkwood, Daniel; Cornette, A.; Poey, Andreas; Trask, John B.; et al. (1859).
1474:
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570:-rich layers have been analysed to reconstruct a history of past solar storms predating reliable observations. This was based on the hypothesis that
3479:"Compendium of the eight articles on the "Carrington Event" attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859β1861"
494:
were similar to the
Carrington event in size and magnitude; however, unlike the 1859 storms, they did not cause an extreme geomagnetic storm. The
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206:, which generated CMEs of comparable strength to the one of 1859. The small bright circle in the light baffle demonstrates the size of the Sun.
619:
40:. A and B mark the initial positions of an intensely bright event, which moved over the course of five minutes to C and D before disappearing.
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1879:
1854:
1821:
1317:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859; and the Geographical Distribution of Auroras and Thunder storms β 5th Article"
1197:
870:
366:
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3916:
2245:
1437:"On Electrical currents circulating near the earth's surface and their connection with the phenomena of the Aurora Polaris. β 9th Article"
2610:
3247:
Manchester, W.B. IV; Ridley, A.J.; Gombosi, T.I.; de Zeeuw, D.L. (2006). "Modeling the Sun-to-Earth propagation of a very fast CME".
311:
Aurora during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on 24 May 2010, taken from the
2638:
1909:
in more than one case the north and south lines were worked during the daytime of
September 3d solely by the atmospheric influence!
3051:
Green, J.; Boardsen, S.; Odenwald, S.; Humble, J.; Pazamickas, K. (2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859".
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and other oxidised nitrogen compounds, which would not be too diluted in the atmosphere before being deposited along with snow.
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170:
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Nevanlinna, H. (2006). "A study on the great geomagnetic storm of 1859: Comparisons with other storms in the 19th century".
3305:
Odenwald, S.; Green, J.; Taylor, W. (2006). "Forecasting the impact of an 1859-calibre superstorm on satellite resources".
2479:
Mekhaldi, F.; McConnell, J. R.; Adolphi, F.; Arienzo, M. M.; Chellman, N. J.; Maselli, O. J.; et al. (November 2017).
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Beggan, C. D.; Clarke, E.; Lawrence, E.; Eaton, E.; Williamson, J.; Matsumoto, K.; Hayakawa, H. (29 February 2024).
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Beginning in 1986, some researchers claimed that data from
Greenland ice cores showed evidence of individual
3218:
Li, X.; Temerin, M.; Tsurutani, B.; Alex, S. (2006). "Modeling of 1β2 September 1859 super magnetic storm".
3090:
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm".
1765:
1653:
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm".
351:
2671:
Boteler, D. (2006). "The super storms of August/September 1859 and their effects on the telegraph system".
2440:"Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event"
1921:
Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006).
4226:
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1980:"The extreme space weather event of 1872 February: sunspots, magnetic disturbance, and auroral displays"
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778:
515:
404:
396:
226:
203:
182:
151:
1399:"On the great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859, and Auroras generally. β 8th Article"
601:
540:(among other isotopes) in ice cores. The signature of a large solar storm has been found for the years
490:, 1941, 1958, 1959 and 1960, when widespread radio disruption was reported. The flares and CMEs of the
3407:"Geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and geomagnetic coordinates appropriate for the Carrington flare Epoch"
3373:
Robertclauer, C.; Siscoe, G. (2006). "The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look".
2883:
The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began
2481:"No coincident nitrate enhancement events in polar ice cores following the largest known Solar storms"
1922:
1189:
The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began
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3137:
Humble, J. (2006). "The solar events of August/September 1859 β Surviving Australian observations".
2290:"Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP"
1896:
436:"Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"
28:
3998:
1008:
681:
507:
399:, telegraph systems all over Europe and North America failed, in some cases giving their operators
3510:
Silverman, S. (2006). "Comparison of the aurora of September 1β2, 1859 with other great auroras".
321:
were seen around the world in the northern and southern hemispheres. The aurora borealis over the
3125:
3099:
2933:
2903:"The 1859 SolarβTerrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity"
2768:
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2154:
2049:"How a giant sunspot unleashed solar storms that spawned global auroras that just dazzled us all"
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1509:
947:
917:"The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity"
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364:
In 1909, an Australian gold miner named C. F. Herbert retold his observations in a letter to the
279:
37:
1557:"Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm"
2522:"Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK"
4079:
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3039:
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2551:
2397:"Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561β1994 β 1. Identification in polar-ice, 1561β1950"
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1960:
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1817:
1635:
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866:
342:, southern Japan and China, and even at lower latitudes very close to the equator, such as in
210:
On 1 and 2 September 1859, one of the largest geomagnetic storms (as recorded by ground-based
135:
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do not align, so the hypothesis that they reflect proton events is now in significant doubt.
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Another strong solar storm occurred in February 1872. Less severe storms also occurred in
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794:
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3001:
2571:"History's Biggest Solar Storm, The Carrington Event, Was Even Bigger Than We Realized"
2348:
Wolff, E. W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M. A. J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M. M.; Legrand, M. (2012).
2322:
2289:
2221:
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400:
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on 1 September 1859. It was observed and recorded independently by British astronomers
139:
121:
3539:
Silverman, S. (2006). "Low latitude auroras prior to 1200 C.E. and Ezekiel's vision".
1789:
1021:
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1163:. Space Weather Services. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from
995:
951:
600:
A 2024 study analysed digitized magnetogram readings from magnetic observatories at
4069:
3993:
3978:
3886:
3568:
Siscoe, G.; Crooker, N.; Clauer, C. (2006). "Dst of the Carrington storm of 1859".
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211:
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1220:
regarding "The great auroral exhibition", 28 β 4 August September 1859:
1273:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859 β 3d Article"
1251:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859 β 2d Article"
229:(CME) that traveled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150
4074:
3864:
3802:
2819:, eds. (2006). "The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look".
2079:
1072:"Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
166:
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2313:
2004:
1979:
1532:
1497:
3909:
3904:
3732:
3668:
3625:
3589:
3560:
3531:
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3466:
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3394:
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3326:
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3187:
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2988:
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2721:
2692:
2258:
2019:
1946:
1738:
1621:
943:
615:
594:
552:
339:
271:
and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the
250:
219:
2700:
Boteler, D. (2006). "Comment on time conventions in the recordings of 1859".
2555:
2212:
2150:
1964:
1424:
3760:
3335:
3081:
2871:
2203:
1955:
1386:
1361:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 β 7th Article"
1339:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 β 6th Article"
1295:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 β 4th Article"
1144:
1098:
590:
533:
106:
3043:
2845:"Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
2331:
2230:
1639:
1029:
532:
Other research has looked for signatures of large solar flares and CMEs in
146:
displays that were reported globally and caused sparking and even fires in
3748:
3121:
1684:
1164:
3973:
3702:
3633:
2546:
2521:
2505:
2480:
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2423:
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1581:
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855:
Severe Space Weather Events β Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts
834:. Lloyd's of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. 2013
802:
563:
442:"Better than with our batteries on. β Current comes and goes gradually."
343:
33:
3443:"Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington event in perspective"
3968:
3879:
716:
708:
567:
3642:β Excerpts of articles from newspapers concerning the Carrington Event
1498:"Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859"
551:
Whether the physics of solar flares is similar to that of even larger
4016:
2391:
McCracken, K. G.; Dreschhoff, G. A. M.; Zeller, E. J.; Smart, D. F.;
2177:"Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?"
575:
514:) was observed, but its trajectory narrowly missed Earth. During the
499:
335:
327:
318:
143:
3677:
3602:"The Carrington event: Possible solar proton intensityβtime profile"
3601:
3478:
3442:
3406:
2783:
2350:"The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records"
1897:"The great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859"
1229:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859"
3104:
2784:"Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP"
1721:
1667:
1514:
862:
647:
4031:
371:
306:
197:
3676:
Tsurutani, B.T.; Gonzalez, W.D.; Lakhina, G.S.; Alex, S. (2003).
1929:. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look.
2025:
894:
506:
registered the most powerful solar explosions ever recorded. On
331:
150:
stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a
4096:
3775:
3771:
3441:; Smart, D.; McCracken, K.; Dreschhoff, G.; Spence, H. (2006).
2246:"Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get"
518:, the Aurora Borealis was sighted as far south as Puerto Rico.
2595:
464:
The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no
225:
The geomagnetic storm is thought to have been caused by a big
155:
1004:"Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm"
884:
882:
424:"Please cut off your battery entirely for fifteen minutes."
2021:
Carrington-class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth
294:, which support the observations of Carrington and Stewart.
1465:"What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today?"
510:, a "Carrington-class" solar superstorm (solar flare, CME,
326:
from the poles to low latitude areas such as south-central
1872:
Storms from the Sun: The emerging science of space weather
138:
in recorded history, peaking on 1β2 September 1859 during
2343:
2341:
821:
819:
3002:"Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859"
1598:"Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859"
990:
988:
986:
165:
The geomagnetic storm was associated with a very bright
1923:"Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859"
1555:
GonzΓ‘lez-Esparza, J. A.; Cuevas-Cardona, M. C. (2018).
1216:
published from November 1859 to July 1862 in
411:, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the
378:
I was gold-digging at Rokewood, about four miles from
1192:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
828:
Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid
4219:
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4007:
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101:
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66:
50:
45:
3678:"The extreme magnetic storm of 1β2 September 1859"
1838:
779:"The extreme magnetic storm of 1β2 September 1859"
521:In June 2013, a joint venture from researchers at
3092:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
2850:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1655:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
1123:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1077:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
757:Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska
268:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2747:"Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe"
857:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press.
2182:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2078:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
1870:Carlowicz, Michael J.; Lopez, Ramon E. (2002).
419:
376:
357:
966:"Near miss: The Solar superstorm of July 2012"
891:"Near miss: The solar superstorm of July 2012"
3787:
2755:. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009
2654:Bell, Trudy E.; Phillips, Tony (6 May 2008).
454:"Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"
214:) occurred. Estimates of the storm strength (
8:
3197:"PFOP: Solar Superstorm Awed Locals in 1859"
2962:"The 1859 space weather event: Then and now"
2485:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2444:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2170:
2168:
1769:. 3 September 1859. p. 2, column 2
1766:Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser
352:Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser
21:
2244:Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021).
2121:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1049:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
498:knocked out power across large sections of
4106:
4093:
3828:
3794:
3780:
3772:
286:magnetometer record by Scottish physicist
20:
3701:
3334:
3103:
3080:
3033:
2870:
2639:Learn how and when to remove this message
2545:
2504:
2463:
2422:
2375:
2321:
2257:
2220:
2202:
2140:
2003:
1954:
1720:
1666:
1629:
1580:
1531:
1513:
1143:
1118:"On a curious appearance seen in the Sun"
1097:
1874:. National Academies Press. p. 58.
486:(this was comparable by some measures),
2782:Burke, W.; Huang, C.; Rich, F. (2006).
2438:Duderstadt, K. A.; et al. (2014).
2175:Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019).
2028:. 28 April 2014. Event occurs at 04:03
1978:Hayakawa, Hisashi; et al. (2023).
1788:Herbert, Count Frank (8 October 1909).
1159:Thompson, Richard (24 September 2015).
740:
578:nitrogen, leading to the production of
422:Boston operator (to Portland operator):
282:(a "magnetic crochet") observed in the
181:and damage due to extended cuts of the
2766:
1042:
430:"Will do so. It is now disconnected."
1845:. Columbia University Press. p.
1796:. Perth, Western Australia. p. 9
915:Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005).
7:
3917:Interplanetary coronal mass ejection
2901:Cliver, E.W.; Svalgaard, L. (2004).
1062:
1060:
36:of 1 September 1859, as sketched by
2142:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324
889:Phillips, Dr. Tony (23 July 2014).
3600:; Shea, M.; McCracken, K. (2006).
2995:from the original on 20 June 2017.
2047:Garofalo, Meredith (13 May 2024).
349:On Saturday 3 September 1859, the
14:
2745:Brooks, Michael (18 March 2009).
2732:. British Geological Survey. 2011
1022:10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80
853:Baker, D.N.; et al. (2008).
218:) range from β0.80 to β1.75
3759:
3747:
3000:Green, J.; Boardsen, S. (2006).
2600:
2569:Luntz, Stephen (25 March 2024).
2059:from the original on 15 May 2024
688:
674:
660:
646:
632:
618:
55:
27:
4143:November 1882 geomagnetic storm
3959:Geomagnetically induced current
3682:Journal of Geophysical Research
2660:Science@NASA (science.nasa.gov)
2402:Journal of Geophysical Research
2099:Gross Domestic Product deflator
1441:The American Journal of Science
1404:The American Journal of Science
1366:The American Journal of Science
1344:The American Journal of Science
1322:The American Journal of Science
1300:The American Journal of Science
1278:The American Journal of Science
1256:The American Journal of Science
1234:The American Journal of Science
1218:the American Journal of Science
783:Journal of Geophysical Research
750:"A Study of the Aurora of 1859"
393:geomagnetically induced current
4164:January 1938 geomagnetic storm
4065:Health threat from cosmic rays
4039:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
2886:. Princeton University Press.
1:
4169:August 1972 geomagnetic storm
3934:Interplanetary magnetic field
2623:and help improve the section.
2080:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
748:Kimball, D. S. (April 1960).
730:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
4174:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
3964:Disturbance storm time index
3929:Interplanetary current sheet
2355:Geophysical Research Letters
496:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
380:Rokewood township (Victoria)
4195:2003 Halloween solar storms
3195:Kemp, Bill (31 July 2016).
1901:American Journal of Science
512:solar electromagnetic pulse
504:2003 Halloween solar storms
313:International Space Station
4287:
4159:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
3713:Advances in Space Research
3649:Advances in Space Research
3606:Advances in Space Research
3570:Advances in Space Research
3541:Advances in Space Research
3512:Advances in Space Research
3483:Advances in Space Research
3447:Advances in Space Research
3411:Advances in Space Research
3375:Advances in Space Research
3346:Advances in Space Research
3307:Advances in Space Research
3278:Advances in Space Research
3249:Advances in Space Research
3220:Advances in Space Research
3168:Advances in Space Research
3139:Advances in Space Research
3053:Advances in Space Research
3006:Advances in Space Research
2969:Advances in Space Research
2821:Advances in Space Research
2788:Advances in Space Research
2702:Advances in Space Research
2673:Advances in Space Research
2314:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4
1927:Advances in Space Research
1837:Odenwald, Sten F. (2002).
1790:"The Great Aurora of 1859"
1709:Advances in Space Research
1602:Advances in Space Research
475:
273:Royal Astronomical Society
256:for the Carrington Event.
90:2 September 1859
75:1 September 1859
4105:
4092:
3858:Solar energetic particles
3827:
3809:
3733:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.004
3669:10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.111
3626:10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.116
3590:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.102
3561:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.158
3532:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.157
3503:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.005
3467:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.100
3431:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.156
3395:10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.001
3366:10.1016/j.asr.2006.06.010
3327:10.1016/j.asr.2005.10.046
3298:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.076
3269:10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.044
3240:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.070
3188:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.055
3159:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.053
3073:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021
3026:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054
2989:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.077
2930:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z
2833:10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.002
2808:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085
2773:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2722:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.006
2693:10.1016/j.asr.2006.01.013
2259:10.1146/knowable-091721-1
1984:The Astrophysical Journal
1947:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021
1739:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026
1622:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054
1502:The Astrophysical Journal
944:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z
777:Tsurutani, B. T. (2003).
572:solar energetic particles
278:Because of a geomagnetic
117:
113:
62:
26:
16:Geomagnetic storm in 1859
4190:Bastille Day solar storm
4044:Ground level enhancement
3199:. A Page from Our Past.
2491:(21): 11, 900β911, 913.
2115:Hudson, Hugh S. (2021).
2005:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc
1859:– via archive.org.
1533:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c
1470:National Geographic News
1425:10.2475/ajs.s2-32.96.318
1024:(inactive 11 May 2024).
492:August 1972 solar storms
4122:993β994 carbon-14 spike
4117:774β775 carbon-14 spike
2815:Calvin, Robert Clauer;
2204:10.1073/pnas.1917356116
2133:2021ARA&A..59..445H
1387:10.2475/ajs.s2-32.94.71
1212:The 9 articles by
704:774β775 carbon-14 spike
414:Boston Evening Traveler
4261:1859 natural disasters
3764:Quotations related to
2880:Clark, Stuart (2007).
1186:Clark, Stuart (2007).
1161:"A solar flare effect"
462:
384:
362:
315:
260:Associated solar flare
207:
4271:September 1859 events
4227:May 2024 solar storms
4211:July 2012 solar storm
3841:Coronal mass ejection
2872:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
2656:"A Super Solar Flare"
2409:(A10): 21, 585, 598.
1761:"The Aurora Borealis"
1496:Hayakawa, H. (2018).
1145:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15
1099:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
587:solar particle events
516:May 2024 solar storms
405:Boston, Massachusetts
397:electromagnetic field
310:
227:coronal mass ejection
204:July 2012 solar storm
201:
183:electrical power grid
160:Earth's magnetosphere
152:coronal mass ejection
134:was the most intense
46:Coronal mass ejection
4099:List of solar storms
4027:Subauroral ion drift
4009:Planetary atmosphere
3897:Interplanetary space
3870:Solar radio emission
3853:Solar particle event
3756:at Wikimedia Commons
3703:10.1029/2002JA009504
3477:; Smart, D. (2006).
3405:; Smart, D. (2006).
2547:10.1029/2023SW003807
2506:10.1002/2017JD027325
2465:10.1002/2013JD021389
2424:10.1029/2000JA000237
2377:10.1029/2012GL051603
2036:– via YouTube.
1582:10.1029/2017SW001789
1167:on 24 September 2015
803:10.1029/2002JA009504
478:List of solar storms
142:. It created strong
3999:Magnetic pulsations
3725:2006AdSpR..38..304W
3694:2003JGRA..108.1268T
3661:2006AdSpR..38..226T
3618:2006AdSpR..38..215S
3582:2006AdSpR..38..173S
3553:2006AdSpR..38..200S
3524:2006AdSpR..38..136S
3495:2006AdSpR..38..313S
3459:2006AdSpR..38..232S
3423:2006AdSpR..38..209S
3387:2006AdSpR..38..117R
3358:2006AdSpR..38..263R
3319:2006AdSpR..38..280O
3290:2006AdSpR..38..180N
3261:2006AdSpR..38..253M
3232:2006AdSpR..38..273L
3180:2006AdSpR..38..188K
3151:2006AdSpR..38..155H
3122:10.1093/pasj/psw097
3114:2016PASJ...68...99H
3065:2006AdSpR..38..145G
3018:2006AdSpR..38..130G
2981:2006AdSpR..38..119C
2960:Cliver, E. (2006).
2922:2004SoPh..224..407C
2863:1859MNRAS..20...13C
2800:2006AdSpR..38..239B
2714:2006AdSpR..38..301B
2685:2006AdSpR..38..159B
2538:2024SpWea..2203807B
2497:2017JGRD..12211900M
2456:2014JGRD..119.6938D
2415:2001JGR...10621585M
2368:2012GeoRL..39.8503W
2362:(8): 21, 585, 598.
2306:2022NatCo..13..214P
2195:2019PNAS..11623368B
2189:(47): 23368β23370.
2117:"Carrington Events"
2101:figures follow the
1996:2023ApJ...959...23H
1939:2006AdSpR..38..145G
1731:2016AdSpR..57..257M
1685:10.1093/pasj/psw097
1677:2016PASJ...68...99H
1614:2006AdSpR..38..130G
1573:2018SpWea..16..593G
1524:2018ApJ...869...57H
1417:1861AmJS...32..318L
1379:1861AmJS...32...71L
1136:1859MNRAS..20...15H
1090:1859MNRAS..20...13C
1009:Scientific American
936:2004SoPh..224..407C
795:2003JGRA..108.1268T
682:Solar System portal
23:
4266:Geomagnetic storms
3634:"Solar Storm 1859"
1596:Green, J. (2006).
1397:(September 1861).
668:Outer space portal
536:in tree rings and
428:Portland operator:
316:
280:solar flare effect
208:
171:Richard Carrington
72:Initial onset
38:Richard Carrington
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4088:
4087:
4080:Solar observation
3954:Geomagnetic storm
3752:Media related to
3205:. Bloomington, IL
2947:on 11 August 2011
2893:978-0-691-12660-9
2817:Siscoe, George L.
2649:
2648:
2641:
2450:(11): 6938β6957.
2250:Knowable Magazine
1881:978-0-309-07642-5
1856:978-0-231-12079-1
1823:978-0-309-12769-1
1337:(November 1860).
1271:(February 1860).
1227:(November 1859).
1199:978-0-691-12660-9
1068:Carrington, R. C.
996:Odenwald, Sten F.
872:978-0-309-12769-1
523:Lloyd's of London
194:Geomagnetic storm
136:geomagnetic storm
128:
127:
105:Severe damage to
67:Geomagnetic storm
4278:
4138:Carrington Event
4107:
4094:
4049:Magnetic crochet
3922:Forbush decrease
3846:Solar prominence
3833:Solar atmosphere
3829:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3766:Carrington Event
3763:
3754:Carrington Event
3751:
3736:
3707:
3705:
3672:
3641:
3640:. 17 April 2017.
3629:
3593:
3564:
3535:
3506:
3470:
3434:
3398:
3369:
3340:
3338:
3336:2060/20050210154
3301:
3272:
3243:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3191:
3162:
3133:
3107:
3086:
3084:
3082:2060/20050210157
3047:
3037:
2996:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2940:. Archived from
2907:
2897:
2876:
2874:
2841:Carrington, R.C.
2836:
2811:
2778:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2725:
2696:
2667:
2662:. Archived from
2644:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2619:Please read the
2615:may need cleanup
2604:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2261:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2206:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2144:
2112:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1956:2060/20050210157
1918:
1912:
1911:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1724:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1517:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:. Archived from
1463:(2 March 2011).
1457:
1451:
1448:
1428:
1390:
1352:
1330:
1308:
1286:
1264:
1249:(January 1860).
1242:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1002:(28 July 2008).
992:
981:
980:
978:
976:
962:
956:
955:
930:(1β2): 407β422.
921:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
877:
876:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
833:
823:
814:
813:
811:
809:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
754:
745:
698:
693:
692:
684:
679:
678:
677:
670:
665:
664:
663:
656:
651:
650:
642:
640:Astronomy portal
637:
636:
635:
628:
623:
622:
566:containing thin
460:"Yes. Go ahead."
245:
244:
235:
234:
132:Carrington Event
97:
95:
82:
80:
57:
31:
24:
22:Carrington Event
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4256:1859 in science
4246:
4245:
4244:
4231:
4215:
4199:
4178:
4147:
4126:
4101:
4084:
4053:
4003:
3984:Space hurricane
3940:
3891:
3823:
3805:
3800:
3744:
3739:
3710:
3675:
3645:
3632:
3596:
3567:
3538:
3509:
3473:
3437:
3401:
3372:
3343:
3304:
3275:
3246:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3194:
3165:
3136:
3089:
3050:
2999:
2964:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2879:
2839:
2814:
2781:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2699:
2670:
2653:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2611:Further reading
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:Further reading
2589:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2090:
2088:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1477:on 5 March 2011
1459:
1458:
1454:
1431:
1411:(96): 318β335.
1393:
1355:
1333:
1311:
1289:
1267:
1245:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1000:Green, James L.
994:
993:
984:
974:
972:
964:
963:
959:
919:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
880:
873:
852:
851:
847:
837:
835:
831:
825:
824:
817:
807:
805:
776:
775:
771:
761:
759:
752:
747:
746:
742:
738:
694:
687:
680:
675:
673:
666:
661:
659:
652:
645:
638:
633:
631:
624:
617:
614:
561:
480:
474:
409:Portland, Maine
401:electric shocks
391:Because of the
389:
323:Rocky Mountains
305:
300:
288:Balfour Stewart
284:Kew Observatory
262:
242:
240:
232:
230:
196:
191:
175:Richard Hodgson
158:colliding with
154:(CME) from the
118:
93:
91:
78:
76:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Auroral chorus
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3837:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3743:
3742:External links
3740:
3738:
3737:
3719:(2): 304β312.
3708:
3673:
3655:(2): 226β231.
3643:
3630:
3612:(2): 215β225.
3594:
3576:(2): 173β179.
3565:
3547:(2): 200β208.
3536:
3518:(2): 136β144.
3507:
3489:(2): 313β385.
3471:
3453:(2): 232β238.
3435:
3417:(2): 209β214.
3399:
3381:(2): 117β118.
3370:
3352:(2): 263β272.
3341:
3313:(2): 280β297.
3302:
3284:(2): 180β187.
3273:
3255:(2): 253β262.
3244:
3226:(2): 273β279.
3215:
3202:The Pantagraph
3192:
3174:(2): 188β199.
3163:
3145:(2): 155β158.
3134:
3087:
3059:(2): 145β154.
3048:
3012:(2): 130β135.
2997:
2975:(2): 119β129.
2957:
2898:
2892:
2877:
2837:
2827:(2): 115β388.
2812:
2794:(2): 239β252.
2779:
2742:
2726:
2708:(2): 301β303.
2697:
2679:(2): 159β172.
2668:
2666:on 9 May 2008.
2650:
2647:
2646:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2561:
2512:
2471:
2430:
2383:
2337:
2280:
2236:
2164:
2107:
2103:MeasuringWorth
2097:United States
2085:MeasuringWorth
2070:
2039:
2011:
1970:
1933:(2): 145β154.
1913:
1903:. 2nd series.
1887:
1880:
1862:
1855:
1841:The 23rd Cycle
1829:
1822:
1807:
1794:The Daily News
1780:
1752:
1715:(1): 257β267.
1698:
1645:
1608:(2): 130β135.
1588:
1547:
1488:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1443:. 2nd series.
1429:
1407:. 2nd series.
1391:
1369:. 2nd series.
1353:
1347:. 2nd series.
1331:
1325:. 2nd series.
1309:
1303:. 2nd series.
1287:
1281:. 2nd series.
1265:
1259:. 2nd series.
1243:
1237:. 2nd series.
1205:
1198:
1178:
1151:
1105:
1056:
982:
957:
907:
878:
871:
863:10.17226/12507
845:
815:
769:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
714:
706:
700:
699:
696:Science portal
685:
671:
657:
643:
629:
626:Physics portal
613:
610:
560:
559:Other evidence
557:
473:
472:Similar events
470:
388:
385:
355:reported that
304:
301:
299:
296:
261:
258:
195:
192:
190:
187:
140:solar cycle 10
126:
125:
122:solar cycle 10
115:
114:
111:
110:
103:
99:
98:
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4283:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Space tornado
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3946:Magnetosphere
3943:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3875:Active region
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3819:Space climate
3817:
3815:
3814:Space weather
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2958:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:Solar Physics
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2754:
2753:
2752:New Scientist
2748:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2632:
2629:November 2021
2622:
2621:editing guide
2616:
2612:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:Space Weather
2523:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:Space Weather
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:Lovett, R. A.
1456:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:(July 1862).
1434:
1433:Loomis, Elias
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:Loomis, Elias
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:(94): 71β84.
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1359:(July 1861).
1358:
1357:Loomis, Elias
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:Loomis, Elias
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:(July 1860).
1314:
1313:Loomis, Elias
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:Loomis, Elias
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:Loomis, Elias
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1247:Loomis, Elias
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:Loomis, Elias
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
987:
983:
971:
967:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Solar Physics
918:
911:
908:
896:
892:
885:
883:
879:
874:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
830:
829:
822:
820:
816:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
770:
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751:
744:
741:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
719:
715:
713:
711:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
691:
686:
683:
672:
669:
658:
655:
649:
644:
641:
630:
627:
621:
616:
611:
609:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
471:
469:
467:
461:
459:
455:
453:
449:
447:
443:
441:
437:
435:
431:
429:
425:
423:
418:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
383:
381:
375:
373:
369:
368:
361:
356:
354:
353:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
314:
309:
302:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
269:
259:
257:
255:
252:
248:
238:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:magnetometers
205:
202:Image of the
200:
193:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
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124:
123:
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104:
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85:
74:
70:
65:
61:
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49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
4137:
4070:Heliophysics
3994:Ring current
3979:Dungey Cycle
3887:Coronal hole
3803:Solar storms
3768:at Wikiquote
3716:
3712:
3688:(A7): 1268.
3685:
3681:
3652:
3648:
3638:Solar Storms
3637:
3609:
3605:
3573:
3569:
3544:
3540:
3515:
3511:
3486:
3482:
3450:
3446:
3414:
3410:
3378:
3374:
3349:
3345:
3310:
3306:
3281:
3277:
3252:
3248:
3223:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3200:
3171:
3167:
3142:
3138:
3095:
3091:
3056:
3052:
3009:
3005:
2972:
2968:
2949:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2916:(1β2): 407.
2913:
2909:
2882:
2854:
2848:
2824:
2820:
2791:
2787:
2757:. Retrieved
2750:
2734:. Retrieved
2705:
2701:
2676:
2672:
2664:the original
2659:
2635:
2626:
2614:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:
2564:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2406:
2400:
2386:
2359:
2353:
2300:(214): 214.
2297:
2293:
2283:
2273:30 September
2271:. Retrieved
2249:
2239:
2186:
2180:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2102:
2089:. Retrieved
2083:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2052:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2020:
2014:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1871:
1865:
1840:
1832:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1468:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1408:
1402:
1370:
1364:
1348:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1304:
1298:
1293:(May 1860).
1282:
1276:
1260:
1254:
1238:
1232:
1208:
1188:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1154:
1127:
1121:
1108:
1081:
1075:
1045:cite journal
1033:. Retrieved
1016:(2): 80β87.
1013:
1007:
975:14 September
973:. Retrieved
970:NASA Science
969:
960:
927:
923:
910:
898:. Retrieved
854:
848:
836:. Retrieved
827:
806:. Retrieved
789:(A7): 1268.
786:
782:
772:
760:. Retrieved
756:
743:
725:Miyake event
717:
709:
654:Stars portal
599:
584:
580:nitric oxide
562:
550:
538:beryllium-10
531:
520:
508:23 July 2012
502:, while the
481:
463:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
420:
412:
390:
377:
365:
363:
358:
350:
348:
317:
292:Elias Loomis
277:
266:
263:
246:
239: km (93
236:
224:
209:
164:
131:
129:
120:
18:
4110:Before 1800
4075:Solar cycle
3865:Solar flare
2393:Shea, M. A.
2294:Nat. Commun
2127:: 445β477.
2091:30 November
1907:(84): 385.
1773:16 February
1481:5 September
1171:2 September
1114:Hodgson, R.
1035:16 February
838:17 February
808:28 November
762:28 November
553:superflares
167:solar flare
51:Travel time
4250:Categories
3910:Pickup ion
3905:Solar wind
3105:1608.07702
2613:" section
2575:IFLScience
1990:(23): 23.
1722:1508.06365
1668:1608.07702
1567:(6): 593.
1515:1811.02786
1351:: 339β361.
1307:: 386β399.
1285:: 249β266.
1241:: 385β408.
736:References
595:Antarctica
476:See also:
387:Telegraphs
367:Daily News
340:Queensland
251:solar wind
94:1859-09-02
87:Dissipated
79:1859-09-01
3598:Smart, D.
3130:119268875
3098:(6): 99.
2951:29 August
2938:120093108
2857:: 13β15.
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