222:
626:
summer crop in
California and as a mid-summer crop in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Minimum length of the growing season is 120 and 200 days for summer and winter cultivars, respectively. Plant performance is highly dependent on the different planting dates in terms of temperature and day length. Winter hard varieties only form a rosette in late fall and elongates in spring. In early stages, safflower tolerates humidity but after bud stage the danger of a Botrytis blight infestation increases
1287:
204:
300:
62:
1233:
1626:
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391:
214:
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49:
333:, growing as deep as 2 m (6 ft 7 in). First lateral branches develop, once the main stem is about 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) high. These lateral branches can then branch again to produce secondary and tertiary branches. The chosen variety as well as growing conditions influence the extent of branching.
724:
The total N recommendation is 90 kg/ha (80 lb/acre). This should include credits based on previous crops and soil available N. For the latter, deeper positioned nutrients need to be taken into account as safflower will root deeper than small grains and therefore access nutrients unavailable
629:
Safflower is drought tolerant. The tap root makes moisture from deep soil layers available. Additionally, this tolerance can also be explained by the higher water use efficiency compared to other oil crops such as linseed and mustard. Shortly before and during maximum flowering water requirements are
711:
Seeding rate recommendations are around 17–33.5 kg/ha (15.2–29.9 lb/acre) of live seed. Where lower seeding rates promote branching, a longer flowering period and later maturity and higher rates promote thicker stands with a higher disease incidence. Sufficient moisture is necessary for
360:
commences with terminal flower heads (central stem), followed sequentially by primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary branch flower heads. Individual florets usually flower for 3–4 days. Commercial varieties are largely self-pollinated. Flowers are commonly yellow, orange and red, but white and
641:
Safflower prefers well-drained, neutral, fertile and deep soils. It can adapt well to soil pH (pH 5–8) and tolerates salinity. Safflower can be well grown on different soil types, with water supply as its main driving factor for suitability, depending on climate and irrigation, and the resulting
630:
the highest. Beside drought tolerance, all parts of the plant are sensitive to moisture in terms of diseases. In the case of excessive water supply, it is susceptible to root rot. Therefore, many varieties are not suitable in irrigated agriculture especially on soils with danger of waterlogging.
625:
Safflower prefers high temperatures and grows best at 28–35 °C (82–95 °F). It tolerates 40 °C (104 °F), but there are also some varieties which grow under very low temperatures. Safflower is cultivated in different seasons: as a winter crop in south central India, as an early
2522:
Ben Moumen, Abdessamad; Mansouri, Farid; Richard, Gaetan; Abid, Malika; Fauconnier, Marie-Laure; Sindic, Marianne; El Amrani, Ahmed; Serghini Caid, Hana (March 2015). "Biochemical characterisation of the seed oils of four safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ) varieties grown in north-eastern of
495:
Flowering is mainly influenced by daylength. The period from the end of flowering to maturity is usually 4 weeks. The total period from sowing to harvest maturity varies with variety, location, sowing time and growing conditions; for June or July sowings, it may be about 26–31 weeks.
1675:. Carthamin is also known, in the dye industry, as Carthamus Red or Natural Red 26. Yellow dye from safflower is known as Carthamus yellow or Natural Yellow 5. One of the yellow pigments is fugitive and will wash away in cold water. The dye is suitable for
491:
When temperature and daylength start to increase, the central stem begins to elongate and branch, growing more rapidly. Early sowing allows more time for developing a large rosette and more extensive branching, which results in a higher yield.
642:
different water regimes of the different soil types. Therefore, cultivation on shallow soils and especially on soils with danger of waterlogging is not suitable. The deep rooting promotes water and air movement and improves the
745:. Moisture in seeds should not exceed 8% to allow for a safe, long-term storage. Drying can be done similar to sunflower. Temperatures must not exceed 43 °C (109 °F) to prevent damage to the seed and ensure quality.
703:
Seeds should be sown in spring as early as 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) soil temperature is exceeded, to take advantage of the full growing season. If wireworms were a problem in the field in previous seasons, a respective
737:
Safflower is mature when most leaves have turned brown approximately 30 days after flowering. Seeds should fall from the head when rubbed. Rain and high humidity after maturity may cause the seeds to sprout on the head.
1706:). Darker shades are achieved by repeating the dyeing process several times, having the fabric dry, and redyed. Due to the expensive nature of the dye, safflower dye was sometimes diluted with other dyestuffs, such as
2582:
Salaberría, F., Constenla, D., Carelli, A.A. et al. Chemical
Composition and Physical Properties of High Oleic Safflower Oils (Carthamus tinctorius, Var. CW88-OL and CW99-OL). J Am Oil Chem Soc 93, 1383–1391 (2016).
2504:
Mailer, R., Potter, T., Redden, R., & Ayton, J. (2008). Quality evaluation of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. In Paper presented at the 7th international safflower conference (Wagga Wagga, NSW)
328:
emerges a branched central stem (also referred to as terminal stem), when day length and temperature increase. The main shoot reaches heights of 30–150 cm (12–59 in). The plant also develops a strong
728:
A weed control program is essential when growing safflower as it is a poor competitor with weeds during the rosette stage. Cultivation on fields with heavy infestation of perennial weeds is not recommended.
377:. Each flower head commonly contains 15–50 seeds; however, the number can exceed 100. The shell content of the seeds varies between 30 and 60%, the oil content of the seeds varies between 20 and 40%.
2217:
2786:
Lewin, Geertje; Joel, Madeleine; Peter, Birgit; Lützow, Manfred (September 2021). "Food grade safflower concentrate: No evidence for reproduction and early developmental toxicity".
649:
Nutrient requirements can be compared to wheat and barley, except nitrogen amendment should be increased by 20%. Therefore, soils with an adequate nitrogen supply are favorable.
4047:
1103:
At any stage of growth. Leaves turn darker green than those of healthy plants. In older plants on lower leaves first. Unilateral leaf growth. Chlorotic areas on leaves.
2176:
488:. This stage occurs in winter with short daylength and cold temperature, as the safflower can tolerate frosts up to −7 °C (19 °F) during the rosette stage.
3718:
2711:
2606:
708:
is recommended. A planting depth between 2.5–3.5 cm (0.98–1.38 in) is optimal. Shallow seeding promotes uniform emergence resulting in a better stand.
356:. Depending on variety, crop management and growing conditions, each plant can develop 3–50 or more flower heads of 1.25–4 cm (0.49–1.57 in) diameter.
3780:
2470:
Sabzalian, Mohammad R.; Saeidi, Ghodratollah; Mirlohi, Aghafakhr (August 2008). "Oil
Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Seeds of Three Safflower Species".
340:
leaves reach lengths of 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) and widths of 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) and run down the stem. The upper leaves that form the
725:
to them. Safflower growing in soils low in phosphorus need to be fertilized. Up to 39 kg/ha (35 lb/acre) of phosphate can be drill-applied safely.
1727:
401:
3656:
3731:
3669:
2836:
283:. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having
3891:
3829:
2325:
2259:
1973:
1904:
3798:
902:
Seed heads change color from a dark to light green followed by complete browning. Infected floral parts will be covered with a gray mold.
3591:
712:
germination. Usually, row spacing between 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) are chosen using similar drill settings as recommended for
4052:
2446:
2356:
2138:
Kar, Gouranga; Kumar, Ashwani; Martha, M. (January 2007). "Water use efficiency and crop coefficients of dry season oilseed crops".
2029:
1832:
3989:
2726:
978:
At any stage of growth. Lower stems of seedlings collapse. On older plants leaves turn light green or yellow, then wild and die.
843:
Dark, water soaked lesions on stems, leaf petioles and leaves. Red-brown necrotic spots on leaves. Severely infected plants die.
2378:
Schwingshackl, Lukas; Bogensberger, Berit; Benčič, Aleksander; Knüppel, Sven; Boeing, Heiner; Hoffmann, Georg (September 2018).
1210:
with 35% of the world total (table). Other significant producers were Russia and Mexico, with 28% of world production combined.
3705:
1046:
Dark cortical lesions in the seedling stem. In advanced stages disease lesions extend up the stem. Root development is reduced
3963:
2760:
1858:
589:) which was weighed. "The explanation is that there are two parts of the plant which can be used; the pale seeds and the red
416:
3870:
3736:
3767:
1338:
Traditionally, the crop was grown for its seeds, and used for coloring and flavoring foods, in medicines, and making red (
1082:
Leaves turn yellow, wilt, turn brown and shrivel. White cottony growth on the stem. Can also affect heads. Plant may die.
799:
spp. present one of the most prevalent diseases causing losses as high as 50% in India. In a field trial in
Switzerland,
2562:"Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Sown in Spring and Winter"
459:
2630:"Carthamus red; In: Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. Addendum 5. (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper - 52 Add. 5)"
2087:
Hussain, M. Iftikhar; Lyra, Dionyssia-Angeliki; Farooq, Muhammad; Nikoloudakis, Nikolaos; Khalid, Nauman (March 2016).
809:
Summary of plant diseases occurring on safflower without consideration of the geographical distribution and importance
3917:
3493:
2829:
2700:
2600:
480:
Safflower usually emerges 1–3 weeks after sowing and grows slower under low temperatures. Germination of safflower is
431:
534:(1991–1802 BC) identified dyes made from safflower, and garlands made from safflowers were found in the tomb of the
3968:
3904:
952:
Yellowing leaves at one side of the plant beginning on the lower leaves followed by wilting. Young plants may die.
855:
61:
1361:
extracted from its seeds. Safflower seed oil is flavorless and colorless. It is used mainly in cosmetics and as a
4037:
3785:
1800:
1014:
Hypocotyl and first internode become water-soaked and soft with light brown discoloration. Later plant collapses
438:
3834:
3511:
3464:
2283:
1767:
1125:
Keep safflower fields free of the weed
Carthamus tenuis L. because the leafhopper (vector) breeds in this weed
1076:
680:
531:
3909:
2652:"Carthamus yellow; In: Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper - 52 Add. 5)"
221:
4042:
4022:
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1420:
968:
633:
Safflower tolerates wind and hail better than cereals. It stays erect and can retain the seeds in the head.
3648:
3622:
884:
Seeds may rot or seedlings damp off. Brown spots on the cotyldedones. If stem is infected plant collapses.
445:
3617:
3531:
3426:
3154:
2822:
1428:
990:
964:
256:
in the family
Asteraceae. It is one of the world's oldest crops, and today is commercially cultivated for
4027:
3057:
1711:
972:
887:
Disease free seeds, fungicide treatment of seeds, resistant cultivar, hot water treatment of the seeds.
178:
203:
3994:
3674:
3635:
427:
3821:
3565:
2147:
1702:
1182:
837:
756:
605:
2727:"Safflower oil hailed by scientists as possible recyclable, biodegradable replacement for petroleum"
2614:
1896:
4017:
3399:
3375:
1412:, particularly with white paints, as it does not have the yellow tint which linseed oil possesses.
1165:
955:
Don't plant seeds from affected plants, fungicide treatment of seeds, rotation, resistant cultivar
878:
794:
609:
3759:
4057:
4032:
3976:
3630:
3557:
2506:
2487:
2452:
2331:
2265:
2120:
2069:
946:
349:
56:
3896:
1933:
3723:
2380:"Effects of oils and solid fats on blood lipids: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
299:
3855:
3539:
2962:
2803:
2588:
2442:
2411:
2321:
2255:
2025:
1969:
1900:
1877:
1854:
1097:
1058:
1008:
742:
3945:
3860:
2350:"World production of safflower seeds in 2020; World Regions/Crops/Production from pick lists"
1694:, dyers have long utilised a technique of producing a bright red to orange-red dye (known as
3697:
3335:
2952:
2795:
2540:
2532:
2479:
2434:
2401:
2391:
2313:
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2155:
2110:
2100:
2061:
2017:
1961:
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764:
485:
325:
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3138:
3082:
2904:
2610:
2021:
1743:
1739:
1393:
1385:
273:
99:
2766:
499:
Both wild and cultivated forms have a diploid set of 2n = 24 chromosomes. Crossings with
2773:
2151:
1106:
Normally minor disease. Do not rotate with cotton, peanuts and other susceptible crops.
934:
Brown lesions, which can become necrotic occurring on the base of stems. Plant may die.
3883:
3878:
3609:
3295:
3285:
3275:
2406:
2379:
2353:
1416:
1366:
781:
705:
452:
86:
4011:
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3222:
3148:
3123:
3008:
2938:
2456:
1731:
1401:
1397:
1358:
1292:
1030:
Round and regular spots in both sides of leaves. Yield and seed quality is affected.
693:
663:
608:, called "Corrales Azafran", is still cultivated and used as a saffron substitute in
546:
542:
527:
257:
194:
2561:
2510:
2491:
2335:
2269:
2124:
2073:
1400:). Currently the predominant edible oil market is for the former, which is lower in
17:
3981:
3370:
3340:
3242:
3067:
3003:
2967:
2799:
2673:
1882:
1772:
1657:
643:
317:
253:
3544:
3498:
2052:
Knowles, P. F. (July 1955). "Safflower — production, processing and utilization".
1625:
1384:
There are two types of safflower that produce different kinds of oil: one high in
3922:
3485:
3955:
3772:
3754:
3746:
3682:
3458:
3404:
3365:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3173:
3164:
3133:
3087:
3062:
2998:
2977:
2878:
2629:
2159:
1730:
launched the Crop
Biofactories initiative to produce 93% oleic oil for use as a
1537:
1424:
1409:
1362:
538:
520:
390:
265:
2438:
1633:
Safflower flowers are occasionally used in cooking as a cheaper substitute for
1067:
Fungicide treatment of seeds, rotation, plow under residue, resistant cultivar
3475:
3355:
3315:
3280:
3252:
3227:
3212:
3193:
3092:
2483:
2317:
2251:
2105:
2088:
1965:
1777:
1755:
1751:
1641:
1389:
1238:
1207:
597:
284:
245:
213:
145:
3596:
3449:
2115:
1357:
For the last fifty years or so, the plant has been cultivated mainly for the
3604:
3578:
3325:
3237:
3207:
3178:
3128:
3077:
3072:
3039:
2772:
McGuire, Patrick E.; Damania, Ardeshir B.; Qualset, Calvin O., eds. (2012).
2651:
2584:
1747:
1735:
1696:
1672:
1370:
1339:
772:
685:
565:
tablets, distinguished into two kinds: a white safflower (ka-na-ko re-u-ka,
366:
357:
337:
155:
135:
3811:
2807:
2415:
1652:
3935:
2755:
3930:
3793:
3521:
3443:
3300:
3290:
3262:
3232:
3217:
3183:
3115:
3013:
2928:
2913:
2349:
1707:
1664:
562:
125:
112:
3847:
2396:
519:
Safflower is one of humanity's oldest crops. It was first cultivated in
3806:
3661:
3552:
3029:
2989:
2868:
2860:
2814:
2545:
2536:
2065:
1796:
1684:
1634:
1343:
675:
601:
535:
481:
353:
330:
321:
288:
249:
31:
1171:
Stunted plants with reduced leaf and seed head size. Seed ovules rot.
48:
3687:
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3202:
3034:
2947:
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1676:
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713:
689:
671:
667:
590:
578:
566:
550:
374:
362:
280:
269:
264:. Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with globular
3420:
700:). A four-year rotation is recommended to reduce disease pressure.
348:
are borne on the ends of branches, and each composite flower head (
3710:
3583:
2873:
1849:
Pearman, Georgina (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
1723:
1691:
1663:
Safflower petals contain one red and two yellow dyes. In coloring
1651:
1624:
1405:
1310:
1223:
1203:
981:
Resistant cultivar, provide good drainage, avoid ponding of water
523:, with archaeological traces possibly dating as early as 2500 BC.
370:
341:
220:
212:
202:
73:
2972:
2957:
2918:
2900:
2885:
1680:
1436:
1374:
261:
229:
3570:
3424:
2818:
2429:"Appendix B. Fatty Acid Composition of Dietary Fats and Oils".
3106:
2851:
1887:
Zohary, Daniel; Weiss, Ehud; Hopf, Maria (2012). "Dye crops".
1683:, which takes up the yellow and red color yielding orange. No
1668:
1346:
1154:
Light and dark green mosaic pattern primarily on upper leaves
918:
At any stage of growth. Commonly round spots on lower leaves.
697:
384:
345:
277:
584:
572:
556:
2244:
Technological
Innovations in Major World Oil Crops, Volume 1
408:
344:
are usually short, stiff and ovate, terminating in a spine.
2767:
Safflower field crops manual, University of
Wisconsin, 1992
2589:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-016-2886-6
1831:
Grain research & development corporation (2020-11-06).
604:
in traditional recipes. An heirloom variety originating in
1202:
In 2020, global production of safflower seeds was 653,030
316:
Safflower is a fast growing, erect, winter/spring-growing
2566:
International
Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences
1564:
Fatty acid composition of high-oleic safflower seed oil
1188:
Blotchy light and dark green mosaic patterns on leaves.
2701:"BENI ITAJIME: CARVED BOARD CLAMP RESIST DYEING IN RED"
2560:
Coşge, Belgin; Gürbüz, Bilal; Kiralan, Mustafa (2007).
1141:
Light and dark green patches are scattered over leaves
1085:
Don't plant safflower with other plants susceptible to
412:
2525:
International Journal of Food Science & Technology
577:), which was measured, and red (ka-na-ko e-ru-ta-ra,
3433:
3261:
3192:
3163:
3147:
3114:
3105:
3050:
3022:
2988:
2937:
2899:
2859:
2850:
596:The early Spanish colonies along the Rio Grande in
2654:. FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1997
2632:. FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1997
2089:"Salt and drought stresses in safflower: a review"
1064:Can occur at seedling phase or at foliage phase.
291:which enables it to thrive in such environments.
2708:Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings
2177:"Raising the Bar With Better Safflower Agronomy"
1667:, dried safflower flowers are used as a natural
2733:. Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1017:Fungicide treatment of seeds, avoid irrigation
741:Harvesting is usually done using a small-grain
2619:, by John Gerarde, year 1597, pages 1006-1007.
1640:The dried safflower petals are also used as a
1637:, sometimes referred to as "bastard saffron".
996:Gray powdery mass of conidia on leaf surfaces
2830:
2699:Arai, Masanao; Iwamoto Wada, Yoshiko (2010).
2472:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
1342:) and yellow dyes, especially before cheaper
8:
1872:
1870:
417:introducing citations to additional sources
4048:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
2616:The Herball, or General Historie of Plantes
2181:Grains Research and Development Corporation
1923:(Cambridge: University Press, 1976), p. 120
1897:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199549061.003.0009
1728:Grains Research and Development Corporation
678:. Close rotation with crops susceptible to
3421:
3160:
3111:
2856:
2837:
2823:
2815:
1562:
1441:
1419:, safflower oil consumption reduced blood
47:
38:
2585:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2886-6
2544:
2405:
2395:
2114:
2104:
861:Wilting. Stems have a soft internal rot.
1934:"Corrales Azafrán - Native-Seeds-Search"
1889:Domestication of Plants in the Old World
1212:
807:
484:. The first true leaves emerging form a
407:Relevant discussion may be found on the
298:
1958:Food and Feed from Legumes and Oilseeds
1833:"Safflower plant growth and physiology"
1788:
1700:) from the dried florets of safflower (
1404:than olive oil. The latter is used in
2714:from the original on 2 November 2021.
2359:, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2022
2218:"Safflower Production — Publications"
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2171:
2169:
2022:10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c38
2007:
2005:
7:
3969:f1fbe15a-dbdd-49c1-8146-afd0cda8b3be
3822:b63908d0-028f-43e3-b0bc-ece95a777141
2710:. University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
2093:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2012:Knowles, P. F. (2015). "Safflower".
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1956:Nwokolo, E; Smartt, J, eds. (1996).
1951:
1949:
1947:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1445:of high-linoleic safflower seed oil
646:for subsequent crops in a rotation.
373:. The safflower plant then produces
600:used safflower as a substitute for
3350:
1679:, which takes up the red dye, and
1671:source for the orange-red pigment
1431:– more than those seen from
25:
2357:Food and Agriculture Organization
662:Safflower is frequently grown in
3910:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:324467-2
2754:
2284:"Distelöl aus Schweizer Saflor?"
1303:
1285:
1267:
1249:
1231:
805:was the most prevalent disease.
400:relies largely or entirely on a
389:
361:cream coloured forms exist. The
60:
779:Capsule fly/safflower bud fly:
511:can produce fertile offspring.
2800:10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.01.009
1851:The Cultural History of Plants
1656:Safflower oil as a medium for
1119:Safflower phyllody mycoplasma
754:Gram pod borer/capsule borer:
217:Worldwide safflower production
1:
2140:Agricultural Water Management
1621:Flowers for human consumption
352:) contains 20–180 individual
2613:. E.g. "bastard saffron" in
2310:Field Crop Diseases Handbook
2014:Hybridization of Crop Plants
1608:Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1597:Monounsaturated fatty acids
1523:Polyunsaturated fatty acids
1498:Monounsaturated fatty acids
1369:, and for the production of
579:
567:
551:
2160:10.1016/j.agwat.2006.06.002
1214:Safflower production, 2020
1122:Abnormal axillary budding.
4074:
2439:10.36019/9780813549194-009
2433:. 2019. pp. 219–221.
2308:Nyvall, Robert F. (1989).
1853:. Routledge. p. 150.
585:
573:
557:
324:. Originating from a leaf
29:
3392:
2484:10.1007/s11746-008-1254-6
2384:Journal of Lipid Research
2318:10.1007/978-1-4757-5221-2
2252:10.1007/978-1-4614-0356-2
2106:10.1007/s13593-015-0344-8
1966:10.1007/978-1-4613-0433-3
1801:Missouri Botanical Garden
1607:
1596:
1577:
1522:
1497:
1461:
1129:
1110:
868:
827:
184:
177:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
4053:Plants described in 1753
2725:Lee, Tim (7 June 2020).
2242:Gupta, S.K, ed. (2012).
1768:Conjugated linoleic acid
1392:) and the other high in
1138:Chilli mosaic virus CMV
1077:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
684:should be avoided (e.g.
681:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
658:Crop rotation and sowing
244:) is a highly branched,
30:Not to be confused with
2788:Reproductive Toxicology
2775:Safflower in California
2674:"Dyeing with Safflower"
2290:(in German). 2005-04-01
1443:Nutrient value per 100g
1429:cardiovascular diseases
1421:low-density lipoprotein
1415:In one review of small
930:Colletrichum orbiculare
762:Safflower caterpillar:
561:) occurs many times in
3306:Linseed (flaxseed) oil
2288:Agrarforschung Schweiz
1722:In Australia in 2005,
1660:
1630:
1578:Saturated fatty acids
1462:Saturated fatty acids
991:Erysiphe cichoracearum
937:No control necessary.
926:Colletrichum stem rot
921:No control necessary.
530:textiles dated to the
308:
232:
218:
210:
3341:Rapeseed (canola) oil
1803:, St. Louis, MO. 2016
1655:
1629:Safflower at a market
1628:
1191:No control reported.
1174:No control reported.
1157:No control reported.
1144:No control reported.
1111:Mycoplasmal diseases
1072:Sclerotinia stem rot
999:No control reported.
965:Phytophtora cryptogea
960:Phytophtora root rot
910:Cercospora leaf spot
905:No control reported.
864:No control reported.
846:No control reported.
653:Agricultural practice
526:Chemical analysis of
505:Carthamus oxyacanthus
501:Carthamus palaestinus
302:
224:
216:
206:
3799:Carthamus~tinctorius
3636:Carthamus tinctorius
3512:carthamus-tinctorius
3465:Carthamus tinctorius
3435:Carthamus tinctorius
3093:Vegetable shortening
2845:Edible fats and oils
2763:at Wikimedia Commons
2761:Carthamus tinctorius
2602:Webster's Dictionary
2599:E.g. "safflower" in
2016:. pp. 535–548.
1938:shop.nativeseeds.org
1891:. pp. 166–168.
1703:Carthamus tinctorius
1379:Carthamus tinctorius
1183:Tobacco mosaic virus
1022:Ramularia leaf spot
838:Pseudomonas syringae
757:Helicoverpa armigera
606:Corrales, New Mexico
549:name for safflower (
413:improve this article
305:Carthamus tinctorius
241:Carthamus tinctorius
226:Carthamus tinctorius
208:Carthamus tinctorius
188:Carthamus tinctorium
18:Carthamus tinctorius
3376:Watermelon seed oil
2397:10.1194/jlr.P085522
2152:2007AgWM...87...73K
1921:The Mycenaean World
1565:
1446:
1215:
1166:Turnip mosaic virus
1116:Safflower phyllody
1049:Resistant cultivar
1038:Rhizocotina blight
914:Cercospora carthami
879:Alternaria carthami
874:Alternia leaf spot
828:Bacterial diseases
810:
610:New Mexican cuisine
320:, that resembles a
260:extracted from the
2609:2013-05-08 at the
2537:10.1111/ijfs.12714
2066:10.1007/BF02859823
1661:
1631:
1563:
1442:
1349:became available.
1213:
1042:Rhizocotina solani
1026:Ramularia carthani
947:Fusarium oxysporum
892:Botrytis head rot
856:Erwinia carotovora
808:
509:Carthamus persicus
336:The elongated and
309:
287:. It grows a deep
233:
219:
211:
170:C. tinctorium
4005:
4004:
3856:Open Tree of Life
3427:Taxon identifiers
3418:
3417:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3101:
3100:
3023:Other animal fats
2963:Manteiga-da-terra
2759:Media related to
2678:wildcolours.co.uk
2327:978-1-4757-5223-6
2261:978-1-4614-0355-5
2116:20.500.14279/9052
1975:978-1-4613-8050-4
1906:978-0-19-954906-1
1718:Biodegradable oil
1618:
1617:
1561:
1560:
1512:Eicosenoic C20:1
1423:levels – a
1331:
1330:
1195:
1194:
1093:Verticillum wilt
1059:Puccinia carthami
1004:Pythium root rot
833:Bacterial blight
770:Safflower aphid:
765:Perigaea capensis
743:combine harvester
545:reports that the
478:
477:
463:
381:Plant development
201:
200:
16:(Redirected from
4065:
4038:Medicinal plants
3998:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3775:
3773:NBNSYS0000014665
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3422:
3336:Pumpkin seed oil
3233:Mongongo nut oil
3161:
3112:
2953:Clarified butter
2857:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2811:
2782:
2780:
2758:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2696:
2690:
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2670:
2664:
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2659:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
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2620:
2597:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2431:The Fats of Life
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2390:(9): 1771–1782.
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
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2280:
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2273:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:. 21 August 2019
2214:
2191:
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2049:
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2009:
1980:
1979:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1744:transformer oils
1740:hydraulic fluids
1648:Dye from flowers
1566:
1551:Linolenic C18:3
1447:
1408:in the place of
1377:nomenclature is
1309:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1216:
1149:Cucumber mosaic
1098:Verticillum wilt
1087:S. sclerotiorum.
897:Botrytis cinerea
869:Fungal diseases
811:
802:Botrytis cinerea
588:
587:
582:
576:
575:
570:
560:
559:
554:
528:ancient Egyptian
473:
470:
464:
462:
421:
393:
385:
369:ovary forms the
312:Plant morphology
190:
65:
64:
51:
39:
27:Species of plant
21:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4066:
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3890:
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3867:
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3854:
3846:
3843:Observation.org
3841:
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3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3744:MichiganFlora:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3696:
3694:
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3681:
3673:
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3497:
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3472:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3380:
3271:Ambadi seed oil
3257:
3188:
3150:
3143:
3139:Shark liver oil
3097:
3083:Palm kernel oil
3046:
3018:
2984:
2933:
2895:
2846:
2843:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2746:
2736:
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2724:
2723:
2719:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
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2681:
2680:. 19 April 2021
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2611:Wayback Machine
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2222:www.ag.ndsu.edu
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2132:
2086:
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2081:
2054:Economic Botany
2051:
2050:
2039:
2032:
2011:
2010:
1983:
1976:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1919:John Chadwick,
1918:
1914:
1907:
1886:
1875:
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1829:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1764:
1720:
1650:
1623:
1611:Linoleic C18:2
1581:Palmitic C16:0
1526:Linoleic C18:2
1476:Palmitic C16:0
1465:Myristic C14:0
1444:
1417:clinical trials
1394:polyunsaturated
1386:monounsaturated
1355:
1336:
1304:
1302:
1286:
1284:
1268:
1266:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1230:
1200:
1179:Tobacco mosaic
1130:Viral diseases
986:Powdery mildew
792:
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532:Twelfth Dynasty
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307:), Illustration
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4043:Vegetable oils
4040:
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4025:
4023:Food colorings
4020:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3986:
3982:wfo-0000024004
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3348:
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3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Grape seed oil
3293:
3288:
3286:Cottonseed oil
3283:
3278:
3276:Apple seed oil
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
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3250:
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3054:
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3051:Vegetable fats
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2749:External links
2747:
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2531:(3): 804–810.
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2478:(8): 717–721.
2462:
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2370:
2354:United Nations
2341:
2326:
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2060:(3): 273–299.
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1589:Stearic C18:0
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1402:saturated fats
1367:salad dressing
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706:seed treatment
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580:knākos eruthrā
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411:. Please help
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3654:
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3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
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3576:
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3533:
3527:
3523:
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3513:
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3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3411:
3410:Essential oil
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Sunflower oil
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Safflower oil
3349:
3347:
3346:Rice bran oil
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Poppyseed oil
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Pistachio oil
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Macadamia oil
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Cod liver oil
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Borneo tallow
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
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2974:
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2647:
2644:
2636:September 20,
2631:
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2448:9780813549194
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2170:
2166:
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2157:
2153:
2149:
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2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
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2107:
2102:
2098:
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2083:
2080:
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2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:9780891185666
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:, p. 168, at
1880:
1879:
1873:
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1862:
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1852:
1845:
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1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:biodegradable
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1687:is required.
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
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1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:consumption.
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:linoleic acid
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:vegetable oil
1353:Safflower oil
1352:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:United States
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1190:
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1184:
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1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
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1137:
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1128:
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1021:
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1003:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
992:
988:
985:
984:
980:
977:
975:
974:
970:
969:P. drechsleri
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
949:
948:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
931:
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857:
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849:
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831:
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748:
746:
744:
739:
732:
730:
726:
719:
717:
715:
709:
707:
701:
699:
695:
694:mustard plant
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:crop rotation
657:
652:
650:
647:
645:
636:
634:
631:
627:
620:
615:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
586:κνάκος ερυθρά
581:
569:
564:
553:
548:
544:
543:John Chadwick
540:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
472:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430: –
429:
425:
424:Find sources:
418:
414:
410:
404:
403:
402:single source
398:This section
396:
392:
387:
386:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
327:
323:
319:
311:
306:
301:
294:
292:
290:
286:
285:seasonal rain
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:vegetable oil
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
237:
231:
227:
223:
215:
209:
205:
196:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4028:Cooking oils
3434:
3371:Tea seed oil
3243:Pine nut oil
3218:Hazelnut oil
3073:Mango butter
3068:Cocoa butter
2968:Niter kibbeh
2791:
2787:
2774:
2735:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2430:
2424:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2344:
2309:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2243:
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2221:
2184:. Retrieved
2180:
2146:(1): 73–82.
2143:
2139:
2133:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2057:
2053:
2013:
1957:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1888:
1883:Google Books
1876:
1850:
1844:
1805:. Retrieved
1791:
1773:Suetsumuhana
1721:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1662:
1639:
1632:
1600:Oleic C18:1
1501:Oleic C18:1
1414:
1396:fatty acid (
1388:fatty acid (
1383:
1378:
1356:
1337:
1325:
1320:
1201:
1096:
1086:
1075:
1057:
1041:
1025:
1009:Pythium spp.
1007:
989:
963:
945:
929:
913:
895:
877:
854:
836:
800:
795:
793:
780:
771:
763:
755:
740:
736:
727:
723:
710:
702:
679:
661:
648:
644:soil quality
640:
632:
628:
624:
595:
574:κνάκος λευκά
568:knākos leukā
525:
518:
508:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
479:
469:October 2021
466:
456:
449:
442:
435:
423:
399:
335:
315:
304:
266:flower heads
254:annual plant
240:
239:
235:
234:
225:
207:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
119:
106:
93:
80:
36:
3755:NatureServe
3683:iNaturalist
3459:Wikispecies
3405:Cooking oil
3366:Soybean oil
3321:Perilla oil
3311:Mustard oil
3174:Avocado oil
3134:Seaweed oil
3116:Marine oils
3088:Shea butter
3063:Coconut oil
2999:Chicken fat
2978:Urfa butter
2794:: 155–165.
2604:, year 1828
2572:(3): 11–15.
2546:2268/175051
1756:surfactants
1752:biopolymers
1746:, and as a
1658:oil colours
1538:Arachidonic
1425:risk factor
1410:linseed oil
1363:cooking oil
973:P. cactorum
674:and annual
666:with small
616:Cultivation
539:Tutankhamun
521:Mesopotamia
428:"Safflower"
363:dicarpelled
318:annual herb
303:Safflower (
100:Angiosperms
4018:Plant dyes
4012:Categories
3884:gcc-123195
3879:Plant List
3529:Calflora:
3400:Plant oils
3356:Sesame oil
3316:Peanut oil
3281:Castor oil
3253:Walnut oil
3228:Marula oil
3213:Cashew oil
3203:Almond oil
3149:Vegetable
2684:26 January
2523:Morocco".
2294:2020-11-08
2228:2020-11-06
2186:2020-11-08
1860:0415927463
1797:"Tropicos"
1784:References
1778:Tsheringma
1736:lubricants
1642:herbal tea
1390:oleic acid
1239:Kazakhstan
1208:Kazakhstan
1198:Production
796:Alternaria
720:Management
598:New Mexico
439:newspapers
246:herbaceous
146:Asteraceae
42:Safflower
4058:Oil seeds
4033:Carthamus
3649:200023631
3623:200023631
3605:FloraBase
3326:Pequi oil
3263:Seed oils
3238:Pecan oil
3208:Argan oil
3179:Olive oil
3129:Krill oil
3078:Margarine
3040:Whale oil
3009:Goose fat
2861:Pork fats
2457:241747841
1878:Safflower
1748:feedstock
1697:carthamin
1673:carthamin
1644:variety.
1371:margarine
1340:carthamin
1222:Seeds in
1206:, led by
1033:Rotation
820:Symptoms
784:helianthi
773:Uroleucon
686:sunflower
552:kárthamos
409:talk page
367:epigynous
358:Flowering
350:capitulum
236:Safflower
164:Species:
157:Carthamus
136:Asterales
70:Kingdom:
3964:VicFlora
3953:VASCAN:
3931:Tropicos
3794:NSWFlora
3760:2.137575
3724:10457136
3711:324467-2
3519:BioLib:
3444:Wikidata
3396:See also
3301:Hemp oil
3291:Corn oil
3184:Palm oil
3014:Schmaltz
3004:Duck fat
2929:Tail fat
2914:Dripping
2808:33515695
2731:ABC News
2712:Archived
2658:April 7,
2607:Archived
2511:25100084
2492:85260715
2416:30006369
2336:38851230
2270:38884275
2125:18210727
2099:(1): 4.
2074:46373776
1762:See also
1734:oil for
1708:turmeric
1665:textiles
1406:painting
1243:226,739
1219:Country
823:Control
814:Disease
790:Diseases
775:carthami
563:Linear B
558:κάρθαμος
338:serrated
142:Family:
126:Asterids
113:Eudicots
3995:1109057
3946:4949969
3936:2700365
3861:1061541
3807:NTFlora
3662:3138327
3553:Ecocrop
3450:Q156625
3030:Blubber
2990:Poultry
2869:Fatback
2407:6121943
2148:Bibcode
1807:16 June
1685:mordant
1635:saffron
1344:aniline
1326:653,030
1315:44,000
1297:67,040
1279:86,793
1261:96,636
1168:(TuMV)
733:Harvest
676:legumes
621:Climate
602:saffron
591:florets
536:pharaoh
515:History
486:rosette
482:epigeal
453:scholar
375:achenes
354:florets
331:taproot
326:rosette
322:thistle
295:Biology
289:taproot
281:flowers
268:having
250:thistle
152:Genus:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
32:saffron
3943:uBio:
3892:PLANTS
3819:NZOR:
3737:501305
3597:153822
3571:488433
3507:ARKive
3499:113175
3483:APDB:
3035:Muktuk
2948:Butter
2924:Tallow
2905:mutton
2891:Lardon
2806:
2737:7 June
2509:
2490:
2455:
2445:
2414:
2404:
2363:16 May
2334:
2324:
2268:
2258:
2123:
2072:
2028:
1972:
1903:
1857:
1742:, and
1712:sappan
1677:cotton
1540:C20:4
1433:butter
1308:
1290:
1275:Mexico
1272:
1257:Russia
1254:
1236:
1224:tonnes
1204:tonnes
1185:(TMV)
817:Cause
714:barley
690:canola
672:fallow
668:grains
455:
448:
441:
434:
426:
342:bracts
274:orange
270:yellow
252:-like
3990:WoRMS
3923:28835
3868:PFI:
3830:NZPCN
3719:IRMNG
3698:16814
3695:IPA:
3688:76135
3631:FoAO2
3592:EUNIS
3584:CAUTI
3522:41484
3486:99879
3473:APA:
3165:Fruit
2939:Dairy
2874:Lardo
2779:(PDF)
2704:(PDF)
2587:|url=
2507:S2CID
2488:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2332:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2121:S2CID
2070:S2CID
1836:(PDF)
1724:CSIRO
1692:Japan
1532:83.7
1529:71.6
1507:18.4
1365:, in
1321:Total
1311:India
1054:Rust
749:Pests
547:Greek
460:JSTOR
446:books
371:ovule
276:, or
262:seeds
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3196:oils
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2852:Fats
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1347:dyes
1334:Uses
696:and
637:Soil
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432:news
346:Buds
230:MHNT
3977:WFO
3918:RHS
3812:508
3768:NBN
3747:268
3644:FoC
3618:FNA
3566:EoL
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3194:Nut
2796:doi
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2541:hdl
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