Chemical cartridge - Knowledge (XXG)

1543: 1398: 1531: 1603: 1567: 1482: 1591: 1422: 1386: 1615: 1555: 1458: 1446: 1434: 1470: 1579: 1410: 1519: 527: 1651: 994:. This catalyst does not change its properties over time of use, but when it moistened, the degree of protection may be significantly reduced. Because water vapor is always present in the air, the polluted air is dehumidified in the cartridge (for use of the catalyst). Since the mass of water vapor in the polluted air is greater than the mass of harmful gases, trapping moisture from the air leads to a significantly higher increase in the mass of cartridges than the trapping gases. This is a substantial difference, and it can be used to determine whether to continue to use gas cartridges further without replacement. The cartridge is weighed, and a decision can be made based on the magnitude of increase of its mass. For example, the book describes gas cartridges (model "СО"), which were replaced after a weight gain (relative to initial) of 50 grams. 1662: 1678:

implementation of such requirements. On the other hand, the state requires manufacturers to provide the consumer with all necessary information about cartridges to allow one to make a schedule for their timely replacement. Similar requirements exist in the standard on occupational safety, governing selection and application of RPD in EU. In England a tutorial on the selection and use of respirators recommends obtaining information from the manufacturer, and replacing the cartridges on a schedule or use ESLI, and prohibits reusing cartridges after exposure of volatile substances that can migrate.

1695: 42: 1761:, as it allows cost savings on the replacement of sorbent and regeneration of industrial gas cleaning devices to be carried out thoroughly and in an organized manner. However, in the mass use of gas masks under different conditions it is impossible to control the accuracy and correctness such regeneration of respirators’ cartridges. Therefore, despite the technical feasibility and commercial benefits, regeneration of respirator cartridges in such cases is not carried out. 1397: 1542: 1530: 1602: 1590: 1566: 1481: 1421: 1385: 1614: 1554: 1518: 1457: 1445: 1433: 1469: 1578: 1409: 592: 2228: 4308: 1355: 4332: 954:

people will not be able to smell harmful gases at a concentration 16 times greater than the average threshold of perception of a smell. The threshold of sensitivity of different people can vary by two orders of magnitude. That is, 15% of people do not smell at concentrations four times higher than the sensitivity threshold. The value of threshold smell greatly depends on how much

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not always stable (that is, the flow of air through the cartridges is not permanent), it is recommended to use working conditions for calculations, equal to the worst case, for reliable protection. But in all other cases, cartridges will be replaced with a partially used sorbent. This increases the costs of respiratory protection due to more frequent cartridges replacement.

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respirator use. The author of the article, working in the US, did not even try to consider the use of gas cartridges more than twice. On the author's website one can download a free computer program that allows one to calculate concentration of harmful substances immediately after the start of re-use of the cartridge (which allows one to determine if it is safe).

1077: 4320: 1374: 1497: 1032:). A microchemical method is based on a layer-by-layer determination of the presence of harmful substances in the sorbent by sampling with subsequent analysis by chemical method. If the air is contaminated with the most toxic substances, the book recommends to limit the further duration of cartridge use, and it recommended to apply the spectral method ( 608:); the application of this method does not require the use of special cartridges (more expensive) and accessories; replacement happens when one needs to do it – after the sorbent saturation, and without any calculations; the sorption capacity of the cartridges is fully expired (which reduces costs for respiratory protection). 940:, all listed substances in the table cannot be reliably detected by smell at dangerous concentrations. On the other hand, all publications with information only about average odor perception thresholds can partly misinform the reader, since they create the impression that the thresholds are stable and constant. 1735:

Activated carbon does not bond with harmful gases strongly, so they can be released later. Other sorbents undergo chemical reactions with the hazard and form strong bonds. Special technologies have been developed for recovery of used cartridges. They created conditions that have stimulated desorption

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is drawn upon the basis of the results of their testing in the laboratory. This method has a serious drawback. The company must have complex and expensive equipment and trained professionals to use it, which is not always possible. According to a poll, cartridges replacement in the US was carried out

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with the right equipment, specialists can skip the contaminated air through the cartridge and determine the degree of cleaning needed. This method enables one to determine the service life in an environment where the air is contaminated with a mixture of different substances that affect their capture

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The documents described Soviet cartridges (model "Г"), designed to protect from mercury. Their service life was limited to 100 hours of use (cartridges without particle filter), or 60 hours of use (cartridges with particle filter), after which it was necessary to replace the cartridge with a new one.

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showed that this migration can impede the re-use of storage. Concentration of harmful substances in the purified air may exceed the PEL (even if clean air is pumped through the cartridge). To protect worker health, US law prohibits cartridge reuse when exposed to harmful substances that can migrate,

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which reduces sensitivity. In a group of workers, the average styrene odor threshold increased by an order of magnitude due to adaptation. But the perception of odors of other substances did not change. And the workers could mistakenly believe that their olfactory organ remained sensitive to styrene

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utilizes a chemical reaction between the gas and the absorber. The ability of some harmful gases to react chemically with other substances can be used to capture them. Creating strong links between gas molecules and a sorbent may allow repeated use of a canister if it has enough unsaturated sorbent.

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The molecules of an entrapped gases may de-absorb during storage of the cartridge. Due to the difference of concentrations inside the body of the cartridge (at the inlet concentration is greater; at the outlet for purified air concentration is lesser), these de-absorbed molecules migrate inside the

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Despite the presence of solutions for technical problems, and the availability of established certification requirements to the ESLI, during the period from 1984 (first certification standard with requirements for active ESLI) until 2013 not one cartridge with active ESLI was approved in the US. It

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Active indicators use light or an audible alarm for user notification that is triggered by a sensor that is usually installed in the cartridge. Such indicators allow one to replace the cartridges on time in any light and do not require the worker to pay attention to the color of the indicator. They

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collide with the surface of the sorbent and remain therein. The sorbent gradually saturates and loses its ability to capture pollutants. The bond strength between captured molecules and the sorbent is small, and molecules can separate from the sorbent and return to the air. The sorbent's ability to

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The merit of this way of replacing the cartridges is that it allows an employer to use normal, "common" cartridges, and if they have the exact data, they may replace them in time. The downside is that because of air contamination is often not constant, and the nature of the work to be performed is

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Under 42 CFR 84, chemical cartridges and gas mask canisters are defined separately. Use of the TC-14G canister schedule or the TC-23C chemical cartridge schedule for a given respirator depends on whether "acid gas" is a designated contaminant, which is designated for gas mask canisters only, or if

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below 65 °C. But studies have shown that at the boiling point above 65 °C reuse of the cartridge may be unsafe. Therefore, the manufacturer must provide the buyer with all information required for safe cartridge use. So, if the period of continuous service life of the cartridge (calculated by the

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The documents describe a non-destructive way to determine the remaining service life of new and used gas cartridges. Polluted air was pumped through the cartridge. The degree of purification of air depends on how much-unsaturated sorbent is in the cartridge, therefore, accurate measurement of gas

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The practice has shown that the presence of warning properties does not always lead to timely cartridge replacement. A study showed that on average 95% of a group of people have an individual threshold of olfactory sensitivity in the range of from 1/16 to 16 from the mean. This means that 2.5% of

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If the cartridge contains a lot of the sorbent and if the concentration of contaminants is low; or if the cartridge was used for a short duration of time, after completion of its use, it still has a lot of unsaturated sorbent (which can capture gases). This may allow using such cartridges again.

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Research to determine whether it is possible to calculate the service life of respirator cartridges (if one know the conditions of their use) have been conducted in developed countries since the 1970s. This allows one to replace cartridges in a timely fashion without the use of sophisticated and

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Tests in laboratories can identify the balance of service life of cartridges after their use. If the remainder is large, similar cartridges in such circumstances can be used over a longer period of time. In some cases, a large balance allows the use of cartridges repeatedly. This method does not

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The document briefly describes two methods to objectively evaluate the degree of saturation of the sorbent in the cartridges. It recommends using spectral and microchemical methods. The spectral method is based on determining the presence of harmful substances in the cartridge by sampling, with

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or noxious gases but that contains enough oxygen (in the US, this is ruled to be a concentration above 19.5%; in the Russian Federation, above 18%), can be rendered safe via air-purifying respirators. Cartridges are of different types, and must be chosen correctly and replaced on an appropriate

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The US law required the employer to use exceptionally supplied air RPD (SAR) for protection against harmful gases that have no warning properties. The use of supplied air respirators may be the only way to reliably protect workers in circumstances when there is no ESLI, and it is impossible to

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If a cartridge has a device to warn the user of the approaching expiration of the service life (end-of-service-life indicator, ESLI), the indication can be used for timely replacement of cartridges. ESLI can be active or passive. A passive indicator often uses a sensor that changes color. This

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The disadvantage of this method is that some harmful gases have no warning properties. For example, there is a list of over 500 harmful gases in the Respirator Selection Guide and over 60 of them have no warning properties, and there is no such information for over 100 of them. So, if one uses

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Combined gas and particulate respirator canister for protection against acid gases, the type of BKF (БКФ). It has a transparent body and special sorbent that changes color upon saturation. This color change may be used for timely replacement of respirator filters, like an end-of-service-life

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The paper provides a procedure for calculating the concentration of harmful substances in purified air at the start of cartridge reuse which allows one to determine exactly where they may be safely reused. But these scientific results are not yet reflected in any standards or guidelines on

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K13.1-1973. A TB guide, published by NIOSH in 1999, describes 13 combinations of contaminants with unique color markings. The definitive guide from ANSI, who, since the passage of 42 CFR 84 in 1995, has published a 2001 revision of K13.1-1973, named Z88.7-2001, describes 14 combinations of

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has banned the use of this method. The employer is obliged to use only two ways to replace cartridges: on schedule, and by using ESLI (because only these methods provide reliable preservation of workers’ health). OSHA instructions to inspectors provides specific guidance on inspection of

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The use of cartridges in the contaminated atmosphere leads to saturation of the sorbent (or the dryer — when using catalysts). The concentration of harmful gases in the purified air gradually increases. The ingress of harmful gases in the inhaled air can lead to a reaction in a user's

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element is installed in the cartridge at some distance from the filtered air outlet so that the color change occurs before harmful gases begin to pass through the cartridge. An active indicator may use a light or an audible alarm to signal that a cartridge needs to be replaced.

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Unfortunately, in both cases, there is no description of how to extract a sample of the sorbent from the cartridge housing (the housing is usually not detachable), and use the cartridge after this test, if the test shows that it does not have a lot of saturated sorbents.

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program allowed to calculate the service life of the cartridges exposed with more than 900 harmful gases and their combinations in 2013. The MSA program enables taking into account hundreds of gases and their combinations. The same program was developed by Scott and

1011:) was pumped for a very short time, and therefore, such tests do not reduce the service life considerably. The sorption capacity decreased due to absorption of this gas by about 0.5% of the sorption capacity of a new cartridge. The method was also used for 100% 1109:

with a sorbent (one affecting another capture). Service life calculation methods for such conditions have been developed relatively recently. However, this requires accurate information on concentrations of noxious substances, and they often are not permanent.

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State hygienic requirements 1.2.3685-21 "Hygienic requirements for the safety of environmental factors for humans" [СанПиН 1.2.3685-21 "Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности и (или) безвредности для человека факторов среды

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of the cartridges manufactured by the English firm Martindale Protection Co. (10 microliters 1-bromobutane injected into the air stream), and to check the cartridges issued to workers in firms Waring, Ltd. and Rentokil, Ltd. This method was used in the

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Jager H. and Van de Voorde M.J. (1999) Device for removing one or more undesirable or dangerous substances from a gas or vapor mixture and a gas mask comprising such a device, Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepastnatuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO,

346:, additionally particulate codes P1, P2 and P3 are used. For example, A1P2 is the code for commonly used filters in industry and agriculture that provide protection against A-type gases, commonly occurring particulates, and other organic particulates. 2332: 965:

and other ailments. It turns out that a worker's ability to detect smell also depends on the nature of the work to be performed — if it requires concentration, a user may not react to the smell. Prolonged exposure to harmful gases (for example,

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began to develop an active ESLI. After the completion of the work, its results will help establish clear legal requirements for employers to follow and resulting technology will be transferred to industry to use in new improved RPD.

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These signs (known in the US as "warning properties" - p. 28) indicate that one must leave the polluted workplace area, and replace the cartridge with a new one. This can also be a symptom of a loose fit the mask to one's

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A half-mask respirator with cartridges with end-of-service-life indicators (ESLI) placed to be visible during operation. The color change indicates that the cartridge will cease to capture ammonia and must be

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Respirator cartridge (3M 6009) for protection against mercury vapor and chlorine. This cartridge has an indicator that progressively changes color (from yellow to black, 1-2-3-4) when it is exposed to mercury

2020: 57:). It has a transparent body and special sorbent that changes color after saturation. This color change may be used for timely replacement of respirators' filters, as an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI). 325:

contaminants with unique color markings, based on 13 out of the 28 NIOSH Protection Designations. The ANSI standard also notes that these classifications do not apply in aviation or military respirators.

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Shigematsu Y., Kurano R. and Shimada S. (2002) Gas mask having detector for detecting timing to exchange absorption can, Shigematsu Works Co Ltd and New Cosmos Electric Corp., Patent No. JP2002102367.

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The study also showed that cartridges can be effectively regenerated after exposure to methyl bromide (when they are blown with hot air 100 to 110 °C, flow rate 20 L/min, duration about 60 minutes).

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Amoore, John; Hautala Earl (1983). "Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution".

1335:. J. Wood developed a mathematical model and software which now allows one to calculate the service life of any cartridges with known properties. Now OSHA uses it in its Advisor Genius program. 2844: 1505:

turned out that the requirements for the cartridges are not quite exact, and employers are under no requirement to use these indicators specifically. Therefore, respirator manufacturers fear

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42 CFR 84 Subsection L describes seven types of chemical cartridge respirators with maximum use concentrations and penetration, noting that colors and markings are definitively based off of

2245: 2740:. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. pp. 214 (table 91). 2048:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. September 1999. 2169:

Occupational safety standards system. Respiratory protective devices. АX gas filters and combined filters for protection against low-boiling organic compounds. General specifications (

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Bernard P., Caron S., St. Pierre M. and Lara, J. (2002) End-of-service indicator including porous waveguide for respirator cartridge, Institut National D’Optique, Quebec, Patent No.

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even if the cartridge has much non-saturated sorbent after the first use. According to the standards, "volatile" substances (those able to migrate) are considered substances with a

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Examination of respirator use in the US showed that over 200,000 workers may be exposed to excessive harmful gases due to late replacement of cartridges. So, the Laboratory of PPE (

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Occupational safety standards system. Respiratory protective devices. SX gas filters and combined filters for protection against specific named compounds. General specifications (

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End-of-service-life indicator (ESLI). Saturation of sorbent mercury vapor leads to a color change (circle visible at the center of cartridge surface) from orange to brown.

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with chemicals, chemisorption can be used to help the material make stronger ties with molecules of trapped gases and improve the capture of harmful gases. Saturation of

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Freidank M., Coym J. and Schubert A. (1989) Warning device to indicate the state of gases exhaustion of a gas filter retaining dangerous gases, Auergesellschaft GMBH,

1857: 2008: 3045: 2214:) Occupational safety standards system. Respiratory protective devices. Gas filters and combined filters. General technical requirements. Test methods. Marking ( 1973:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149 (3 ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. pp. xiv–xvi, xx–xxiii, 2–340. 3667: 3014:

Integration of Sensor Technologies into Respirator Vapor Cartridges as End-of-Service-Life Indicators: Literature and Manufacturer's Review and Research Roadmap

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or heated air in the 1930s or other methods. Processing of the sorbent was carried out after its removal from the body of the cartridge, or without removing.

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If the cartridge is designed to protect from several different types of harmful gases, the label will list all designations in order. For example:

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Dalton, Pamela; Lees, Peter S.J.; Gould, Michele; Dilks, Daniel; Stefaniak, Aleksandr; Bader, Michael; Ihrig, Andreas; Triebig, Gerhard (2007).

3050:. Victoria 3207 Australia: Human Protection & Performance Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation. p. 49. Archived from 2186: 3417: 2760: 2437: 1951: 321: 4180: 3903: 3241:

Maclay G.J., Yue C., Findlay M.W. and Stetter J.R (2001). "A prototype active end-of-service-life indicator for respirator cartridges".

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Legislation in the EU allows an employer to use only supplied air respirators when employees work in conditions where air pollution is

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is 20 PEL; and if its concentration is only 10 PEL, one cannot timely change cartridges by using smell - they could be "used" forever

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Other jurisdictions that use this style of classification include Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZS 1716:2012) and China (GB 2890:2009).

4070: 3782: 3689: 3660: 1832: 342:(RF), manufacturers can certify cartridges intended for cleaning the air of various gaseous contaminants. The codes are covered by 3577:(in Russian). Moscow: Государственное научно-техническое издательство технической литературы НКТП. Редакция химической литературы. 612:

warning properties to replace cartridges, this may lead to breathing air with an excess harmful gas concentration in some cases.

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Combined, or multi-gas canisters and cartridges protect from harmful gases by using multiple sorbents or catalysts. An example is

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Melissa Checky, Kevin Frankel, Denise Goddard, Erik Johnson, J. Christopher Thomas, Maria Zelinsky & Cassidy Javner (2016).

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Occupational safety standards system. Respiratory protective devices. Gas filters and combined filters. General specifications (

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Occupational safety standards system. Respiratory protective devices. Gas filters and combined filters. General specifications (

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Service lives of all types of cartridges are limited, therefore, the employer is obliged to replace them in a timely manner.

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Maggs, F. A. P.; Smith, M. E. (1975). "The Use and Regeneration of Type-O Canisters for Protection Against Methyl Bromide".

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US NIOSH occupational safety and health standard 42 Code of Federal Register 84 Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices

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and the leakage of unfiltered air through the gaps between the mask and the face. Historically, this method is the oldest.

30:"Gas mask canister" redirects here. For the color-coding differences between canisters and cartridges (United States), see 3854: 3369: 2714: 508:

Cartridges AX, SX, and NO not distinguish on the sorption capacity (as in the US) when they are classified and certified.

3622:Вулих А.И.; Богатырёв В.Л.; Загорская М.К.; Шивандронов Ю.А. (1967). "Иониты в качестве поглотителей для противогазов // 3393:

EN 529-2005 Respiratory protective devices - Recommendations for selection, use, care and maintenance - Guidance document

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Leichnitz K. (1987) Colorimetric indicator for the indication of the exhaustion of gas filters, Dragerwerk AG, Germany,

3065: 1984: 1808: 1694: 155:, and fill the cartridge. Contaminated air travels through the cartridge's bed of sorbent granules. Movable harmful gas 96: 41: 4225: 4210: 3882: 3847: 3842: 3751: 310: 31: 1831:. Kennedy Circle Brooks City-Base: Air Force Institute for Operational Health Risk Analysis Directorate. p. 53. 3296:"Evaluation of a passive optical based end of service life indicator (ESLI) for organic vapor respirator cartridges" 2082: 284:. This is a form of activated carbon saturated with copper, zinc, silver, and molybdenum compounds, as well as with 4195: 4121: 3172: 1509:

when selling new unusual products, although they continue to carry out research and development work in this area.

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The program for calculation of service life of respirator cartridges that use a mathematical model of Jerry Wood:

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program - see above) exceeds eight hours (see tables 4 and 5), the legislation may limit their use to one shift.

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Wood, Gerry O.; Snyder, Jay L. (2011). "Estimating Reusability of Organic Air-Purifying Respirator Cartridges".

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Link to the manufacturer's website where You can download a program to calculate the life of the cartridges:

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concentration in the cleaned air allows one to estimate the amount of the unsaturated sorbent. Polluted air (

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the manufacturer is obligated to list all designated contaminants supported by a given chemical cartridge.

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American National Standard for Color-Coding of Air Purifying Respirator Canisters, Cartridges, and Filters

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Cartridge for protection against organic vapors. A gradual change in the appearance of the ESLI is shown.

4102: 4080: 4065: 3345: 3270: 2389:"Режимы замены фильтров у респираторов, защищающих работников от воздействия промышленных газов (обзор)" 1346:, because the mathematical model does not take into account some of the physical effects in such cases. 144: 3592:(in Russian). Moscow Leningrad: Государственное научно-техническое издательство технической литературы. 3195:

Magnante P.C. (1979) Respirator cartridge end-of-service life indicator, American Optical Corporation,

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as the absorber in 1967. The authors proposed to regenerate the sorbent by washing it in a solution of

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The advantages of this method – if harmful gases have warning properties at concentrations less than 1

3575:Испытания промышленных фильтрующих противогазов // The testing of industrial air purifying respirators 3281:

Stetter J.R. and Maclay G.J. (1996) Chemical sensing apparatus and methods, Transducer Research Inc.,

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This was the reason for the ban to use this method of cartridge replacement in the US since 1996 (the

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Entwicklung von Indikatoren zur Anzeige des Gebrauchsdauer-Endes von Gasfiltern (Machbarkeitsstudie)

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US OSHA occupational health and safety standard 29 Code of Federal Register 1910.1051 1,3-Butadiene

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require accurate information on the concentrations of harmful substances. The cartridge replacement

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Comparison of odor thresholds and Occupational exposure limits (short term) for several substances

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Inorganic gases and vapors, with the exception of carbon monoxide, recommended by the manufacturer

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DIN EN 529:2006. Atemschutzgerate - Empfehlungen fur Auswahl, Einsatz, Pflege und Instandhaltung.

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capture gases depends on the properties of the gases and their concentrations, including air

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Organic gases and vapors with boiling point above 65 °C recommended by the manufacturer

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salts, for example, can form complex compounds with ammonia. A mixture of copper ions (+2),

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guides cartridge (and canister) choice in the US along with manufacturer recommendations.

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Roberts C.C. (1976) Colorimetric vinyl chloride indicator, Catalyst Research Corporation,

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The program for calculation of service life of respirator cartridges, developed by Scott:

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End of Service Life Indicator (ESLI) for Respirator Cartridges. Part I: Literature Review

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Organic compounds with low boiling temperature (<65°С) recommended by the manufacturer

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BS 4275:1997 Guide to implementing an effective respiratory protective device programme

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US OSHA occupational safety and health standard 29 Code of Federal Register 1910.134

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Cothran T. (2000). "Features - Service Life Software for Organic Vapour Cartridges".

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Since it is not always possible to replace cartridges in a timely manner through the

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Wallace R.A. (1975) Chemically activated warning system, Wallace, R. A., Patent No.

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Further development of an end of service life indicator for activated carbon filters

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Linders M.J.G., Bal E.A., Baak P.J., Hoefs J.H.M. and van Bokhoven J.J.G.M. (2001)

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Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

2083:"LIST OF NIOSH STANDARD PROTECTIONS, CAUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR APPROVAL LABELS" 32:

NIOSH air filtration rating § Chemical cartridge and canister classifications

3535: 4262: 4205: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3918: 3898: 2632: 1924: 962: 717: 261: 185: 161: 3404: 2388: 1881:(in Russian). Moscow: Военная академия химической защиты имени К.Е. Ворошилова. 418:

Sulphur dioxide and other acid gases and vapors recommended by the manufacturer

4252: 3925: 3819: 3742: 3590:Промышленные противогазы и респираторы // Industrial gas masks and respirators 3492: 2945: 1991: 1332: 1105: 802: 561: 80: 62: 3635: 3543: 3500: 3319: 3262: 2953: 2789: 2640: 2558: 2532: 2501: 2412: 2292: 311:

NIOSH air filtration rating § Chemical cartridge and canister classifications

4200: 4140: 3930: 3799: 2549: 1625: 1037: 991: 955: 901: 573: 569: 257: 233: 106: 3551: 3444: 3337: 2961: 2755:. Forschung Fb 997 (in German) (1 ed.). Bremerhaven: Wirtschaftsverl. 2566: 2493: 2466: 2282: 2053: 1968: 1908: 1118:

on the basis of laboratory tests in approximately 5% of all organizations.

3508: 3017:. Washington, DC: US Naval Research Laboratory. p. 37. Archived from 2648: 2509: 1895:

Karwacki, Christopher J.; Peterson, Gregory; Maxwell, Amy (9 March 2006).

1076: 990:

To protect workers from carbon monoxide cartridges often use the catalyst

264:, and after saturation of the desiccant, the catalyst ceases to function. 3760: 3434: 2454: 1946:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). New York: Willey-Interscience. p. 1008. 1114: 1061: 1045: 1041: 918: 249: 217: 156: 69: 46: 35: 1757:

Regeneration of sorbents is used consistently and systematically in the

1496: 2097: 2095: 1506: 944: 819: 649: 281: 209: 140: 128: 3645: 3628:Безопасность труда в промышленности // Occupational Safety in Industry 3609:Гигиена труда и техника безопасности // Occupational Health and Safety 3603:Руфф ВТ (1936). "Регенерация промышленных фильтрующих противогазов // 2803: 2700:

Personal protective equipment for railway workers. Сatalogue-guidebook

1985:"STANDARD APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF RESPIRATORS" 1020:

in the early 1970s. The experts who developed this method, received a

1748: 1033: 1021: 197: 181: 2929: 1493:

can also be used by workers who badly distinguish different colors.

3173:

Sensor Development for ESLI & Application to Chemical Detection

3132:

Wallace R.A. (1975) Thermally activated warning system, Patent No.

1080:

Sensors for an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) developed in US

438:

Ammonia and its organic derivatives recommended by the manufacturer

1878:

Physico-chemical bases of development and application of gas masks

1822:

David S. DeCamp, Joseph Costantino, Jon E. Black (November 2004).

1737: 1660: 1649: 1495: 1353: 557: 525: 213: 40: 1925:"Overview of Current Collective Protection Filtration Technology" 2619:

Maggs F.A.P (1972). "A Non-destructive Test of Vapour Filters".

1687: 585: 553: 4164: 4119: 4037: 3880: 3729: 3687: 3649: 2429:

Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established Health Standards

2322:(II. Химические и биологические факторы производственной среды) 1140:

Programs to determine the lifetime of the cartridges; original

1130:

The world's leading respirator manufacturers offered customers

2356:

Guide to Gas Filter Selection (Occupational safety materials)

2320:"§ II. Hazardous chemical and biological occupational factors 2731:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2003).

2426:

Murnane, Sharon S.; Lehocky, Alex H.; Owens, Patrick (2013).

2110:, American Industrial Hygiene Association, ANSI, 2001-05-03, 2009:"42 CFR Part 84 - Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices" 1342:

In addition, calculation accuracy is reduced under very high

1713:

cartridge to the outlet. The study of cartridges exposed to

3406:

Respiratory protective equipment at work. A practical guide

3078:

Yablick M. (1925) Indicating gas-mask canister, Patent No.

2585:Индивидуальные средства защиты органов дыхания (альбом) // 1327: 1134:

for calculating the service life already in the year 2000.

27:

Container that cleans pollution from air inhaled through it

3185:‘’84.255 Requirements for end-of-service-life indicator.‘’ 3157:

Dragerwerk H. and Bernh, D. L. (1957), Patent No. GE962313

2915:) with the program for calculation cartridge service life 296:

Cartridge selection comes after assessing the atmosphere.

3624:

The ion exchangers as a sorbent for respirator cartridges

1904:

Chemical Biological Individual Protection Conference 2006

1690:, because of the risk of untimely cartridge replacement. 151:

many gases. Typically, such sorbents are in the form of

49:

canister for protection against acid gases, the type of

1096:

indicates the specific service life of the cartridges.

3433:

Bollinger, Nancy; Schutz, Robert; et al. (1987).

2662:

Ballantyne, Bryan; Schwabe, Paul; et al. (1981).

1778:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2019).

3011:

Rose-Pehrsson, Susan L.; Williams, Monica L. (2005).

2703:(in Russian). Moscow: ВНИИЖГ, Транспорт. p. 245. 2605:

Industrial Respiratory Protective Devices. Catalogue.

1028:

subsequent analysis on a special device (стилоскоп -

2603:Промышленные противогазы и респираторы. Каталог. // 2455:"Appendice C. Odor warning: Background information." 2276: 2274: 2272: 1931:. U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. 961:

The sensitivity may be reduced, for example, due to

3835: 3749: 2664:

Respiratory Protection. Principles and Applications

2246:"Guide for selection and use of filtering devices" 1665:Sensor for an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) 91:. It is one of two basic types of filters used by 3524:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 3300:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2981: 2979: 2934:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2365:(in Russian). Moscow: 3М Russia. 2018. p. 66 1654:Full facepiece respirator canister equipped with 576:, and other health impairments up to the loss of 3364: 3362: 2813:. Unfortunately, the product could not be found. 2802:The link to the document describing the program 2751:ZieglerG., Martin; Hauthal W.; Koser H. (2003). 2587:Respiratory Protective Devices (album-catalogue) 1876:Физико-химические основы противогазного дела // 2858:Program for Cartridge Service Life calculation 2382: 2380: 1825:Estimating Organic Vapor Cartridge Service Life 127:Capturing noxious gases may be accomplished by 3605:Regeneration of cartridges from industrial RPD 3243:Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2281:Bollinger, Nancy; et al. (October 2004). 1869: 1867: 1790:. 200 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20210 980:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 958:people pay to it, and on their health status. 543:Subjective reactions of users' sensory systems 472:Particular gases specified by the manufacturer 228:Some harmful gases can be neutralized through 3661: 3474: 3472: 2726: 2724: 2608:(in Russian). Cherkassy: Отделение НИИТЭХИМа. 1736:caught earlier harmful substances. This used 8: 3436:A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection 3350:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3275:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3167: 3165: 3163: 3039: 3037: 3035: 2696:Тихова Т.С.; et al. Капцов В.А. (ed.). 1856:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 604:, the replacement will be produced on time ( 3412:(4 ed.). Health and Safety Executive. 2578: 2576: 4331: 4161: 4116: 4034: 3877: 3737: 3726: 3684: 3668: 3654: 3646: 2017:United States Government Publishing Office 1164:The range of polluted air temperatures, °С 1137: 349: 79:(VOCs), and other vapors from air through 3327: 2548: 2309:. St. Paul, MN: 3M. 2008. pp. 15–96. 1944:Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 1299:Respirator Cartridge Service Life Program 34:. For more information on gas masks, see 2734:Respirator Usage in Private Sector Firms 2666:. London, New York: Chapman & Hall. 1923:Morrison, Robert W. (30 November 2002). 1693: 1624: 1075: 614: 590: 75:is a type of filter that removes gases, 2583:Трумпайц Я.И.; Афанасьева Е.Н. (1962). 2543:(8). Oxford University Press: 739–747. 2387:Kaptsov, Valery; Pankova, Vera (2023). 1770: 1514: 1512:Active end-of-service-life indicators: 1369: 1367:Passive end-of-service-life indicators 3343: 3268: 3057: 2840:MSA program Cartridge Life Calculator 2836: 2834: 1970:NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards 1918: 1916: 1890: 1888: 1849: 1800: 1500:A NIOSH respirator with an active ESLI 2826:3M Service Life Software Version: 3.3 2821: 2819: 2023:from the original on 23 February 2020 1990:. NIOSH. January 2001. Archived from 309:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 260:are often added. Air always contains 7: 4319: 2716:1910.1051(h)(3) Respirator selection 2405:10.31044/1684-5811-2023-24-6-230-240 2063:from the original on 10 October 2022 1838:from the original on October 5, 2019 4181:Breathing performance of regulators 3904:Continuous positive airway pressure 2989:- Immediate Breakthrough Upon Reuse 2590:(in Russian). Leningrad: Профиздат. 2453:Myers, Warren; et al. (1987). 1874:Дубинин, Михаил; Чмутов К. (1939). 1084:Cartridge certification provides a 970:) at low concentrations can create 836:1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (79-34-5) 3778:Self-contained breathing apparatus 3713:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 3249:(8). Taylor and Francis: 677–682. 2621:The Annual of Occupational Hygiene 1942:Clayton G.D.; Clayton E.F (1985). 949:, but they cannot protect forever. 103:. Hybrid filters combine the two. 25: 4071:Surface-supplied diving equipment 3783:Self-contained self-rescue device 3690:High altitude breathing apparatus 2601:Шкрабо М.Л.; et al. (1982). 1929:Homeland Security Digital Library 268:Combined cartridges and canisters 212:capture, and saturation of metal 4330: 4318: 4307: 4306: 4231:Respiratory protective equipment 4216:Open circuit breathing apparatus 3805:Powered air-purifying respirator 3731:Occupational breathing apparatus 2928:Wood, Gerry; Jay Snyder (2007). 2284:NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic 1613: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1529: 1517: 1480: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1384: 1372: 522:Detection of end of service life 2459:NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic 2307:2008 Respirator Selection Guide 2117:from the original on 2 May 2022 1967:Michael E. Barsan, ed. (2007). 1241:MSA — Cartridge Life Calculator 1088:of their sorption capacity. US 109:air that is polluted with fine 4040:Underwater breathing apparatus 3967:Respiratory gas humidification 3481:Annals of Occupational Hygiene 3255:10.1080/1047322X.1991.10387960 2890:SureLife™ Cartridge Calculator 2778:Occupational Health and Safety 1782:(Respiratory Protection eTool) 1350:End-of-service-life indicators 1056:), and microchemical methods ( 1018:Chemical Defence Establishment 542: 1: 3312:10.1080/15459624.2015.1091956 2917:End-of-ServiceLife Calculator 2877:T-Series - Software Downloads 2873:S-Series - Software Downloads 2482:Journal of Applied Toxicology 2251:. draeger.com. Archived from 1906:. Charleston, South Carolina. 1780:"Respirator Change Schedules 1683:calculate their service life. 1670: 1199:light, medium and heavy work 352:Cartridges types in EU and RF 248:). The effectiveness of this 204:capture, saturation of metal 45:Combined gas and particulate 3701:Aviation breathing apparatus 3536:10.1080/15459624.2011.606536 4226:Positive pressure breathing 4211:Negative pressure breathing 3883:Medical breathing apparatus 3044:Favas, George (July 2005). 1731:Regenerating gas cartridges 1196:<50, 50–65, 65–80, 80-90 4380: 4196:Escape breathing apparatus 4122:User respiratory interface 3860:GB2626 (China), and others 3171:NPPTL presentation (2007) 2686:British Patent No 60224/69 2457:. In Donald Miller (ed.). 515:, color - brown and grey. 308: 292:Classification and marking 77:volatile organic compounds 29: 4302: 4258:Closed circuit rebreather 4171: 4160: 4128: 4115: 4046: 4033: 3953:Built-in breathing system 3889: 3876: 3855:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 3843:42 CFR 84 (United States) 3740: 3736: 3725: 3696: 3683: 3630:(in Russian) (1): 46–48. 2946:10.1080/15459620701277468 2633:10.1093/annhyg/15.2-4.351 2182:RF state standard ГОСТ Р 2158:RF state standard ГОСТ Р 2134:RF state standard ГОСТ Р 1743:Specialists tried to use 1167:Relative humidity, % 1161:Types of gases and vapors 943:If the threshold odor of 635: 628: 622: 500: 480: 466: 330:European Union and Russia 93:air-purifying respirators 3962:Positive airway pressure 3936:Non-invasive ventilation 3611:(in Russian) (1): 56–60. 3588:Торопов, Сергей (1940). 3573:Торопов, Сергей (1938). 3380:Charles Jeffress (OSHA) 3064:: CS1 maint: location ( 2293:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100 1807:: CS1 maint: location ( 1207:3M Service Life Software 1054:organometallic compounds 188:, and TEDA can detoxify 4273:Carbon dioxide scrubber 4241:Constant flow regulator 4093:Atmospheric diving suit 4009:Partial rebreather mask 3773:Supplied-air respirator 3706:Emergency oxygen system 3493:10.1093/annhyg/18.2.111 3382:Instruction CPL 2-0.120 2227:RF state standard ГОСТ 2206:RF state standard ГОСТ 1897:"Filtration Technology" 1212:(more than 900 in 2013) 606:in most cases, at least 373:Large sorbent capacity 370:Medium sorbent capacity 224:Catalytic decomposition 3825:Elastomeric respirator 3790:Particulate respirator 3445:10.26616/NIOSHPUB87116 3370:Respiratory Protection 2987:"MultiVapor with IBUR" 2828:until January 1, 2016. 2494:10.1002/jat.2550030603 2467:10.26616/NIOSHPUB87108 2331:(in Russian). Moscow: 2054:10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143 1700: 1666: 1658: 1630: 1501: 1403:THO 1998 & Linders 1360: 1081: 636:Odor thresholds, mg/m 597: 531: 256:increases. Therefore, 252:strongly decreases as 58: 18:Cartridge (respirator) 4103:Helium reclaim system 4081:Helicopter escape set 4066:Full-face diving mask 3283:Patent No. US5512882 3197:Patent No. US4146887. 3118:Patent No. US4684380. 2911:developed by Drager ( 2550:10.1093/chemse/bjm041 1697: 1671:use of their odor ets 1664: 1653: 1628: 1548:Auergesellschaft 1989 1536:Auergesellschaft 1989 1499: 1357: 1317:<65, 66–80, >80 1288:<65, 66–80, >80 1225:0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 1155:Number of substances 1122:expensive equipment. 1104:If the company has a 1079: 594: 529: 145:specific surface area 143:, etc.) have a large 99:, which removes only 44: 4191:Emergency gas supply 4086:Submarine escape set 3209:Patent No. US4873970 3146:Patent No. US3966440 3106:Patent No. US5944873 2393:Chemical Engineering 2019:. February 6, 2020. 786:Carbon tetrachloride 644:Maximum and minimum 367:Low sorbent capacity 118:Purification methods 4278:Semi-closed circuit 4221:Oxygen concentrator 3989:Non-rebreather mask 3972:Supplemental oxygen 3948:Hyperbaric medicine 3894:Anaesthetic machine 3677:Breathing apparatus 2907:Link to a database 2335:. 2021. p. 204 1149:Manufacturer of RPD 1145: 619: 486:Nitric oxide NO (NO 354: 240:(CO) into harmless 230:catalytic oxidation 131:. These materials ( 4236:Pressure regulator 4051:Open-circuit scuba 3812:Chemical cartridge 2895:2009-06-08 at the 2809:2016-03-04 at the 2189:2015-06-30 at the 2165:2015-06-30 at the 2141:2015-06-30 at the 1909:Conference listing 1745:ion-exchange resin 1701: 1667: 1659: 1646:Legal requirements 1631: 1507:commercial failure 1502: 1361: 1138: 1100:Laboratory testing 1082: 752:Tetrachlorethylene 615: 598: 566:respiratory system 532: 358:Harmful substances 350: 340:Russian Federation 286:triethylenediamine 236:can oxidize toxic 111:particulate matter 59: 4346: 4345: 4298: 4297: 4290:Escape respirator 4285:Work of breathing 4268:Oxygen rebreather 4156: 4155: 4111: 4110: 4061:Diving rebreather 4029: 4028: 3982:Reservoir cannula 3872: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3721: 3720: 3419:978-0-7176-6454-2 2985:Computer program 2762:978-3-86509-041-6 2439:978-1-935082-38-5 1953:978-0-471-01280-1 1759:chemical industry 1344:relative humidity 1324: 1323: 1132:computer programs 1126:Computer programs 972:olfactory fatigue 936:According to the 934: 933: 623:Gases and vapors 505: 504: 276:canister used in 254:relative humidity 166:relative humidity 97:mechanical filter 95:. The other is a 16:(Redirected from 4371: 4359:Safety equipment 4334: 4333: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4309: 4162: 4117: 4035: 4014:Simple face mask 3878: 3738: 3727: 3685: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3640: 3639: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3476: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3331: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3266: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2925: 2919: 2905: 2899: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2627:(2–4): 351–359. 2616: 2610: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2552: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2364: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2278: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2236: 2225: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2180: 2174: 2156: 2150: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1920: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1775: 1699:indicator, ESLI. 1617: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1524:American Optical 1521: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1388: 1376: 1170:Air flow, l/min 1146: 1144: 1058:hydrogen cyanide 982:OSHA standard). 968:hydrogen sulfide 885:Hydrocyanic acid 620: 618: 355: 353: 274:ASZM-TEDA Carbon 194:activated carbon 192:. By saturating 190:hydrogen cyanide 133:activated carbon 21: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4294: 4167: 4152: 4132:Breathing mask 4124: 4107: 4042: 4025: 3885: 3864: 3848:ANSI K13.1-1973 3831: 3745: 3732: 3717: 3692: 3679: 3674: 3644: 3643: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3530:(10): 609–617. 3521: 3520: 3516: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3409: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3342: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3267: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3056: 3054:on May 2, 2013. 3043: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2984: 2977: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2897:Wayback Machine 2887: 2883: 2870: 2866: 2855: 2851: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2817: 2811:Wayback Machine 2801: 2797: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2750: 2749: 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1582: 1573: 1572:Dragerwerk 1994 1570: 1561: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1525: 1522: 1488: 1487:Dragerwerk 1957 1485: 1476: 1473: 1464: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1428: 1427:Dragerwerk 1986 1425: 1416: 1413: 1404: 1401: 1392: 1391:ChemMotif 2000 1389: 1380: 1377: 1352: 1325: 1139: 1128: 1102: 1074: 1013:quality control 1000: 988: 868:Epichlorohydrin 769:2-Ethoxyethanol 735:Trichloroethene 701:Tetrahydrofuran 684:Dichloromethane 616: 545: 540: 524: 506: 491: 351: 332: 327: 326: 314: 306: 294: 270: 247: 238:carbon monoxide 226: 174: 137:aluminium oxide 125: 120: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4165: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136:Full facepiece 4129: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3943:Oxygen therapy 3940: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3914:Bag valve mask 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3795:N95 respirator 3787: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3614: 3595: 3580: 3565: 3514: 3487:(2): 111–119. 3468: 3459: 3450: 3425: 3418: 3395: 3386: 3373: 3358: 3306:(2): 112–120. 3286: 3233: 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3159: 3150: 3137: 3121: 3109: 3096: 3083: 3071: 3031: 3003: 3000:Advisor Genius 2991: 2975: 2940:(5): 363–374. 2920: 2913:version for US 2900: 2881: 2864: 2849: 2830: 2815: 2795: 2768: 2761: 2743: 2720: 2706: 2688: 2679: 2673:978-0412227509 2672: 2654: 2611: 2593: 2572: 2523: 2488:(6): 272–290. 2472: 2445: 2438: 2418: 2395:(in Russian). 2376: 2346: 2328:обитания"] 2312: 2298: 2268: 2237: 2220: 2199: 2175: 2151: 2127: 2091: 2074: 2034: 2000: 1997:on 2003-03-19. 1976: 1959: 1952: 1934: 1912: 1884: 1863: 1814: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1732: 1729: 1715:methyl bromide 1705: 1702: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1647: 1644: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1351: 1348: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1314:from -7 to +70 1312: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1270:ezGuide v. 1.0 1268: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228:<65, >65 1226: 1223: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1136: 1127: 1124: 1101: 1098: 1073: 1072:Modern methods 1070: 1050:organochloride 999: 996: 987: 984: 932: 931: 928: 927:no information 925: 922: 915: 914: 911: 908: 905: 898: 897: 894: 891: 888: 881: 880: 877: 874: 871: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 847: 846: 843: 840: 837: 833: 832: 829: 826: 823: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 799: 798: 795: 792: 789: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 765: 764: 761: 758: 755: 748: 747: 744: 741: 738: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 714: 713: 710: 707: 704: 697: 696: 693: 690: 687: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667:Methyl acetate 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 646: 645: 642: 638: 637: 634: 627: 550:sensory system 544: 541: 539: 536: 523: 520: 503: 502: 499: 498:Blue and white 496: 493: 487: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 469: 468: 465: 462: 459: 455: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 435: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 415: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 348: 336:European Union 331: 328: 315: 307: 305: 302: 293: 290: 269: 266: 245: 242:carbon dioxide 225: 222: 186:zinc carbonate 173: 170: 124: 121: 119: 116: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4376: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4176:Breathing gas 4174: 4173: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4147: 4146:orinasal mask 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Diving helmet 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3977:Nasal cannula 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750:Regulated by 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3356:(Open access) 3353: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3021:on 2016-03-04 3020: 3016: 3015: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2258:on 2012-05-26 2254: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229:12.4.245-2013 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:EN 14387:2008 2209: 2208:12.4.235-2012 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2184:12.4.232-2007 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2160:12.4.231-2007 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1834: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1804: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720:boiling point 1716: 1710: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1627: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1498: 1494: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1285:freely chosen 1284: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1256:freely chosen 1255: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1094:1,3-Butadiene 1092:standard for 1091: 1087: 1086:minimum value 1078: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1009:1-bromobutane 1004: 998:Other methods 997: 995: 993: 986:Mass increase 985: 983: 981: 976: 973: 969: 964: 959: 957: 951: 950: 946: 941: 939: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 916: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 882: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 865: 861: 858: 855: 852: 851:Allyl alcohol 849: 848: 844: 841: 838: 835: 834: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 817: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 800: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 783: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 732: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 715: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 698: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 664: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 647: 643: 640: 639: 632: 626: 621: 613: 609: 607: 603: 593: 589: 587: 581: 579: 578:consciousness 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 537: 535: 528: 521: 519: 516: 514: 509: 497: 494: 490: 485: 484: 477: 474: 471: 470: 463: 460: 457: 456: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 416: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 396: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 356: 347: 345: 341: 338:(EU) and the 337: 329: 323: 319: 312: 304:United States 303: 301: 299: 291: 289: 287: 283: 280:masks by the 279: 275: 267: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 243: 239: 235: 231: 223: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 177:Chemisorption 172:Chemisorption 171: 169: 167: 163: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 122: 117: 115: 112: 108: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 89:chemisorption 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4246:Demand valve 4098:Gas extender 4019:Venturi mask 3909:Resuscitator 3811: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3568: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3484: 3480: 3462: 3453: 3435: 3428: 3405: 3403:HSE (2013). 3398: 3389: 3376: 3346:cite journal 3303: 3299: 3289: 3271:cite journal 3246: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3153: 3140: 3124: 3112: 3099: 3086: 3074: 3052:the original 3046: 3023:. 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Retrieved 1788:www.osha.gov 1787: 1781: 1773: 1756: 1753: 1742: 1734: 1725: 1711: 1707: 1668: 1655: 1632: 1620:Stetter 1991 1560:Bernard 1998 1511: 1503: 1491: 1463:Roberts 1976 1451:Wallace 1975 1439:Wallace 1975 1379:Yablick 1925 1366: 1362: 1341: 1337: 1326: 1211: 1156: 1152:Program name 1141: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1103: 1085: 1083: 1066: 1029: 1026: 1005: 1001: 989: 977: 960: 952: 948: 942: 935: 930:14,3 - 0,06 797:3700 - 10.6 610: 605: 599: 582: 546: 533: 517: 512: 510: 507: 488: 333: 316: 295: 273: 271: 227: 175: 126: 105: 101:particulates 72: 65: 60: 54: 50: 4364:Respirators 4263:Counterlung 4206:Hazmat suit 4004:Oxygen tent 3999:Oxygen mask 3994:Oxygen hood 3919:Pocket mask 3899:Bubble CPAP 3836:Regulations 3816:Facepieces 2136:12.4.193-99 2027:February 9, 1320:30, 50, 70 1291:30, 50, 70 1262:30, 60, 85 1231:20, 40, 60 921:(7782-50-5) 904:(7803-51-2) 831:1000 - 2.5 814:6900 - 0.5 729:2700 - 1.8 718:Cyclohexane 712:180 - 0.27 695:1530 - 4.1 678:8628 - 0.5 661:3000 - 1.7 629:Short term 538:Old methods 262:water vapor 162:temperature 4353:Categories 4253:Rebreather 4186:Dead space 3926:Ventilator 3820:Smoke hood 3754:and others 3743:Respirator 3130:US3902485. 3025:2015-06-27 2856:Old link: 2369:27 October 2262:2013-02-22 2233:on Russian 2216:on Russian 2195:on Russian 2171:on Russian 2147:on Russian 1842:9 November 1794:2019-12-08 1765:References 1475:China 2001 1333:Dragerwerk 1142:(in 2000). 1106:laboratory 1030:on Russian 913:7 - 0.014 870:(106-89-8) 853:(107-18-6) 803:Chloroform 780:180 - 1.1 771:(110-80-5) 763:480 - 8.1 754:(127-18-4) 746:900 - 2.5 720:(110-82-7) 703:(109-99-9) 652:(142-82-5) 562:irritation 258:desiccants 123:Absorption 114:schedule. 85:absorption 81:adsorption 63:respirator 4201:Facepiece 4141:Half mask 3931:Iron lung 3800:Dust mask 3636:0409-2961 3544:1545-9624 3501:0003-4878 3320:1545-9624 3263:1047-322X 3221:US6375725 3134:US3911413 3080:US1537519 3060:cite book 2954:1545-9632 2790:0362-4064 2641:1475-3162 2559:0379-864X 2502:1099-1263 2413:1684-5811 1852:cite book 1751:or soda. 1637:) at the 1584:FOGS 1998 1359:replaced. 1310:inorganic 1296:Survivair 1281:inorganic 1252:inorganic 1221:inorganic 1189:inorganic 1175:AO Safety 1157:(in 2000) 1062:cyanogens 1038:phosphine 992:hopcalite 956:attention 902:Phosphine 896:6 - 0.01 887:(74-90-8) 879:46 - 0.3 862:83 - 1.2 845:50 - 1.6 822:(71-43-2) 805:(67-66-3) 788:(56-23-5) 737:(79-01-6) 686:(75-09-2) 669:(79-20-9) 641:3M Russia 574:headaches 570:dizziness 234:hopcalite 220:capture. 216:improves 208:improves 200:improves 157:molecules 107:Workplace 66:cartridge 4337:Glossary 4313:Category 3766:Canister 3761:Gas mask 3560:40470245 3552:21936700 3338:26418577 2970:12914878 2962:17454504 2893:Archived 2847:(for US) 2807:Archived 2804:MerlinTM 2567:17602142 2518:36525625 2187:Archived 2163:Archived 2139:Archived 2112:archived 2058:Archived 2021:Archived 2013:ecfr.gov 1833:Archived 1803:cite web 1415:ТНО 2004 1115:schedule 1046:fluorine 1042:phosgene 919:Chlorine 288:(TEDA). 250:catalyst 218:acid gas 153:granules 147:and can 129:sorbents 73:canister 70:gas mask 47:gas mask 36:Gas mask 4325:Commons 4166:General 4076:Snorkel 3509:1059379 3329:4720034 2860:ezGuide 2649:4648247 2510:6376602 2339:14 July 2067:14 June 1306:organic 1277:organic 1259:0 - 100 1248:organic 1217:organic 1185:organic 945:Benzene 820:Benzene 650:Heptane 564:of the 361:Marking 344:EN14387 334:In the 282:US Army 210:ammonia 202:mercury 141:zeolite 3634: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3507: 3499: 3416: 3384:(1998) 3336: 3326: 3318: 3261: 2968: 2960: 2952: 2845:link 2 2842:link 1 2788: 2759: 2670: 2647: 2639: 2565: 2557: 2516: 2508: 2500: 2436: 2411: 2121:3 July 1950: 1749:alkali 1656:(ESLI) 1178:Merlin 1034:arsine 1022:patent 633:, mg/m 596:vapor. 478:Violet 424:Yellow 214:oxides 198:iodine 182:Copper 149:absorb 3752:NIOSH 3556:S2CID 3410:(PDF) 2966:S2CID 2909:VOICE 2738:(PDF) 2514:S2CID 2363:(PDF) 2256:(PDF) 2249:(PDF) 2115:(PDF) 2108:(PDF) 2086:(PDF) 2061:(PDF) 2046:(PDF) 1995:(PDF) 1988:(PDF) 1900:(PDF) 1836:(PDF) 1829:(PDF) 1738:steam 1704:Reuse 1639:NIOSH 1635:NPPTL 1267:North 975:too. 963:colds 910:0.198 794:260.3 760:42.53 709:11.39 625:(CAS) 558:taste 464:Green 444:Green 384:Brown 364:Color 298:NIOSH 206:salts 87:, or 3632:ISSN 3548:PMID 3540:ISSN 3505:PMID 3497:ISSN 3414:ISBN 3352:link 3334:PMID 3316:ISSN 3277:link 3259:ISSN 3066:link 2958:PMID 2950:ISSN 2875:and 2786:ISSN 2757:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2645:PMID 2637:ISSN 2563:PMID 2555:ISSN 2506:PMID 2498:ISSN 2434:ISBN 2409:ISSN 2371:2023 2341:2023 2123:2024 2069:2024 2029:2020 1948:ISBN 1858:link 1844:2019 1809:link 1688:IDLH 1675:OSHA 1308:and 1279:and 1250:and 1219:and 1210:405 1193:0-50 1187:and 1090:OSHA 1036:and 938:ICHS 893:0.72 876:3.59 859:1.16 842:1.46 828:29.7 777:4.57 743:7.43 692:3.41 658:40.7 586:face 554:odor 513:A2B1 404:Grey 322:ANSI 278:CBRN 232:. 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