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391:, which is a long, hefty piece of steel with a point at one end and a broad striking surface at the other. A pitching tool may also be used at this early stage; which is a wedge-shaped chisel with a broad, flat edge. The pitching tool is useful for splitting the stone and removing large, unwanted chunks. Those two chisels are used in combination with a
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Once the general shape of the statue has been determined, the sculptor uses other tools to refine the figure. A toothed chisel or claw chisel has multiple gouging surfaces which create parallel lines in the stone. These tools are generally used to add texture to the figure. An artist might mark out
457:
Stone has been used for carving since ancient times for many reasons. Most types of stone are easier to find than metal ores, which have to be mined and smelted. Stone can be dug from the surface and carved with hand tools. Stone is more durable than wood, and carvings in stone last much longer than
418:
The final stage of the carving process is polishing. Sandpaper can be used as a first step in the polishing process, or sand cloth. Emery, a stone that is harder and rougher than the sculpture media, is also used in the finishing process. This abrading, or wearing away, brings out the color of the
383:
claimed that his job was to free the human form trapped inside the block. Other artists begin with a form already in mind and find a stone to complement their vision. The sculptor may begin by forming a model in clay or wax, sketching the form of the statue on paper or drawing a general outline of
643:(such as Cuturi) place many thousands of impacts per minute upon the end of the tool, which would usually be manufactured or modified to suit the purpose. This type of tool creates the ability to 'shave' the stone, providing a smooth and consistent stroke, allowing for larger surfaces to be worked.
198:
These earliest examples of the stone carving are the result of hitting or scratching a softer stone with a harder one, although sometimes more resilient materials such as antlers are known to have been used for relatively soft stone. Another early technique was to use an abrasive that was rubbed on
414:
are then used to enhance the shape into its final form. A rasp is a flat, steel tool with a coarse surface. The sculptor uses broad, sweeping strokes to remove excess stone as small chips or dust. A riffler is a smaller variation of the rasp, which can be used to create details such as folds of
372:. Later cultures devised animal, human-animal and abstract forms in stone. The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs pneumatic hammers and other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used hammer and chisel as the basic tools for carving stone.
399:
specific lines by using calipers to measure an area of stone to be addressed, and marking the removal area with pencil, charcoal or chalk. The stone carver generally uses a shallower stroke at this point in the process, usually in combination with a wooden
264:
One modern stone carving technique uses a new process: The technique of applying sudden high temperature to the surface. The expansion of the top surface due to the sudden increase in temperature causes it to break away. On a small scale,
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Sculptures can be carved via either the direct or the indirect carving method. Indirect carving is a way of carving by using an accurate clay, wax or plaster model, which is then copied with the use of a
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When ready to carve, the artist usually begins by knocking off large portions of unwanted stone. This is the "roughing out" stage of the sculpting process. For this task they may select a point
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The mason's stroke, in which a flat chisel is used at approximately 90 degrees to the surface in an organized sweep. It shatters the stone beneath it and each successive pass lowers the surface.
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which include burrs, cup wheels, and blades mounted on a host of power tools. These are used sometimes through the entire carving process from rough work to the final finish.
718:
435:. The direct carving method is a way of carving in a more intuitive way, without first making an elaborate model. Sometimes a sketch on paper or a rough clay draft is made.
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253:
Modern, industrial, large quantity techniques still rely heavily on abrasion to cut and remove stone, although at a significantly faster rate with processes such as
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There are many types and styles of stone carving tools, each carver will decide for themselves which tools to use. Traditionalists might use hand tools only.
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for cutting - such as lettering chisels, points, pitching tools, and claw chisels. Chisels, in turn, may be handheld and hammered or pneumatic powered.
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to a state hard enough to cut stone without deforming, while not being so brittle as to shatter. Carving tools have changed little since then.
501:
tipped tools are used, although abrasives still work well. Modern techniques often use abrasives attached to machine tools to cut the stone.
419:
stone, reveals patterns in the surface and adds a sheen. Tin and iron oxides are often used to give the stone a highly reflective exterior.
93:
are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during our
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When worked, some stones release dust that can damage lungs (silica crystals are usually to blame), so a respirator is sometimes needed.
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Stone nickers are used to split stones by tracing a line along the stone with progressive strikes until the stone breaks along the line.
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The lettering stroke, in which the chisel is used along the surface at approximately 30 degrees to cut beneath the existing surface.
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blocks, drills, saws, grinding and cutting wheels, water-abrasive machinery and dressing tools such as French and
English drags.
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918:
907:, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on stone carvings
584:, use sudden high temperature with a combination of cooling water to spall flakes of stone. Other modern processes may involve
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Eventually the sculptor has changed the stone from a rough block into the general shape of the finished statue. Tools called
660:
tipped tools - Generally forged, slotted, and carbide inserts brazed in to provide a harder and longer-wearing cutting edge.
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wooden artifacts. Stone comes in many varieties and artists have abundant choices in color, quality and relative hardness.
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Diamond blade and bit method: 3D carved slate and travertine
Breadfruit wall mural by Janna Morrison, 2007, Maui, Hawaii
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The process begins with the selection of a stone for carving. Some artists use the stone itself as inspiration; the
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are also carved into delicate shapes for jewellery or larger items, and polished; this is sometimes referred to as
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are used to create pockets, valleys and for intricate carving, whilst providing good visibility around the stone.
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can be easily carved with found items such as harder stone or in the case of chalk even the fingernail.
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899:, Gargoyles and the Gothic Style: An Interview with professional stone carver Walter S. Arnold, video
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hammers make the hard work easier. Progress on shaping stone is faster with pneumatic carving tools.
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The earliest known works of representational art are stone carvings. Often marks carved into rock or
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Lettering chisels for incising small strokes create the details of letters in larger applications.
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Tools for rough shaping of stone, to form a block the size needed for the carving. These include
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machines or other large scale production equipment to remove large sections of undesired stone.
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technique, following rough hewing of the stone block using hammers. The reason for this is that
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Stone claw tools are used to remove the peaks and troughs left from the previously used tools.
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330:. Construction began in 713, and was completed in 803. It is the largest stone-carved
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Carved flower on stone, ancient work, Archaeological museum of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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112:. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred to as
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made possible stone carving tools, such as chisels, drills and saws made from
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512:, although strictly speaking lapidary refers to cutting and polishing alone.
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enough to work any but the softest stone. The
Ancient Greeks used the
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Among modern tool types, there are two main stone carving chisels:
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stone is difficult to carve even with iron or steel tools; usually
3204:
Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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Stone pitching tools are used to remove large quantities of stone.
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Stone point tools are used to rough out the surface of the stone.
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the stone to remove the unwanted area. Prior to the discovery of
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may be as old as 250,000 years, and are carved in stones such as
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Pitching tool used in preliminary rough shaping blocks of stone
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by any culture, all stone carving was carried out by using an
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Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by an
64:
in
Scotland - a collection of ancient stone carved graveslabs
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Masonry chisels are used for the general shaping of stones.
3189:
International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
163:
to describe the activity involved in making some types of
116:. The process of removing stone from the earth is called
904:
The
Cesnola Collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
179:
will survive where painted work will not. Prehistoric
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Basic stone carving tools fall into five categories:
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can be worked using abrasives and simple iron tools.
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273:are used. On a massive scale, carvings such as the
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448:'Arabic' style carving on ashlar building blocks,
211:, the hardest available metal until steel, is not
364:sculptures were usually human forms, such as the
223:, that are naturally occurring on the island of
360:is an activity older than civilization itself.
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89:is an activity where pieces of rough natural
8:
50:Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York
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269:torches are used. On an industrial scale,
135:. The term also refers to the activity of
3199:Mason Contractors Association of America
3194:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
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527:Percussion tools for hitting - such as
277:carved from the Harney Peak granite of
595:is possible in several ways. Two are:
285:in Albany, Georgia are produced using
891:Stone Carving: A How-To Demonstration
736:Carved sculpture, ancient work, from
7:
682:to split a block of marble from the
219:of bronze to trap small granules of
139:in dressing stone blocks for use in
872:. New York: Bonanza Books. p.
807:List of colossal sculptures in situ
27:The act of shaping stone materials
25:
2057:Megalithic architectural elements
576:More advanced processes, such as
75:structure carved into a cliff in
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568:for material removals - such as
384:the statue on the stone itself.
368:and the faceless statues of the
3044:Non-explosive demolition agents
2676:Evolutionary origin of religion
227:, thus making a very efficient
151:. It is also a phrase used by
1:
2289:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1819:British megalith architecture
242:, that were capable of being
108:is more often referred to as
3209:Worshipful Company of Masons
2284:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1824:Nordic megalith architecture
439:Stone carving considerations
845:Songjiang Tangjing Building
504:Precious and semi-precious
415:clothing or locks of hair.
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2432:British Isles and Brittany
2353:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
296:
29:
3034:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2117:
2100:
1752:
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1201:
1018:
1005:
948:
864:Hoffman, Malvina (1939).
283:Confederate Memorial Park
868:Sculpture Inside and Out
654:tools - Generally forged
614:Fishtail carving chisels
345:, late 19th century CE.
231:for abrading the stone.
30:Not to be confused with
2664:Evolutionary musicology
2067:Oldest extant buildings
1994:Archaeological features
1513:Prepared-core technique
591:The use of chisels for
519:Stone shaping and tools
303:Architectural sculpture
2626:Unchambered long cairn
2474:Mound Builders culture
1807:Neolithic architecture
942:Prehistoric technology
897:Stone Carver Interview
454:
353:
335:
83:
65:
53:
48:carving stone, at the
2301:List of Stone Age art
1503:Microblade technology
1451:Langdale axe industry
1049:Ard / plough
822:Rock-cut architecture
774:A famous khachkar at
446:
429:proportional dividers
393:masons driving hammer
341:
310:
185:Venus of Berekhat Ram
71:
59:
44:
2858:Massive precut stone
2853:Post-tensioned stone
2708:Prehistoric medicine
2703:Prehistoric counting
2686:Prehistoric religion
2681:Paleolithic religion
2659:Behavioral modernity
2016:Causewayed enclosure
1908:Abri de la Madeleine
1032:Neolithic Revolution
543:and toothed hammers.
275:Crazy Horse Memorial
104:societies to create
100:Work carried out by
3054:Stonemason's hammer
3019:Ceramic tile cutter
2747:Prehistoric warfare
1493:Magdalenian culture
1456:Levallois technique
1387:Earliest toolmaking
550:and pitching tools.
548:feathers and wedges
461:Soft stone such as
366:Venus of Willendorf
356:Carving stone into
316:Leshan Giant Buddha
234:The development of
2698:Origin of language
2691:Spiritual drug use
2601:Rectangular dolmen
2503:Dartmoor kistvaens
2316:Carved stone balls
2028:Circular enclosure
1987:Other architecture
1930:Alp pile dwellings
1518:Solutrean industry
1429:Gravettian culture
1079:Secondary products
650:Heat treated high
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354:
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84:
66:
54:
3250:Monumental masons
3245:Visual arts media
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3143:Hardstone carving
3090:Polygonal masonry
2914:Decorative stones
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2720:Prehistoric music
2669:music archaeology
2326:Cup and ring mark
2151:Clothing/textiles
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1538:Yubetsu technique
1523:Striking platform
1488:Lithic technology
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1358:Game drive system
1277:Projectile points
1169:Mortar and pestle
680:plug and feathers
370:Cycladic cultures
149:civil engineering
16:(Redirected from
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3240:Stone (material)
3049:Plug and feather
2899:Artificial stone
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2795:
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2735:Divje Babe flute
2642:Archaeoastronomy
2385:Petrosomatoglyph
2119:
2102:
1951:Water management
1754:
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1644:Denticulate tool
1466:Lithic reduction
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499:tungsten carbide
433:pointing machine
131:when creating a
62:Kilmartin Stones
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2586:Megalithic tomb
2491:Cotswold-Severn
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2348:Guardian stones
2276:Prehistoric art
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2077:Timber trackway
1982:
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1942:Wattle and daub
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1774:Standing stones
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351:Brooklyn Museum
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299:Stone sculpture
297:Main articles:
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293:Stone sculpture
181:Venus figurines
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161:anthropologists
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2652:lunar calendar
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2013:
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885:External links
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838:The Stonemason
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437:
294:
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289:heat torches.
279:Mount Rushmore
172:
169:
153:archaeologists
97:or past time.
26:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3182:Organizations
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3173:Machicolation
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3029:Diamond blade
3027:
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3017:
3015:
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3009:Angle grinder
3007:
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2640:
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2624:
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2611:Simple dolmen
2609:
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2599:
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2596:Passage grave
2594:
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2021:Tor enclosure
2019:
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2009:fulacht fiadh
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1062:
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978:New Stone Age
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802:Chalk carving
800:
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593:stone carving
589:
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560:Diamond tools
558:
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47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3230:Stonemasonry
3105:Tuckpointing
3059:Straightedge
2993:Stone veneer
2832:
2809:Stonemasonry
2552:wedge-shaped
2537:Funeral pyre
2530:Great dolmen
2486:Chamber tomb
2467:Round barrow
2422:Stone circle
2404:
2294:Blombos Cave
2222:Grooved ware
2146:Chalcolithic
2050:Thornborough
1968:Flush toilet
1903:Blombos Cave
1898:Rock shelter
1854:Quiggly hole
1746:Architecture
1721:illustration
1363:Buffalo jump
1184:Storage pits
1147:Aşıklı Höyük
1137:Ground stone
973:Subdivisions
903:
867:
859:
837:
832:Stonemasonry
738:Chichen Itza
652:carbon steel
645:
634:
605:
592:
590:
586:diamond-wire
575:
522:
514:
503:
460:
456:
428:
421:
417:
405:
397:
386:
381:Michelangelo
374:
355:
313:Tang dynasty
263:
252:
233:
197:
183:such as the
174:
141:architecture
126:
99:
86:
85:
46:Stone carver
18:Carved stone
3014:Bush hammer
2949:Lime mortar
2828:Rustication
2574:unchambered
2569:Long barrow
2559:Grave goods
2515:Court cairn
2510:Clava cairn
2462:Bowl barrow
2400:Rock cupule
2343:Golden hats
2336:Hill figure
2237:Unstan ware
2217:Cord-marked
2082:Sweet Track
2004:Burnt mound
1925:Stilt house
1913:Sibudu Cave
1706:Tally stick
1674:Quern-stone
1659:Hammerstone
1649:Fire plough
1620:Pesse canoe
1578:Bannerstone
1548:Other tools
1461:Lithic core
1409:Aurignacian
1297:Bare Island
1179:Quern-stone
840:(2020 book)
756:Gök Medrese
641:Air hammers
582:jet torches
570:carborundum
495:metamorphic
377:Renaissance
362:Prehistoric
259:diamond saw
221:carborundum
177:petroglyphs
165:petroglyphs
106:stone tools
102:paleolithic
3224:Categories
3168:Stone wall
3095:Repointing
3068:Techniques
2924:Fieldstone
2909:Cast stone
2863:Monumental
2713:trepanning
2606:Ring cairn
2564:Jar burial
2547:transepted
2479:U.S. sites
2380:Petroglyph
2306:Bird stone
2264:wine press
1937:Stone roof
1920:Roundhouse
1812:long house
1789:Stonehenge
1757:Ceremonial
1701:Stone tool
1528:Tool stone
1498:Metallurgy
1402:Mousterian
1379:Toolmaking
1317:Cumberland
1290:Transverse
1260:Schöningen
1152:Qesem cave
1120:Earth oven
1074:Irrigation
985:Technology
953:Prehistory
851:References
479:Limestones
452:, Scotland
343:Bas-Relief
326:province,
157:historians
95:prehistory
32:petroglyph
3163:Sculpture
3152:Footstone
3148:Headstone
3115:Brickwork
3100:Scabbling
3080:Flushwork
2976:Sandstone
2954:Limestone
2929:Flagstone
2892:Materials
2873:Sculpture
2838:Dry stone
2757:symbolism
2621:Tor cairn
2579:Grønsalen
2520:Cremation
2412:Sculpture
2390:Pictogram
2375:Petroform
2195:amber use
2163:Cosmetics
1973:Reservoir
1958:Check dam
1888:Pueblitos
1883:Pit-house
1866:Longhouse
1800:Dwellings
1669:Microlith
1600:Bow drill
1595:Bone tool
1588:prismatic
1397:Acheulean
1312:Cresswell
1285:Arrowhead
1211:Boomerang
1127:Granaries
1089:Terracing
968:Stone Age
776:Goshavank
637:pneumatic
566:Abrasives
541:bouchards
506:gemstones
493:and some
467:soapstone
358:sculpture
347:Limestone
261:cutting.
217:ductility
193:limestone
133:sculpture
122:quarrying
114:lettering
79:southern
36:sculpture
3131:Products
3085:Knapping
2878:Slipform
2395:Rock art
2358:painting
2331:Geoglyph
2156:timeline
2136:Beadwork
1876:Mehrgarh
1871:Mudbrick
1779:megalith
1654:Fire-saw
1476:debitage
1471:analysis
1439:Hand axe
1419:Cupstone
997:Glossary
958:Timeline
817:Megalith
812:Khachkar
796:See also
762:, Turkey
740:, Mexico
635:Powered
510:lapidary
412:rifflers
281:and the
248:tempered
244:hardened
205:abrasion
145:building
110:knapping
3235:Carving
3075:Flaming
2939:Granite
2883:Snecked
2848:Masonry
2833:Carving
2752:Symbols
2363:pigment
2249:Weaving
2212:Cardium
2207:Pottery
2202:Mirrors
2190:Jewelry
2131:Baskets
2111:culture
1963:Cistern
1769:Pyramid
1711:Weapons
1689:Scraper
1679:Racloir
1639:Cleaver
1627:Chopper
1533:Uniface
1444:Grooves
1434:Hafting
1392:Oldowan
1351:Systems
1302:Cascade
1265:woomera
1255:harpoon
1228:history
1194:Hunting
1174:Pottery
1115:Cooking
1024:Farming
990:history
963:Outline
893:, video
778:Armenia
698:Carrara
665:Gallery
554:Chisels
529:mallets
487:Granite
483:marbles
425:compass
379:artist
324:Sichuan
318:, near
171:History
73:Khazneh
52:, 1909.
3158:Mosaic
3138:Castle
3110:Veneer
3039:Trowel
3024:Chisel
2971:Mortar
2959:Marble
2934:Gabion
2868:Rubble
2823:Ashlar
2730:flutes
2525:Dolmen
2449:Burial
2259:winery
2232:Linear
2062:Midden
2040:Cursus
2033:Goseck
1893:Pueblo
1844:Dugout
1829:Burdei
1508:Mining
1332:Lamoka
1327:Folsom
1307:Clovis
1164:Metate
1142:Hearth
1110:Basket
1084:Sickle
753:Seljuk
684:quarry
678:Using
491:basalt
471:pumice
401:mallet
389:chisel
332:Buddha
320:Leshan
271:lasers
209:bronze
159:, and
137:masons
129:artist
118:mining
81:Jordan
3120:Wythe
3002:Tools
2988:Slate
2964:Types
2944:Grout
2904:Brick
2816:Types
2647:sites
2591:Mummy
2311:Cairn
2227:Jōmon
2178:shoes
2173:Hides
2045:Henge
1999:Broch
1861:Jacal
1716:Wheel
1664:Knife
1610:Canoe
1605:Burin
1583:Blade
1481:flake
1342:Plano
1250:baton
1240:Spear
1206:Arrow
1159:Manos
1012:Tools
760:Tokat
537:adzes
463:chalk
450:Beith
431:or a
408:rasps
328:China
240:steel
225:Milos
201:steel
91:stone
77:Petra
2981:List
2740:gudi
2498:Cist
2427:list
2254:Wine
2183:Ötzi
2168:Glue
2141:Beds
2109:and
2107:Arts
1978:Well
1834:Cave
1764:Kiva
1694:side
1684:Rope
1632:tool
1566:bone
1556:Adze
1322:Eden
1235:Nets
1105:Fire
1069:Goad
1054:Celt
580:and
533:axes
481:and
475:Tufa
473:and
410:and
311:The
301:and
257:and
246:and
236:iron
229:file
213:hard
191:and
189:tuff
60:The
1849:Hut
1784:row
1615:Oar
1573:Axe
1561:Awl
874:235
758:in
427:or
322:in
287:jet
147:or
120:or
34:or
3226::
539:,
535:,
531:,
489:,
469:,
465:,
403:.
395:.
349:.
195:.
167:.
155:,
143:,
124:.
3154:)
3150:(
2801:e
2794:t
2787:v
934:e
927:t
920:v
876:.
38:.
20:)
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