2065:
20:
107:
168:. While falling, a cat spreads out its body to increase drag. An average-sized cat with its limbs extended achieves a terminal velocity of about 60 mph (97 km/h), around half that of an average-sized man, who reaches a terminal velocity of about 120 mph (190 km/h). A 2003 study of feline
191:
after having fallen from buildings, it was found that injuries per cat increased positively with altitude until a height of seven stories, at which point injuries decreased. One cat fell 40 stories without injury, having apparently bounced off a canopy and into a planter. The study's authors
200:; falls that resulted in instant death were not included as a deceased cat would not be brought to a vet. A 2003 study of 119 cats concluded that "Falls from the seventh or higher storeys, are associated with more severe injuries and with a higher incidence of thoracic trauma."
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of the front half of their body and extend their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body so that they can rotate their front by as much as 90° while the rear half rotates in the opposite direction as little as
69:
While cats provide the most famous example of this reflex, they are not the only animal known to have a mid-air righting capability. Similar phenomenons have been observed in other small vertebrates such as
109:
913:(1990). "The postnatal development of the air-righting reaction in albino rats. Quantitative analysis of normal development and the effect of preventing neck-torso and torso-pelvis rotations".
180:
With their righting reflex, cats often land uninjured. However, this is not always the case, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme falls. In a 1987 study, published in the
244:
Sechzera, Jeri A.; Folsteina, Susan E.; Geigera, Eric H.; Mervisa, Ronald F.; Meehana, Suzanne M. (December 1984). "Development and maturation of postural reflexes in normal kittens".
950:
Laouris, Y.; Kalli-Laouri, J.; Schwartze, P. (1990). "The influence of altered head, thorax and pelvis mass on the postnatal development of the air righting reaction in albino rats".
66:(collarbone). The tail seems to help but cats without a tail also have this ability, since a cat mostly turns by moving its legs and twisting its spine in a certain sequence.
156:
Depending on the cat's flexibility and initial angular momentum, if any, the cat may need to perform steps two and three repeatedly to complete a full 180° rotation.
565:
898:
164:
In addition to the righting reflex, cats have other features that reduce damage from a fall. Their small size, light bone structure, and thick fur decrease their
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Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs so that they can rotate their rear half further while their front half rotates in the opposite direction less.
459:
1876:
993:
1411:
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speculated that, after falling five storeys, the cats reached terminal velocity, at which point they relaxed and spread their bodies out to increase
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found that cats "orient limbs horizontally after achieving maximum velocity so that the impact is more evenly distributed throughout the body".
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2019:
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58:
begins to appear at 3–4 weeks of age, and is perfected at 6–9 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have an unusually flexible
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1386:
511:
188:
1460:
679:
1916:
1911:
1981:
1406:
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196:. However, critics of the study have questioned the conclusion that mortality rates decrease as height increases due to
2045:
1931:
1906:
1426:
1294:
1244:
710:
Vnuk, D.; Pirkić, B.; Matičić, D.; Radišić, B.; Stejskal, M.; Babić, T.; Kreszinger, M.; Lemo, N. (1 October 2004).
1401:
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1299:
225:
1175:
1991:
1901:
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2040:
2004:
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475:
2009:
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218:– veterinary terminology for injuries sustained by cats typically caused by falls from significant heights
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Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body rotates about a different axis from the rear half.
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Arabyan, A.; Tsai, D. (1998). "A distributed control model for the air-righting reflex of a cat".
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680:"The Straight Dope: Do cats always land unharmed on their feet, no matter how far they fall?"
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Kane, Thomas; Scher, M. P. (1969). "A dynamical explanation of the falling cat phenomenon".
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54:'s innate ability to orient itself as it falls in order to land on its feet. The
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293:. Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Medical Engineering. Archived from
87:
24:
728:
634:
364:"Effects of superior colliculus ablation on the air-righting reflex in the rat"
212:– the mathematical problem of explaining the physics of the cat righting reflex
133:), cats manage to twist themselves to face downward without changing their net
19:
1936:
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224:– a humorous combination of two observations, the cat righting reflex and the
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1533:
1316:
1107:
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Jusufi, Ardian; Zeng, Yu; Full, Robert; Dudley, Robert (19 September 2011).
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83:
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405:
316:
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The surprisingly complicated physics of why cats always land on their feet
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317:"The development of air-righting reflex in postnatal growing rabbits"
79:
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1613:
97:
362:
Yan, Xinping; Okito, Kazuyoshi; Yamaguchi, Takashi (March 2010).
1971:
1207:
1202:
1008:
75:
1012:
588:"Who, What, Why: How do cats survive falls from great heights?"
1336:
1039:
51:
137:. They are able to accomplish this with these key steps:
125:
After determining down from up visually or with their
999:
National
Geographic video on the cat righting reflex
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1990:
1850:
1812:
1772:
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1450:
1377:
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1166:
1121:
1046:
712:"Feline high-rise syndrome: 119 cases (1998–2001)"
616:"Feline high-rise syndrome: 119 cases (1998–2001)"
614:Vnuk, D.; Pirkić, B.; et al. (18 June 2003).
499:Superstrings and Other Things: A Guide to Physics
421:"Aerial Righting Reflexes in Flightless Animals"
566:University of California Museum of Paleontology
535:International Journal of Solids and Structures
460:"An insight into the Biomechanics of Twisting"
1024:
8:
562:"Vertebrate Flight: Gliding and Parachuting"
1466:
1031:
1017:
1009:
897:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
102:Schematic animation of the motion involved
737:
727:
643:
633:
395:
291:"How does a Cat always land on its feet?"
187:, of 132 cats that were brought into the
673:
671:
105:
18:
867:Falling Felines and Fundamental Physics
236:
184:American Veterinary Medical Association
144:Tuck their front legs in to reduce the
1392:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
890:
716:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
368:The Journal of Physiological Sciences
16:Ability of cats to land on their feet
7:
815:(1988). "Why cats have nine lives".
560:Hutchinson, J.R. (11 January 1996).
425:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1417:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
82:, and certain invertebrate tailed
14:
1877:Congenital sensorineural deafness
1432:The International Cat Association
1387:American Cat Fanciers Association
2064:
2063:
1412:Fédération Internationale Féline
1004:Slow Motion Flipping Cat Physics
496:Calle, Carlos I. (2001-10-10).
315:Schönfelder, J. (March 1984).
189:New York Animal Medical Center
1:
458:Fink, Hardy (February 1997).
964:10.1016/0166-4328(90)90016-8
927:10.1016/0166-4328(90)90070-U
547:10.1016/0020-7683(69)90086-9
447:– via Oxford Academic.
333:10.1016/0166-4328(84)90213-4
260:10.1016/0014-4886(84)90084-0
2046:List of longest-living cats
1927:Lower urinary tract disease
1907:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1427:Southern Africa Cat Council
678:Adams, Cecil (1996-07-19).
586:Nasaw, D. (25 March 2012).
2111:
1402:Cat Aficionado Association
915:Behavioural Brain Research
729:10.1016/j.jfms.2003.07.001
635:10.1016/j.jfms.2003.07.001
321:Behavioural Brain Research
2059:
1882:Feline corneal sequestrum
1407:Cat Fanciers' Association
380:10.1007/s12576-009-0076-0
226:buttered toast phenomenon
1397:Canadian Cat Association
2041:List of individual cats
117:Cats falling at normal
28:– images captured in a
1917:Infectious peritonitis
1912:Immunodeficiency virus
247:Experimental Neurology
122:
103:
43:
36:(shown in the journal
1982:Viral rhinotracheitis
1957:Tritrichomonas foetus
1422:New Zealand Cat Fancy
1290:Cats in ancient Egypt
789:10.1007/s004220050488
506:. pp. 106, 107.
116:
101:
22:
1544:Colorpoint Shorthair
1442:World Cat Federation
1176:Cat–dog relationship
909:; Kalli-Laouri, J.;
222:Buttered cat paradox
127:vestibular apparatus
1744:Traditional Persian
1529:California Spangled
1499:Brazilian Shorthair
1295:Cultural depictions
1280:Cat-scratch disease
831:1988Natur.332..586D
351:– via PubMed.
210:Falling cat problem
121:and with no gravity
48:cat righting reflex
34:Étienne-Jules Marey
1664:Oriental Shorthair
1574:European Shorthair
1489:American Shorthair
1437:World Cat Congress
437:10.1093/icb/icr114
216:High-rise syndrome
170:high-rise syndrome
123:
104:
62:and no functional
44:
2077:
2076:
1902:Hepatic lipidosis
1808:
1807:
1504:British Shorthair
1113:Tortoiseshell cat
876:978-0-300-24907-1
869:. New Haven, CT.
825:(6165): 586–587.
685:The Straight Dope
621:J Feline Med Surg
198:survivorship bias
166:terminal velocity
160:Terminal velocity
146:moment of inertia
114:
30:chronophotography
2102:
2067:
2066:
2051:Cats in folklore
1649:Norwegian Forest
1619:Kurilian Bobtail
1599:Japanese Bobtail
1579:Exotic Shorthair
1467:
1332:National Cat Day
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952:Behav. Brain Res
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839:10.1038/332586a0
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688:. Archived from
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135:angular momentum
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1992:Cats by country
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1644:Neva Masquerade
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769:Further reading
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182:Journal of the
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56:righting reflex
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1967:Skin disorders
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1225:Play and toys
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1198:Communication
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1146:dental health
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1087:Coat genetics
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1040:Domestic cats
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911:Schwartze, P.
908:
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692:on 2000-08-15
691:
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628:(5): 305–12.
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579:
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513:9780750307079
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478:on 1998-05-28
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297:on 2001-04-10
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88:stick insects
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31:
27:
26:
21:
2090:Cat behavior
1852:Diseases and
1694:Russian Blue
1569:Egyptian Mau
1461:experimental
1312:Dog-like cat
1255:Ailurophobia
1229:
1220:Intelligence
1076:Odd-eyed cat
955:
951:
921:(1): 37–44.
918:
914:
866:
822:
816:
780:
777:Biol. Cybern
776:
764:
719:
715:
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:the original
683:
625:
619:
609:
597:. Retrieved
591:
581:
569:. Retrieved
555:
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517:. Retrieved
498:
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480:. Retrieved
476:the original
467:
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371:
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324:
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299:. Retrieved
295:the original
284:
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181:
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163:
155:
124:
68:
47:
45:
37:
23:
2015:New Zealand
1942:Polydactyly
1872:Calicivirus
1764:Turkish Van
1704:Selkirk Rex
1659:Ojos Azules
1549:Cornish Rex
1357:Library cat
1342:Working cat
1270:Cat massage
1265:Cat killers
1247:interaction
1158:Vaccination
1093:Bicolor cat
907:Laouris, Y.
813:Diamond, J.
599:22 December
571:22 December
25:Falling Cat
2084:Categories
1937:Giardiasis
1790:Highlander
1689:Ragamuffin
1629:Maine Coon
1609:Khao Manee
1589:German Rex
1479:Abyssinian
1379:Registries
1362:Ship's cat
1347:Bodega cat
1103:Calico cat
1048:Felinology
885:1122457477
863:Gbur, Greg
696:2008-06-04
519:2008-06-04
482:2007-12-26
301:2007-05-15
232:References
84:anthropods
2000:Australia
1962:Roundworm
1897:Heartworm
1854:disorders
1814:Landraces
1800:Serengeti
1749:Tonkinese
1719:Singapura
1679:Pixie-bob
1674:Peterbald
1594:Himalayan
1559:Devon Rex
1534:Chartreux
1455:full list
1317:Feral cat
1300:fictional
1260:Cat cafés
1245:Human–cat
1136:Declawing
1108:Tabby cat
1098:Black cat
1066:Dwarf cat
893:cite book
504:CRC Press
464:Technique
388:1880-6562
341:0166-4328
131:inner ear
94:Technique
2095:Reflexes
2069:Category
1952:Ringworm
1892:Coccidia
1795:Savannah
1724:Snowshoe
1714:Siberian
1639:Munchkin
1604:Javanese
1524:Burmilla
1494:Balinese
1472:domestic
1369:Zoonosis
1352:Farm cat
1305:Internet
1285:Cat show
1275:Cat meat
1215:Kneading
1191:valerian
1181:Catfight
1168:Behavior
1081:Squitten
1061:Genetics
943:10542756
865:(2019).
756:40989939
748:15363762
739:10822212
662:40989939
654:15363762
645:10822212
445:21930662
406:20047100
397:10717533
276:23606824
204:See also
129:(in the
64:clavicle
60:backbone
2034:Related
1785:Chausie
1709:Siamese
1684:Ragdoll
1669:Persian
1564:Donskoy
1519:Burmese
1337:Pet cat
1056:Anatomy
980:8325481
972:2363837
935:2310493
855:4241224
847:3357516
827:Bibcode
805:6443644
797:9851020
349:6721914
268:6499990
119:gravity
80:lizards
72:rabbits
42:, 1894)
2005:Canada
1947:Rabies
1867:Asthma
1837:Sokoke
1832:Kellas
1827:Cyprus
1822:Aegean
1780:Bengal
1773:Hybrid
1754:Toyger
1734:Sphynx
1729:Somali
1654:Ocicat
1584:Foldex
1554:Cymric
1514:Bombay
1509:Birman
1451:Breeds
1327:Lolcat
1235:Senses
1186:Catnip
1151:senior
1123:Health
1071:Kitten
978:
970:
941:
933:
883:
873:
853:
845:
818:Nature
803:
795:
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746:
736:
660:
652:
642:
510:
443:
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394:
386:
347:
339:
274:
266:
176:Injury
86:(e.g.
39:Nature
2010:Japan
1624:Lykoi
1614:Korat
1470:Fully
1131:Aging
976:S2CID
939:S2CID
851:S2CID
801:S2CID
752:S2CID
658:S2CID
470:(2).
272:S2CID
50:is a
1972:Tick
1887:Flea
1862:Acne
1739:Thai
1634:Manx
1208:Purr
1203:Meow
1141:Diet
968:PMID
931:PMID
899:link
881:OCLC
871:ISBN
843:PMID
793:PMID
744:PMID
650:PMID
601:2016
573:2016
508:ISBN
441:PMID
402:PMID
384:ISSN
345:PMID
337:ISSN
264:PMID
194:drag
149:10°.
76:rats
46:The
1842:Van
960:doi
923:doi
835:doi
823:332
785:doi
734:PMC
724:doi
640:PMC
630:doi
543:doi
433:doi
392:PMC
376:doi
329:doi
256:doi
90:).
52:cat
32:by
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258::
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