1065:
264:
803:
399:
959:, "to translate it into the Aragonese language". This point is essential to know the language of the original, since it does not say "to translate it into the Catalan language", which would have been the most important action, because Catalan was their language - this fact therefore implied, that there was no need for a translation into Catalan - on the other hand, if there would have existed in Catalonia, a copy in Catalan language, John wouldn't have asked his daughter for an original, this fact proves that the manuscript in the hands of Yolande of Aragon was written in Catalan.
166:
467:
died. Their ordinary armament was the already mentioned crossbowmen, except what the admiral ordered. They were appropriate people for boarding, and they fought on all occasions; his prize was a quarter of the loot, apart from what the admiral could promise. The most desired prey was the cape's armor and all that the enemies wore at the time of the boarding, since once this was accomplished, they prescribed their rights. All the armed people were directly commanded by the so-called constable.
291:"Galea vogia III hommini per bancho ogi, et have XXVIII et XXVIIII banchi. Le fuste vogano dui remi per bancho, et queste sonno de più qualitate de longeçe, ad beneplacitum XII, XVI, XX, XXIIII etc... Et realmente quisto modo de galee ando aptissimamente la nation Catallana et sondo aptissimi allo governo de quelle, perché le altre nationi armano solamente alli bisogni, et li Catalani al continuo fando lo misterio, et ciascheduno ne sa in parte et li Catallani in totum." De navigatione.
790:
781:
770:
761:
752:
743:
407:
963:
2171:"Las calles de Barcelona: origen de sus nombres, sus recuerdos, sus tradiciones y leyendas, biografías de los personajes ilustres que han dado nombre a algunas; historia de los sucesos y hechos célebres ocurridos en ellas y de los edificios más notables, así públicos como particulares, que existen en cada una, con la reseña ynoticia de todo lo más importante relativo a la capital del Principado. Ed. de gran lujo adornada con preciosas láminas"
858:
415:
526:
620:(Seville, 1672), he points out that: "Tartanes... of Latin sails, lifting of levantisks... but it is necessary to allow them 3 or 4 sailors from foreigners ("levantisks") for the sails, because the Spaniards do not understand their maneuver"..." (referring to the maneuver of the Latin sails). Veitia was the Official Judge of the Royal Audience of the Casa de Contratación de las Indias. Reinforcing this fact, the
1002:
553:
886:
561:
845:
Barcelona, forced to sign a document in which they said that they would not transfer them to any foreign nation under pain of death if they did so: "... the artillery that they took out as rented in the large warehouse bombardment, in the so-called
General's Warehouse in Barcelona. They generally carried a central bay bombardment plus a few smaller
981:) and that it was given to him by Johan de Hunter by means of his daughter Yolanda de Aragón, suggests that, in this period, the importance of an hourglass was commonly related to its use at sea and its manufacturing demand, it could have originated from the navigation needs of the Catalan navy a maritime power of the moment in the Mediterranean.
633:
178:
866:
corresponding guilds, from their neighborhood inside the wall. The galleys were built "in series", anticipating the shapes of the modern assembly line. The productive capacity of
Barcelona was impressive for the time: in 1571, in the imminence of the Battle of Lepanto, fifty ships were launched ready to go to Italy and
877:(among others) experienced with great results the galleys made in Barcelona. They were larger and more stable galleys that could load batteries of large-caliber guns and fire in all directions; instead, it was impossible to maneuver the galleys with the oars, so they had to be towed by two smaller galleys.
844:
According to the
Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña (in 1359), in the middle of the fourteenth century the Catalan galleys (those of the other nations took a little longer), began to be armed with bombers on board, the fact was so important and secret that the committees took them out of a warehouse in
466:
The captain's galley was a large galley, accompanied by a subtle, or light, squad of galleys and rowing logs. They regulated their fleet subordination, rewards, punishments, dangers, and profits. The men-in -arms constituted the admiral's guard. In combat, they never had to leave helpless, until they
389:
An appendix is the Penal
Ordinances for the service of the Navy, made up of 39 articles bearing this heading: "King Peter chapters on maritime facts and acts" (King Peter chapters on the maritime facts and actions) promulgated in Barcelona by royal order in 1430 and which were issued by three notable
821:
In 1460, Miquel de
Gualbes, from Barcelona, commissioned the master of Azuela de Mataró, Luis Pou, among other things: "... two beautiful round shafts for two horns, which are beautiful, from lonch and grux, to the sanity of the master finger". The "two shafts" characterize the suction-impeller type
327:
row two oars per bench, and these are the most qualified of length, and beneplacit XII, XVI, XX, XXIIII etc... And really this type of galleys are very aptly by the
Catalan Nation and are most apt for the government of them, because the other nations arm only to the needs, and the Catalan are armed
509:
It was mandatory that every sailor with crossbowman duties in the galleys, had to have two crossbows with two feet and another one with a strap (that had a strap to arm it), three hundred pins, a steel helmet, a stitching (it could be the union of weight and point: heavy-point) or breastplate and
911:
For more than 500 years (from 1300 to 1800) the instrument for measuring time at sea was "the
Ampoule of hours". In Catalonia there are references of its manufacture since the middle of the 14th century made of Catalan transparent glass according to the formulas of the alchemist Guillem Sedacer,
865:
The shipyards of
Barcelona, where all kinds of ships were built until the end of the 17th century, can be considered a great production complex from the Medieval Period and the Modern age, a true great modern factory: where hundreds of men worked, with their various activities, supported by the
704:
According to studies on the basis of linguistic and literary analysis, the origin of the tartanes would be the coasts of the Gulf of León (Roussillon in 1313) where they were initially of smaller dimensions. The word is present in several languages, and some authors claim that it comes from the
259:
of the Crown of Aragon were
Catalan, Valencian or Majorcan. They were often owned by local institutions (Generalitat, municipalities, etc.). Sometimes they were privately owned, or brought into the service of the king. For quite a long time, the fame of the Catalan army was recognized by many
896:
With the
Atlantic navigations of the time of the discoveries – apart from the compass – the tables, the astrolabe and the rod of Jacob or the quadrant were necessary, but it must be said that during these navigations – like the Mediterranean navigations – the distance navigated calculated by
308:"Y assí hallamos que, en galeras, los catalanes han hecho más cosas buenas que ningunas otras nasciones, por donde resulta el refrán: 'Que si en galera se haze cosa buena, el capitán á de ser catalán'." Libro tercero de la Crónica de la ínclita y coronada ciudad de Valencia..
1194:
who inhabited it, carried out by Ramón Berenguer III and his allies, in 1114. Founded in a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and the Count of Barcelona, it had the objective of taking the island from the Muslims and preventing the attack and obstruction of the
991:
In French galleys no reference could be found until the French manuscript Stolonomie from the years 1547–1550, where it says that each galley must carry: "... Quatres ampoulletes à sablon pour mestré les gardes à heures...". A phrase very similar to the Catalan
1930:
Les Quatre grans Cròniques Volum: 4: Crònica de Pere III el Cerimoniós: Ferran Soldevila ; revisió filològica de Jordi Bruguera ; revisió històrica de M. Teresa Ferrer i Mallol ; [l'edició d'aquesta obra ha estat a cura de Josep Massot i
385:
has an appendix entitled "Ordinations of all Ships who will arm themselves to go to choirs, and of all navies that are faciper sea". The summary note indicates the positions and functions appropriate to the service, as can be seen from its list by subject:
514:
The galleys were the same. Normal galleys only carried two rowers per bank: a dovecote and a postic. The galleys with third parties went with a third rower in each bank: the thirdol. They were faster but the number of professional crossbowmen was
670:(France). Regarding its military use, one of the first mentions of the tartane in the 17th century is found in the 1614 book, Pantero-Pantera "el Armata Navale", where there is an explanation of the maneuvers of the tartanes of the French navy.
1555:"Antiguos tratados de paces y alianzas entre algunos reyes de Aragón y diferentes principes infieles de Asia y Africa desde el siglo XIII hasta el XV: copiados con orden de S.M. de los originales registros del... Archivo de la Corona de Aragón"
977:, is that an hourglass is defined as "ung grant orloge de mer" ("a great sea watch"), this together with the fact that the first explanation of its use at sea it appears in "the twelfth of the Crestià" (work by M.Llauradó on
935:
that were in his possession at the time of his death on 16 September 1380. There is an article cited as "heures de naviguer" from the king's study to his castle at Saint Germain in Laye, which is described as follows:
1965:
Alchimia e medicina nel Medioevo: Il carmelitano Guglielmo Seda- cer, che si dedica con esaustività alla trattazione alchemica metallurgica e soprattutto valorizza il ruolo del vetro nel suo vasto manuale — la Summa
1751:
525:
1064:
263:
1812:
436:
2013:
947:
This "orloge de mer" or "heures de naviguer" was sent to him, as a gift, when he was still just a prince (being, therefore, before 1356 when he took the place of his father in prison), by
1568:
346:"And so we find that, in galleys, the Catalans have done more good things than any other nation, hence the saying: 'If a good thing is done in a galley, the captain must be Catalan.'"
1203:
Sea. Although Mallorca was once again in Muslim power, it served to lay the foundations for the future Catalan naval power and to strengthen business contacts in the Mediterranean.
988:
in the Dotzé del Crestià spoke of naval warfare and of the discipline and order to be observed on ships. Regarding the measurement of time, he wrote what appears in the picture:
1023:
Granada campaign with the siege of Malaga, in 1492: "the royal was left without gunpowder and the king sent two galleys to Valencia and Barcelona for it" (Cura de los palacios)
2531:
1794:
475:
On board the Catalan galleys, the battles with other galleys were resolved only on boarding, in which the crews faced each other and, from the 16th century onwards, with
3118:
2158:
1013:(1588). Despite the fact that the history books do not recognize Catalan participation, the secret Venice-England archives released to the public say the opposite:
3108:
2328:
Estrada Ríes, Albert : "The Royal Shipyard of Barcelona in the Middle Ages: institutional organization and shipbuilding for the Crown of Aragon"; 2004
518:
Some foreign scholars translated (without justification or success) the "table" by a type of castle or protection reinforcement that only the Catalan galleys had.
2431:
506:
was a supporter of professional crossbowmen, only recruited to act as crossbowmen (crossbowmen hired on the table to be agreed; hence the name "on board").
502:
Crossbowmen were the most important offensive forces aboard a traditional galley. And they coexisted for many years with the arquebussers and artillerymen.
3113:
1356:. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum ex Monumentis Germaniae historicis recusi (in Latin). impensis bibliopolii Hahniani. p. 1-PA66
1663:
Ilustración y continuación a la Curia filípica: trátase del comercio maritimo y tócanse muchas qüestiones del derecho publico... : Tomo tercero
849:
pieces to port and starboard. The power of these bombards, especially the side ones, was limited because the recoil from the shots shook the ship.
447:
The Catalans were building Catalan galleys at least as early of the 12th century, using them for wars with maritime republics or for trade at most
2524:
2426:
Soldani, María Elisa: "The concerns of Catalan sailors regarding death. An analysis of the testamentary dispositions in the XIV and XV centuries "
1026:
Wars of Italy: All the troops of Ferdinand the Catholic (as well as those of his uncle Alfonso the Magnanimous) embarked the galleys in Barcelona.
228:. In later times, ships built and manned on the Catalan coast, even, some of them, under the authority of non-Catalan kings, such as the kings of
3093:
1009:
The most famous campaigns where these ships fought, with several hundred galleys taking part in both, were the Lepanto campaign (1571) and the
1575:
494:. In combat the low structure of the galleys was overwhelmed by the high edges of the galleons, while their crew fired from the higher decks.
2118:
2055:
2023:
1974:
1822:
1727:
1451:
1327:
271:
1254:
598:. In their more than three hundred years of history, they had different designs, different numbers of masts and even varied sailing gear.
1020:
Mediterranean campaign of Alfonso the Magnanimous 1420–1423. All the troops of Alfonso the Magnanimous embarked the galleys in Barcelona.
3040:
2689:
2350:
3083:
2517:
2489:
601:
Low on board, the tartanes measured between 16 and 20 metres, with a mast perpendicular to the keel planted in the middle, in which a
201:. It encompassed the Catalan ships, Catalan admirals and Catalan crew, that were under the direct or indirect orders of the counts of
2473:
2455:
2383:
2343:
2272:
398:
77:
2657:
1248:
251:
The modern generic designation "Navy of the King of Aragon" is inexact and not very descriptive of medieval reality, because until
1791:
802:
3007:
2815:
1755:
1259:
594:) used between the 16th and 19th centuries. The different tartanes were used as couriers, for cabotage, as fishing boats, and as
532:
369:
213:) and represented a reality recognized throughout the Mediterranean from its origins in the 9th century, as stated by Einhard in
2885:
2635:
2410:
Redondo García, Esther: "On the organization and financing of Pere el Ceremonioso's army against the island of Mallorca (1342)"
1219:
624:
explains that "a 14-year-old boy practical of a Catalan tartane, at that age had already made the trip to Havana three times".
3016:
2615:
134:
928:
and the Italian manuals for making Italian glass (La Sedacina and Arte Vetraria) say: "bisogna comprare la soda di Spagna".
712:
But it is accepted by Corominas and others who defend that its etymology is Occitan by loan of the meaning, since the same
539:
3027:
2857:
2827:
2679:
2240:
1231:
1190:, which at the time was a Muslim taifa, consisted of an expedition in retaliation for the acts of piracy committed by the
1038:
1030:
647:
Tartanes were present in the Western Mediterranean from the Middle Ages until the advent of the steam bous, especially in
920:
have been the basis from the "laundry" to wash clothes from the Neolithic). The barrella grows on the Catalan coast from
644:, in which the king of Roussillon and Mallorca commanded: "do not wish to fish in the sea for the lord king ab tartans".
2662:
2837:
1353:
De bello Saxonico liber quem in usum scholarum ex Monumentis Germaniae Historicis recudi fecit Georgius Heinricus Pertz
2822:
2610:
2553:
114:
2792:
1005:
The "Spanish Way", with its main and secondary variants, went from Barcelona and Naples to Brussels, via Genoa-Milan.
2075:
3103:
2642:
2847:
2439:
3098:
2917:
2842:
2787:
2540:
1489:
1294:
Einhardi Annales: In usum scholarum, ex Monumentis Germaniae historicis recudi fecit Georgius Heinricus Pertz ...
486:
and range, the galleys had a fragile structure that was not very resistant to enemy fire, with a maximum of five
198:
57:
2797:
3088:
2999:
2900:
2772:
2674:
1213:
941:
Item ung grant orloge de mer, de deux grans fiolles plains de sablon, en ung grant estuy de boys garny d'archal
154:
1319:
Catalunya carolíngia: Volum: 1/1: El Domini carolingi a Catalunya / edició a cura de Jaume Sobrequés i Callicó
2832:
2759:
720:
or other birds of prey, and its origin would be onomatopoeic by imitating the cry of the bird when hunting.
1927:
2921:
2724:
2667:
2573:
2500:
Unali, Anna; Catalan sailors, pirates and corsairs in the late Middle Ages; Dimensions of a Catalan galley
2322:"Ordinances of the naval navies of the Crown of Aragon approved fear the king D. Pedro IV year of MCCLIV".
1425:
252:
225:
2989:
2810:
2754:
2734:
2405:
1242:
165:
129:
124:
119:
3055:
1443:
Martí de Viciana: Libro tercero de la Crónica de la ínclita y coronada ciudad de Valencia y de su reino
1322:. Memòries de la Secció Històrico-Arqueològica (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 215.
2295:
1041:
and his cohort) went in Catalan galleys from Barcelona to Genoa and the Italian thirds from Naples to
828:
Some verses from the poem Luigi Pulci "Il morgante maggiore" 1487 speak of how: "la tromba aggottava".
2971:
2956:
2696:
2548:
1237:
1052:
948:
2905:
2418:"Documents concerning the army that in 1351 ordered the King Don Pedro IV of Aragon against Genoese"
609:
were hoisted. There are many cases of mizzen candle tartanes and other cases without mizzen candle.
2805:
2684:
2630:
2620:
2600:
2595:
2583:
2566:
1528:
1225:
974:
932:
897:
estimate, and, "navigation by appreciation" is not possible without an instrument to measure time.
275:
109:
1606:
1554:
406:
2719:
2714:
2423:
Sierra Puig, Eva: "The galleys of the Generalitat of 1599: effort and destiny of an old ambition"
2395:Объяснение 25000 иностранных слов, вошедших в употребление в русский язык, с означением их корней
1848:
1351:
985:
978:
966:
956:
454:
Their use declined from the seventeenth century onward, when they were progressively replaced by
335:
296:
2777:
510:
sword or saber. The same armament had to be carried by crossbowmen ex officio in smaller ships.
328:
continuously making the mystery, and what everyone knows partially, the Catalans know totally."
1704:
912:
using as a fundent the soda obtained by burning the barrella (its ashes dissolved in water and
789:
780:
769:
760:
751:
742:
3062:
2739:
2625:
2605:
2504:
2469:
2451:
2379:
2339:
2268:
2262:
2200:
2192:
2170:
2134:
2114:
2091:
2051:
2045:
2019:
1991:
1970:
1902:
1885:
1818:
1723:
1717:
1677:
1447:
1441:
1323:
1317:
1200:
962:
952:
660:
583:
448:
2499:
2015:
The Time Museum: Time measuring instruments. pt. 1. Astrolabes, astrolabe related instruments
1661:
1292:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2744:
2561:
2494:
1272:
1187:
906:
832:
690:
683:
591:
81:
857:
414:
3045:
2984:
2880:
2865:
2782:
2588:
2578:
1852:
1798:
1068:
Detail of the Tavola Strozzi. Boats returning to Naples after the Battle of Ischia (1465).
666:
Towards the 16th century there is news of a single deck tartane with three small masts in
560:
206:
2652:
1660:
José Manuel Domínguez Vicente; Real Compañía de Impresores y Libreros del Reino (Madrid)
1297:
Monumenta Germaniae historica (in Latin). Impensis bibliopolii Hahniani. 1845. p. 66
3012:
2961:
2944:
2767:
2647:
1010:
717:
503:
267:
210:
170:
3077:
2729:
379:
825:
In an inventory of the shipyards of Barcelona in 1467 you can read: "a sgotar horn".
552:
885:
1001:
574:
Tartane in English and in most European languages (although in some it changes to
482:
Compared to the medium-sized galleons, which had twelve to twenty guns of greater
2417:
2320:
2108:
1963:
2979:
2933:
2870:
925:
323:"In the Galley row III men per bench, and have XXVIII and XXVIIII bench. In the
2202:
Diccionario geográfico universal, por una sociedad de literatos, S.B.M.F.C.L.D.
2194:
Diccionario geográfico universal, por una sociedad de literatos, S.B.M.F.C.L.D.
678:
On the origin of the name, there are several sources that refer to the Occitan
491:
2450:(in Russian). Vol. 3. Санкт-Петербург: Судостроение. 1994. p. 234.
1666:. en la imprenta de don Gerónimo Ortega e hijos de Ibarra, 1790, p. 68–.
814:
In the high Middle Ages there does not seem to be any reference of any kind.
3050:
2509:
2505:
Rubió and Lluch; Diplomatari del Oriente Catala; p.267 Inventory of a galley
874:
652:
648:
641:
430:
powered by oars and the wind. Depending on the purpose, it could serve as a
348:
Third Book of the Chronicle of the illustrious and crowned city of Valencia.
202:
434:
or as trade ship. It was mentioned in the 13th century by Corominas in his
2264:
Itinerario cultural de Almorávides y Almohades: Magreb y Península Ibérica
1199:
and ships of the Christian merchants who at that time were sailing in the
390:
sailors from Barcelona: Bernat de Cabrera, Jaume Boscà and Joan Llompart.
2890:
2875:
1692:
Bernard Alart, Inventario de la Lengua catalana (Documentos del Rosellón)
1608:
Norte de la contratación de las Indias occidentales. – Sevilla, Blas 1672
921:
667:
656:
587:
476:
455:
240:
236:
444:
in the year 1120 AD (100 years earlier than all neighboring countries).
169:
Catalan galley of the admirals Galceran de Requesens and Joan de Soler,
3035:
2706:
1267:
1191:
913:
846:
595:
569:
483:
431:
2139:. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. 1929. pp. 128–. GGKEY:8CXSF5T5A0D.
2110:
A Partial Edition of Francesc Eiximenis' Dotzè Del Crestià (Chs. 1–97)
2096:. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. 1929. pp. 128–. GGKEY:8CXSF5T5A0D.
1426:
Benedetto Cotrugli. De Navigatione. (Transcripció de Piero Falchetta.
1196:
867:
807:
602:
487:
324:
256:
229:
2217:
2149:
Diccionari Català Valencià Balear, Alcover-Moll: Rellotge de sorra.
632:
1467:
1042:
961:
917:
884:
856:
801:
631:
559:
551:
413:
405:
397:
278:'s fleet returned to Naples after their victory at Ischia (1465).
262:
177:
176:
164:
2468:(in Russian). Vol. 1. Санкт-Петербург: Судостроение. 1994.
1907:. Dalla Societa Tipografica de Classici Italiani. pp. 204–.
1890:. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp. 143–. GGKEY:BRJ7TQUTRGL.
427:
194:
67:
2513:
2378:] (in Russian). Ленинград: Судостроение. pp. 144–145.
2359:
Dessins de tous les Bâtiments qui Naviguent sur la Méditerranée
734:
Dessins de tous les Bâtiments qui Naviguent sur la Méditerranée
2080:. LONDON B. T. BATSFORD, 94 HIGH HOLBORN. pp. 16 and 249.
736:) from 1679, shows these four images of single-mast tartanes:
861:
New interior view of the wall, mausoleum and side nave (2013)
663:. By extension the same name was also given to fishing nets.
2241:"España: sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza e historia"
451:
ports, guaranteeing trade routes with Catalan consulates.
2413:
Rodon Oller, Francesc: "Facts of the Catalan Navy"; 1898
651:
where these boats were traditional along the Languedoc,
2376:
Bemastung und Takelung von Schiffen das 18.Jahrhunderts
1045:, there they took the Spanish way to their destination
437:
Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana
2401:
Morro Veny, Guillem: "The Majorcan naval army in 1342"
2047:
History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders
1033:
and his cohort ) embarked on the galleys in Barcelona.
616:, being used in navigation to the Indies. In the work
458:. They became defunct in the late eighteenth century.
1845:
1569:"APORTACIÓN MALLORQUÍNA A LA ARMADA SANTA. 1398–1399"
1037:
In the following wars the Spanish thirds (as well as
640:
There is a reference to tartane as a boat in 1313 in
1904:
Il Morgante maggiore [ed. by P.I. Pedagucci]
612:
José Veitia Linaje (1670) refers to the tartanes as
542:
volviendo a Nápoles después de su victoria en Ischia
243:
had their own entity and can be studied separately.
3026:
2998:
2970:
2916:
2856:
2753:
2705:
2547:
1758:: в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
1029:Tunis Campaign in 1535: All the troops (as well as
479:fire. Sometimes the oarsmen also joined the fight.
148:
143:
95:
87:
73:
63:
53:
45:
37:
23:
1620:
1618:
1385:
1383:
1742:Tipología de los aparejos latinos en Pierre Blasi
1700:
1698:
931:In an extensive inventory of the things owned by
2363:Plans of all ships sailing the Mediterranean Sea
730:Plans of all ships sailing the Mediterranean Sea
2107:Eiximenis, Francesc; Donna Mary Rogers (1988).
2007:
2005:
2003:
1316:de Abadal y Vinyals, R.; Callicó, J.S. (1986).
938:
892:bulb with a "hanging" support with four columns
659:coasts for fishing and cabotage throughout the
564:Definition of tartane: Veitia and Lineage 1670.
1600:
1598:
1596:
1397:
1395:
1373:
1371:
955:, when John asked to send him a manuscript by
2525:
2239:Pablo Piferrer, Francisco Pi Margall (1884).
2039:
2037:
2035:
1409:
1407:
29:
8:
2050:. University of Chicago Press. p. 380.
2012:Bruce Chandler; Anthony John Turner (1985).
1716:Sergio Bellabarba, Edoardo Guerreri (2002).
1435:
1433:
973:The most interesting of this reference from
556:Tartane de Nicolás de Cardona fishing pearls
1756:Diccionario Enciclopédico Brockhaus y Efron
2532:
2518:
2510:
2372:Рангоут, такелаж и паруса судов XVIII века
2218:"Mallorca 1229: la visión de los vencidos"
2069:
2067:
1792:Patrimoine maritime et fluvial – Label BIP
1446:. Universitat de València. pp. 477–.
1131:Battle of Ischia 1465 (plot of the Barons)
1083:Naval battle of Sant Feliu de Guíxols 1285
281:
2261:Legado andalusí, Hamid Triki (May 2003).
2077:OLD CLOCKS AND WATCHES & THEIR MAKERS
2044:Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum (15 June 1996).
1779:
1636:
817:In pre-modern times there are some refs:
378:a Catalonian compendium of Mediterranean
235:Similarly, the navies of the kingdoms of
3119:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
1928:soldevila les quatre croniques bombarda
1811:Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1980).
1529:"Ships of the 13th-century Catalan Navy"
1063:
1000:
605:sail (master sail) and a jib called the
2113:. Thesis (PhD)--University of Toronto.
1676:Société de géographie (France) (1837).
1284:
776:
738:
107:
2490:Royal Gallery to the Requesens Archive
20:
3109:Military history of the Mediterranean
1863:
1767:
1719:Vele italiane della costa occidentale
1705:LA TARTANA CHIOGGIOTTA, Mario Marzari
1107:Naval battle of Puerto del Conde 1353
540:Galceran de Requesens y Joan de Soler
7:
2216:Javier Lacosta (16 September 1999).
1679:Bulletin de la Société de géographie
1421:
1419:
969:: Dotzé del Crestià (Valencia-1484)
622:Bulletin de la Société de géographie
2466:История отечественного судостроения
1648:
1624:
2406:"The crews of the 1354 navy ships"
2325:Royal Printing Press, 1787.
1557:. Imprenta Real. 10 February 1786.
1186:The Pisano-Catalan Crusade to the
881:Dead-reckoning in the Catalan Navy
14:
2838:Portantveus de General Governador
2448:Морской энциклопедический словарь
2438:(in Russian) (11). Archived from
1722:. HOEPLI EDITORE. pp. 225–.
1158:Battle of the Alboran Island 1540
376:Book of the Consulate of the Sea,
3114:Naval warfare of the Middle Ages
2816:Book of the Consulate of the Sea
2430:Скрягин, Лев Николаевич (1970).
1969:. SISMEL edizioni del Galluzzo.
788:
779:
768:
759:
750:
741:
524:
370:Book of the Consulate of the Sea
363:Book of the Consulate of the Sea
232:, staged some important events.
2793:Conference of the Three Commons
2296:"Ramón Berenguer III el Grande"
1926:Secció Històrico-Arqueològica.
1440:Joan Iborra (3 February 2016).
1220:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
426:(formerly galea) was a type of
418:Maltese galley, Catalan variant
16:Navy of the counts of Barcelona
2495:Medieval ship building process
2333:Military history of Catalonia.
2173:. S. Manero. 10 February 1865.
2159:Dotzè del Crestià, pàg. 81/100
1887:Aguiló: Volum 8. Lletres T a Z
1255:Próspero de Bofarull y Mascaró
1249:Història de la Marina Catalana
1173:Battle of Terceira Island 1582
873:In the battle of Lepanto, the
135:Siege of Barcelona (1713-1714)
1:
3094:Military history of Catalonia
2680:War of the Spanish Succession
2351:"History of the Catalan Navy"
1110:Barcelona naval battle (1359)
1098:Naval Battle of Cagliari 1324
218:
840:Barcelona bombards warehouse
2886:Army of Catalonia (1713–14)
2611:War of the Sicilian Vespers
2432:"Под сенью парусов Колумба"
2331:Hernàndez Cardona, Xavier.
2319:Capmany Montpalau, Antoni.
1875:José Mª Madurell i Marimón.
1682:. Delagrave. pp. 334–.
1605:José Veitia Linaje (1672).
1350:Magdeburgensis, B. (1843).
1146:Battle of Formentera (1529)
1092:Battle of Cape Orlando 1299
1086:Formigues Naval Battle 1285
1016:Other important campaigns:
810:pump (3rd century, Huelva)
798:Bilge pump on Catalan ships
115:War of the Sicilian Vespers
3135:
2798:Tribunal de Contrafaccions
1846:/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0131473
1232:La Cartografía Mallorquina
1137:Day of Meros el-Kebir 1506
1101:Bosporus Naval Battle 1352
904:
567:
498:The crossbowmen "in table"
367:
3084:Principality of Catalonia
2541:Principality of Catalonia
2370:Марквардт, К. Х. (1991).
2338:2". Rafael Dalmau, 2004.
2183:Ernesto Zaragoza Pascual.
1962:Chiara Crisciani (2003).
1413:Fernando Patxot y Ferrer.
1128:Ponza Naval Battle (1435)
1122:Looting of Marseille 1423
1119:Battle of Foç Pisana 1421
1104:Zonklon Naval Battle 1352
1089:Battle of the Counts 1287
716:word also designates the
199:Principality of Catalonia
155:Vice admiral of Catalonia
58:Principality of Catalonia
31:Marina de guerra catalana
28:
2675:Revolt of the Barretines
2393:Михельсон, А.Д. (1865).
1214:Barcelona Royal Shipyard
1049:Smalkald's War 1546–1547
1011:Invincible Army campaign
728:Jean Jouve in the album
682:(a bird of prey), being
618:Norte de la Contratación
247:Fame of the Catalan navy
2349:García y Sanz, Arcadi:
1155:Battle of Girolata 1540
1134:Siege of Kefalonia 1500
1095:Battle of Gagliano 1300
1080:Naples Golf Battle 1284
951:, through his daughter
215:Annales regni Francorum
2668:Treaty of the Pyrenees
2636:Sentencia de Guadalupe
2416:Sans Barrutell, Joan:
2267:. Junta de Andalucía.
1943:José Arántegui y Sanz.
1851:24 August 2010 at the
1844:Etimología dentro del
1490:Josep Balari i Jovany.
1182:Pisano-Catalan Crusade
1167:Battle of Gerba (1560)
1152:Battle of Préveza 1538
1143:Siege of Bejaïa (1514)
1116:Siege of Boniface 1420
1113:Bône Naval Battle 1360
1069:
1006:
970:
945:
893:
862:
853:Shipyards of Barcelona
811:
698:
694:
637:
636:Engraving of a tartane
565:
557:
461:
419:
411:
403:
279:
253:Ferdinand the Catholic
226:Ferdinand the Catholic
186:
174:
30:
2811:Catalan constitutions
2197:, 1833, p. 596–.
1990:Antonio Neri (1663).
1243:Antoni Palau i Dulcet
1170:Siege of Malta (1565)
1140:Conquest of Oran 1509
1067:
1004:
965:
888:
860:
805:
635:
563:
555:
417:
409:
402:Model of " La Real ".
401:
272:Galceran de Requesens
266:
180:
168:
125:War of the Two Peters
120:War of the Two Peters
91:Military of Catalonia
2957:Consulate of the Sea
2616:Conquest of Sardinia
2601:Conquest of Valencia
2404:Orsi Lázaro, Mario:
2357:Jouve, Jean (1679).
2298:. Biografías y vidas
2199:Diccionario (1833).
2074:F.J.Britten (190x).
1901:Luigi Pulci (1806).
1797:3 March 2016 at the
1611:. Blas. pp. 1–.
1500:Nicolas (rev) Aubin.
1238:Consulate of the Sea
1164:Siege of Nice (1543)
1077:Combat of Malta 1283
1074:Nicothen Combat 1282
3017:Santa Maria del Mar
2806:Usages of Barcelona
2725:House of Trastámara
2685:War of the Catalans
2631:War of the Remences
2621:Compromise of Caspe
2596:Conquest of Majorca
2584:Albigensian Crusade
2567:County of Barcelona
1401:Antonio de Herrera.
1389:Andrea Brancaleone.
1261:Memorias históricas
1226:Catalan cartography
975:Charles V of France
933:Charles V of France
440:, who references a
110:Conquest of Majorca
3056:Saint George's Day
2720:House of Barcelona
2715:Count of Barcelona
2690:Siege of Barcelona
2663:Battle of Montjuïc
2442:on 7 January 2014.
2436:Техникa - молодёжи
2365:] (in French).
1544:Charles D Stanton.
1070:
1007:
986:Francesc Eiximenis
979:Francesc Eiximenis
971:
967:Francesc Eiximenis
957:Jean de Mandeville
894:
863:
812:
724:Images of tartanes
709:which means ship.
638:
566:
558:
420:
412:
404:
353:Martí de Viciana.,
336:Benedetto Cotrugli
313:Martí de Viciana.,
297:Benedetto Cotrugli
280:
187:
175:
130:Conquest of Naples
41:9th century – 1714
3104:Navies by country
3071:
3070:
3063:Flag of Barcelona
2740:House of Habsburg
2643:Catholic Monarchs
2626:Catalan Civil War
2606:Aragonese Crusade
2120:978-0-315-43411-0
2057:978-0-226-15510-4
2025:978-0-912947-01-3
1976:978-88-8450-051-9
1917:Girolamo Cardano.
1824:978-84-249-0879-9
1729:978-88-203-3081-1
1581:on 12 August 2017
1518:Ángel San Martín.
1453:978-84-370-9385-7
1377:Bentley, Jerry H.
1329:978-84-7283-083-7
1176:Battle of Lepanto
953:Yolande of Aragon
359:
358:
160:
159:
3126:
3099:Disbanded navies
2940:Occitan language
2930:Catalan language
2745:House of Bourbon
2658:Catalan Republic
2562:Catalan counties
2534:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2479:
2461:
2443:
2398:
2389:
2366:
2308:
2307:
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2303:
2292:
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2285:
2283:
2281:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:. Junta islámica
2213:
2207:
2206:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
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2131:
2125:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1959:
1953:
1952:Waters, David W.
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
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1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1808:
1802:
1789:
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1777:
1771:
1768:ТМ & 1970.11
1765:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1690:
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1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1574:. Archived from
1573:
1565:
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1558:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1519:
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1347:
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1338:
1336:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1273:Marine sandglass
1188:Balearic Islands
1161:Algiers Day 1541
1125:Calvi Siege 1429
907:Marine sandglass
901:Marine sandglass
833:Girolamo Cardano
792:
783:
772:
763:
754:
745:
548:Catalan tartanes
528:
462:Captain's galley
282:
223:
220:
209:, and later the
33:
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
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3123:
3089:Crown of Aragon
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3046:St George Cross
3022:
2994:
2966:
2912:
2881:Catalan Company
2866:Princeps namque
2852:
2848:Mestre Racional
2783:Consell de Cent
2778:Junta de Braços
2757:
2749:
2701:
2589:Battle of Muret
2579:Crown of Aragon
2574:Peace and Truce
2551:
2543:
2538:
2486:
2476:
2464:
2458:
2446:
2429:
2392:
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2144:
2136:Johan I D'Arago
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2093:Johan I D'Arago
2090:
2089:
2085:
2073:
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2065:
2058:
2043:
2042:
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2026:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1993:L'arte vetraria
1989:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
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1853:Wayback Machine
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1799:Wayback Machine
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1513:
1509:Ramón Muntaner.
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1480:Joan Corominas.
1479:
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1060:Battle timeline
999:
949:John the hunter
909:
903:
883:
855:
842:
800:
793:
784:
773:
764:
755:
746:
726:
676:
630:
614:levantisco tide
572:
550:
545:
544:
543:
534:
529:
500:
473:
464:
396:
394:Catalan Galleys
372:
366:
249:
221:
207:kings of Aragon
163:
150:
139:
106:
105:
80:
78:Coastal defence
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3013:Catalan Gothic
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3004:
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2962:Taula de canvi
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2945:Catalan people
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2906:Catalan galley
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2823:Royal Archives
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2795:
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2788:Royal Audience
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2768:Catalan Courts
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2735:House of Anjou
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2484:External links
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2205:pp. 596–.
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2018:. The Museum.
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1780:Михельсон 1865
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1637:Марквардт 1991
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1468:"DCVB: Galera"
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568:Main article:
549:
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661:Mediterranean
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627:
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623:
619:
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592:bow-stern rig
589:
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584:Mediterranean
582:) is a small
581:
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562:
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547:
541:
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449:Mediterranean
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276:Joan de Soler
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162:Military unit
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52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3000:Architecture
2918:Demographics
2901:Vice admiral
2896:Catalan navy
2895:
2802:Legislation
2707:Royal Houses
2697:Nueva Planta
2653:Reapers' War
2465:
2447:
2440:the original
2435:
2420: ; 1851
2394:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2353: ; 1977
2335:
2332:
2321:
2314:Bibliography
2300:. Retrieved
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2263:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2165:
2154:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2046:
2014:
1992:
1985:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1859:
1840:
1830:20 September
1828:. Retrieved
1813:
1806:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1747:
1738:
1718:
1711:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1607:
1583:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1563:
1549:
1540:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1462:
1442:
1358:. Retrieved
1352:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1318:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1293:
1287:
1260:
1247:
1230:
1218:
1185:
1053:Flanders War
1036:
1015:
1008:
972:
946:
940:
939:
930:
910:
895:
889:
872:
864:
843:
816:
813:
733:
732:(in French,
729:
727:
713:
711:
706:
703:
697:and French:
686:
679:
677:
665:
646:
639:
621:
617:
613:
611:
606:
600:
579:
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573:
535:
508:
501:
481:
474:
465:
453:
446:
441:
435:
423:
421:
388:
382:
380:maritime law
375:
373:
362:
347:
329:
307:
290:
250:
234:
214:
191:Catalan navy
190:
188:
182:
102:
88:Part of
24:Catalan navy
18:
2871:Sagramental
2773:Generalitat
2302:16 December
2280:18 November
1585:2 September
926:Montpellier
586:Latin sail
538:. Flota de
96:Engagements
3078:Categories
3041:Royal arms
3008:Romanesque
2833:Chancellor
2246:2 November
2224:31 October
1864:Jouve 1679
1817:. Gredos.
1280:References
992:Eiximenis.
890:Reversible
684:in Catalan
222: 830
205:(i.e. the
144:Commanders
3051:St George
1263:(Capmany)
1055:1548–1568
1039:Charles V
1031:Charles V
997:Campaigns
831:In 1460,
674:Etymology
653:Catalonia
649:Occitania
642:Catalonia
456:sailboats
260:writers:
224:), until
203:Barcelona
197:from the
151:commander
82:Offensive
46:Disbanded
2990:Religion
2891:Coronela
2876:Sometent
2858:Military
2755:Politics
2554:timeline
2346:.
1966:sedacina
1849:Archived
1795:Archived
1752:Tartanes
1649:ИОС 1994
1625:МЭС 1994
1207:See also
922:Orihuela
875:Catalans
668:Provence
657:Provence
596:warships
515:smaller.
477:arquebus
241:Valencia
237:Mallorca
103:See list
3036:Senyera
3028:Symbols
2985:Cuisine
2972:Culture
2922:economy
2828:Viceroy
2549:History
1268:Tartane
1197:Convoys
1192:Muslims
916:with a
847:caliber
714:Tartane
707:taridah
705:Arabic
699:tartane
695:tartana
691:Italian
687:tartana
680:tartane
607:polacia
576:tartana
570:Tartane
490:at the
484:caliber
432:warship
257:galleys
183:galiota
149:Current
54:Country
2472:
2454:
2382:
2342:
2271:
2117:
2054:
2022:
1973:
1821:
1726:
1450:
1360:3 July
1335:3 July
1326:
1301:3 July
868:Greece
808:bronze
806:Roman
628:Origin
580:tartan
471:Combat
325:Lembus
255:, the
230:Naples
193:was a
38:Active
2374:[
2361:[
1579:(PDF)
1572:(PDF)
1532:(PDF)
1043:Genoa
918:sieve
822:pump.
603:Latin
2950:list
2920:and
2758:and
2552:and
2470:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2336:Vol.
2304:2010
2282:2010
2269:ISBN
2248:2010
2226:2010
2115:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1832:2001
1819:ISBN
1814:RI-X
1724:ISBN
1587:2017
1448:ISBN
1362:2022
1337:2022
1324:ISBN
1303:2022
914:cast
655:and
590:(or
588:boat
488:guns
428:ship
422:The
374:The
274:and
239:and
195:navy
189:The
74:Role
68:Navy
64:Type
2980:Art
2934:old
2760:law
1754://
924:to
578:or
492:bow
343:...
332:...
320:...
310:...
304:...
293:...
287:...
3080::
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2066:^
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1432:^
1418:^
1406:^
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1979:.
1934:.
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1834:.
1801:.
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1770:.
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1364:.
1339:.
1305:.
383:,
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217:(
173:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
