Knowledge (XXG)

Catalan personal pronouns

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4990: 2507:
All of the combinations allowed in the standard language are given in the following table, which also shows the necessary morpho-phonological and orthographic adjustments. In each cell of the table, the forms are listed in the following order, with the same contextual conditions as explained above
5597: 1371:: they cannot be used on their own or attached to a different element of the sentence. The combination of the verb plus the weak pronoun or pronouns always has a single stressed vowel, that of the verb. 937: 5023: 239: 2295:
In complex verbal constructions consisting of a conjugated verb and an infinitive or gerund, the pronoun can appear either before the first verb or after the second verb.
4420:
Combinations of weak pronouns are subject to wide regional and stylistic variation, and in several cases the normative rules presented above do not reflect actual usage.
485: 930: 5261: 4941: 923: 489: 5404: 4873: 5204: 311: 4329:
Sequences of three pronouns are possible, and generally consist of one of the two-pronoun combinations from the table above, preceded by
882: 877: 499: 72: 4892: 872: 469: 5290: 5254: 5013: 1327:(unmarked for either gender or number), always used with 3rd person singular verbs, nowadays archaic and only used in writing: 857: 225: 52: 1305:(with 2nd person plural verb agreement) can be found in some varieties of Catalan, and in contexts like administrative texts. 5592: 5315: 4934: 2393:
When two weak pronouns appear with the same verb, they must appear in a fixed order, as illustrated in the following table:
1229:(both singular and plural) cannot be used as a subject. It most commonly appears after a preposition, often reinforced by 5623: 5305: 5285: 5212: 834: 319: 5428: 5340: 5300: 847: 5295: 5247: 907: 445: 5445: 5361: 4927: 533: 82: 405: 5618: 5418: 1905: 475: 2267:
With all other forms of the verb, the weak pronouns are proclitic. This includes, in particular, conjugated (
5440: 5325: 5310: 5226: 4989: 867: 538: 333: 4403:
Aquell amic nostre (→ te me) és capaç de posar-se a casa (→ hi) tres parents (→ ’n) del senyor Pere (→ li)
730: 574: 495: 109: 5132: 4772: 4069:. The orthographic convention in such cases is to place the apostrophe as far to the right as possible: 510: 479: 99: 62: 5110: 602: 5220: 5105: 4799: 4398:
The linguist Joan SolĂ  presents a progression that culminates in a combination of six weak pronouns:
1496:): used after a verb that ends in a vowel, separated from it by an apostrophe (except in the case of 1396: 1360: 581: 327: 114: 57: 5560: 5497: 5472: 5071: 5030: 1151: 506: 449: 420: 297: 247: 92: 67: 5534: 5467: 5368: 5274: 5122: 5117: 5047: 4970: 4965: 4954: 4852: 2343: 1392: 1388: 1384: 961: 818: 724: 588: 459: 409: 268: 204: 199: 87: 42: 24: 701: 655: 4405:(That friend of ours is able to give lodging in his house to three relatives of Senyor Pere) → 5513: 5144: 5127: 5008: 4975: 4888: 4869: 4767: 4145:
and leaving the other pronoun unexpressed. In some contexts, it is also acceptable to replace
1143: 892: 426: 219: 47: 5239: 2181:
Unmodified nouns or nouns preceded by numbers, quantifying adverbs or an indefinite article:
1512:
Not all pronouns have four distinct forms. The following table shows the complete inventory.
5544: 5539: 5529: 5477: 5435: 5356: 5181: 5169: 5162: 5149: 5099: 5086: 5035: 5018: 4950: 4844: 2347: 1402: 1348: 973: 957: 952: 737: 706: 691: 465: 455: 368: 253: 232: 209: 181: 174: 169: 137: 104: 20: 4141:
are not allowed in the standard language, and must be avoided, for example by keeping only
785: 5576: 5413: 5373: 5139: 5094: 5040: 5000: 4777: 2362: 1309: 1279: 842: 635: 260: 214: 157: 152: 142: 132: 77: 686: 616: 5186: 5155: 5050: 2074:
Prepositional phrases denoting manner or instrument, or starting with the prepositions
792: 514: 271: 164: 4576:
Furthermore, the feminine forms can merge phonetically with the masculine forms, i.e.
1433:): used before a verb that begins with a consonant, separated from the verb by a space 5612: 5065: 5055: 4856: 902: 799: 779: 744: 641: 291: 277: 147: 897: 696: 648: 4349:(the added pronoun must not already appear in the original two-pronoun cluster). 1218:("according to me"), and in coordinated structures with another noun or pronoun: 2268: 2224:
Enclitic pronouns are used with infinitives, gerunds, and positive imperatives.
1155: 758: 681: 2339:
Use of weak pronouns varies significantly across the Catalan linguistic area.
1413:
The form of a given pronoun is determined by its position with respect to the
751: 595: 1472: 1422: 390: 362: 4800:"GramĂ tica essencial de la llengua catalana - Institut d'Estudis Catalans" 2492:
The two pronouns must be selected from different columns, and furthermore
560: 2249:("Seeing it from an outsider's point of view, analyzing it objectively") 5270: 4848: 1356: 852: 609: 553: 546: 415: 383: 378: 353: 4919: 2365:
in Northern Catalan, the reduced form of the pronoun is replaced by a
2007: 1406: 1364: 662: 567: 399: 395: 358: 4908: 5598:
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
1418: 373: 4674:
In more colloquial registers, the plural indirect object pronoun
4682:, and this extended form is used instead of all combinations of 1414: 1368: 5243: 4923: 4835:
Bonet, EulĂ lia (1995). "Feature Structure of Romance Clitics".
4218:
In the second case, it is also possible to replace the pronoun
4053:, the resulting form, pronounced , could be analyzed either as 4443:) given in the table above, central Catalan varieties replace 4988: 1367:, and all must always appear immediately before or after a 4423:
For example, alongside the transparently derived forms of
2512:
proclitic form used before a verb that begins with a vowel
2192:("How many houses do you have?" — "We have two/many ."); 2037:("Do you like to watch TV?" "No, I think it's boring.") 950:
This article discusses the forms and functions of the
1425:
in the verb. There are four possible configurations:
1191:
The first person singular pronoun has a special form
1471:): used after a verb that ends in a consonant (or a 5585: 5569: 5553: 5522: 5506: 5490: 5460: 5389: 5382: 5349: 5336: 5196: 5085: 4999: 4864:Dorandeu, Joan; Montserrat Moral de Prudon (1979). 1450:): used before a verb that begins with a vowel (or 1323:There exists as well an impersonal subject pronoun 4738:before a verb starting with a vowel. For example: 2132:(-"Did you get up in a good mood?" -"Yes, I did.") 2100:Adverbs and adjectives used with verbs other than 2204:("Have you got an email address?" — "Yes, I do.") 1334:("One does not become a nun because of nothing.") 4686:followed by a 3rd person direct object pronoun: 2530:after a verb that ends with a consonant (or "u") 2523:after a verb that ends with a vowel (except "u") 2350:do not generally use the reinforced forms (e.g. 1214:is used with some prepositions, for example, in 4868:(in Spanish). Chennevières-sur-Marne: Assimil. 1290:(plural). They combine with 3rd person verbs. 1264:("They bought it for themselves (masculine).") 5255: 4935: 4730:are regularly replaced by the unelided forms 4380:Combinations of four pronouns are very rare: 4260:(Això, de l'armari) l'en/l'hi traurĂ© desprĂ©s. 4153:, giving rise to the following combinations: 1876:is used before verbs beginning in unstressed 1274:("They bought it for themselves (feminine).") 931: 8: 2342:Northern Catalan (particularly as spoken in 1379:Weak pronouns in Catalan vary according to: 4883:Pellicer, Joan E.; Francesc Ferran (1998). 4274:is also used to express the combination of 2217:(appearing immediately before the verb) or 1401:its syntactic function (direct or indirect 5386: 5346: 5262: 5248: 5240: 4942: 4928: 4920: 4262:("I will take it out of there afterwards") 2517:before a verb that begins with a consonant 1359:that, as the name indicates, do not carry 938: 924: 486:General Council of the PyrĂ©nĂ©es-Orientales 15: 4356:(They put wine in the glasses for you) → 4318:(D'homes, del teatre) n'hi sortiran tres. 1454:), and separated from it by an apostrophe 4837:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4320:("Three of them will come out of there") 2535: 2395: 1526: 1514: 1462:("I like that."; lit. "That pleases me") 982: 4822:Pellicer & Ferran (1998, p. 160–61) 4788: 2058:replaces adverbial complements such as: 1865: 980:) in Catalan have the following forms: 18: 4885:Gramática de uso de la lengua catalana 4109:, because there is no such pronoun as 1694: 1554: 1479:), connected to the verb with a hyphen 4185:(Això, a Sabadell) l'hi portarĂ© demĂ . 4125:As mentioned above, the combinations 2412: 2381:) in Northern Catalan is rendered as 2281:("Will you make us meatballs again?") 1819: 1168:("I still don't know much about it.") 7: 4794: 4792: 2159:Prepositional phrases starting with 1904:The weak pronouns primarily express 2171:("Everyone is talking about it."); 1950:("Will you give him/her the book?") 1487:("John doesn't want to follow me.") 1225:The third person reflexive pronoun 1177:("Him, I don't think he's coming.") 2271:) verbs and negative imperatives: 2135:Intransitive verbs of perception: 2006:("everything"), or even an entire 1979:("Everyone was sorry about that.") 1417:, and whether it is adjacent to a 466:Government of the Balearic Islands 14: 5205:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua 4887:(in Spanish). Barcelona: MIL999. 4187:("I will take it there tomorrow") 2369:form (thus, not strictly being a 2194:Tens adreça de correu electrònic? 1795:reflexive (m. or f., sg. or pl.) 312:Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua 4113:that would justify the spelling 1968:("The girl is washing herself.") 1146:pronouns (with the exception of 4607:can also undergo modification: 2373:pronoun anymore). For example, 2313:("They wanted to attack them.") 2047:("We have to clean it all up.") 53:History of the Balearic Islands 5593:Austronesian personal pronouns 2235:("Can you make us meatballs?") 2071:("I've always wanted to go .") 2065:Sempre he tingut ganes d'anar- 1312:is expressed with the pronoun 1254:("She bought it for herself.") 1: 4394:(Some of it gets into them ) 4363:(They put some there for you) 2389:Combinations of weak pronouns 2263:("Go there and wait for me.") 2213:The weak pronouns are either 1244:("He bought it for himself.") 835:National symbols of Catalonia 4976:Geo-political distribution ( 4387:(Dust gets into my shoes) → 4385:Se'm posa pols a les sabates 4282:(genitive), since the form * 3873: 3613: 2330:("We are listening to him.") 2027:T'agrada mirar la televisiĂł? 1332:Hom no es fa monja perquè sĂ­ 1297:("Would you do me a favor?") 5213:Institut d'Estudis Catalans 4722:The elided proclitic forms 2279:farĂ s encara mandonguilles? 1775:indirect object (m. or f.) 1674:indirect object (m. or f.) 320:Institut d'Estudis Catalans 5640: 4093:, etc. The combination of 2508:for the simple pronouns: 1990:replaces pronouns such as 1847: 1822: 1774: 1759: 1739: 1673: 1658: 1634: 1609: 1031:Highly formal and archaic. 984:Catalan stressed pronouns 446:General Council of Andorra 5281: 4986: 4961: 4427:+ direct object pronoun ( 4369:(You are offered beer) → 2409: 2406: 2403: 2398: 1855: 1850: 1794: 1777: 1767: 1762: 1742: 1736: 1719: 1699: 1688: 1681: 1676: 1666: 1661: 1651: 1606: 1548: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1485:En Joan no vol seguir-me. 1195:after most prepositions. 1187:("They asked about you.") 1133: 1123: 1087: 1081:Archaic in most dialects. 1073: 1037: 1023: 999: 988: 774:Music and performing arts 83:Principality of Catalonia 5024:Spelling-to-sound charts 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2243:des de fora, analitzant- 2122:Que t'has llevat alegre? 1934:("Yesterday I saw her.") 1924:("Yesterday I saw him.") 1697:or reflexive (m. or f.) 1557:or reflexive (m. or f.) 1295:Vostè em faria un favor? 1222:("against you and me"). 1142:These forms are used as 476:Generalitat of Catalonia 240:Spelling-to-sound charts 4866:El catalán sin esfuerzo 4121:Impossible combinations 2143:("The man can't hear.") 1363:. All are monosyllabic 1154:, for example, after a 972:The "strong" pronouns ( 496:Generalitat of Valencia 440:Government and politics 348:Geo-political divisions 4993: 4376:(You are offered some) 4105:, however, is written 2291:("Don't wait for me.") 2148:The adverbial proform 2063:Locative expressions: 1695:direct/indirect object 1555:direct/indirect object 1352: 1166:encara no en sĂ© gaire. 977: 210:Dialects and varieties 110:Treaty of the Pyrenees 5230: (IRL & FRL) 4992: 4773:Prepositional pronoun 4266:This substitution of 4045:In combinations like 2221:(immediately after). 1268:Ho van comprar per a 1258:Ho van comprar per a 1175:, no crec que vingui. 575:Fogueres de Sant Joan 511:Valencian nationalism 100:Catalan constitutions 63:History of Roussillon 5624:Pronouns by language 5227:FundaciĂł Ramon Llull 4367:Se t'ofereix cervesa 4354:Us posen vi als gots 4345:, and most commonly 4077:, and similarly for 2515:proclitic form used 2496:cannot combine with 2183:Quantes cases teniu? 1248:Ho va comprar per a 1238:Ho va comprar per a 1152:disjunctive pronouns 908:Himne de l'ExposiciĂł 582:Gegants i capgrossos 334:FundaciĂł Ramon Llull 115:Nueva Planta decrees 58:History of Catalonia 4580:is pronounced like 4325:Longer combinations 2527:enclitic form used 2521:enclitic form used 2335:Dialectal variation 2178:("I'm from there.") 1984:The neuter proform 1977:van penedir d'això. 1760:direct object (f.) 1740:direct object (m.) 1635:direct object (f.) 1610:direct object (m.) 1524:syntactic function 1508:("Give me a book.") 985: 406:PyrĂ©nĂ©es-Orientales 93:Kingdom of Valencia 73:History of Valencia 68:History of Sardinia 4994: 4849:10.1007/BF00992853 2344:Northern Catalonia 2190:tenim dues/moltes. 2022:("I don't know .") 1955:Reflexive pronouns 1948:donarĂ s el llibre? 1872:The unelided form 1823:ablative/genitive 1535:before a consonant 1210:However, the form 1181:Han preguntat per 983: 819:Sport in Catalonia 603:Saint George's Day 410:Northern Catalonia 88:Kingdom of Majorca 43:History of Andorra 5606: 5605: 5486: 5485: 5456: 5455: 5275:world's languages 5237: 5236: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5074: 5061:Personal pronouns 4875:978-2-7005-0106-3 4768:Pro-drop language 4043: 4042: 2490: 2489: 1862: 1861: 1541:after a consonant 1506:DĂłna'm un llibre. 1429:reinforced form ( 1206:("Stay with me.") 1140: 1139: 953:personal pronouns 948: 947: 893:El Gran Carlemany 589:Moros i cristians 534:Myths and legends 427:Catalan Countries 300: 294: 287: 285:Personal pronouns 280: 263: 256: 242: 235: 228: 48:History of Aragon 5631: 5570:other East Asian 5387: 5347: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5100:Northern Catalan 5070: 5014:Phonetic history 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4913: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4796: 4595:Combinations of 4408:Se te me li n’hi 4286:is not allowed: 2536: 2396: 2348:Balearic dialect 2324:Estem escoltant- 2320:estem escoltant. 1939:Indirect objects 1893: 1870: 1515: 1082: 1032: 986: 940: 933: 926: 873:Balearic Islands 848:Balearic Islands 456:Courts of Aragon 369:Balearic Islands 296: 290: 283: 276: 259: 252: 238: 231: 226:Phonetic history 224: 105:Furs of Valencia 30: 27: 16: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5619:Catalan grammar 5609: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5581: 5565: 5549: 5518: 5502: 5482: 5452: 5405:auxiliary verbs 5378: 5338: 5332: 5277: 5268: 5238: 5233: 5224: and  5192: 5102:(Roussillonese) 5095:Central Catalan 5081: 4995: 4984: 4978:PaĂŻsos Catalans 4957: 4948: 4917: 4911: 4909:Ă©sAdir: Pronoms 4905: 4895: 4882: 4876: 4863: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4806: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4786: 4778:Clitic doubling 4764: 4678:is realized as 4418: 4327: 4123: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3573: 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2434: 2400: 2391: 2363:imperative mood 2337: 2211: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1871: 1867: 1696: 1556: 1530:after the verb 1527:before the verb 1441:("You see me.") 1431:forma reforçada 1377: 1341: 1310:majestic plural 1308:The 1st person 1301:The older form 1286:(singular) and 1280:polite pronouns 1278:The 2nd person 1150:), and also as 1080: 1030: 970: 968:Strong pronouns 944: 915: 914: 830: 822: 821: 816: 808: 807: 775: 767: 766: 720: 712: 711: 702:Joaquim Sorolla 677: 669: 668: 656:Pa amb tomĂ quet 636:Catalan cuisine 631: 623: 622: 529: 521: 520: 503: 441: 433: 432: 423: 349: 341: 340: 337:(IRL & FRL) 195: 187: 186: 128: 120: 119: 78:Crown of Aragon 38: 29:cultural domain 28: 19: 12: 11: 5: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5611: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5491:other European 5488: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5393: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5353: 5351: 5344: 5341:proto-language 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5217: 5209: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5187:Judaeo-Catalan 5184: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5147: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5063: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4904: 4903:External links 4901: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4843:(4): 607–647. 4830: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4815: 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3315: 3298: 3281: 3264: 3247: 3230: 3213: 3196: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3153: 3151: 3134: 3117: 3100: 3083: 3066: 3049: 3032: 3015: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2972: 2970: 2953: 2936: 2919: 2902: 2885: 2868: 2851: 2834: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2793: 2776: 2759: 2742: 2725: 2708: 2691: 2674: 2657: 2640: 2623: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2390: 2387: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2314: 2307:Volien atacar- 2303:volien atacar. 2293: 2292: 2282: 2265: 2264: 2250: 2236: 2233:mandonguilles? 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2179: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2144: 2133: 2098: 2097:("I agree .)." 2095:estic d'acord. 2072: 2060: 2059: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2035:trobo avorrit. 2023: 2012: 2011: 1981: 1980: 1969: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1914: 1913: 1912:Direct objects 1901: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1659:neuter object 1656: 1655: 1650: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1544:after a vowel 1542: 1539: 1538:before a vowel 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1501: 1492:reduced form ( 1489: 1488: 1481: 1480: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1411: 1410: 1399: 1376: 1373: 1353:pronoms febles 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1299: 1298: 1276: 1275: 1265: 1255: 1245: 1220:contra tu i jo 1208: 1207: 1189: 1188: 1178: 1169: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1003: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 990: 969: 966: 946: 945: 943: 942: 935: 928: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 911: 910: 905: 900: 895: 887: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 864:Coats of Arms 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 845: 837: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 800:Rumba catalana 796: 789: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 542: 541: 536: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515:Catalanophobia 493: 483: 473: 463: 453: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 418: 413: 403: 393: 388: 387: 386: 381: 376: 366: 356: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 324: 316: 307: 306: 305: 304: 303: 302: 288: 281: 266: 265: 264: 257: 245: 244: 243: 236: 229: 212: 207: 202: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 179: 178: 177: 167: 162: 161: 160: 155: 150: 140: 135: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 96: 95: 90: 85: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 36: 35: 32: 31: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5636: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554:Austroasiatic 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5337:Indo-European 5335: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Orthographies 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197:Organizations 5195: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106:North-Western 5104: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5009:Pronunciation 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4894:84-930236-0-4 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4816: 4805: 4804:geiec.iec.cat 4801: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754:, instead of 4753: 4752:Us en alegreu 4750: 4748: 4745:, instead of 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4278:(ablative) + 4277: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3754: 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3219: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418:indirect obj. 2417: 2416: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2247:objectivament 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002:("that"), or 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1971:Pronominal – 1970: 1967: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908:of the verb. 1907: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:forma reduĂŻda 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1460:Això m'agrada 1458: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:forma elidida 1446:elided form ( 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:weak pronouns 1339:Weak pronouns 1338: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1316:(in place of 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 987: 981: 979: 978:pronoms forts 975: 967: 965: 963: 959: 955: 954: 941: 936: 934: 929: 927: 922: 921: 919: 918: 909: 906: 904: 903:La Balanguera 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 888: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 838: 836: 833: 832: 826: 825: 820: 812: 811: 802: 801: 797: 795: 794: 790: 788: 787: 783: 782: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 761: 760: 756: 754: 753: 749: 747: 746: 742: 740: 739: 735: 733: 732: 728: 727: 726: 723: 722: 716: 715: 708: 707:Salvador DalĂ­ 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 692:Antoni TĂ pies 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 673: 672: 665: 664: 660: 658: 657: 653: 651: 650: 646: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 619: 618: 614: 612: 611: 607: 605: 604: 600: 598: 597: 593: 591: 590: 586: 584: 583: 579: 577: 576: 572: 570: 569: 565: 563: 562: 558: 556: 555: 551: 549: 548: 544: 543: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 525: 524: 517: 516: 512: 508: 501: 497: 494: 491: 487: 484: 481: 477: 474: 471: 467: 464: 461: 457: 454: 451: 447: 444: 443: 437: 436: 429: 428: 422: 419: 417: 414: 411: 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 392: 389: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 345: 344: 336: 335: 330: 329: 325: 322: 321: 317: 314: 313: 309: 308: 299: 293: 289: 286: 282: 279: 275: 274: 273: 270: 267: 262: 258: 255: 251: 250: 249: 246: 241: 237: 234: 230: 227: 223: 222: 221: 220:Pronunciation 218: 217: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 191: 190: 183: 180: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 163: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 124: 123: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 44: 41: 40: 34: 33: 26: 22: 17: 5523:Sino-Tibetan 5399: 5320: 5316:Prepositions 5225: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5182:Catalan CalĂł 5060: 4977: 4916: 4912:(in Catalan) 4884: 4865: 4840: 4836: 4818: 4807:. Retrieved 4803: 4756:Us n'alegreu 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4666:(instead of 4662: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4634:(instead of 4630: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4569: 4568:(instead of 4564: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4538:(instead of 4534: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4508:(instead of 4504: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4478:(instead of 4474: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4317: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4175: 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4307:→ 4304:hi 4301:+ 4299:en 4297:→ 4295:en 4293:+ 4291:en 4280:en 4276:en 4272:en 4268:hi 4249:→ 4246:hi 4243:+ 4240:el 4237:→ 4235:en 4233:+ 4231:ho 4224:hi 4220:en 4209:→ 4207:en 4205:+ 4202:el 4199:→ 4197:en 4195:+ 4193:ho 4174:→ 4172:hi 4170:+ 4167:el 4164:→ 4162:hi 4160:+ 4158:ho 4151:el 4147:ho 4143:ho 4139:en 4137:+ 4135:ho 4131:hi 4129:+ 4127:ho 4117:. 4111:le 4103:en 4099:la 4095:el 4089:, 4085:, 4081:, 4067:'n 4065:+ 4063:se 4059:en 4057:+ 4055:s' 4051:en 4049:+ 4047:es 3999:en 3814:la 3753:el 3479:li 3177:em 2996:us 2815:et 2604:es 2597:us 2587:et 2582:em 2577:li 2562:la 2557:el 2552:ho 2547:en 2542:hi 2504:. 2502:hi 2498:en 2494:ho 2485:hi 2480:en 2475:ho 2463:la 2459:el 2450:li 2441:em 2436:us 2432:et 2427:es 2385:. 2326:lo 2318:L' 2287:m' 2259:'m 2255:hi 2245:ho 2241:ho 2200:en 2196:— 2188:En 2185:— 2174:En 2167:en 2163:: 2161:de 2151:en 2139:hi 2128:hi 2116:, 2112:, 2108:, 2104:, 2093:Hi 2086:, 2084:en 2082:, 2078:, 2067:hi 2055:hi 2043:ho 2033:ho 2018:ho 1998:, 1987:ho 1975:es 1964:es 1946:Li 1930:la 1920:el 1892:). 1888:, 1882:u- 1878:i- 1874:la 1852:hi 1842:'n 1832:n' 1827:en 1814:'s 1804:s' 1799:es 1721:us 1678:li 1663:ho 1648:la 1646:, 1644:l' 1639:la 1629:'l 1619:l' 1614:el 1601:'t 1591:t' 1586:et 1576:'m 1566:m' 1561:em 1477:-u 1452:h- 1387:, 1351:: 1270:si 1260:si 1250:si 1240:si 1233:: 1227:si 1212:jo 1202:mi 1193:mi 1164:Jo 1158:. 1148:si 1125:si 1078:) 1045:tu 1028:) 1010:mi 1008:, 1006:jo 976:: 964:. 513:, 502:) 23:/ 5343:) 5339:( 5263:e 5256:t 5249:v 5189:† 4980:) 4943:e 4936:t 4929:v 4897:. 4878:. 4859:. 4847:: 4812:. 4709:/ 4705:/ 4701:/ 4697:/ 4670:) 4638:) 4572:) 4542:) 4512:) 4482:) 4097:/ 2328:. 2311:. 2261:. 2124:- 2076:a 2069:. 2029:- 2025:- 2010:. 1500:) 1347:( 1204:. 1185:. 1074:( 1024:( 939:e 932:t 925:v 498:( 492:) 488:( 482:) 478:( 472:) 468:( 462:) 458:( 452:) 448:( 412:) 408:( 402:) 398:( 365:) 361:( 301:) 295:(

Index

Catalan
Valencian
History of Andorra
History of Aragon
History of the Balearic Islands
History of Catalonia
History of Roussillon
History of Sardinia
History of Valencia
Crown of Aragon
Principality of Catalonia
Kingdom of Majorca
Kingdom of Valencia
Catalan constitutions
Furs of Valencia
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Nueva Planta decrees
Andorrans
Aragonese
Balearics
Ibizans
Majorcans
Minorcans
Catalans
Sardinians
Alguerese
Valencians
History
Literature
Dialects and varieties

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