289:, which requires a violation of constitutional rights to have been previously established in order for a victim to claim damages, as a catch-22: "Section 1983 meets Catch-22. Important constitutional questions go unanswered precisely because those questions are yet unanswered. Courts then rely on that judicial silence to conclude there's no equivalent case on the books. No precedent = no clearly established law = no liability. An Escherian Stairwell. Heads government wins, tails plaintiff loses."
85:. The term is introduced by the character Doc Daneeka, an army psychiatrist who invokes "Catch-22" to explain why any pilot requesting mental evaluation for insanity—hoping to be found not sane enough to fly and thereby escape dangerous missions—demonstrates his own sanity in creating the request and thus cannot be declared insane. This phrase also means a dilemma or difficult circumstance from which there is no escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent conditions.
1925:
31:
266:
Once a treatment has been tested rigorously, it no longer matters whether it was considered alternative at the outset. If it is found to be reasonably safe and effective, it will be accepted. But assertions, speculation, and testimonials do not substitute for evidence. Alternative treatments should be subjected to scientific testing no less rigorous than that required for conventional treatments.
1915:
674:
130:"The soldiers with the hard white hats and clubs. The girls were crying. 'Did we do anything wrong?' they said. The men said no and pushed them away out the door with the ends of their clubs. 'Then why are you chasing us out?' the girls said. 'Catch-22,' the men said. All they kept saying was 'Catch-22, Catch-22.' What does it mean, Catch-22? What is Catch-22?"
159:, Catch-22 is invoked to explain or justify the military bureaucracy. For example, in the first chapter, it requires Yossarian to sign his name to letters he censors while he is confined to a hospital bed. One clause mentioned in chapter 10 closes a loophole in promotions, which one private had been exploiting to reattain the attractive rank of
660:
174:
At another point in the book, a prostitute explains to
Yossarian that she cannot marry him because he is crazy, and she will never marry a crazy man. She considers any man crazy who would marry a woman who is not a virgin. This closed logic loop clearly illustrated Catch-22 because by her logic, all
112:
Different formulations of "Catch-22" appear throughout the novel. The term is applied to various loopholes and quirks of the military system, always with the implication that rules are inaccessible to and slanted against those lower in the hierarchy. In chapter 6, Yossarian (the protagonist) is told
103:
was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he was sane, he had to fly them. If he flew them, he was crazy and didn't have to;
59:
Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to, but has no control over, because to fight the rule is to accept it. Another example is a situation in which someone is in need of something that can only be had by not being in need of it (e.g. the only
265:
It is time for the scientific community to stop giving alternative medicine a free ride. There cannot be two kinds of medicine—conventional and alternative. There is only medicine that has been adequately tested and medicine that has not, medicine that works and medicine that may or may not work.
235:
This bogus democracy that can be overruled by arbitrary fiat is perhaps a citizen's first encounter with organizations that may profess 'open' and libertarian values, but in fact are closed and hierarchical systems. Catch-22 is an organizational assumption, an unwritten law of informal power that
646:
If the catch were (i), that would not be so bad—an airman would at least be able to discover that under no circumstances could he avoid combat duty. But Catch-22 is worse—a welter of words that amounts to nothing; it is without content, it conveys no information at
230:
James E. Combs and Dan D. Nimmo suggest that the idea of a "catch-22" has gained popular currency because so many people in modern society are exposed to frustrating bureaucratic logic. They write of the rules of high school and colleges that:
60:
way to qualify for a loan is to prove to the bank that you do not need a loan). One connotation of the term is that the creators of the "catch-22" situation have created arbitrary rules in order to justify and conceal their own
185:
In chapter 40, Catch-22 forces
Colonels Korn and Cathcart to promote Yossarian to Major and ground him rather than simply sending him home. They fear that if they do not, others will refuse to fly, just as Yossarian did.
204:
Heller originally wanted to call the phrase (and hence, the book) by other numbers, but he and his publishers eventually settled on 22. The number has no particular significance; it was chosen more or less for
146:
According to literature professor Ian
Gregson, the old woman's narrative defines "Catch-22" more directly as the "brutal operation of power", stripping away the "bogus sophistication" of the earlier scenarios.
869:
It is Catch-22: Dr. Daneeka explains how anybody who is crazy has a right to ask to be removed from combat status but how anybody who asks is revealing a rational concern for his own safety that makes him not
338:
sane, and therefore must fly in combat. At the same time, if an evaluation is not requested by the pilot, he will never receive one and thus can never be found insane, meaning he must also fly in combat.
182:
of food as a consequence of not signing a loyalty oath that Major Major was never given an opportunity to sign in the first place. Captain Black asks Milo, "You're not against Catch-22, are you?"
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men who refuse to marry her are sane and thus she would consider marriage; but as soon as a man agrees to marry her, he becomes crazy for wanting to marry a non-virgin, and is instantly rejected.
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exempts the organization from responsibility and accountability, and puts the individual in the absurd position of being excepted for the convenience or unknown purposes of the organization.
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There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind.
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127:"What the hell are you talking about?" Yossarian shouted at her in bewildered, furious protest. "How did you know it was Catch-22? Who the hell told you it was Catch-22?"
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The term "catch-22" has filtered into common usage in the
English language. In a 1975 interview, Heller said the term would not translate well into other languages.
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The catch is this: what looks like a statement of the conditions under which an airman can be excused flying dangerous missions reduces not to the statement
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The philosopher
Laurence Goldstein argues that the "airman's dilemma" is logically not even a condition that is true under no circumstances; it is a "
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Therefore, no person can be excused from flying on the grounds of insanity (¬E) because no person can be both insane and have requested an evaluation.
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642:(ii) 'An airman can be excused flying dangerous missions if and only if it is not the case that an airman can be excused flying dangerous missions'
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the evaluation, an act that is considered sufficient proof for being declared sane. These conditions make it impossible to be declared "unfit".
275:
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The "Catch-22" is that "anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy". Hence, pilots who request a mental fitness evaluation
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171:, he would be busted in rank back to private, but Catch-22 limited the number of times he could do this before being sent to the stockade.
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For a person to be excused from flying on the grounds of insanity (E), he must both be insane (I) and have requested an evaluation (R).
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1210:"The Barber, Russell's paradox, catch-22, God, contradiction and more: A defence of a Wittgensteinian conception of contradiction"
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244:", "catch-22" has become one of the best-recognized ways to describe the predicament of being trapped by contradictory rules.
133:"Didn't they show it to you?" Yossarian demanded, stamping about in anger and distress. "Didn't you even make them read it?"
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and found "unfit to fly". "Unfit" would be any pilot who is willing to fly such dangerous missions, as one would have to be
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situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules or limitations. The term was coined by
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In a final episode, Catch-22 is described to
Yossarian by an old woman recounting an act of violence by soldiers:
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was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle.
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638:(which could be a mean way of disguising an unpleasant truth), but to the worthlessly empty announcement
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tells him to do, regardless of whether these orders contradict orders from the officer's superiors.
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An insane person (I) does not request an evaluation (¬R) because he does not realize he is insane.
136:"They don't have to show us Catch-22," the old woman answered. "The law says they don't have to."
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1046:; et al. (1998). "Alternative medicine – The risks of untested and unregulated remedies".
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Therefore, Catch-22 ensures that no pilot can ever be grounded for being insane even if he is.
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278:(CAM) method which is proven to work "would no longer be CAM, it would simply be medicine."
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replied. "Catch-22. Anyone who wants to get out of combat duty isn't really crazy."
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Situation in which one cannot avoid a problem because of contradictory constraints
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124:"Catch-22 says they have a right to do anything we can't stop them from doing."
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Either a person is not insane (¬I) or does not request an evaluation (¬R).
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22 Going on 50: Half a century later, the world is full of Catch-22s
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to volunteer for possible death. However, to be evaluated, he must
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At one point, Captain Black attempts to press Milo into depriving
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81:, which describes absurd bureaucratic constraints on soldiers in
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1212:. In Priest, Graham; Beall, J. C.; Armour-Garb, Bradley (eds.).
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Dr. Strangelove's
America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age
1943:
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No person can be both insane (I) and request an evaluation (R).
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has been termed a catch-22. In a 1998 editorial co-authored by
855:
Scriptures for a
Generation: What We Were Reading in the '60s
930:; Westport, CT: Praeger (Greenwood Publishing Group), 1996;
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Alternative
Medicine: The Clinton Commission's Catch-22.
982:"The Loony Horror of it All – 'Catch-22' Turns 25"
1214:
The law of non-contradiction: new philosophical essays
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A flowchart showing Joseph Heller's original Catch-22
626:" that is ultimately meaningless. Goldstein writes:
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113:that Catch-22 requires him to do anything his
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274:as a logical catch-22 which ensures that any
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857:. University of Georgia Press. p. 162.
345:A logical formulation of this situation is:
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914:, accessed via Answers.com, 16 August 2013.
155:Besides referring to an unsolvable logical
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726:– taking what is offered or taking nothing
213:, but Heller changed it after the popular
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390:{\displaystyle (E\rightarrow (I\land R))}
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953:Character and Satire in Post War Fiction
885:; University of California Press, 1997;
2160:Metaphors referring to war and violence
827:Largest Idioms Dictionary, The Idioms.
819:
219:was published a short time beforehand.
1129:from the original on November 26, 2019
1117:"Should Cops Be Immune From Lawsuits?"
276:complementary and alternative medicine
270:This definition has been described by
988:. p. Section 7, Page 3, Column 1
441:{\displaystyle (I\rightarrow \neg R)}
7:
247:A significant type of definition of
139:"What law says they don't have to?"
926:James E. Combs & Dan D. Nimmo,
491:{\displaystyle (\neg I\lor \neg R)}
1571:What the Tortoise Said to Achilles
583:
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75:coined the term in his 1961 novel
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1115:Ford, Matt (September 12, 2018).
550:{\displaystyle (\neg (I\land R))}
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50:, who used it in his 1961 novel
1049:New England Journal of Medicine
258:New England Journal of Medicine
1177:. Simon and Schuster. p.
912:Gale Encyclopedia of Biography
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151:Other appearances in the novel
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190:Significance of the number 22
163:after any promotion. Through
2145:Justification (epistemology)
1208:Goldstein, Laurence (2004).
240:Along with George Orwell's "
89:"You mean there's a catch?"
1072:10.1056/NEJM199809173391210
1010:A classic by any other name
955:; London: Continuum, 2006;
853:Beidler, Philip D. (1995).
209:. The title was originally
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1216:. Oxford University Press
1156: (5th Cir. 2018).
255:, a former editor of the
739:– a choice presented in
595:{\displaystyle (\neg E)}
92:"Sure there's a catch,"
2079:Major Major Major Major
1490:Paradoxes of set theory
928:The Comedy of Democracy
747:The Lady, or the Tiger?
308:, involves the case of
749:" – a no-win situation
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1856:Kavka's toxin puzzle
1628:Income and fertility
1154:902 F.3d 483
689:Begging the question
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314:U.S. Army Air Forces
249:alternative medicine
1515:Temperature paradox
1438:Free choice paradox
1302:Fitch's knowability
1016:, 18 November 2007.
304:, as formulated by
281:U.S. Circuit Judge
161:private first class
1891:Prisoner's dilemma
1577:Heat death paradox
1565:Unexpected hanging
1530:Chicken or the egg
1102:2016-03-04 at the
986:The New York Times
829:"Catch 22 meaning"
768:Ninety–ninety rule
694:Circular reasoning
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115:commanding officer
68:Origin and meaning
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2021:Clevinger's Trial
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1608:Arrow information
1188:978-0-684-86513-3
1173:Catch-22: A Novel
1149:Zadeh v. Robinson
978:Aldridge, John W.
753:List of paradoxes
699:Cornelian dilemma
666:Philosophy portal
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16:(Redirected from
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2064:Chaplain Tappman
2036:Catch-22 (logic)
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1093:Park, Robert L.
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1063:10.1.1.694.9581
1056:(12): 839–841.
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1025:Richard King, "
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980:(1986-10-26).
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321:flight surgeon
310:John Yossarian
294:
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272:Robert L. Park
224:
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165:courts-martial
152:
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69:
66:
62:abuse of power
26:
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14:
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2:
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1861:Morton's fork
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1801:Buridan's ass
1799:
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1774:Apportionment
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1633:Downs–Thomson
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1550:Plato's beard
1548:
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1448:Kleene–Rosser
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1372:Theseus' ship
1370:
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1332:Mere addition
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1031:The Smart Set
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:The Telegraph
1011:
1005:
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987:
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979:
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951:Ian Gregson,
948:
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941:
937:
936:0-275-94979-6
933:
929:
923:
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917:
913:
909:
908:Joseph Heller
903:
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892:
891:0-520-08310-5
888:
884:
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833:Theidioms.com
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758:Morton's fork
756:
754:
751:
748:
744:
742:
738:
737:
733:
731:
728:
725:
722:
720:
719:Feedback loop
717:
715:
714:False dilemma
712:
710:
707:
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702:
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695:
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690:
687:
686:
681:
680:Novels portal
675:
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633:
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631:
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624:biconditional
622:
612:
611:
610:modus tollens
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306:Joseph Heller
303:
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253:Marcia Angell
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97:
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74:
73:Joseph Heller
67:
65:
63:
57:
55:
54:
49:
48:Joseph Heller
45:
41:
32:
19:
2035:
2031:(miniseries)
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1998:Closing Time
1996:
1989:
1973:
1881:Preparedness
1713:Productivity
1693:Mandeville's
1524:
1485:Opposite Day
1413:Burali-Forti
1408:Bhartrhari's
1218:. Retrieved
1213:
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1172:
1161:
1148:
1143:
1133:November 25,
1131:. Retrieved
1120:
1110:
1088:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1013:
990:. Retrieved
985:
972:
952:
947:
927:
911:
902:
882:
877:
868:
854:
848:
836:. Retrieved
832:
822:
793:Strange loop
740:
734:
645:
637:
629:
618:
608:
607:(4., 1. and
344:
341:
335:
333:
328:
301:
296:
285:referred to
280:
269:
264:
256:
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214:
210:
203:
184:
177:
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154:
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129:
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123:
119:
111:
98:
91:
88:
83:World War II
76:
71:
58:
51:
39:
37:
2099:Scheisskopf
2074:Doc Daneeka
1811:Condorcet's
1663:Giffen good
1623:Competition
1377:White horse
1352:Omnipotence
788:Social trap
709:Double bind
283:Don Willett
242:doublethink
180:Major Major
142:"Catch-22."
94:Doc Daneeka
44:paradoxical
2114:Categories
2046:Characters
1886:Prevention
1876:Parrondo's
1866:Navigation
1851:Inventor's
1846:Hedgehog's
1806:Chainstore
1789:Population
1784:New states
1718:Prosperity
1698:Mayfield's
1540:Entailment
1520:Barbershop
1433:Epimenides
1194:2011-01-09
1044:Angell, M.
992:2011-01-09
815:References
317:bombardier
299:archetypal
167:for going
2165:Metaphors
1901:Willpower
1896:Tolerance
1871:Newcomb's
1836:Fredkin's
1723:Scitovsky
1643:Edgeworth
1638:Easterlin
1603:Antitrust
1500:Russell's
1495:Richard's
1468:Pinocchio
1423:Crocodile
1342:Newcomb's
1312:Goodman's
1307:Free will
1292:Epicurean
1263:paradoxes
1058:CiteSeerX
741:Star Trek
584:¬
536:∧
527:¬
480:¬
477:∨
471:¬
453:(premise)
430:¬
427:→
376:∧
367:→
106:Yossarian
2130:Dilemmas
2120:Catch-22
2029:Catch-22
2013:Catch-22
2005:Catch-22
1991:Catch-22
1983:Catch-22
1975:Catch-22
1929:Category
1826:Ellsberg
1678:Leontief
1658:Gibson's
1653:European
1648:Ellsberg
1618:Braess's
1613:Bertrand
1591:Economic
1525:Catch-22
1505:Socratic
1347:Nihilism
1317:Hedonism
1277:Analysis
1261:Notable
1220:June 25,
1169:(1999).
1127:Archived
1100:Archived
808:Zugzwang
704:Deadlock
652:See also
562:(3. and
504:(2. and
302:catch-22
211:Catch-18
200:Catch-22
78:Catch-22
53:Catch-22
40:catch-22
1831:Fenno's
1796:Arrow's
1779:Alabama
1769:Abilene
1748:Tullock
1703:Metzler
1545:Lottery
1535:Drinker
1478:Yablo's
1473:Quine's
1428:Curry's
1391:Logical
1367:Sorites
1357:Preface
1337:Moore's
1322:Liberal
1297:Fiction
1080:9738094
621:vacuous
404:premise
329:request
216:Mila 18
207:euphony
157:dilemma
2089:Nately
2023:(play)
2015:(play)
2007:(film)
1738:Thrift
1708:Plenty
1683:Lerner
1673:Jevons
1668:Icarus
1598:Allais
1560:Ross's
1398:Barber
1382:Zeno's
1327:Meno's
1185:
1152:,
1078:
1060:
959:
934:
889:
870:crazy;
861:
838:12 May
198:, and
2150:Logic
1841:Green
1821:Downs
1753:Value
1688:Lucas
1555:Raven
1463:No-no
1418:Court
1403:Berry
963:; p.
938:; p.
893:; p.
293:Logic
223:Usage
42:is a
1919:List
1743:Toil
1458:Card
1453:Liar
1222:2023
1183:ISBN
1135:2019
1076:PMID
957:ISBN
932:ISBN
887:ISBN
859:ISBN
840:2020
647:all.
312:, a
297:The
169:AWOL
2094:Orr
1068:doi
1054:339
1029:";
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940:152
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895:250
336:are
325:mad
101:Orr
2116::
1181:.
1179:52
1125:.
1119:.
1095:,
1074:.
1066:.
1052:.
1001:^
984:.
965:38
919:^
867:.
831:.
763:Mu
571:5.
514:4.
458:3.
411:2.
351:1.
64:.
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38:A
1963:e
1956:t
1949:v
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1247:t
1240:v
1224:.
1197:.
1137:.
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967:.
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897:.
842:.
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613:)
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581:(
566:)
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542:)
539:R
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530:(
524:(
508:)
486:)
483:R
474:I
468:(
436:)
433:R
424:I
421:(
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402:(
385:)
382:)
379:R
373:I
370:(
364:E
361:(
20:)
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