5631:
878:
4228:
4685:
1989:
77:
575:
2659:
139:
2913:
6120:
6041:
5570:
1752:
973:
5233:
36:
3469:
924:
and published in 1595—is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate
1192:
The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing or . They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through the nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had
2196:
Old Tupi verbs are divided in two classes. First class are conjugated, with person markers coming at the beginning of the word. In addition, verbs can represent a present, past, or future action because, unlike
Portuguese, they do not express time. (The future, in particular, is done by adding the
3676:
In Old Tupi, there are only numerals from one to four, both cardinal and ordinal, as the need for mathematical precision was small in a primitive economy. Cardinal numerals can either come after or before the noun they refer to, while ordinals only come after. For example, in the case of cardinal
868:
in the interior of Brazil, and these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as a spoken language (used by
Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas
6101:
Old Tupi literature was composed mainly of religious and grammatical texts developed by Jesuit missionaries working among the colonial
Brazilian people. The greatest poet to express in written Tupi language, and its first grammarian was José de Anchieta, who wrote over eighty poems and plays,
1721:
According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight , and Û had a distinct similarity with the voiced stop (possibly via , which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the
3551:
The degrees of the noun (augmentative and diminutive) are made by the suffixes "-'ĩ' or '-'i'", for the diminutive, and "-ûasu' or '-usu'" for the augmentative (these suffixes may suffer several phonetic transformations. Here are some examples with their explanations:
925:
with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in the expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock.
802:, but also encouraged the natives to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in
4467:
Although Tupi verbs were not inflected, a number of pronominal variations existed to form a rather complex set of aspects regarding who did what to whom. That, together with the temporal inflection of the noun and the presence of tense markers like
623:
It belonged to the Tupi–Guarani language family, which stood out among other South
American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of the Brazilian coast, from
928:
Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís
Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by
1838:
The writing system employed by
Anchieta is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce
827:
3855:
They are the same as prepositions, but they come after the term they refer to. They are divided into unstressed postpositions, which are appended to the previous word, and stressed postpositions, which are written separately.
5660:, spoken throughout the country by white and Indian settlers alike until the early 18th century, and still heard in isolated pockets until the early 20th century, Tupi left a strong mark on the Portuguese language of Brazil.
855:
from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane quickly, as few
Brazilians were literate in it. A new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of
5630:
6609:
917:
886:
811:
849:
4623:
tended to be free, as the presence of pronouns made it easy to tell the subject from the object. Nevertheless, native Tupi sentences tended to be quite short, as the
Indians were not used to complex
757:
The first accounts of the Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards – when
2011:, i.e., a distiction between inclusive (including the adressee) and exclusive (excluding the adressee) first-person pronouns. Personal pronouns in Tupi come in two series, each with its own uses.
474:). It also names several plants and animals, and many proper names are tupi names, such as Moacir, Iara, Iracema and Jandaia. It has a rich literature, which includes cathechisms, poems and plays.
2606:
Verbs from the second class are not conjugated and are used only with pronouns of the second series. This is because they are actually adjectives generally indicating a state or characteristic.
877:
5800:, country): palm country. Today this is used to refer to the country of Brazil, but this use (or any other referring to the whole region natives lived in) is not attested in Old Tupi.
528:
It presents a system of vowel symmetry where each of the six phonemic oral vowels has its nasal phonemic counterpart: /i/, /ĩ/; /ɨ/, /ɨ̃/; /u/, /ũ/; /ɛ/, /ɛ̃/; /ɔ/, /ɔ̃/; /a/, /ã/.
1835:
Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that
Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary.
2937:
is always added to the last word in the sentence, independent of its grammatical class. This clitic has other meanings and may then be used as a particle in different positions.
780:, wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken.
8427:
6765:
5823:
8437:
4444:"me" signified the person was not. The two types could be used alone or combined in transitive clauses, and they then functioned like subject and object in English:
451:
throughout Brazil by
Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, its sole living descendant is the
6027:, like the Europeans, cherished traditional names which sometimes had become archaic. Some of such names are Moacir (reportedly meaning "son of pain") and Moema.
6819:
4227:
8422:
430:, "it is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country".
7692:
905:
the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests.
4401:
There is a distinction of nouns in two classes: "higher" (for things related to human beings or spirits) and "lower" (for things related to animals or
4684:
1486:
1812:
It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian
522:
514:
6594:
6572:
6482:
6358:
6274:
6211:
4945:
Tupi plays a huge role in the naming of many South American animals introduced to European knowledge and/or borrowed into their languages:
8432:
8300:
8001:
1443:
4562:
Without proper verbal inflection, all Tupi sentences were in the present or in the past. When needed, tense is indicated by adverbs like
8417:
2669:. The indian shot the jaguar with an arrow. (literally: the indian shot with an arrow it, the jaguar.) This is an example of the object
852:
4428:
Adjectives cannot be used in the place of nouns, neither as the subject nor as the object nucleus (in fact, they cannot be used alone).
6533:
4653:
With respect to the concepts expressed: complex, of pure relation, that is, it expresses material and relational content by means of
6812:
6670:
6644:
6618:
6167:
6088:
5617:
1799:
1020:
185:
120:
98:
63:
8412:
6924:
1406:
2146:
First series pronouns are generally used alone or along with verbs of the first class (those that are conjugated). For example:
559:
It contains an inclusive first person plural (inclusive "we"), as well as an exclusive one, which does not include the listener.
6787:
356:
7685:
6145:
6141:
6066:
6062:
5595:
5591:
4791:= man (as opposed to woman), Indian or Native-American (as opposed to European), human being (as opposed to the animal world)
3488:
Unlike the Portuguese language, the tense of an action, in old Tupi, is expressed by the noun, not the verb. Such tenses are
1777:
1773:
998:
994:
49:
1988:
4356:
features (nasal mutation of stop consonants in compounding, the use of some prefixes and suffixes), although Tupi is not a
6781:
7924:
6452:
1512:
The glottal stop is found only between a sequence of two consecutive vowels and at the beginning of vowel-initial words (
6805:
1396:
792:
4533:
The notion of gender was expressed, once again, together with the notion of age and that of "humanity" or "animality".
930:
4436:
grammatical alignment. Verbs were preceded by pronouns, which could be subject or object forms. Subject pronouns like
1926:
1426:
8008:
7958:
6939:
2142:
means this/these or that/those, but it can also be used as a third-person personal pronoun, both singular and plural.
1817:
263:
6662:
6636:
6582:
6560:
6262:
5690:
5337:
4551:
Unlike Indo-European languages, nouns were not implicitly masculine except for those provided with natural gender:
1455:
1348:
1338:
944:
427:
8102:
7809:
7678:
7537:
7527:
5346:
1386:
151:
7186:
7075:
3012:
Tupi verbs are divided into its verbal and its nominal forms. Each division contains its respective verb moods.
893:
When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke
8022:
6188:
meaning "you are my brother", the old Tupi salutation which was adopted as the Brazilian version of the German
6130:
6051:
5580:
1762:
1465:
983:
605:
366:
91:
85:
8151:
7804:
7563:
7292:
6234:
908:
The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experienced:
633:
5556:(temptation) have been borrowed, as such concepts would be rather difficult to express with pure Tupi words.
1832:) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language.
823:
822:
1628. In the second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father
8336:
7558:
7171:
6868:
6847:
6149:
6134:
6070:
6055:
5635:
5599:
5584:
1781:
1766:
1360:
1002:
987:
740:
597:
6106:. Later Brazilian authors, writing in Portuguese, employed Tupi in the speech of some of their characters.
3003:
is insterted between the verb and the clitic to avoid consonants meeting, which isn't possible in Old Tupi)
2201:
to the end of the sentence, but this does not change the fact that the verb itself does not express time.)
458:
As the most important native language of Brazil, it is the origin of most city names of indigenous origin (
8407:
8229:
7755:
5667:
A few thousand words (some of them hybrids or corrupted) for animals, plants, fruit and cultural entities.
5643:
4701:
4357:
4349:
4247:
3481:
1970:
1948:
1929:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1644:
1632:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1570:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1416:
1317:
1305:
1295:
1182:
1178:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1048:
1038:
751:
747:
681:
673:
649:
629:
102:
1979:
are not used to separate the components of compounds except in the dictionary or for didactical purposes.
8372:
8211:
8036:
7413:
6769:
6181:
2180:
1249:
1239:
838:
769:
613:
518:
8320:
7883:
7731:
7138:
6914:
5254:
955:
In Brazil, tupinology is the study of tupi language and literature. It began in 1901, with the work of
4375:(by means of prepositioning subject or object pronouns) but not for tense or mood (the very notion of
574:
8290:
8281:
8175:
8156:
8137:
7987:
7799:
7568:
7542:
7472:
7421:
7357:
7327:
7201:
7090:
6842:
6375:
5939:
5647:
4639:
4387:
4216:
The woman sees that the child doesn't sleep (literally: the woman sees the not sleeping of the child)
1909:
1821:
1727:
1259:
582:
6473:
Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014). "37. Catálogo da fauna brasileira no Século XVI".
5838:
Among the many Tupi loanwords in Portuguese, the following are noteworthy for their widespread use:
3391:
All nouns in old Tupi end in a vowel. In the case of a verb or adjective substantivized, the suffix
8326:
8239:
8217:
8199:
8161:
8075:
7899:
7794:
7522:
7467:
7426:
7332:
7166:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7060:
7022:
7017:
6954:
6828:
5318:
5066:
4954:
939:
921:
765:
589:
506:
488:
399:
226:
216:
8341:
7347:
6424:
1037:
has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant
8309:
8271:
8261:
8126:
8113:
7914:
7839:
7725:
7594:
7380:
7312:
7302:
7221:
7118:
6974:
6906:
6654:
6628:
6604:
6515:
4851:= Portuguese (neologism, from "Pero", old variant of "Pedro" = "Peter", a common Portuguese name)
4672:
4661:
4433:
4422:
4395:
4372:
1813:
1269:
657:
578:
535:
404:
160:
55:
8249:
8205:
8146:
7776:
7766:
7492:
7447:
7431:
7287:
7216:
7206:
7181:
7080:
7045:
6969:
5771:
761:
4492:
Tupi had no means to inflect words for gender, so used adjectives instead. Some of these were:
8314:
8070:
8056:
8030:
7967:
7948:
7852:
7847:
7834:
7819:
7814:
7629:
7584:
7477:
7457:
7370:
7307:
7269:
7246:
7231:
7226:
7211:
7176:
7128:
7032:
6984:
6979:
6949:
6944:
6929:
6666:
6640:
6614:
6590:
6568:
6478:
6397:
6354:
6270:
6201:
5809:
5671:
5322:
4803:= Frenchman (the name of a mythological figure that the Indians associated with the Frenchmen)
4697:
4383:
4353:
2000:
1933:
1886:
1825:
1226:
1216:
1211:
834:
732:
685:
677:
669:
230:
1659:
This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G (
1051:. It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12).
434:
17:
8331:
8255:
8223:
8065:
8015:
7981:
7976:
7932:
7908:
7869:
7761:
7749:
7741:
7709:
7701:
7654:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7462:
7452:
7365:
7279:
7236:
7196:
7123:
7113:
7105:
7085:
7070:
7050:
7007:
6994:
6964:
6934:
6919:
6880:
6863:
6714:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1955. (3ª ed.: Livraria São José, Rio de Janeiro, 1967)
6507:
6387:
5989:
5314:
1829:
1206:
1045:
956:
898:
894:
815:
758:
728:
724:
720:
478:
438:
423:
407:
258:
6541:
2658:
8266:
8189:
8119:
8108:
7889:
7877:
7786:
7771:
7718:
7659:
7649:
7624:
7604:
7589:
7502:
7497:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7342:
7322:
7297:
7191:
7161:
7095:
7065:
7040:
7012:
6959:
5717:
5074:
4968:
4364:
2682:
1288:
1221:
1086:). It is also a double pun because Brazil has not had a king for more than two centuries.
1042:
743:
569:
459:
442:
250:
7254:
6206:
5250:
1585:
According to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler:
2897:(to kill), the incorporated object is absorbed by the verb since it already begins with
818:
was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published
138:
8388:
8363:
8085:
7858:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7532:
7487:
7482:
7388:
7264:
7055:
6885:
6719:
6498:
Simpson, George Gaylord (February 1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals".
5249:
Here are some basic phrases in Old Tupi, some of which were attested by europeans like
4809:= foreigner, white man (literally means "spirit of a dead person"). Means also prophet.
4693:
4376:
3497:
1687:
1557:
1478:
959:. An individual who dedicates themselves to the field of tupinology is a tupinologist.
282:
346:
8401:
8045:
7824:
7337:
7002:
6180:
Tupi is also remembered as distinctive trait of nationalism in Brazil. In the 1930s,
5737:
4665:
2701:-, etc.) in first class verbs, but before the root. For an example of incorporation:
2685:
in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to the verb: either before, after or
689:
547:
543:
447:
6775:
5947:
It is interesting, however, that two of the most distinctive Brazilian animals, the
746:. One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi
7259:
5656:
5639:
4646:
4616:
1956:
1905:
1683:) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization.
1371:
937:
published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859. The most recent dictionary is the
934:
777:
419:
289:
2912:
665:
6348:
4671:
With respect to the degree of cohesion of the semantic elements of the sentence:
6119:
6040:
5569:
5258:
4391:
2740:, even if the object is present elsewhere in the phrase. Monosyllabic verbs use
1871:
1751:
1691:
972:
902:
653:
637:
411:
531:
Its consonantal inventory, on the other hand, is considered "relatively small".
27:
Extinct Tupian language native to the indigenous peoples of southeastern Brazil
6446:
5761:
5679:
5642:
in 1500. They quickly found natives and tried to communicate, all recorded by
5232:
4620:
4038:
Just like in Portuguese or English, some verbs require certain postpositions:
3440:
The same occurs when a noun and an adjective are in composition. In this way:
1525:
1233:
505:
The following is a summary of the main characteristics of Classical Tupi, its
471:
6742:
Descripción del tupinambá en el período colonial: el arte de José de Anchieta
6401:
550:, rather displaying features of each, with none significantly more prevalent.
8167:
7317:
5887:(a carnivorous fish, also slang for immoral women) literally: "toothed fish"
5862:
5846:
2008:
1890:
1542:
1437:
1380:
1331:
881:
713:
693:
601:
592:, who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in
452:
339:
302:
241:
6392:
5731:
4812:
6023:
Some names of distinct Indian ancestry have obscure etymology because the
4405:). The usual manifestation of the distinction was the use of the prefixes
3468:
830:. By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the
325:
318:
311:
6376:"Os nomes de origem indígena dos municípios paulistas: uma classificação"
5903:
5803:
5747:
5096:
5009:
4628:
4624:
3532:
3473:
2733:
1960:
913:
865:
845:
784:
736:
709:
697:
661:
645:
539:
467:
374:
362:
1718:) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects.
1524:, etc.). When it is indicated in writing, it is generally written as an
1074:(king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say
6875:
6565:
Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos
6519:
5883:
5700:
5675:
4402:
3531:= forest that was (place where there is no more forest; hence the word
1976:
1282:
933:, a well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a
861:
705:
641:
625:
609:
463:
370:
6797:
4421:
meant "the eye of an animal". Some authors argue that it is a type of
3695:
are equivalent terms, meaning "two pigeons". In the case of ordinals,
719:
It is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi,
7994:
7599:
6746:
Colóquio sobre a descrição das línguas ameríndias no período colonial
5948:
5875:
3500:, of Portuguese. They are indicated, respectively, by the adjectives
3489:
2931:
783:
In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all
593:
415:
6511:
4660:
With respect to the manner in which such concepts are expressed: a)
4440:"I" expressed the person was in control, while object pronouns like
7670:
5879:(a type of badminton game played with bare hands) literally: "slap"
4536:
The notion of plural was also expressed by adjectives or numerals:
6477:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Arquivos do NEHiLP. pp. 248–300.
5952:
5231:
5018:
5000:
4683:
4654:
4226:
3467:
2964:
for expressing the future always goes at the end of the sentence.)
1867:
909:
876:
773:
573:
477:
The names Old Tupi or Classical Tupi are used for the language in
5871:(a type of small frog, also slang for vulva), literally: "hopper"
2732:
When the object is not incorporated, then in it is replaced by a
1569:
The actual pronunciation of ŷ is the corresponding semivowel for
723:
and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the
5755:
5033:
4367:
did not follow the same conventions of Indo-European languages:
3493:
2973:. The night shall be cold (there is no verb "to be" in Old Tupi)
857:
701:
441:
spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early
7674:
6801:
6587:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
6267:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
5907:(a tidal phenomenon in the Amazon firth) literally: "confusion"
3508:. These, when in composition with the noun, receive the suffix
887:
Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil
837:
of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the
6113:
6034:
5563:
1745:
1055:
966:
132:
70:
29:
4116:
Used to negate verbs in the indicative mood. Before a vowel,
2689:
into it. In the las case, it comes after the person markers (
795:
and with other early colonists who had adopted the language.
636:. Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of
5966:
A significant number of Brazilians have Tupi names as well:
581:(1534–1597), the first grammarian of Tupi, as envisioned by
4649:'s categories, Old Tupi could be characterized as follows:
4634:
Most of the available data about Old Tupi are based on the
1663:), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG (
791:
variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the
4475:
Word order played a key role in the formation of meaning:
373:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6610:
Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil
3472:
Although the martial art is of African origin, the word "
2161:
Second series pronouns are used in many different cases:
1965:
1921:
1694:, which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like
6792:
6184:
used it as the source of most of its catchphrases (like
4569:
Adjectives and nouns, however, had temporal inflection:
1726:. As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in
553:
There is no number, case or gender distinction in nouns.
5899:(originally meaning "bald", now a slang term for penis)
156:
5963:, despite being named in English with Tupi loanwords.
4638:
dialect, spoken in what is now the Brazilian state of
4586:
That was often used as a semantic derivation process:
4314:
Negates verbs in the imperative and permissive moods.
4106:
There are many ways to negate a sentence in Old Tupi.
329: – Old Tupi (this code has been merged into
6448:
CURSO DE TUPI ANTIGO PELA INTERNET – LIÇÃO 8, parte 1
5455:
Nossa comida, a que é de cada dia, dá hoje para nós,
4863:= slave (also the term for non-Tupi speaking Indians)
2155:
1537:
Some authors remark that the actual pronunciation of
1062:(have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as the words
6684:
Tupis e Guaranis, Estudos de Etnonímia e Lingüística
5670:
Multiple names of locations, including states (e.g.
4457:= me catch, "Someone has caught me" or "I'm caught".
3496:
and a time called "unreal", which is similar to the
1722:
labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written
8362:
8299:
8280:
8238:
8188:
8136:
8084:
8055:
7966:
7957:
7941:
7923:
7898:
7868:
7833:
7785:
7740:
7708:
7577:
7551:
7515:
7440:
7412:
7379:
7356:
7278:
7245:
7137:
7104:
7031:
6993:
6905:
6896:
6856:
6835:
6700:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Brasiliana, 1969. 304 p.
6698:
Estudos tupi e tupi-guaranis: confrontos e revisões
6589:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Global.
6567:(in Portuguese) (3rd ed.). São Paulo: Global.
6269:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Global.
5451:
Oré remi'u, 'ara îabi'õndûara, eîme'eng kori orébe.
4472:"today," made up a fully functional verbal system.
4234:: no more will I love the Demon, from Anchieta's
3520:= forest that will be (that has not yet been born;
1548:. Also, most sources describe some dialects having
491:). It has previously been known, in Portuguese, as
337:
330:
300:
295:
279:
247:
236:
222:
212:
202:
6686:. Salvador: Museu do Estado da Bahia, 1947. 220 p.
5955:, are best known in Portuguese by non-Tupi names,
4482:(village + man + tiny) = tiny man from the village
4335:Let they not see the sun anymore. (from Anchieta,
3542:= tree that would be (if it had not been cut down)
2956:. We shall eat what fattens us. (The verb here is
2930:To express something happening in the future, the
6693:. Bahia: Livraria Progresso Editora, 1958. 157 p.
6475:Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus
3395:is added, if it does not already end in a vowel.
208:Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi, Classical Tupi, Tupinambá
6237:, there was no exact translation for "four", so
5551:
5545:
4962:
4207:Negates verbs in the infinitive or gerund form.
798:The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak
492:
482:
418:, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in
6229:
6227:
4664:, b) symbolic or of internal inflection (using
4379:is absent). All verbs are in the present tense.
5861:(small or juvenile) as in "escoteiro-mirim" ("
776:stories into the language. Another foreigner,
517:language but was influenced by its Portuguese
7686:
6813:
5458:Our food, which is every day, give us today,
4254:Used to negate a noun, pronoun or an adverb.
3480:, which means "forest that was". Painting by
481:and by modern scholars (it is referred to as
8:
6613:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
6374:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (23 July 2021).
4278:Negates sentences in the future. The clitic
2172:with verbs of the second class (see below):
1058:about this language, that native Brazilians
6755:. São Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1987. 360 p.
6665:(2nd ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
6639:(2nd ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
6148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6069:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5686:Some municipalities which have Tupi names:
5598:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4668:of syllables, functionally differentiated).
1780:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1671:), probably because it does not regard MB (
1001:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7963:
7954:
7938:
7693:
7679:
7671:
6902:
6820:
6806:
6798:
6730:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1970.
6723:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1956.
6707:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1951.
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6306:
5516:Não nos deixes tu fazer cair em tentação,
5191:= barren, contaminated, unhealthy, unlucky
4089:
4080:
4071:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4020:
4007:
3988:
3975:
3955:
3942:
3923:
3910:
3891:
3878:
3833:
3816:
3801:
3788:
3773:
3760:
3745:
3732:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
1573:. It may not have existed in all dialects.
199:
6391:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6168:Learn how and when to remove this message
6089:Learn how and when to remove this message
5618:Learn how and when to remove this message
4642:, but there were other dialects as well.
4242:(to love) is a transitive verb requiring
4050:(Peter is afraid of his mother; the verb
1800:Learn how and when to remove this message
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
901:priests who accompanied them) set out to
426:. In the words of Brazilian tupinologist
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
8428:Languages attested from the 16th century
6748:. Ibero-amerikanisches Institut, Berlim.
5789:): salty lagoon (literally: "small sea")
5663:Tupi has given the Portuguese language:
5629:
4615:With respect to syntax, Tupi was mostly
3858:
3715:
3554:
3014:
2947:. The indian will go to the woods today.
2911:
2777:is incorporated and becomes a diphthong.
2657:
2203:
2013:
1987:
1200:
1093:
84:This article includes a list of general
6737:. Separata de "Letras". Curitiba, 1953.
6343:
6341:
6339:
6254:
6223:
6192:, or the Roman "Ave") and terminology.
5893:(popcorn) literally "explosion of skin"
5519:Don't let us you fall into temptation,
5512:Oré mo'arukar umẽ îepé "tentação" pupé,
4246:incorporation. Portrait of Anchieta by
4079:(The father looks at his son; the verb
3476:" comes from Tupi, more precisely from
2498:We (inclusive) eat/ate, walk/walked...
2447:We (exclusive) eat/ate, walk/walked...
1505:
897:. The Portuguese (and particularly the
367:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6380:Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978)
5493:as we also have forgiven our debtors.
5378:as the one hallowed your name may be.
5375:como o que é louvado teu nome esteja.
4797:= Frenchman (literally "yellow heads")
4171:The same rule applies for adjectives:
1932:, a spelling convention common in the
6212:List of Brazil state name etymologies
2549:You (plural) eat/ate, walk/walked...
869:would last for over a century still.
398:
240:16th century-present; developed into
7:
6691:O caráter da segunda conjugação tupi
6146:adding citations to reliable sources
6067:adding citations to reliable sources
5596:adding citations to reliable sources
3222:You (pl.) kill me (subject: peîepé)
2763:(literally: the fish, I it poke) or
1778:adding citations to reliable sources
999:adding citations to reliable sources
6455:from the original on 26 August 2022
5768:): bad to navigation or "bad river"
5634:Painting portraying the arrival of
5467:Nde nhyrõ oré angaîpaba resé orébe,
5238:Catechism in the Brasílica Language
4696:, red river. It is the river where
4463:= I-him-catch, "I have caught him".
4323:Don't kill people! (from Anchieta,
4032:Postposition with several meanings
3611:was added later by the colonizers)
3350:(we (incl.)) killing/burying Pedro
3336:(we (excl.)) killing/burying Pedro
1686:Santos Gomes also remarks that the
556:There are no marks of definiteness.
509:and other distinguishing features.
410:which was spoken by the indigenous
8423:Extinct languages of South America
6793:TuLaR (Tupian Languages Resources)
6728:Pequeno vocabulário Português-Tupi
6712:Pequeno vocabulário Tupi–Português
6705:Pequeno Vocabulário Tupi–Português
6353:. Editora Contexto. 2 April 2024.
6241:and its variants were little used.
5544:Notice that two Portuguese words,
5336:Literal Portuguese translation by
5095:= grass, ivy (from which the word
3426:(noun): the going, the going away.
3364:(you (pl.)) killing/burying Pedro
3308:(you (sg.)) killing/burying Pedro
1934:languages of the Iberian Peninsula
1816:and the close Guarani correlates (
841:held a near monopoly of literacy.
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
6423:Gabriel Collares (8 March 2023).
5849:, literally: "fruit with thorns")
5535:but free us you from bad things.
5532:mas livra-nos tu das coisas más.
5522:And lead us not into temptation,
4386:by means of suffixing the aspect
4232:N'a-s-aûsu benhẽ-î xûé Anhanga-ne
3704:means "first son (of a man)" and
1485:
1464:
1454:
1442:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1370:
1359:
1347:
1337:
1316:
1304:
1294:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
943:(2013), by the Brazilian scholar
828:a new and more complete catechism
787:coming to Brazil would learn the
588:Old Tupi was first spoken by the
45:This article has multiple issues.
6776:An elementary course of Old Tupi
6659:Poemas: lírica portuguesa e tupi
6118:
6039:
5568:
5528:oré pysyrõte îepé mba'eaíba suí.
5471:Perdoa tu nossos pecados a nós,
4291:I won't go to your village today
4212:Kunhã osepyîak pitanga ker-e'yma
2849:: Saint Peter pulled the sword (
1750:
971:
912:, which they had studied in the
137:
75:
34:
6661:(in Portuguese). Translated by
6635:(in Portuguese). Translated by
5728:): where bamboo knives are made
5461:Give us today our daily bread.
5362:Our father, the one in heaven,
4582:"he who shall be a man someday"
4451:= I-fly, "I can fly", "I flew".
3322:(he/she) killing/burying Pedro
2205:First class intransitive verbs
1193:at least seven known dialects.
53:or discuss these issues on the
6425:"Modos verbais em tupi antigo"
6350:O português e o tupi no Brasil
5442:as the doing of it in heaven!
5371:i moetepyramo nde rera t'oîkó.
5359:Nosso pai, o que está no céu,
3138:WITH STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS
3032:WITH STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS
2886:: you (pl.) killed the jaguar.
920:—written by the Jesuit priest
1:
8438:Subject–object–verb languages
6332:Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo
5806:("pirá" + "caia"): fried fish
5490:as for those who mistreat us
5474:Forgive you our sins for us,
5439:como o fazer-se dela no céu!
5324:Catecismo na língua brasílica
4657:and word order, respectively.
4325:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
4236:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
3378:(they) killing/burying Pedro
3285:(ixé) gûi-gûatábo / gûi-nhana
2874:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
2847:São Pedro itangapema o-s-ekyî
2600:They eat/ate, walk/walked...
2396:He eats/ate, walks/walked...
895:very closely related dialects
612:, but it was adopted by many
596:. It is quite different from
18:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
6766:Tupi Swadesh-vocabulary list
6753:O Tupi na Geografia Nacional
6740:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna.
6733:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna.
5834:): where the cacti will grow
5487:como aos que nos tratam mal
5403:T'onhemonhang nde remimotara
5342:Literal English translation
5236:The Lord's Prayer as in the
4559:"woman/girl"; for instance.
4488:= man from the small village
4413:for low-class ones, so that
4029:The father looks at his son
3985:inside, with (instrumental)
3935:The Indian speaks to Maria.
3903:The leader left the village
3344:(we (incl.)) walking/running
3330:(we (excl.)) walking/running
3299:(endé) gûi-guatábo / e-nhana
3277:GERUND (INTRANSITIVE VERBS)
3166:You kill me (subject: îepé)
3102:(today) we (incl.) walk/run
3088:(today) we (excl.) walk/run
2827:The monosyllabic nasal verb
2748:close to nasals) instead of
2718:is the first-person marker,
2345:You eat/ate, walk/walked...
1169:
1142:
1108:
1060:não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei
6663:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6637:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6583:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6561:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6451:(in Brazilian Portuguese),
6263:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6012:, "lord of the trees/lance"
5931:(a kind of poisonous snake)
5726:itá + takûara + kesé + tyba
5435:ybakype i nhemonhanga îabé!
5329:
4371:Verbs are "conjugated" for
3547:Augmentative and diminutive
3358:(you (pl.)) walking/running
3347:(îandé) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3302:(you (sg.)) walking/running
3116:(today) you (pl.) walk/run
3060:(today) you (sg.) walk/run
1969:to represent the semivowel
1927:voiceless palatal fricative
437:language family, and has a
150:to comply with Knowledge's
8454:
8418:Cultural history of Brazil
6782:Another course of Old Tupi
5977:Bartira, Potira (female):
5560:Presence of Tupi in Brazil
5538:but deliver us from evil.
5477:And forgive us our debts,
5173:= brilliant, gleamy, shiny
4287:N'asóî xué nde tápe korine
3305:(endé) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3294:(I) killing/burying Pedro
3280:GERUND (TRANSITIVE VERBS)
3244:INFINITIVE (OR NOUN FORM)
3208:we (incl.) kill you (pl.)
3194:we (excl.) kill you (pl.)
3127:(kori) îandé gûatá / nhaní
3099:(kori) îandé gûatá / nhaní
3074:(today) he/she walks/runs
2294:I eat/ate, walk/walked...
1995:excludes those listening,
945:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
567:
8382:
8103:Paulista General Language
7538:Paulista General Language
5734:("itá + una"): black rock
5274:(Where do you come from?)
4409:for high-class nouns and
4382:Nouns are "declined" for
4155:: we (incl.) didn't speak
4149:: we (excl.) didn't smoke
4059:requires the preposition
3723:
3720:
3576:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3406:: the going out, the exit
3375:(a'e) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3361:(peẽ) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3333:(oré) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3319:(a'e) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3313:(a'e) o-gûatábo / o-nhana
3279:
3276:
3243:
3240:
3137:
3134:
3130:(today) we they walk/run
3031:
3028:
3023:
3020:
2951:Oro'u onhemongyraba'erama
2922:: I will sleep at night.
1477:
1436:
1379:
1281:
1232:
1203:
918:the first grammar of Tupi
750:by the glottal fricative
727:, in the same sense that
396:Portuguese pronunciation:
353:
207:
6735:Morfologia do Verbo Tupi
6696:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6689:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6682:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6330:Eduardo Navarro (2005),
6104:Lírica Portuguesa e Tupi
5483:oré rerekomemûãsara supé
5407:Que se faça tua vontade
5355:Oré rub, ybakype tekoar,
4981:= parrot, lory, lorykeet
4394:) but not for gender or
4352:with moderate degree of
4331:Tosepîaky bé umẽ kûarasy
4095:code: tpw is deprecated
4086:code: tpw is deprecated
4077:code: tpw is deprecated
4066:code: tpw is deprecated
4057:code: tpw is deprecated
4048:code: tpw is deprecated
4026:code: tpw is deprecated
4013:code: tpw is deprecated
3997:code: tpw is deprecated
3981:code: tpw is deprecated
3970:Unstressed postposition
3964:code: tpw is deprecated
3948:code: tpw is deprecated
3932:code: tpw is deprecated
3916:code: tpw is deprecated
3900:code: tpw is deprecated
3884:code: tpw is deprecated
3839:code: tpw is deprecated
3822:code: tpw is deprecated
3807:code: tpw is deprecated
3794:code: tpw is deprecated
3779:code: tpw is deprecated
3766:code: tpw is deprecated
3751:code: tpw is deprecated
3738:code: tpw is deprecated
3711:code: tpw is deprecated
3702:code: tpw is deprecated
3693:code: tpw is deprecated
3684:code: tpw is deprecated
3316:(he/she) walking/running
3113:(kori) peẽ gûatá / nhaní
3085:(kori) oré gûatá / nhaní
2999:. The night will fall. (
2756:instead. Some examples:
1939:The use of the digraphs
1054:This led to a Brazilian
433:Old Tupi belongs to the
163:may contain suggestions.
148:may need to be rewritten
8413:Agglutinative languages
6848:Brazilian Sign Language
5925:(the Brazilian vulture)
5410:May your will be done,
5394:May your kingdom come!
5381:hallowed be your name,
5135:= tree, (piece of) wood
4599:"skull" (of a skeleton)
4576:"he who was once a man"
4417:meant "human eye", and
4090:
4081:
4073:Tuba oma'ẽ o a'yra resé
4072:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4022:Tuba oma'ẽ o a'yra resé
4021:
4008:
4000:The boy is in the boat
3989:
3976:
3956:
3943:
3924:
3911:
3892:
3879:
3834:
3817:
3802:
3789:
3774:
3761:
3746:
3733:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3327:oro-gûatábo / oro-nhana
3291:(ixé) Pedro îukábo/tyma
3043:(kori) xe gûatá / nhaní
3016:Verb moods in Old Tupi
2982:. The frog will begin (
2787:: you visit us (excl.).
2752:, and a few others use
2152:Abápe morubixaba? – Ixé
1999:includes them. (Father
824:João Filipe Bettendorff
598:Indo-European languages
322: – Tupiniquim
105:more precise citations.
8433:Tupi–Guarani languages
6788:Ancient Tupi Home Page
6534:"Curso de Tupi Antigo"
6393:10.21165/el.v50i2.2865
6005:, a type of black bird
5707:): bad, fishless water
5651:
5552:
5546:
5365:Our Father in heaven,
5317:in Tupi, according to
5308:
5241:
5078:
5070:
4972:
4963:
4958:
4705:
4702:independence of Brazil
4662:fusional-agglutinative
4358:polysynthetic language
4350:agglutinative language
4295:Kunimĩ n'okuruki xuéne
4251:
4248:Oscar Pereira da Silva
4161:: you (pl) didn't swim
3512:, as explained above.
3485:
3482:Johann Moritz Rugendas
3372:(they) walking/running
3071:(kori) o gûatá / nhaní
3057:(kori) i gûatá / nhaní
2927:
2794:The monosyllabic verb
2678:
2174:nde ma'enduar ixé resé
2165:alongside adjectives:
2004:
1936:but unusual elsewhere.
1919:The use of the letter
1862:Its key features are:
931:Antônio Gonçalves Dias
890:
812:the first Tupi grammar
725:Tupian language family
585:
501:Linguistic description
497:"Brazilian language".
493:
483:
355:This article contains
315: – Tupinambá
7543:Portunhol fronteiriço
6770:Swadesh-list appendix
6182:Brazilian Integralism
5974:, "mother of the day"
5937:(the common name for
5744:): small black jaguar
5654:As the basis for the
5633:
5391:Que venha teu Reino!
5235:
5105:= plant, wood, forest
4760:= rock, stone, metal,
4687:
4344:Grammatical structure
4299:The boy won't grumble
4230:
4137:: you (sg.) didn't go
4044:Pedo osykyîé o sy suí
3471:
3416:: the jump, the leap.
3355:pe-gûatábo / pe-nhana
3341:îa-gûatábo / îa-nhana
2915:
2661:
2181:genitive construction
2003:preaching to natives)
1991:
880:
839:Roman Catholic Church
634:Río de la Plata basin
577:
445:, Tupi was used as a
6720:Curso de Tupi antigo
6500:Journal of Mammalogy
6142:improve this section
6063:improve this section
5940:Melipona scutellaris
5648:Manuel I of Portugal
5636:Pedro Álvares Cabral
5592:improve this section
5445:as it is in heaven.
5280:(Where do you live?)
4517:= girl, young female
4267:(I'm not the jaguar)
3967:I went to Nhoesembé
2736:third-person pronoun
2637:(we forgive) (incl.)
1774:improve this section
1728:Brazilian Portuguese
995:improve this section
853:expelled the Jesuits
616:born in Brazil as a
521:toward the latter's
6829:Languages of Brazil
6768:(from Wiktionary's
5796:, "palm tree", and
5413:your will be done,
5397:your kingdom come,
5286:(What's your name?)
4200:
4196:(he/she isn't tall)
4184:(I'm not beautiful)
4143:: he/she didn't eat
3860:
3717:
3713:means "third day".
3643:Little child, baby
3556:
3447:: beautiful woman (
3369:o-gûatábo / o-nhana
3202:may we (incl.) walk
3188:may we (excl.) walk
3046:(today) I walk/run
3017:
2942:Abá kori ka'ape osó
2864:(to pull) requires
2820:: I hide the arrow.
2206:
2016:
940:Old Tupi Dictionary
768:began to translate
217:Coastline of Brazil
7805:Gavião of Jiparaná
7293:Gavião of Jiparaná
6857:Regional languages
6751:Sampaio, Teodoro.
6726:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6717:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6710:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6703:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6008:Ubirajara (male):
6001:Janaína (female):
5742:îagûara + 'í + una
5652:
5387:T'our nde "Reino"!
5272:Mamõ suípe ereîur?
5242:
4706:
4434:split-intransitive
4265:Na îagûara ruã ixé
4252:
3859:
3716:
3555:
3486:
3272:tyma (the burial)
3269:îuká (the killing)
3216:may you (pl.) walk
3160:may you (sg.) walk
3015:
2977:Kururu opererekypy
2928:
2679:
2204:
2176:, you remember me.
2015:Personal pronouns
2014:
2005:
1830:Paraguayan Guarani
1690:shifted easily to
1322:⟨ŋg⟩
1310:⟨nd⟩
1300:⟨mb⟩
1264:⟨nh⟩
891:
658:Mato Grosso do Sul
586:
579:Joseph of Anchieta
453:Nheengatu language
8395:
8394:
8389:extinct languages
8358:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8179:
8170:
8039:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7668:
7667:
7511:
7510:
7197:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
6836:Official language
6655:Anchieta, José de
6629:Anchieta, José de
6605:Anchieta, José de
6596:978-85-260-1933-1
6574:978-85-260-1058-1
6484:978-85-7506-230-2
6382:(in Portuguese).
6360:978-85-7244-472-9
6276:978-85-260-1933-1
6202:Jesuit Reductions
6178:
6177:
6170:
6099:
6098:
6091:
5754:): valley of the
5628:
5627:
5620:
5542:
5541:
5292:(Good afternoon!)
4680:Sample vocabulary
4511:= boy, young male
4423:gender inflection
4167:: they don't fear
4131:: I didn't arrive
4036:
4035:
4017:for, in favor of
3848:
3847:
3844:
3827:
3669:
3668:
3606:means river; the
3382:
3381:
3266:walk (you (pl.))!
3252:walk (you (sg.))!
2884:pe-îuká îagûareté
2872:. From Anchieta,
2708:(I poke the fish)
2631:(we fail) (excl.)
2625:(she gives birth)
2619:(you cough) (sg.)
2604:
2603:
2135:
2134:
1887:circumflex accent
1810:
1809:
1802:
1502:
1501:
1491:⟨r⟩
1470:⟨ŷ⟩
1460:⟨î⟩
1448:⟨û⟩
1431:⟨h⟩
1421:⟨g⟩
1411:⟨x⟩
1401:⟨s⟩
1391:⟨b⟩
1365:⟨k⟩
1353:⟨t⟩
1343:⟨p⟩
1334:
1291:
1274:⟨ŋ⟩
1254:⟨n⟩
1244:⟨m⟩
1190:
1189:
1033:The phonology of
1031:
1030:
1023:
850:Marquis of Pombal
835:national language
806:(which he called
793:Indigenous people
688:), as well as in
678:Rio Grande do Sul
583:Antônio Parreiras
381:
380:
363:rendering support
359:phonetic symbols.
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
152:quality standards
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
8445:
8173:
8166:
8035:
8021:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7964:
7955:
7939:
7702:Tupian languages
7695:
7688:
7681:
7672:
6903:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6799:
6676:
6650:
6624:
6600:
6578:
6546:
6545:
6540:. Archived from
6538:www.fflch.usp.br
6530:
6524:
6523:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6395:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6345:
6334:
6328:
6281:
6280:
6259:
6242:
6231:
6173:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6153:
6122:
6114:
6102:compiled at his
6094:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6074:
6043:
6035:
6015:Ubiratã (male):
5990:lady of the lake
5984:Iara (female): '
5970:Araci (female):
5792:Pindorama (from
5782:): dangerous sea
5638:and his crew at
5623:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5572:
5564:
5555:
5549:
5330:
5284:Marãpe nde rera?
5207:= bad, old, dead
4966:
4717:= yellow, golden
4403:inanimate beings
4261:(I'm the jaguar)
4190:(he/she is tall)
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4027:
4024:
4014:
4011:
3998:
3995:
3982:
3979:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3946:
3933:
3930:
3917:
3914:
3901:
3898:
3893:Morubixaba osem
3885:
3882:
3861:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3808:
3805:
3795:
3792:
3780:
3777:
3767:
3764:
3752:
3749:
3739:
3736:
3724:Ordinal numbers
3721:Cardinal numbers
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3557:
3258:nhana (the run)
3255:gûatá (the walk)
3241:IMPERATIVE MOOD
3213:peẽ t'e pe-gûatá
3199:îandé t'îa-gûatá
3180:he/she kills me
3157:endé t'ere-gûatá
3135:PERMISSIVE MOOD
3029:INDICATIVE MOOD
3018:
2683:transitive verbs
2677:close to nasals.
2654:Transitive verbs
2643:(you moan) (pl.)
2207:
2169:, I'm beautiful.
2017:
1972:
1950:
1931:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1754:
1746:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1646:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1581:Alternative view
1574:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1510:
1492:
1489:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1446:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1287:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1094:
1050:
1046:rhotic consonant
1043:multiple vibrant
1040:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1006:
975:
967:
957:Theodoro Sampaio
922:José de Anchieta
808:lingua Brasilica
766:José de Anchieta
753:
749:
590:Tupinambá people
496:
494:língua brasílica
486:
424:Southeast Brazil
402:
397:
349:
332:
328:
321:
314:
305:
285:
253:
200:
191:
184:
173:
170:
164:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
101:this article by
92:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8442:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8378:
8364:Proto-languages
8346:
8295:
8276:
8234:
8184:
8132:
8080:
8051:
7953:
7937:
7919:
7894:
7864:
7838:
7829:
7781:
7736:
7704:
7699:
7669:
7664:
7573:
7547:
7507:
7436:
7408:
7375:
7352:
7274:
7241:
7133:
7100:
7027:
6989:
6898:
6892:
6852:
6831:
6826:
6784:(in Portuguese)
6778:(in Portuguese)
6762:
6679:
6673:
6653:
6647:
6627:
6621:
6603:
6597:
6581:
6575:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6544:on 25 May 2009.
6532:
6531:
6527:
6512:10.2307/1374677
6497:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6458:
6456:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6427:(in Portuguese)
6422:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6347:
6346:
6337:
6329:
6284:
6277:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6198:
6174:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6139:
6123:
6112:
6095:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6060:
6044:
6033:
5820:): "fish water"
5718:Itaquaquecetuba
5714:): devil's rock
5624:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5589:
5573:
5562:
5503:nós perdoamos.
5499:oré nhyrõ îabé.
5338:Eduardo Navarro
5311:
5302:Tiá nde pytuna!
5298:(Good morning!)
5296:Tiá nde ko'ema!
5290:Tiá nde karuka!
5247:
5230:
5084:
5047:= game (animal)
4987:= macaw, parrot
4772:= earth, ground
4682:
4529:= female animal
4505:= woman, female
4365:parts of speech
4346:
4312:
4282:is still used.
4276:
4225:
4205:
4178:(I'm beautiful)
4147:n'oro-petymbu-î
4114:
4104:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4028:
4025:
4012:
3999:
3996:
3980:
3966:
3963:
3952:in, to (place)
3947:
3934:
3931:
3915:
3902:
3899:
3883:
3853:
3841:
3838:
3824:
3821:
3806:
3793:
3778:
3765:
3750:
3737:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3658:Mountain range
3610:
3549:
3540:ybyrá-rambûer-a
3466:
3422:(verb): to go.
3389:
3263:(peẽ) pe-gûatá!
3249:(endé) e-gûatá!
3233:xe oro-îuká a'e
3185:oré t'oro-gûatá
3174:may he/she walk
3096:We walk (incl.)
3082:We walk (excl.)
3010:
2910:
2798:(to visit) has
2722:means fish and
2656:
2194:
2101:We (inclusive)
2086:We (exclusive)
1986:
1908:indicating the
1806:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1771:
1755:
1744:
1688:stop consonants
1583:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1536:
1532:
1511:
1507:
1490:
1469:
1459:
1447:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1364:
1352:
1342:
1321:
1309:
1299:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1199:
1092:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1007:
992:
976:
965:
953:
875:
848:Prime Minister
744:language family
614:Luso-Brazilians
572:
570:History of Tupi
566:
503:
460:Pindamonhangaba
443:colonial period
439:written history
428:Eduardo Navarro
408:Tupian language
400:[tuˈpi]
395:
361:Without proper
345:
324:
323:
317:
316:
310:
309:
301:
286:
281:
275:
254:
251:Language family
249:
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
168:
165:
155:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
97:Please help to
96:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8451:
8449:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8400:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8253:
8245:
8243:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8208:
8203:
8195:
8193:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8171:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8099:
8091:
8089:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8062:
8060:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7979:
7973:
7971:
7961:
7952:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7936:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7925:Maweti–Guarani
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7904:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7874:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7722:
7714:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7615:Haitian Creole
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7559:Brazilian Sign
7555:
7553:
7552:Sign languages
7549:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7516:Interlanguages
7513:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7251:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6761:
6760:External links
6758:
6757:
6756:
6749:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6671:
6651:
6645:
6625:
6619:
6601:
6595:
6579:
6573:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6525:
6490:
6483:
6465:
6438:
6414:
6386:(2): 733–752.
6366:
6359:
6335:
6282:
6275:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6194:
6176:
6175:
6158:September 2024
6126:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6097:
6096:
6079:September 2024
6047:
6045:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5982:
5975:
5945:
5944:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5866:
5856:
5850:
5836:
5835:
5821:
5807:
5801:
5790:
5785:Paraná-mirim (
5783:
5769:
5759:
5745:
5735:
5729:
5715:
5708:
5698:
5697:): great river
5684:
5683:
5668:
5626:
5625:
5608:September 2024
5576:
5574:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5550:(Kingdom) and
5540:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
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5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5334:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5278:Mamõpe ereîkó?
5275:
5269:
5268:(Who are you?)
5246:
5243:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5208:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5155:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5027:
5026:= snake, cobra
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4766:= water, river
4761:
4755:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4669:
4658:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4566:, "this day".
4549:
4548:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4483:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4399:
4380:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4319:Eporapiti umẽ!
4311:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4182:Na xe porang-i
4179:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4153:n'îa-nhe'eng-i
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4069:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4018:
4015:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3986:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3953:
3950:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3921:
3920:to (a person)
3918:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3889:
3888:from (origin)
3886:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3831:
3828:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3771:
3768:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3525:
3498:future perfect
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:xe îuká peîepé
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:îandé opo-îuká
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:You (pl.) walk
3108:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3093:îandé îa-guatá
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:You (sg.) walk
3052:
3051:endé ere-gûatá
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3024:Nominal forms
3022:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2991:
2974:
2965:
2948:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2831:(to hide) has
2822:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2789:
2788:
2785:ere-îo-sub oré
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2765:a-î-kutuk pirá
2761:pirá a-î-kutuk
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2710:
2709:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:(they breathe)
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2177:
2170:
2150:: I ate well.
2148:ixé a-karukatu
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2007:Tupi features
2001:Antônio Vieira
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1937:
1917:
1902:
1883:
1808:
1807:
1790:September 2024
1758:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1558:free variation
1530:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1029:
1028:
1011:September 2024
979:
977:
970:
964:
961:
952:
949:
874:
871:
739:belong to the
686:Espírito Santo
682:Rio de Janeiro
674:Santa Catarina
630:Santa Catarina
568:Main article:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
534:It is neither
532:
529:
526:
502:
499:
392:Classical Tupi
379:
378:
365:, you may see
351:
350:
343:
335:
334:
306:
298:
297:
296:Language codes
293:
292:
287:
283:Writing system
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
272:
271:
257:
255:
248:
245:
244:
238:
234:
233:
224:
220:
219:
214:
213:Native to
210:
209:
205:
204:
194:
193:
176:
175:
169:September 2024
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8450:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8408:Tupi language
8406:
8405:
8403:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8230:Xingu Asurini
8228:
8226:
8225:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8187:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8043:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8024:
8023:West Bolivian
8020:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8003:
8002:East Bolivian
7999:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:Aweti–Guarani
7940:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7810:Guariba Arára
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6895:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6674:
6672:85-336-1956-1
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6646:85-336-2142-6
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6620:85-15-00171-3
6616:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6466:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6439:
6426:
6418:
6415:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6255:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6235:Lemos Barbosa
6233:According to
6230:
6228:
6224:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6172:
6169:
6161:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6127:This section
6125:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6093:
6090:
6082:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6048:This section
6046:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6019:, "hard wood"
6018:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5994:Jaci (both):
5993:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5787:paranã + mirĩ
5784:
5781:
5780:paranã + aíba
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5722:takûakesétyba
5719:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5622:
5619:
5611:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5577:This section
5575:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5548:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5315:Lord's Prayer
5309:Lord's Prayer
5304:(Good night!)
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:Yves d'Évreux
5252:
5245:Basic phrases
5244:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5065:= armadillo (
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4827:= young woman
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4723:= blue, green
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4700:declared the
4699:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:reduplication
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4645:According to
4643:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:= male animal
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4159:na pe-'ytab-i
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4120:just becomes
4119:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3925:Abá onhe'eng
3922:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:Postposition
3863:
3862:
3857:
3851:Postpositions
3850:
3843:(little used)
3836:
3835:(oîo)irundyka
3832:
3829:
3826:(little used)
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3707:'ara mosapyra
3699:
3690:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:means stone)
3624:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:Augmentative
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3524:means forest)
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3455:, beautiful;
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3432:: beautiful.
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3236:They kill us
3235:
3232:
3230:may they walk
3229:
3227:a'e t'o-gûatá
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:a'e t'o-gûatá
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:ixé t'a-gûatá
3142:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:oré oro-gûatá
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3021:Verbal forms
3019:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:Pytuna i ro'y
2966:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:incorporated.
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2802:incorporated.
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:Abá îagûara o
2660:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:xe ma'endurar
2609:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:indicating a
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1759:This section
1757:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1652:
1649:
1647:), u, ĩ, ỹ, ũ
1642:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
985:
980:This section
978:
974:
969:
968:
962:
960:
958:
950:
948:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
926:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
889:
888:
883:
879:
873:Tupi research
872:
870:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Luís Figueira
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
755:
745:
742:
741:Indo-European
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:French Guiana
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
618:lingua franca
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
580:
576:
571:
563:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:polysynthetic
545:
544:agglutinative
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
500:
498:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:
448:lingua franca
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
401:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
358:
352:
348:
344:
342:
341:
336:
327:
320:
313:
307:
304:
299:
294:
291:
288:
284:
278:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
260:
256:
252:
246:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
206:
201:
198:
190:
187:
172:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
94:
93:
87:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
8384:
8373:Proto-Tupian
8371:
8327:Urubu–Kaapor
8319:
8248:
8222:
8212:Ararandewara
8210:
8198:
8174:
8152:Avá-Canoeiro
8125:
8118:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8044:
8037:Pai Tavytera
7959:Tupi–Guarani
7907:
7882:
7857:
7754:
7724:
7717:
7578:Non-official
7564:Ka'apor Sign
7147:Akwẽ-Xerénte
6940:Enawenê-Nawê
6752:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6658:
6632:
6608:
6586:
6564:
6553:Bibliography
6542:the original
6537:
6528:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6474:
6468:
6457:, retrieved
6447:
6441:
6429:. Retrieved
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6383:
6379:
6369:
6349:
6331:
6266:
6257:
6238:
6207:Língua Geral
6189:
6185:
6179:
6164:
6155:
6140:Please help
6128:
6103:
6100:
6085:
6076:
6061:Please help
6049:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5868:
5858:
5852:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5813:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5751:
5741:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5704:
5694:
5685:
5662:
5657:língua geral
5655:
5653:
5640:Porto Seguro
5614:
5605:
5590:Please help
5578:
5543:
5527:
5511:
5506:we forgive.
5498:
5482:
5466:
5450:
5434:
5418:
5402:
5386:
5370:
5354:
5323:
5313:This is the
5312:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5251:Jean de Léry
5248:
5237:
5228:Sample texts
5220:
5216:
5213:= many, much
5210:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5157:
5151:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5092:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5029:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4950:
4944:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4689:
4647:Edward Sapir
4644:
4635:
4633:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4362:
4348:Tupi was an
4347:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4273:na ... i xué
4272:
4264:
4258:
4253:
4243:
4239:
4238:. Note that
4235:
4231:
4221:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4170:
4165:n'o-sykyîé-î
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4037:
3991:
3990:Kunumĩ oîkó
3959:Nhoesembé-pe
3958:
3926:
3894:
3854:
3818:(oîo)irundyk
3689:pykasu mokõî
3680:mokõî pykasu
3675:
3664:, mountain)
3661:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3603:
3602:Big river ('
3597:
3593:Little bird
3588:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3550:
3539:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3487:
3477:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:Kunhãporanga
3444:
3439:
3436:: the beauty
3433:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3383:
3191:oré opo-îuká
3163:xe îuká îepé
3149:ixé oro-îuká
3107:peẽ pe-guatá
3068:He/she walks
3011:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2926:means night.
2923:
2918:
2916:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2795:
2784:
2774:
2773:The pronoun
2764:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2706:a-pirá-kutuk
2705:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:incorporated
2686:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2613:(I remember)
2610:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2243:Translation
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2198:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2158:? - I (am).
2154:: who's the
2151:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2026:Translation
2006:
1996:
1992:
1964:
1957:intervocalic
1952:
1944:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1906:acute accent
1898:
1894:
1879:
1875:
1872:nasalisation
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1811:
1796:
1787:
1772:Please help
1760:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1658:
1592:p, t, k, ' (
1589:Consonants:
1584:
1565:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1289:prenasalized
1191:
1171:
1144:
1110:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1008:
993:Please help
981:
954:
938:
935:chrestomathy
927:
907:
892:
885:
843:
831:
819:
807:
803:
799:
797:
788:
782:
778:Jean de Lery
772:prayers and
762:André Thévet
756:
754:in Guarani.
718:
622:
617:
587:
519:superstratum
504:
476:
457:
446:
435:Tupi–Guarani
432:
391:
388:Ancient Tupi
387:
383:
382:
354:
338:
268:
264:Tupi–Guarani
197:
182:
166:
157:You can help
147:
117:
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
8337:Wayampipukú
7800:Cinta Larga
7590:Vlax Romani
7569:Terena Sign
7533:Macarrônico
7414:Nambikwaran
7172:Djeoromitxí
6506:(1): 1–17.
6407:7 September
5832:ũbu + arama
5766:pará + aíba
5752:paka + embu
5712:itá + añãgá
5710:Itanhangá (
5266:Abápe endé?
5259:XVI century
5257:during the
5197:= beautiful
4839:= young man
4837:kunumĩgûasu
4778:= air, wind
4499:= man, male
4486:taba-im abá
4480:taba abá-im
4432:Tupi had a
4392:Nominal TAM
4259:Îagûara ixé
3629:Kunumĩgûasu
3560:Diminutive
3529:ka'a-pûer-a
3502:-ram, -pûer
3478:ka'a-pûer-a
3464:Noun tenses
3412:: to jump.
3402:: to exit.
3288:(I) walking
3177:xe îûká a'e
3152:I kill you
3121:a'e o-guatá
3065:a'e o-gûatá
3037:ixé a-gûatá
2994:Pytuna o'ar
2986:) to jump (
2917:Aker pytuna
2868:instead of
2681:Objects of
2635:îandé nhyrõ
2629:oré rambûer
2023:2nd series
1870:indicating
1742:Orthography
1730:often have
1692:nasal stops
916:. In fact,
903:proselytise
654:Mato Grosso
484:tupi antigo
412:Tupi people
369:instead of
333:since 2022)
103:introducing
8402:Categories
8258:(Jau-Navo)
8162:Tenetehara
8138:Tenetehara
8016:Paraguayan
7756:Kepkiriwát
7528:Lanc-Patuá
7427:Nambikwara
7358:Chapacuran
7333:Tenetehara
7207:Mẽbêngôkre
7167:Chiquitano
7076:Pará Arára
7061:Hixkaryana
6897:Indigenous
6869:Pomeranian
6843:Portuguese
6249:References
6110:Recurrence
6031:Literature
6010:ybyrá îara
5998:, the moon
5981:, "flower"
5919:(anaconda)
5738:Jaguariúna
5426:on earth,
5423:na terra,
5165:Adjectives
5067:Portuguese
5006:ka'apiûara
4955:Portuguese
4843:morubixaba
4746:Substances
4690:Y-pirang-a
4625:rhetorical
4621:word order
4611:"teenager"
4555:"man" and
4547:= many men
4222:na ... ruã
4194:N'i puku-î
4135:n'ere-só-î
3992:ygara pupé
3927:Maria supé
3645:(Child is
3633:Young man
3518:ka'a-ram-a
3146:may I walk
3008:Verb moods
2851:itangapema
2734:pleonastic
2623:i membyrar
2187:, her son.
2116:You (pl.)
2056:You (sg.)
2020:1st series
1963:), and of
1912:syllable:
1734:for Î and
1679:) and NG (
1650:e, o, õ, ẽ
1526:apostrophe
1197:Consonants
1070:(law) and
951:Tupinology
846:Portuguese
632:, and the
606:morphology
513:Tupi is a
489:Portuguese
308:Variously:
231:Tupiniquim
111:March 2017
86:references
50:improve it
8387:indicate
8321:Takunyapé
8310:Emerillon
8272:Uru-Pa-In
8262:Kagwahiva
8168:Guajajara
8127:Potiguara
8114:Nheengatu
7915:Munduruku
7900:Munduruku
7884:Maritsauá
7732:Karitiâna
7726:Kabixiana
7595:Hungarian
7318:Nheengatu
7313:Munduruku
7303:Kagwahiva
7222:Rikbaktsa
7119:Kashinawa
6975:Wapishana
6915:Asháninka
6899:languages
6459:26 August
6402:1413-0939
6190:Sieg Heil
6129:does not
6050:does not
6025:tupinambá
6017:ybyrá-atã
6003:îandá una
5863:Boy Scout
5847:pineapple
5776:paranãíba
5772:Paranaíba
5579:does not
5429:on earth
5345:English (
5333:Old tupi
5160:= village
4953:= sloth (
4825:kunhãmuku
4819:kunhãtã'ĩ
4673:synthetic
4640:São Paulo
4636:tupinambá
4597:akangûera
4461:A-î-pysyk
4455:Xe pysyka
4176:Xe porang
4141:n'o-karuî
4129:n'a-syk-i
4088:requires
3698:ta'yr-ypy
3677:numbers,
3654:Ybytyrusu
3621:Pebbles (
3459:, suffix)
3451:, woman;
3124:They walk
2860:The verb
2814:a-nho-mim
2744:(or also
2673:becoming
2641:pe poasem
2197:particle
2185:i membyra
2167:xe porang
2009:clusivity
1955:(to make
1943:(for Ŷ),
1891:semivowel
1761:does not
1613:m, n, ñ (
1543:retroflex
1438:Semivowel
1381:Fricative
1332:voiceless
1066:(faith),
1035:tupinambá
982:does not
963:Phonology
882:Facsimile
844:When the
804:tupinambá
800:tupinambá
789:tupinambá
785:colonists
714:Argentina
694:Venezuela
666:São Paulo
602:phonology
536:isolating
405:classical
340:Glottolog
303:ISO 639-3
242:Nheengatu
227:Tupinambá
223:Ethnicity
161:talk page
56:talk page
8301:Northern
8291:Kamayurá
8282:Kamayurá
8256:Karipuna
8176:Turiwára
8157:Tapirapé
8096:Old Tupi
8071:Pauserna
7853:Puruborá
7840:Ramarama
7835:Puruborá
7630:Romanian
7585:Japanese
7478:Katawixi
7473:Kanamarí
7422:Mamaindê
7381:Tukanoan
7328:Tapirapé
7227:Tapayúna
7202:Maxakalí
7177:Kaingang
7139:Macro-Jê
7129:Yaminawa
7091:Ye'kuana
7008:Jamamadí
6980:Warekena
6950:Mehinaku
6945:Mapidian
6930:Barawana
6907:Arawakan
6657:(2004).
6631:(2006).
6607:(1990).
6585:(2013).
6563:(2005).
6453:archived
6265:(2013).
6196:See also
5951:and the
5904:pororoca
5869:perereca
5855:(caiman)
5828:ũbuarama
5824:Umuarama
5804:Piracaia
5798:(r)etama
5748:Pacaembu
5705:y panema
5644:Pero Vaz
5553:tentação
5319:Anchieta
5185:= little
5183:mirĩ, 'í
5141:= flower
5097:capybara
5059:= toucan
5051:tapi'ira
5010:capybara
4993:= jaguar
4922:(t)etimã
4868:The body
4861:tapy'yîa
4857:= mother
4694:Ipiranga
4629:literary
4354:fusional
4202:-e'ym(a)
4111:na ... i
4102:Negation
3957:Ixé asó
3895:taba suí
3870:Example
3867:Meaning
3803:mosapyra
3672:Numerals
3538:Unreal:
3533:capoeira
3516:Future:
3506:-rambûer
3474:capoeira
3414:Perereka
2810:a-îo-mim
2726:to poke.
2557:(they*)
2228:(sleep)
1984:Pronouns
1961:unvoiced
1925:for the
1910:stressed
1822:Nhandéva
1814:Nhengatu
914:seminary
862:diamonds
832:de facto
774:biblical
770:Catholic
737:Sanskrit
733:Romanian
710:Paraguay
698:Colombia
650:Amazonas
638:Maranhão
540:fusional
507:typology
468:Botucatu
384:Old Tupi
375:Help:IPA
347:tupi1287
8385:Italics
8332:Wayampi
8240:Kawahíb
8218:Araweté
8200:Amanayé
8076:Sirionó
8066:Guarayu
8057:Guarayu
7988:Chiripá
7982:Guarani
7968:Guarani
7909:Kuruaya
7795:Aruáshi
7762:Makurap
7750:Akuntsu
7655:Chinese
7645:Turkish
7640:Tagalog
7635:Russian
7523:Cafundó
7468:Kadiwéu
7463:Irantxe
7453:Arutani
7366:Oro Win
7247:Nadahup
7237:Xavante
7232:Timbira
7187:Kĩsêdjê
7157:Arikapú
7152:Apinajé
7124:Shipibo
7114:Amawaka
7086:Sikiana
7071:Macushi
7051:Bakairi
7033:Cariban
7023:Zuruahá
7018:Paumarí
6965:Tariana
6955:Palikúr
6920:Atorada
6881:Italian
6876:Hunsrik
6520:1374677
6431:10 July
6239:irundyk
6150:removed
6135:sources
6071:removed
6056:sources
5979:Ybotyra
5884:piranha
5843:abacaxi
5830:, from
5778:, from
5762:Paraíba
5724:, from
5701:Ipanema
5680:Paraíba
5600:removed
5585:sources
5321:in his
5195:poranga
5154:= house
5146:Society
5139:ybotyra
5129:= plant
5123:= fruit
5053:= tapir
4991:îagûara
4941:Animals
4912:= heart
4882:= mouth
4845:= chief
4815:= woman
4807:karaíba
4741:= black
4735:= white
4698:Pedro I
4655:affixes
4609:abárama
4580:abárama
4574:abáûera
4545:abá-etá
4543:= man;
4515:kuñãtãĩ
4497:apyŷaba
3790:mosapyr
3662:ybytyra
3647:pitanga
3639:Pitangĩ
3589:Gûyra'ĩ
3434:Poranga
3410:Pererek
2988:pererek
2617:nde u'u
2588:pererek
2537:pererek
2486:pererek
2435:pererek
2384:pererek
2333:pererek
2282:pererek
2234:(jump)
2232:pererek
2222:(walk)
2156:cacique
2071:He/she
1977:Hyphens
1782:removed
1767:sources
1738:for Û.
1675:), ND (
1640:Vowels
1283:Plosive
1227:Glottal
1217:Palatal
1212:Coronal
1102:Central
1041:or the
1003:removed
988:sources
884:of the
759:Jesuits
729:English
721:Guarani
706:Bolivia
610:grammar
564:History
479:English
472:Jacareí
464:Ubatuba
403:) is a
371:Unicode
99:improve
8303:(VIII)
8267:Kayabi
8250:Apiaká
8206:Anambé
8147:Akwáwa
8120:Omagua
8109:Cocama
7995:Jopara
7890:Xipaya
7878:Juruna
7870:Yuruna
7777:Wayoró
7772:Tupari
7767:Mekens
7742:Tupari
7719:Arikem
7710:Arikem
7660:Slovak
7650:Korean
7625:Polish
7605:French
7600:Arabic
7503:Xukuru
7498:Ticuna
7493:Pirahã
7448:Aikanã
7441:Others
7432:Sabanê
7404:Wanano
7399:Tuyuca
7394:Tukano
7343:Xipaya
7323:Omagua
7298:Juruna
7288:Akwáwa
7280:Tupian
7217:Panará
7192:Krenak
7182:Karajá
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7081:Salumá
7066:Ikpeng
7046:Apalaí
7041:Amonap
7013:Kulina
6995:Arawan
6970:Terêna
6960:Paresi
6925:Baniwa
6886:Talian
6864:German
6669:
6643:
6633:Teatro
6617:
6593:
6571:
6518:
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6400:
6357:
6273:
5986:y îara
5972:ara sy
5949:jaguar
5917:sucuri
5913:(crab)
5897:piroca
5891:pipoca
5876:peteca
5853:jacaré
5732:Itaúna
5695:y ûasú
5691:Iguaçu
5672:Paraná
5419:ybype,
5240:(1618)
5211:(s)etá
5189:panema
5179:= good
5171:beraba
5117:= leaf
5115:(s)oba
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5099:comes)
5093:ka'api
5087:Plants
5075:French
5057:tukana
5041:= fish
4969:French
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4934:(t)obá
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4916:(t)esá
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4831:kunumĩ
4821:= girl
4783:People
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4727:pirang
4721:(s)oby
4709:Colors
4631:uses.
4619:, but
4593:"head"
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4564:ko ara
4509:kunumĩ
4449:A-bebé
4396:number
4388:marker
4373:person
4337:Teatro
4188:I puku
4053:sykyîé
3873:Notes
3775:mokõîa
3660:(from
3598:Ygûasu
3527:Past:
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3484:(1835)
3453:porang
3430:Porang
3040:I walk
2960:, but
2932:clitic
2924:Pytuna
2908:Future
2647:i pytu
2506:(you)
2353:(he*)
2302:(you)
2240:(run)
2216:(eat)
2210:Pron.
1826:Kaiowá
1643:i, y (
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1606:s, x (
1234:Nasals
1207:Labial
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864:, and
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810:) and
735:, and
712:, and
684:, and
670:Paraná
608:, and
594:Europe
416:Brazil
259:Tupian
159:. The
88:, but
8315:Guajá
8284:(VII)
8190:Xingu
8088:(III)
8031:Kaiwá
7949:Awetï
7859:Urumi
7820:Suruí
7815:Mondé
7787:Mondé
7620:Greek
7610:Dutch
7488:Ninam
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7458:Guató
7389:Cubeo
7371:Wariʼ
7308:Kaiwá
7270:Nadëb
7265:Kakwa
7212:Ofayé
7056:Carib
6985:Waurá
6516:JSTOR
6218:Notes
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4470:koára
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2131:They
2097:îandé
2092:îandé
1997:îandé
1947:(for
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1222:Velar
1111:Close
1105:Back
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910:Latin
820:circa
662:Goiás
646:Amapá
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290:Latin
8342:Zo'é
8242:(VI)
8224:Aurá
8140:(IV)
8086:Tupi
8059:(II)
8046:Xeta
8009:Mbyá
7977:Aché
7933:Mawé
7848:Karo
7825:Zoro
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7003:Deni
6935:Baré
6667:ISBN
6641:ISBN
6615:ISBN
6591:ISBN
6569:ISBN
6479:ISBN
6461:2022
6433:2024
6409:2023
6398:ISSN
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4009:resé
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3504:and
3494:past
3404:Sema
2895:îuká
2893:For
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2443:nhan
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2392:nhan
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2309:karu
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2258:karu
2251:(I)
2238:nhan
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2122:a'e*
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1904:The
1885:The
1866:The
1855:and
1828:and
1818:Mbyá
1765:any
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1681:/ⁿɡ/
1677:/ⁿd/
1673:/ⁿb/
1669:/ⁿɡ/
1667:and
1653:a, ã
1552:and
1541:was
1479:Flap
1172:Open
1165:/ɔ̃/
1154:/ɛ̃/
1129:/ɨ̃/
1084:re'i
1082:and
1080:re'i
986:any
984:cite
866:gems
858:gold
764:and
702:Peru
642:Pará
626:Pará
422:and
269:Tupi
203:Tupi
8192:(V)
7970:(I)
7260:Hup
7255:Dâw
6508:doi
6388:doi
6144:by
6065:by
5646:to
5594:by
5347:NIV
5221:usu
5152:oka
5127:ybá
5121:yba
4789:abá
4770:yby
4758:itá
4715:îub
4627:or
4617:SOV
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4442:xe-
4309:ymẽ
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4280:-ne
4244:-s-
4062:suí
3944:-pe
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3830:4th
3798:3rd
3770:2nd
3747:ypy
3742:1st
3623:ita
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3569:-'ĩ
3400:Sem
2996:yne
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2775:-i-
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2409:oro
2402:Oré
2376:ker
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2339:ere
2331:ere
2325:ker
2323:ere
2315:ere
2307:ere
2274:ker
2249:Ixé
2226:ker
2199:-ne
2140:a'e
2107:peẽ
2082:oré
2077:oré
2052:nde
2032:ixé
1993:Oré
1971:/j/
1951:),
1949:/w/
1930:/ʃ/
1914:abá
1859:).
1776:by
1712:upu
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1700:umu
1665:/ŋ/
1661:/ɣ/
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