474:
to be a
Category 3 storm. Likewise, an intensity of 135 kn (~155 mph, and thus Category 4) is 250.02 km/h, which, according to the definition used before the change would be Category 5. To resolve these issues, the NHC had been obliged to incorrectly report storms with wind speeds of 115 kn as 135 mph, and 135 kn as 245 km/h. The change in definition allows storms of 115 kn to be correctly rounded down to 130 mph, and storms of 135 kn to be correctly reported as 250 km/h, and still qualify as Category 4. Since the NHC had previously rounded incorrectly to keep storms in Category 4 in each unit of measure, the change does not affect the classification of storms from previous years. The new scale became operational on May 15, 2012.
1594:
1300:
those with no interior supports, is common. Very heavy and irreparable damage to many wood-frame structures and total destruction to mobile/manufactured homes is prevalent. Only a few types of structures are capable of surviving intact, and only if located at least 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) inland. They include office, condominium and apartment buildings and hotels that are of solid concrete or steel frame construction, multi-story concrete parking garages, and residences that are made of either reinforced brick or
757:
971:-end roofs are peeled off. Manufactured homes usually sustain severe and irreparable damage. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures, while larger structures are struck by floating debris. A large number of trees are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. Additionally, terrain may be flooded well inland. Near-total to total power loss is likely for up to several weeks and water will likely also be lost or contaminated.
1093:
586:
1266:
921:
1566:, and suggested that Category 6 would begin at 195 mph (85 m/s; 170 kn; 315 km/h), with a further hypothetical Category 7 beginning at 230 mph (105 m/s; 200 kn; 370 km/h). In 2024 another proposal to add "Category 6" was made, with a minimum wind speed of 192 mph (309 km/h), with risk factors such as the
1464:, a few newspaper columnists and scientists brought up the suggestion of introducing Category 6, and they have suggested pegging Category 6 to storms with winds greater than 174 or 180 mph (78 or 80 m/s; 151 or 156 kn; 280 or 290 km/h). Fresh calls were made for consideration of the issue after
386:, and other important factors, but SSHWS defenders say that part of the goal of SSHWS is to be straightforward and simple to understand. There have also been proposals for the addition of higher categories to the scale (which would then set a maximum cutoff for Category 5), but none have been adopted as of July 2024.
1468:
in 2017, which was the subject of a number of seemingly credible false news reports as a "Category 6" storm, partly in consequence of so many local politicians using the term. Only a few storms of this intensity have been recorded. Of the 41 hurricanes currently considered to have attained
473:
assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5 knot increments, and then convert to mph and km/h with a similar rounding for other reports. So an intensity of 115 kn is rated
Category 4, but the conversion to miles per hour (132.3 mph) would round down to 130 mph, making it appear
1299:
Category 5 is the highest category of the Saffir–Simpson scale. These storms cause complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings, and some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. The collapse of many wide-span roofs and walls, especially
1131:
on small residences. Heavy, irreparable damage and near-complete destruction of gas station canopies and other wide span overhang type structures are common. Mobile and manufactured homes are often flattened. Most trees, except for the hardiest, are uprooted or snapped, isolating many areas. These
790:
Storms of
Category 2 intensity often damage roofing material (sometimes exposing the roof) and inflict damage upon poorly constructed doors and windows. Poorly constructed signs and piers can receive considerable damage and many trees are uprooted or snapped. Mobile homes, whether anchored or
1573:
According to Robert
Simpson, co-creator of the scale, there are no reasons for a Category 6 on the Saffir–Simpson scale because it is designed to measure the potential damage of a hurricane to human-made structures. Simpson explained that "... when you get up into winds in excess of
327:
assign tropical cyclone intensities in 5-knot (kn) increments (e.g., 100, 105, 110, 115 kn, etc.) because of the inherent uncertainty in estimating the strength of tropical cyclones. Wind speeds in knots are then converted to other units and rounded to the nearest 5 mph or 5 km/h.
444:
estimations, rainfall, and location, which means a
Category 2 hurricane that hits a major city will likely do far more cumulative damage than a Category 5 hurricane that hits a rural area. The agency cited examples of hurricanes as reasons for removing "scientifically inaccurate"
468:
In 2012, the NHC expanded the windspeed range for
Category 4 by 1 mph in both directions, to 130–156 mph, with corresponding changes in the other units (113–136 kn, 209–251 km/h), instead of 131–155 mph (114–135 kn, 210–249 km/h). The NHC and the
1312:
with slopes of no less than 35 degrees from horizontal and no overhangs of any kind, and if the windows are either made of hurricane-resistant safety glass or covered with shutters. Unless most of these requirements are met, the catastrophic destruction of a structure may occur.
370:
averaged winds to determine the maximum sustained wind speed, creating an important difference which frustrates direct comparison between maximum wind speeds of storms measured using the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (usually 14% more intense) and those measured using a
634:
damage are often associated with
Category 1 storms. Power outages are typically widespread to extensive, sometimes lasting several days. Even though it is the least intense type of hurricane, they can still produce widespread damage and can be life-threatening storms.
439:
In 2009, the NHC eliminated pressure and storm surge ranges from the categories, transforming it into a pure wind scale, called the Saffir–Simpson
Hurricane Wind Scale (Experimental) . The updated scale became operational on May 15, 2010. The scale excludes flood ranges,
1574:
155 mph (249 km/h) you have enough damage if that extreme wind sustains itself for as much as six seconds on a building it's going to cause rupturing damages that are serious no matter how well it's engineered." Nonetheless, the counties of
1143:, the deadliest natural disaster to hit the United States, peaked at an intensity that corresponds to a modern-day Category 4 storm. Other examples of storms that peaked at Category 4 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
1557:
in 2013, 2016, 2020 and 2021 respectively, each with sustained winds of 195 mph (315 km/h). Occasionally, suggestions of using even higher wind speeds as the cutoff have been made. In a newspaper article published in
November 2018,
2428:
1469:
Category 5 status in the
Atlantic, 18 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater and only 8 had wind speeds at 180 mph (80.5 m/s; 156 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (the
1316:
The storm's flooding causes major damage to the lower floors of all structures near the shoreline, and many coastal structures can be completely flattened or washed away by the storm surge. Virtually all trees are
1765:
1501:). Of the 20 hurricanes currently considered to have attained Category 5 status in the eastern Pacific, only 5 had wind speeds at 175 mph (78 m/s; 152 kn; 282 km/h) or greater (
457:(2004), which had weaker than estimated storm surge. Since being removed from the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, storm surge prediction and modeling is handled by computer numerical models such as
424:
to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas. While conducting the study, Saffir realized there was no simple scale for describing the likely effects of a hurricane. Mirroring the utility of the
1325:
of residential areas may be required if the hurricane threatens populated areas. Total and extremely long-lived power outages and water losses are to be expected, possibly for up to several months.
1723:
For US Navy interests, the factor 0.88 is used in going from a 1-minute system to a 10-minute system such that TEN-MINUTE MEAN = 0.88 * ONE-MINUTE MEAN or ONE-MINUTE MEAN = 1.14 * TEN-MINUTE MEAN.
2438:
1616: – For tornado intensity with damage correlated to wind speeds. The system was also intended for applicability in hurricanes, and is utilized by engineers in hurricane damage assessment.
545:
The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity. Intensity of example hurricanes is from both the time of landfall and the maximum intensity.
1521:), and only 3 had wind speeds at 180 mph (80.5 m/s; 156 kn; 290 km/h) or greater (Linda, Rick, and Patricia). Most storms which would be eligible for this category were
1570:
and warming ocean temperatures part of that research. In the NHC area of responsibility, only Patricia had winds greater than 190 mph (85 m/s; 165 kn; 305 km/h).
1769:
304:, consists of storms with sustained winds of at least 157 mph (137 kn, 252 km/h). The classifications can provide some indication of the potential damage and
1828:
542:
define sustained winds as average winds over a period of one minute, measured at the same 33 ft (10.1 m) height, and that is the definition used for this scale.
1420:
and Lakshmi Kantha, have criticized the scale as being too simplistic, namely that the scale takes into account neither the physical size of a storm nor the amount of
518:
The scale separates hurricanes into five different categories based on wind. The U.S. National Hurricane Center classifies hurricanes of Category 3 and above as
2191:
1975:
1894:
1559:
963:. These storms can cause some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings, particularly those of wood frame or manufactured materials with minor
462:
2273:"Category 6 Hurricanes? They've Happened: Global Warming Winds Up Hurricane Scientists as NOAA Issues Its Atlantic Hurricane Predictions for Summer 2006"
300:
at 10 m (33 ft) above the surface of at least 74 mph (64 kn, 119 km/h; Category 1). The highest classification in the scale,
530:(WMO), which specifies measuring winds at a height of 33 ft (10.1 m) for 10 minutes, and then taking the average. By contrast, the U.S.
522:, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center classifies typhoons of 150 mph (240 km/h) or greater (strong Category 4 and Category 5) as
2237:
1886:
2367:
1283:
1111:
939:
774:
602:
2536:
1287:
1115:
943:
778:
606:
1341:
1136:, while terrain may be flooded far inland. Total and long-lived electrical and water losses are to be expected, possibly for many weeks.
319:
averaged over a one-minute interval 10 m above the surface. Although the scale shows wind speeds in continuous speed ranges, the US
2014:
1448:
velocity. Both of these scales are continuous, akin to the Richter scale; however, neither of these scales have been used by officials.
2299:
1436:
into a small number of categories. Proposed replacement classifications include the Hurricane Intensity Index, which is based on the
527:
2317:
2018:
1940:
1433:
535:
470:
324:
1582:
in Florida have building codes which require that critical infrastructure buildings be able to withstand Category 5 winds.
2561:
1706:
1457:
402:
2472:
1795:
2496:
2049:
1502:
991:
925:
2546:
1635:
539:
359:
2556:
2551:
964:
803:
799:. Extensive to near-total power outages and scattered loss of potable water are likely, possibly lasting many days.
1579:
1541:
in 1979, 2019, 2023 and 2023 respectively, each with sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h), and typhoons
815:
2245:
1567:
1333:
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883:
859:
761:
655:
406:
320:
2277:
1599:
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531:
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that showed expected damage to structures. Saffir gave the scale to the NHC, and Simpson added the effects of
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1575:
1007:
960:
715:
683:
671:
425:
344:
340:
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1832:
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2208:
1538:
1510:
1445:
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1337:
1224:
983:
839:
719:
707:
695:
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647:
589:
417:
297:
37:
2189:
Kantha, Lakshmi (February 2008). "Tropical Cyclone Destructive Potential by Integrated Kinetic Energy".
1625:
1613:
1562:
research scientist Jim Kossin said that the potential for more intense hurricanes was increasing as the
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1514:
1506:
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995:
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871:
847:
835:
831:
827:
807:
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667:
639:
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1883:
1440:
caused by a storm's winds, and the Hurricane Hazard Index, which is based on surface wind speeds, the
2200:
2161:
1913:
1619:
1322:
796:
792:
2213:
2433:
1329:
1127:
Category 4 hurricanes tend to produce more extensive curtainwall failures, with some complete
967:
failures. Buildings that lack a solid foundation, such as mobile homes, are usually destroyed, and
270:
62:
1701:
1518:
1461:
1180:
1128:
999:
974:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 3 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
802:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 2 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
699:
638:
Hurricanes that peaked at Category 1 intensity and made landfall at that intensity include:
332:
262:
2395:"The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world"
2272:
1424:
it produces. Additionally, they and others point out that the Saffir–Simpson scale, unlike the
1478:
1397:
1373:
1357:
1192:
1027:
1019:
851:
481:
454:
446:
395:
336:
626:, as well as uproot or snap weak trees. Poorly attached roof shingles or tiles can blow off.
2402:
2218:
2169:
2036:
1989:
1498:
1437:
1401:
1377:
1228:
1204:
1196:
1172:
1148:
1101:
1097:
1031:
1011:
1003:
987:
879:
863:
703:
691:
663:
643:
627:
570:
409:(NHC). The scale was introduced to the general public in 1973, and saw widespread use after
293:
266:
47:
756:
1890:
1554:
1546:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1393:
1385:
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1349:
1208:
1188:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1133:
1051:
1015:
979:
867:
855:
819:
811:
765:
619:
2119:
1737:
1678:"Minor Modification to Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale For the 2012 Hurricane Season"
2394:
2318:"Hurricane Irma: Will Irma become world's first CATEGORY 6 hurricane with 200mph winds?"
2204:
2165:
1092:
2152:
1947:
1607:
1563:
1542:
1494:
1486:
1465:
1405:
1389:
1381:
1353:
1269:
1216:
1184:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1023:
843:
823:
675:
651:
585:
421:
398:
274:
57:
2022:
1971:
1265:
920:
2541:
2525:
2322:
1534:
1421:
1417:
1220:
1212:
1200:
795:
also suffer structural damage. Small craft in unprotected anchorages may break their
450:
17:
1328:
Historical examples of storms that made landfall at Category 5 status include:
1800:
1550:
1408:(2023) (the only Pacific hurricane to make landfall at Category 5 intensity).
622:
to most well-constructed permanent structures; however, they can topple unanchored
1710:
526:. Most weather agencies use the definition for sustained winds recommended by the
2480:
1805:
1677:
2504:
1918:
1610: – Relates wind speed to observable conditions at sea and on land
1526:
1429:
623:
575:
441:
433:
383:
52:
1589:
429:
410:
316:
258:
2406:
1742:
1630:
1318:
331:
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is used officially only to describe
2300:"Climate scientists mull Category 6 storm classification, report says"
2338:
2222:
2075:"Famous Hurricanes of the 20th and 21st Century in the United States"
1796:"The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale: An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson"
1655:
277:—into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained
2464:
2174:
2147:
2050:"Name That Hurricane: Famous Examples of the 5 Hurricane Categories"
1868:
1309:
1301:
1273:
929:
309:
305:
1522:
1321:
and some may be debarked, isolating most affected communities. Massive
593:
353:
1305:
458:
2368:"Category 6? Scientists warn hurricanes could keep getting stronger"
968:
955:
Tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher are described as
453:(2008), which both had stronger than estimated storm surges, and
631:
315:
The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale is based on the highest
278:
618:
Category 1 storms usually cause no significant structural
2118:
John L. Beven II; Robbie Berg; Andrew Hagen (April 19, 2019).
2429:"Irma could test strength of Florida's strict building codes"
791:
not, are typically damaged and sometimes destroyed, and many
496:
493:
508:
505:
428:
for describing earthquakes, he devised a 1–5 scale based on
502:
1988:
Tropical Cyclone Weather Services Program (June 1, 2006).
499:
1622:
for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
1914:"Wilma's Rage Suggests New Hurricane Categories Needed"
1707:"Section 2. Intensity Observations and Forecast Errors"
1738:"Hurricane scale invented to communicate storm danger"
959:
in the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Central Pacific
511:
2148:"Time to Replace the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale?"
785:
Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
2099:(Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center
1789:
1787:
1941:"Experimental Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1456:After the series of powerful storm systems of the
281:. This measuring system was formerly known as the
2348:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1946:. National Hurricane Center. 2009. Archived from
413:replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974.
2192:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
358:depending on the area. These areas (except the
1907:
1905:
1903:
1525:in the western Pacific, most notably typhoons
2393:Wehner, Michael F.; Kossin, James P. (2024).
2127:(Technical report). National Hurricane Center
613:Very dangerous winds will produce some damage
8:
2473:"An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson"
416:The scale was created by Herbert Saffir, a
405:, who at the time was director of the U.S.
221:
2339:"Supertyphoon Tip: Shattering all records"
2121:Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1829:"Hurricanes shaped life of scale inventor"
1264:
382:of the SSHWS for not accounting for rain,
333:hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean
31:
2212:
2173:
484:
2236:Benfield Hazard Research Centre (2006).
1869:The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
1238:
1065:
893:
729:
552:
347:to label these storms, which are called
2337:Debi Iacovelli and Tim Vasquez (1998).
2097:Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update
1647:
1284:List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
1112:List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
940:List of Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
775:List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
603:List of Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes
420:, who in 1969 was commissioned by the
194:
2465:"Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
2242:Hazard & Risk Science Review 2006
1804:. Fort Lauderdale, FL. Archived from
1656:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale"
1288:List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes
1116:List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
944:List of Category 3 Pacific hurricanes
779:List of Category 2 Pacific hurricanes
607:List of Category 1 Pacific hurricanes
375:interval (usually 12% less intense).
7:
2015:Federal Emergency Management Agency
394:The scale was developed in 1971 by
292:To be classified as a hurricane, a
251:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
2095:Blake, Eric (September 20, 2017).
1884:National Hurricane Operations Plan
1768:. Associated Press. Archived from
25:
2467:. U.S. National Hurricane Center.
1683:. National Hurricane Center. 2012
1658:. National Hurricane Center. 2018
528:World Meteorological Organization
2437:. Washington, DC. Archived from
1827:Press Writer (August 23, 2001).
1592:
1272:in 2023 nearing its landfall in
1091:
919:
755:
584:
536:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
471:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
325:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
2427:Jennifer Kay (September 2017).
2271:Bill Blakemore (May 21, 2006).
1736:Williams, Jack (May 17, 2005).
301:
269:that exceed the intensities of
2501:The South Florida Sun-Sentinel
1990:"Tropical cyclone definitions"
1766:"'73, Hurricanes to be Graded"
1458:2005 Atlantic hurricane season
1294:Catastrophic damage will occur
1122:Catastrophic damage will occur
379:
283:Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale
1:
2497:"Q&A with Herbert Saffir"
2401:. Vol. 121, no. 7.
2019:"Hurricane Glossary of Terms"
1912:Ker Than (October 20, 2005).
950:Devastating damage will occur
296:must have one-minute-average
2537:Tropical cyclone meteorology
2479:. April 1999. Archived from
1972:Public Information Statement
1794:Debi Iacovelli (July 2001).
1764:Staff writer (May 9, 1973).
1636:Outline of tropical cyclones
1432:, is not continuous, and is
540:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
308:a hurricane will cause upon
2503:. June 2001. Archived from
2146:Kantha, L. (January 2006).
1416:Some scientists, including
2578:
1995:. National Weather Service
1281:
1109:
1100:in 2024 just prior to its
937:
928:in 2024 just prior to its
772:
600:
2246:University College London
1978:. Accessed March 9, 2012.
1871:National Hurricane Center
1568:effects of climate change
1241:
1068:
896:
764:in 2024 at landfall near
732:
555:
407:National Hurricane Center
321:National Hurricane Center
220:
193:
168:
143:
118:
93:
68:
61:
56:
51:
46:
43:
27:Hurricane intensity scale
2477:The Mariners Weather Log
1897:. Accessed July 3, 2010.
1726:Retrieved on 2018-10-07.
1600:Tropical cyclones portal
1471:1935 Labor Day hurricane
1141:1900 Galveston hurricane
532:National Weather Service
2407:10.1073/pnas.2308901121
1442:radius of maximum winds
1132:storms cause extensive
592:in 2024 at landfall in
445:information, including
426:Richter magnitude scale
341:International Date Line
298:maximum sustained winds
38:maximum sustained winds
1873:. Accessed 2009-05-15.
1444:of the storm, and its
1426:moment magnitude scale
766:Morgan City, Louisiana
337:northern Pacific Ocean
2562:Scales in meteorology
2441:on September 17, 2017
2238:"Atmospheric Hazards"
2223:10.1175/BAMS-89-2-219
2035:Accessed through the
1889:July 8, 2011, at the
1713:on September 16, 2007
1626:Hurricane engineering
1614:Enhanced Fujita scale
1250:Most recent landfall
1247:Sustained winds
1077:Most recent landfall
1074:Sustained winds
905:Most recent landfall
902:Sustained winds
741:Most recent landfall
738:Sustained winds
564:Most recent landfall
561:Sustained winds
18:Category 5 hurricanes
2507:on February 28, 2010
2326:. September 5, 2017.
2306:. February 22, 2018.
2175:10.1029/2006eo010003
2082:www.weather.gov/crh/
2025:on December 14, 2005
1620:Rohn emergency scale
487:Saffir–Simpson scale
271:tropical depressions
34:Saffir–Simpson scale
2547:Atlantic hurricanes
2483:on October 23, 2009
2434:The Washington Post
2374:. November 30, 2018
2346:Monthly Weather Log
2205:2008BAMS...89..219K
2166:2006EOSTr..87....3K
1808:on October 23, 2009
1460:, as well as after
1452:Proposed extensions
1319:uprooted or snapped
418:structural engineer
40:
2557:1973 introductions
2552:Pacific hurricanes
1702:United States Navy
1462:Hurricane Patricia
1342:"Cuba–Brownsville"
1129:structural failure
793:manufactured homes
401:and meteorologist
343:. Other areas use
263:Western Hemisphere
32:
1953:on August 6, 2009
1835:on April 17, 2016
1280:
1279:
1108:
1107:
1088:130–156 mph
1086:209–251 km/h
936:
935:
916:111–129 mph
914:178–208 km/h
771:
770:
750:154–177 km/h
599:
598:
579:119–153 km/h
516:
515:
489:
455:Hurricane Charley
447:Hurricane Katrina
267:tropical cyclones
247:
246:
16:(Redirected from
2569:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2468:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2252:on 7 August 2008
2248:. Archived from
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2021:. Archived from
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1909:
1898:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1831:. Archived from
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1791:
1782:
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422:United Nations
403:Robert Simpson
399:Herbert Saffir
396:civil engineer
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2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2500:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
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2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2432:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2378:November 30,
2376:. Retrieved
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2345:
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2250:the original
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2120:
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2090:
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2057:. Retrieved
2054:Live Science
2053:
2044:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2009:
1999:November 30,
1997:. Retrieved
1983:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1917:
1879:
1870:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1801:Sun-Sentinel
1799:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1759:
1749:February 25,
1747:. Retrieved
1741:
1731:
1722:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1697:
1687:November 14,
1685:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:November 14,
1660:. Retrieved
1650:
1572:
1455:
1415:
1404:(2019), and
1334:"Okeechobee"
1327:
1315:
1310:hipped roofs
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1227:(2023), and
1138:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1054:(2021), and
973:
965:curtain wall
956:
954:
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882:(2022), and
801:
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718:(2022), and
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29:
2412:February 5,
2160:(1): 3, 6.
1925:October 20,
1919:LiveScience
1776:December 8,
1430:earthquakes
1346:"Labor Day"
449:(2005) and
442:storm surge
434:storm surge
384:storm surge
36:, 1-minute
2526:Categories
2511:October 1,
2487:October 1,
2256:8 December
1957:August 17,
1642:References
1580:Miami-Dade
1323:evacuation
1282:See also:
1235:Category 5
1110:See also:
1084:113–136 kn
1062:Category 4
938:See also:
890:Category 3
773:See also:
726:Category 2
601:See also:
549:Category 1
478:Categories
430:wind speed
411:Neil Frank
373:ten-minute
368:ten-minute
317:wind speed
259:hurricanes
2209:CiteSeerX
2131:April 19,
2029:March 24,
1839:March 20,
1743:USA Today
1631:Hypercane
1434:quantized
1412:Criticism
1338:"Bahamas"
1276:, Mexico
1231:(2024).
1104:landfall
1050:(2020),
932:landfall
912:96–112 kn
380:criticism
44:Category
2304:ABC News
2278:ABC News
2017:(2004).
1887:Archived
1586:See also
1523:typhoons
1519:Patricia
1400:(2018),
1396:(2017),
1392:(2017),
1388:(2007),
1384:(2007),
1380:(1992),
1376:(1988),
1372:(1979),
1368:(1977),
1364:(1971),
1360:(1969),
1356:(1966),
1352:(1955),
1348:(1935),
1344:(1933),
1340:(1932),
1336:(1928),
1332:(1924),
1302:concrete
1274:Acapulco
1223:(2021),
1219:(2020),
1215:(2020),
1211:(2020),
1207:(2017),
1203:(2008),
1199:(2005),
1195:(2004),
1191:(1992),
1187:(1988),
1183:(1979),
1181:Frederic
1179:(1976),
1177:Madeline
1175:(1974),
1171:(1970),
1167:(1965),
1163:(1963),
1159:(1961),
1155:(1960),
1151:(1959),
1147:(1954),
1058:(2024).
1046:(2016),
1042:(2010),
1038:(2006),
1034:(2004),
1030:(2002),
1026:(1996),
1022:(1995),
1018:(1985),
1014:(1983),
1010:(1975),
1006:(1975),
1002:(1975),
1000:Caroline
998:(1970),
994:(1967),
990:(1957),
986:(1955),
982:(1954),
978:(1950),
930:Guerrero
886:(2024).
884:Francine
878:(2021),
874:(2021),
870:(2020),
866:(2014),
862:(2012),
860:Carlotta
858:(2010),
854:(2010),
850:(2010),
846:(2003),
842:(2003),
838:(1996),
834:(1995),
830:(1994),
826:(1993),
822:(1990),
818:(1974),
814:(1963),
810:(1958),
806:(1954),
797:moorings
762:Francine
748:83–95 kn
722:(2024).
714:(2022),
710:(2022),
706:(2021),
702:(2021),
700:Nicholas
698:(2020),
694:(2020),
690:(2020),
686:(2019),
682:(2019),
678:(2017),
674:(2016),
670:(2016),
666:(2013),
662:(2012),
658:(2007),
656:Humberto
654:(2005),
650:(1997),
646:(1995),
642:(1985),
538:and the
354:typhoons
349:cyclones
323:and the
310:landfall
306:flooding
2201:Bibcode
2162:Bibcode
1717:July 4,
1576:Broward
1555:Surigae
1547:Meranti
1539:Bolaven
1479:Gilbert
1398:Michael
1374:Gilbert
1358:Camille
1193:Charley
1028:Isidore
1020:Roxanne
852:Richard
594:Florida
390:History
188:119–153
163:154–177
138:178–208
133:111–129
113:209–251
108:130–156
103:113–136
2211:
1553:, and
1543:Haiyan
1537:, and
1531:Halong
1517:, and
1499:Dorian
1497:, and
1402:Dorian
1378:Andrew
1330:"Cuba"
1306:cement
1229:Helene
1205:Harvey
1197:Dennis
1173:Carmen
1149:Gracie
1098:Helene
1032:Jeanne
1012:Alicia
1008:Olivia
1004:Eloise
992:Olivia
988:Audrey
961:basins
880:Agatha
864:Arthur
716:Nicole
704:Pamela
692:Isaias
684:Lorena
672:Newton
664:Manuel
644:Ismael
620:damage
574:64–82
569:33–42
459:ADCIRC
362:) use
215:63–118
158:96–110
128:96–112
2342:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1681:(PDF)
1535:Mawar
1511:Linda
1503:Patsy
1491:Wilma
1483:Mitch
1475:Allen
1394:Maria
1386:Felix
1370:David
1366:Anita
1362:Edith
1350:Janet
1225:Lidia
1209:Laura
1189:Iniki
1169:Celia
1165:Betsy
1161:Flora
1157:Carla
1153:Donna
1145:Hazel
1052:Grace
1016:Elena
984:Hilda
980:Carol
969:gable
868:Sally
856:Tomas
840:Marty
820:Diana
812:Ginny
804:Alice
720:Debby
708:Julia
696:Gamma
688:Hanna
680:Barry
660:Isaac
648:Danny
590:Debby
463:SLOSH
285:, or
279:winds
255:SSHWS
210:39–73
205:34–63
200:18–32
183:74–95
178:64–82
173:33–42
153:83–95
148:43–49
123:50–58
98:58–70
88:≥ 252
83:≥ 157
78:≥ 137
73:≥ 70
53:knots
2542:Wind
2513:2005
2489:2005
2447:2017
2414:2024
2399:PNAS
2380:2018
2354:2010
2286:2006
2258:2007
2133:2019
2105:2017
2061:2017
2031:2006
2001:2006
1976:NOAA
1959:2009
1927:2005
1895:NOAA
1841:2016
1814:2006
1778:2007
1751:2007
1719:2008
1689:2020
1664:2020
1578:and
1560:NOAA
1551:Goni
1515:Rick
1507:John
1495:Irma
1487:Rita
1406:Otis
1390:Irma
1382:Dean
1354:Inez
1286:and
1270:Otis
1217:Iota
1185:Joan
1139:The
1114:and
1056:John
1048:Zeta
1044:Otto
1040:Karl
1036:Lane
1024:Fran
996:Ella
976:Easy
942:and
926:John
876:Rick
872:Olaf
848:Alex
844:Juan
836:Alma
832:Erin
828:Rosa
824:Gert
816:Fifi
808:Ella
777:and
712:Lisa
676:Nate
668:Earl
652:Stan
640:Juan
632:pier
630:and
605:and
461:and
360:JTWC
335:and
287:SSHS
273:and
265:are
249:The
242:≤ 62
237:≤ 38
232:≤ 33
227:≤ 17
63:km/h
2403:doi
2219:doi
2170:doi
2153:Eos
1527:Tip
1221:Ida
1213:Eta
1201:Ike
571:m/s
512:C5
509:C4
506:C3
503:C2
500:C1
497:TS
494:TD
366:or
351:or
58:mph
48:m/s
2528::
2499:.
2475:.
2431:.
2397:.
2370:.
2344:.
2320:.
2302:.
2275:.
2244:.
2240:.
2217:.
2207:.
2197:89
2195:.
2168:.
2158:87
2156:.
2150:.
2080:.
2052:.
1974:,
1916:.
1902:^
1893:,
1849:^
1798:.
1786:^
1740:.
1721:.
1704::
1549:,
1545:,
1533:,
1529:,
1513:,
1509:,
1505:,
1493:,
1489:,
1485:,
1481:,
1477:,
1473:,
576:kn
534:,
465:.
312:.
289:.
222:TD
195:TS
169:1
144:2
119:3
94:4
69:5
2515:.
2491:.
2449:.
2416:.
2405::
2382:.
2356:.
2288:.
2260:.
2225:.
2221::
2203::
2178:.
2172::
2164::
2135:.
2107:.
2084:.
2063:.
2039:.
2033:.
2003:.
1961:.
1929:.
1843:.
1816:.
1780:.
1753:.
1691:.
1666:.
1304:/
356:,
253:(
20:)
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