589:, MacKinnon writes, "Pornography, in the feminist view, is a form of forced sex, a practice of sexual politics, and institution of gender inequality". As documented by extensive empirical studies, she writes, "Pornography contributes causally to attitudes and behaviors of violence and discrimination which define the treatment and status of half the population". (It should be noted, however, that the evidence for this claim is not definitive; studies have also shown no relationship between pornography and discriminatory views nor violence against women, with some even suggesting pornography use could be correlated with more egalitarian views.)
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of being a “woman.” Such a rigid determinism assimilates any account of sexuality to rigid and determining positions of domination and subordination, and assimilates those positions to the social gender of man and woman. But that deterministic account has come under continuous criticism from feminists not only for an untenable account of female sexuality as coerced subordination, but for the totalizing view of heterosexuality as well—one in which all power relations are reduced to relations of domination—and for the failure to distinguish the presence of coerced domination in sexuality from pleasurable and wanted dynamics of power.
839:, also known as the Nordic Model, the "Equality Model," or the "Restrictive Model", penalises buyers of sexual services as well as sellers, where sellers are characterised as pimps or sex traffickers, while putatively decriminalizing all those who are "bought and sold in prostitution." The fundamental concept is that the requirement to exchange sexual services for survival is a product of sex inequality and a form of violence against women. This model has been accepted in Norway, Iceland, Canada, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Israel and France, but was rejected in New Zealand.
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traditional criminal obscenity law to suppress pornography. Instead of condemning pornography for violating "community standards" of sexual decency or modesty, they characterized pornography as a form of sex discrimination and sought to give women the right to seek damages under civil rights law when they could prove they had been harmed. Their anti-pornography ordinances make actionable only sexually explicit material that can be proven to discriminate on the basis of sex.
57:
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700:" section), arguing there is no evidence that sexually explicit media encourages or promotes violence against women. Max Waltman states that empirical evidence (based on changes to obscenity doctrine in Canada) suggests that civil rather than legal remedies may be more effective as a means of discouraging violence against women.
664:. It also allowed those who had been coerced into pornography, had had pornography forced upon them, or were assaulted in a way caused by specific pornography to sue for harm they could prove. The law was passed twice by the Minneapolis city council but was vetoed by the mayor. Another version of the ordinance passed in
929:(1989) as a "profoundly static world view and undemocratic, perhaps even anti-democratic, political sensibility" as well as "flatly dated" and "developed at 'the dawn of feminism's second wave... framed by a political-intellectual context that no longer exists — a male Marxist monopoly on radical social discourse'".
880:'this is how it is,' it is not taken as being that way. This makes articulating silence, perceiving the presence of absence, believing those who have been socially stripped of credibility, critically contextualizing what passes for simple fact, necessary to the epistemology of a politics of the powerless."
940:
Feminist positions such as
Catharine MacKinnon’s offer an analysis of sexual relations as structured by relations of coerced subordination, and argue that acts of sexual domination constitute the social meaning of being a “man,” as the condition of coerced subordination constitutes the social meaning
908:". Sex-positive feminists and anti-pornography feminists have debated over the implicit and explicit meanings of these labels. Sex-positive feminists note that anti-pornography ordinances drafted by MacKinnon and Dworkin called for the removal, censorship, or control over sexually explicit material.
858:
MacKinnon argues that the inequality between women and men in most societies forms a hierarchy that institutionalizes male dominance, subordinating women, in an arrangement rationalised and often perceived as natural. She writes about the interrelations between theory and practice, recognizing that
687:
And as you think about the assumption of consent that follows women into pornography, look closely some time for the skinned knees, the bruises, the welts from the whippings, the scratches, the gashes. Many of them are not simulated. One relatively soft core pornography model said, "I knew the pose
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MacKinnon and
Dworkin continued to discuss civil rights litigation, specifically sex discrimination, as a possible approach to combating pornography. MacKinnon opposed traditional arguments and laws against pornography based on the idea of morality or filth or sexual innocence, including the use of
879:
as a spontaneous event that occurred naturally. She understands epistemology as theories of knowing, and politics as theories of power: "Having power means, among other things, that when someone says, 'this is how it is,' it is taken as being that way. ...Powerlessness means that when you say
538:"Without question," then-Justice Rehnquist wrote for a unanimous Court, "when a supervisor sexually harasses a subordinate because of the subordinate's sex, that supervisor 'discriminate[s]' on the basis of sex." The D.C. Circuit, and women, had won. A new common-law rule was established.
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the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures or words that also includes women dehumanized as sexual objects, things, or commodities; enjoying pain or humiliation or rape; being tied up, cut up, mutilated, bruised, or physically hurt; in postures of sexual submission or
842:
Some organisations and individuals, such as the Global
Network of Sex Work Projects, International, and the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women say that this legal model makes it harder for sex workers to find housing, make money to survive, screen clients to avoid violence, prevent their
828:) established forced prostitution and forced impregnation when based on ethnicity or religion in a genocidal context as legally actionable acts of genocide. In 2001, MacKinnon was named co-director of the Lawyers Alliance for Women (LAW) Project, an initiative of Equality Now, an international
497:
In her book, MacKinnon argued that sexual harassment is sex discrimination because the act is a product of, and produces, the social inequality of women to men (see, for example, pp. 116–18, 174). She distinguishes between two types of sexual harassment (see pp. 32–42):
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servility or display; reduced to body parts, penetrated by objects or animals, or presented in scenarios of degradation, injury, torture; shown as filthy or inferior; bleeding, bruised, or hurt in a context that makes these conditions sexual.
1833:
1 (1985). As support for the existence of snuff films, MacKinnon wrote in footnote 61, "In the movies known as snuff films, victims sometimes are actually murdered."' 130 Cong. Rec. S13192 (daily ed. October 3, 1984; statement of
Senator
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MacKinnon represented
Bosnian and Croatian women against Serbs accused of genocide since 1992, creating the legal claim for rape as an act of genocide in that conflict. She was co-counsel, representing named plaintiff S. Kadic, in
935:
1994 article "Against Proper
Objects," in a section titled "Against the anti-pornography paradigm," criticizes MacKinnon as having "totalizing" and "deterministic" positions on sexuality, specifically heterosexuality, as follows:
474:
and any other sex-discrimination prohibition. She also conceived the legal claim for sexual harassment as sex discrimination in education under Title IX, which was established through litigation brought by Yale undergraduates in
726:
who identifies as a woman, wants to be a woman, is going around being a woman, as far as I'm concerned, is a woman." Furthermore, during a lecture at Oxford
University in 2022, MacKinnon continued to express her support for
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40, no. 17 (October 21, 1993): 299. "no reputable study has concluded that pornography is a significant cause of sexual crime: many of them conclude, on the contrary, that the causes of violent personality lie mainly in
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887:
calculated that "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward
Feminist Jurisprudence", 8 Signs 635 (1983), was the 96th most cited article in law reviews even though it was published in a non-legal journal.
332:
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city government hired MacKinnon and
Dworkin to draft an anti-pornography civil rights ordinance as an amendment to the Minneapolis city human rights ordinance. The amendment defined pornography as a
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MacKinnon is the
Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School and the James Barr Ames Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. In 2007, she served as the
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contends that MacKinnon's attempt to ban prostitution and pornography does not primarily protect but re-inscribes the category of "woman" as an essentialized identity premised on injury. In
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254:
As an expert on international law, constitutional law, political and legal theory, and jurisprudence, MacKinnon focuses on women's rights and sexual abuse and exploitation, including
576:, tried to change legal approaches to pornography by framing it as a civil rights violation in the form of sex discrimination, and as human trafficking. They defined pornography as:
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was right when it hurt". It certainly seems important to the audiences that the events in the pornography be real. For this reason, pornography becomes a motive for murder, as in "
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followed MacKinnon's framework in adopting guidelines prohibiting sexual harassment by prohibiting both quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment harassment (see 29
1846:, Felony Complaint No. NF 8300382 (Municipal Court, Orange County, Cal. August 5, 1983); "'Slain Teens Needed Jobs, Tried Porn"' and "Two Accused of Murder in 'Snuff' Films",
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1019:
Alice Paul Award, National Organization of Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) for "Lifetime Dedication and Outstanding Achievement in Confronting Men's Violence Against Women" (2017)
530:
that sexual harassment may violate laws against sex discrimination. MacKinnon was co-counsel for Mechelle Vinson, the plaintiff, and wrote the brief in the Supreme Court. In
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274:. She was among the first to argue that pornography is a civil rights violation, and that sexual harassment in education and employment constitutes sex discrimination.
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Waltman, Max (28 June 2017). "Appraising the Impact of Toward a Feminist Theory of the State: Consciousness-Raising, Hierarchy Theory, and Substantive Equality Laws".
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Association, to "an esteemed graduate of Yale Law School ... recognized for having made a substantial contribution to public service or to the legal profession" (2022)
534:, the Court recognized the distinction between quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile workplace harassment. In a 2002 article, MacKinnon wrote, quoting the Court:
805:, as well as the owners of a gay and lesbian bookstore for selling it. Canadian authorities raided an art gallery and confiscated controversial paintings depicting
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in 2023. In this lecture, she addresses concerns from anti-trans feminists about the idea that the recognition of trans identities leads to sexism against women.
248:
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1687:"Is Pornography Really about "Making Hate to Women"? Pornography Users Hold More Gender Egalitarian Attitudes Than Nonusers in a Representative American Sample"
954:, and they were engaged to be married. Earlier, she had been married and divorced. MacKinnon has long been highly protective of details about her private life.
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502:"quid pro quo", meaning sexual harassment "in which sexual compliance is exchanged, or proposed to be exchanged, for an employment opportunity (p. 32)" and
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boyfriends from being arrested as "pimps", and avoid the interactions with police which account for the plurality of sexual violence against sex workers.
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MacKinnon represented Boreman from 1980 until Boreman's death in 2002. Civil libertarians frequently find MacKinnon's theories objectionable (see "
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2733:. Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture at Virginia Tech. Retrieved September 4, 2020. It includes a bibliography of MacKinnon's works.
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and other pornographic films. Boreman made her charges public for the press corps at a press conference, together with MacKinnon, members of
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239:(born October 7, 1946) is an American feminist legal scholar, activist, and author. She is the Elizabeth A. Long Professor of Law at the
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largely accepted MacKinnon's theories of equality, hate propaganda, and pornography, citing extensively from a brief she co-authored in
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Waltman, Max (March 2010). "Rethinking Democracy: Legal Challenges to Pornography and Sex Inequality in Canada and the United States".
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MacKinnon and Dworkin proposed the law against prostitution in Sweden in 1990, which Sweden passed in 1998. What became termed the
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2773:. Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Retrieved September 4, 2020. It includes MacKinnon's works.
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MacKinnon is an often-cited legal scholar and regular public speaker. Her ideas can be divided into three overlapping areas:
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arguing that it was a form of sex-based discrimination. Two years later, Yale University Press published MacKinnon's book,
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Her lecture, called "A Feminist Defense of Transgender Sex Equality Rights" was subsequently edited and published in the
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and won a jury verdict of $ 745 million in New York City on August 10, 2000. The lawsuit (under the United States'
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began discussing the possibility of using federal civil rights law to seek damages from Traynor and the makers of
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2266:"Nordic Model in Northern Ireland a total failure: no decrease in sex work, but increases in violence and stigma"
2008:
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787:. In fact, MacKinnon's brief argued that seizure of materials for which no harm was shown was unconstitutional.
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Catharine A. MacKinnon, "The Logic of Experience: Reflections on the Development of Sexual Harassment Law", 90
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While the plaintiff who went to trial on the facts, Pamela Price, lost, the case established the law: the
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the type of harassment that "arises when sexual harassment is a persistent condition of work (p. 32)".
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2242:"The Nordic Model of Prostitution Legislation: Health, Violence and Spillover Effects • FREE NETWORK"
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1369:"Before #MeToo, There Was Catharine A. MacKinnon and Her Book 'Sexual Harassment of Working Women'"
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women's experiences have, for the most part, been ignored in both arenas. Furthermore, she uses
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2737:"Collection concerning Catharine A. MacKinnon v. Society for Comparative Philosophy, 1985–1986"
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Miller, Dan J.; Kidd, Garry; Raggatt, Peter T. F.; McBain, Kerry Anne; Li, Wendy (2020-05-26).
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violation against women and allowed women who claimed harm from trafficking in pornography to
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Carole Vance. "More Pleasure, More Danger: A Decade after the Barnard Sexuality Conference",
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decision was controversial to some; it is sometimes implied that shipments of Dworkin's book
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offering statements in support. After the press conference, Dworkin, MacKinnon, Boreman, and
494:, schools must have procedures to address sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination.
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2771:"Papers of Catharine A. MacKinnon, 1946–2008 (inclusive), 1975–2005 (bulk): A Finding Aid"
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In the early 1990s, MacKinnon had a relationship with author and animal-rights activist
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900:" in the 1980s, feminists opposing anti-pornography stances, such as Carole Vance and
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to criticize Marxist theory. MacKinnon notes Marx's criticism of theory that treated
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MacKinnon works actively with the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) and
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2162:"Prohibiting Sex Purchasing and Ending Trafficking: The Swedish Prostitution Law"
2083:"Abstract Principle v. Contextual Conceptions of Harm: A Comment on R. v. Butler"
1923:"Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon"
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were seized by Canadian customs agents under this ruling, as well as books by
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2217:"Policy-makers must not look to the "Nordic model" for sex trade legislation"
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692:" films in which someone is tortured to death to make a sex film. They exist.
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1974:
1856:); L. Smith, The Chicken Hawks (1975)(unpublished manuscript; on file with
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1277:(3rd edition). University Casebook Series. St. Paul, MN: Foundation Press.
607:(who had appeared, under the name Linda Lovelace in the pornographic film
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Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal, Yale Graduate School Alumni Association (1995)
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Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and has also visited at
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1256:(2nd edition). University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press.
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2059:"THE PAPER TIGRESS: CANADIAN OBSCENITY LAW 20 YEARS AFTER R V BUTLER"
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331:; her father was a lawyer, congressman (1947–1949), and judge on the
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Fred R. Shapiro, "The Most-Cited Law Review Articles Revisited," 71
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Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech", 20
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MacKinnon, Catherine A. (2000). "Points Against Postmodernism", 75,
466:(1979), creating the legal claim for sexual harassment as a form of
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2747:"Catharine MacKinnon and Gretchen Carlson Have a Few Things to Say"
2669:"Catharine MacKinnon, 'Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality'"
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2739:. Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
338:
She is the third generation of her family to attend her mother's
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Science, London School of Economics and Political (2022-12-09).
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Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination
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Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination
740:
543:
Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination
464:
Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination
259:
4592:
2796:
247:. From 2008 to 2012, she was the special gender adviser to the
2319:
Prostitution Reform Bill 2002 (66-2) (select committee report)
2136:
The U.S. Justice System: Law and constitution in early America
1537:
Alexander v. Yale Univ., 631 F.2d 178, 181 n.1 (2d Cir. 1980).
387:
359:
5534:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
2358:"Q&A: Policy to protect the human rights of sex workers"
1080:
Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality
2792:
2746:
458:
having written a paper on sexual harassment for Professor
1175:. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press.
1082:. Minneapolis, MN: Organizing Against Pornography. 1988.
277:
MacKinnon is the author of over a dozen books, including
1975:"A Feminist Defense of Transgender Sex Equality Rights"
5143:
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
2720:. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
2038:"Canadian Customs and Legal Approaches to Pornography"
1685:
Kohut, Taylor; Baer, Jodie L.; Watts, Brendan (2016).
984:, honoring the 20th anniversary of the publication of
2656:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2647:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2638:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2608:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1741:"Does Pornography Promote Sexism? | Psychology Today"
2906:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
2686:
Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice
2671:. University of Chicago Law School. 14 November 2011
2621:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
2463:
Pleasure and Danger: Towards a Politics of Sexuality
1764:
Bolin, Anne; Whelehan, Patricia, eds. (2015-04-10).
1514:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
1147:
In Harm's Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings
5401:
5356:
5324:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
5134:
5127:
4998:
4907:
4626:
4484:
4423:
4416:
4095:
3800:
3484:
3417:
3314:
3034:
3023:
2915:
2882:
2839:
2830:
1640:"Pornography use and sexism among heterosexual men"
1298:. Northport, NY: Twelve Tables Press (forthcoming).
1227:
Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues
998:Outstanding Scholar Award, Research Fellows of the
219:
201:
183:
175:
170:
144:
112:
107:
70:
47:
2714:. Harvard Law School. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
2614:
1610:
1561:
1044:
2617:"Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law"
1767:The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality
1352:University of Michigan Law School. Archived from
1230:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2006.
1194:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2005.
1149:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1997.
1122:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1993.
1101:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1989.
904:, began referring to themselves as "pro-sex" or "
731:and transgender sex equality, and criticized the
2221:London School of Economics and Political Science
2196:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia
1506:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1296:Women's Lives in Men's Courts: Briefs for Change
1268:Sex Equality Controversies: The Formosa Lectures
1012:Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Achievement Award,
637:. This was not possible for Boreman because the
486:recognized that, under the civil rights statute
1858:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
1854:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
1831:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
938:
681:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review
578:
517:§ 1604.11 (a)). Courts also used the concepts.
2384:"The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women"
1954:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1568:(19 ed.). Yale University Press. p.
1051:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1979.
794:prosecutions have been undertaken against the
660:the producers and distributors for damages in
249:Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
4604:
2808:
8:
2015:. Electronic Frontier Canada. Archived from
1948:Catharine A. MacKinnon (November 28, 2022).
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
484:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
27:American feminist scholar and legal activist
2332:"Prostitution Reform Bill — Second Reading"
1270:. Taipei: National Taiwan University Press.
769:pornography distributor Donald Butler. The
5574:University of Minnesota Law School faculty
5131:
4611:
4597:
4589:
4420:
3571:African-American women's suffrage movement
3031:
2836:
2815:
2801:
2793:
1869:Dworkin, Ronald. "Women and Pornography",
1489:. Archived from the original on 2005-08-30
1284:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
333:U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
55:
44:
5569:University of Michigan Law School faculty
5484:21st-century American non-fiction writers
2781:"A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon"
2436:
2424:
2412:
1592:
472:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
370:, in 1987. While at Yale, she received a
30:For the Canadian actress and singer, see
3516:Discrimination against transgender women
2636:"Towards a Feminist Theory of the State"
2336:New Zealand Parliament Pāremata Aotearoa
1950:"Exploring Transgender Law and Politics"
1458:"Highly Cited Research 2011 - Name: "M""
1438:University of Michigan faculty biography
2415:, pp. 15–16, 60, 118–120, 136–137.
2106:Davies, Cristyn; Knox, Sara L. (2015).
1433:
1431:
1308:
1186:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
925:, Brown also characterized MacKinnon's
511:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
5254:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
4925:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
2692:(2). Social Science Research Network.
1499:
1330:from the original on February 23, 2018
1291:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
617:had violently coerced her into making
599:Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance
5294:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
5214:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
3865:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
3131:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
2166:Michigan Journal of International Law
1929:from the original on 24 December 2018
1809:. New York: Dial Press. p. 337.
1617:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard.
1613:Toward A Feminist Theory of The State
1367:Bellafante, Gillia (March 19, 2018).
1218:Legal Feminism in Theory and Practice
1099:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
993:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
927:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
714:In a 2015 interview, MacKinnon cited
587:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
290:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
34:. For the comedic actress and former
7:
5038:Feminist views on transgender topics
2761:"Clinton Scandal: A Feminist Issue?"
2606:"Sexual Harassment of Working Women"
2112:. Routledge. pp. 118, 126–128.
710:Feminist views on transgender topics
5489:21st-century American women writers
5474:20th-century American women writers
1806:In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
1184:Directions in Sexual Harassment Law
1144:(1997) with Andrea Dworkin (eds.).
1014:American Association of Law Schools
5304:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
2390:. 16 December 2013. Archived from
1979:Yale Journal of Law & Feminism
1921:Williams, Cristan (7 April 2015).
1840:Pornography Victims Protection Act
1462:Thomson Reuters Research Analytics
1391:"Catharine A. MacKinnon biography"
986:Sexual Harassment of Working Women
748:Yale Journal of Law & Feminism
454:In 1977, MacKinnon graduated from
279:Sexual Harassment of Working Women
25:
5539:American critics of postmodernism
5519:American women's rights activists
5224:Pornography: Men Possessing Women
2556:Smith, Dinitia (March 22, 1993).
2478:States of Injury book description
1416:Smith, Dinitia (March 22, 1993).
963:Smith Medal, Smith College (1991)
776:Pornography: Men Possessing Women
241:University of Michigan Law School
5443:
5385:She's Beautiful When She's Angry
4920:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
4572:
4563:
4562:
4550:
4110:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3526:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
2613:MacKinnon, Catherine A. (1987).
739:anti-stereotyping approach, and
674:Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
641:for a possible suit had passed.
4990:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)
4940:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
4935:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
2160:Waltman, Max (1 October 2011).
1852:, August 6, 1983 (on file with
1776:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs357
1393:. Biography.com. Archived from
1263:. Mount Royal, Que: Editions M.
1261:Traite, Prostitution, Inégalité
392:University of Western Australia
5174:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm
2786:Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg
2753:. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
2481:. Princeton University Press.
2139:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 605–606.
2133:Wilson, Steven Harmon (2012).
1644:Communication Research Reports
1016:(AALS), Women's Section (2014)
863:to critique certain points in
697:
527:Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
1:
5579:American women legal scholars
5479:20th-century American writers
5114:Social construction of gender
5068:Feminist views on pornography
2652:MacKinnon, Catherine (2017).
2643:MacKinnon, Catherine (1993).
2634:MacKinnon, Catherine (1989).
2629:– via Internet Archive.
2604:MacKinnon, Catherine (1979).
2509:Butler, Judith (1994-07-01).
2475:Brown, Wendy (23 July 1995).
1973:MacKinnon, Catharine (2023).
1703:10.1080/00224499.2015.1023427
1656:10.1080/08824096.2020.1777396
1609:Mackinnon, Catharine (1989).
1560:MacKinnon, Catharine (1979).
1447:; accessed February 10, 2015.
830:non-governmental organization
568:MacKinnon, along with fellow
4472:Suffragists and suffragettes
2272:. 2019-09-20. Archived from
1888:Political Research Quarterly
1464:. 2012-01-01. Archived from
1289:Gender in Constitutional Law
492:Education Amendments of 1972
5529:Anti-prostitution feminists
4945:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
718:'s famous quotation about "
593:Anti-pornography ordinances
372:National Science Foundation
5610:
5549:Harvard Law School faculty
5524:Anti-pornography feminists
4950:New York Radical Feminists
2465:(Carole Vance, ed., 1984).
2007:Margulis, Zachary (1995).
1512:2005 Fellow of Stanford's
1005:Pioneer of Justice Award,
707:
596:
561:
29:
5544:Feminist studies scholars
5494:American feminist writers
5440:
4985:Women Against Pornography
4544:
3546:Female genital mutilation
2950:Majority-Muslim countries
2009:"Canada's Thought Police"
1350:"MacKinnon, Catharine A."
1192:Women's Lives, Men's Laws
623:Women Against Pornography
564:Anti-pornography movement
305:Women's Lives, Men's Laws
237:Catharine Alice MacKinnon
230:
103:
75:Catharine Alice MacKinnon
54:
5589:Writers from Minneapolis
5509:American women academics
4519:Women's studies journals
4477:Women's rights activists
3026:Movements and ideologies
2527:10.1215/10407391-6-2-3-1
2511:"Against Proper Objects"
2338:. New Zealand Parliament
2057:Benedet, Janine (2015).
1900:10.1177/1065912909349627
1872:New York Review of Books
1324:"Catharine A. MacKinnon"
704:Transgender sex equality
315:Early life and education
5584:American legal scholars
4062:International relations
2109:Cultural Studies of Law
2064:The Canadian Bar Review
1745:www.psychologytoday.com
1691:Journal of Sex Research
1000:American Bar Foundation
995:(AAAS) (elected) (2005)
760:Supreme Court of Canada
679:MacKinnon wrote in the
668:in 1984, but was ruled
445:Research and legal work
416:Osgoode Hall Law School
396:University of San Diego
196:University of Minnesota
5594:Yale Law School alumni
5514:American women lawyers
5504:American legal writers
5164:Sisterhood Is Powerful
5119:Violence against women
4955:New York Radical Women
4799:Catharine A. MacKinnon
4492:Conservative feminisms
3790:Women in the workforce
3758:Violence against women
3733:Sexual objectification
3693:Opposition to feminism
2890:Bicycling and feminism
2718:Catharine A. MacKinnon
2712:Catharine A. MacKinnon
1326:. Harvard Law School.
943:
906:sex-positive feminists
758:In February 1992, the
694:
639:statute of limitations
625:, and feminist writer
613:) said her ex-husband
583:
540:
319:MacKinnon was born in
188:University of Michigan
49:Catharine A. MacKinnon
5409:Consciousness raising
5344:The Industrial Vagina
5334:Sisterhood Is Forever
5244:Against Sadomasochism
4975:The Furies Collective
4930:Deep Green Resistance
4532:Women in peacekeeping
4072:Revisionist mythology
3509:Children's literature
2362:Amnesty International
1925:. The TransAdvocate.
1770:(1 ed.). Wiley.
1487:"Catharine MacKinnon"
1397:on September 11, 2017
708:Further information:
685:
666:Indianapolis, Indiana
562:Further information:
536:
408:University of Chicago
214:feminist legal theory
5564:Smith College alumni
5419:Miss America protest
5264:Sisterhood Is Global
5058:Political lesbianism
4879:Marilyn Salzman Webb
3974:Pathways perspective
3819:Gender mainstreaming
3738:Substantive equality
3718:Reproductive justice
3668:Matriarchal religion
3521:Diversity (politics)
2759:(January 26, 1998).
2394:on 15 September 2017
2240:Admin (2019-04-21).
1356:on October 10, 2018.
572:writer and activist
299:(1993); a casebook,
5450:Feminism portal
5284:Feminism Unmodified
5107:Internalized sexism
5092:Reproductive rights
5033:Feminist separatism
5011:False consciousness
4789:Holly Lawford-Smith
4729:Shulamith Firestone
4557:Feminism portal
4437:Ecofeminist authors
4287:Trinidad and Tobago
4227:Republic of Ireland
4087:Composition studies
3768:Women's empowerment
3723:Sex workers' rights
3648:Feminist capitalism
3628:Internalized sexism
3561:Feminism in culture
3439:Kurdish (Jineology)
2724:Catharine MacKinnon
2654:"ButterflyPolitics"
2439:, pp. 163–164.
741:anti-trans feminism
424:Stanford Law School
414:, Yale Law School,
412:University of Basel
404:Columbia Law School
329:George E. MacKinnon
284:Feminism Unmodified
108:Academic background
36:Saturday Night Live
18:Catharine Mackinnon
5427:Radical lesbianism
5006:Child sexual abuse
4854:Alix Kates Shulman
3932:Literary criticism
3809:Complementarianism
3531:Effects on society
3499:Complementarianism
3306:Women's liberation
2751:The New York Times
2745:(March 17, 2018).
2729:1999-11-05 at the
2087:McGill Law Journal
1987:20.500.13051/18252
1801:Brownmiller, Susan
1468:on January 1, 2012
1443:2005-09-23 at the
1379:on March 19, 2018.
1373:The New York Times
1282:Butterfly Politics
826:Alien Tort Statute
754:International work
716:Simone de Beauvoir
522:U.S. Supreme Court
468:sex discrimination
420:UCLA School of Law
309:Butterfly Politics
245:Harvard Law School
210:socialist feminism
165:Simone de Beauvoir
32:Catherine McKinnon
5559:Radical feminists
5456:
5455:
5397:
5396:
5184:The Female Eunuch
4965:Stop Porn Culture
4699:Kimberlé Crenshaw
4679:Susan Brownmiller
4654:Rosalyn Baxandall
4644:Ti-Grace Atkinson
4586:
4585:
4540:
4539:
3949:Political ecology
3855:Écriture féminine
3753:Triple oppression
3743:Toxic masculinity
3728:Sexual harassment
3588:Feminist stripper
3566:Feminist movement
3480:
3479:
3418:Ethnic and racial
3019:
3018:
2582:. Yale Law School
2564:. pp. 36–43.
2562:New York Magazine
2558:"Love is Strange"
2450:Chi.-Kent L. Rev.
2146:978-1-59884-304-0
2119:978-1-317-69727-5
1844:People v. Douglas
1785:978-1-4051-9006-0
1526:Chi.-Kent L. Rev.
1422:New York Magazine
1418:"Love is Strange"
1009:(New York) (2008)
972:Haverford College
898:Feminist Sex Wars
549:in January 2000.
478:Alexander v. Yale
460:Thomas I. Emerson
450:Sexual harassment
431:sexual harassment
400:Hebrew University
364:political science
346:. She earned her
303:(2001 and 2007);
256:sexual harassment
234:
233:
65:, Cambridge, 2006
61:MacKinnon at the
38:cast member, see
16:(Redirected from
5601:
5499:American lawyers
5448:
5447:
5446:
5423:
5390:
5380:
5370:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5299:
5289:
5279:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5234:Ain't I a Woman?
5229:
5219:
5209:
5199:
5189:
5179:
5169:
5159:
5149:
5132:
4889:Harriet Wistrich
4869:John Stoltenberg
4849:Kathie Sarachild
4709:Christine Delphy
4620:Radical feminism
4613:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4421:
4404:History of women
3880:Political theory
3780:
3773:Women-only space
3658:Likeability trap
3623:Invisible labour
3541:Female education
3032:
3027:
2987:African-American
2917:Women's suffrage
2908:
2895:Feminist history
2837:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2779:(July 7, 1995).
2701:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2609:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2576:"Award of Merit"
2572:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2547:
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2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2472:
2466:
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2440:
2434:
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2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2380:
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2354:
2348:
2347:
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2343:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2270:SWARM Collective
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
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1997:
1995:
1993:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
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1918:
1912:
1911:
1883:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1838:introducing the
1827:
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1820:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1731:
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1635:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:813, 824 (2002).
1544:
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1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
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1387:
1381:
1380:
1375:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1249:
1213:
1168:
1141:
1112:
1093:
1070:
1050:
1022:Award of Merit,
966:Doctor of Laws (
913:States of Injury
873:radical feminism
865:liberal feminism
854:Political theory
781:Marguerite Duras
764:a ruling against
725:
670:unconstitutional
570:radical feminist
223:Andrea Dworkin,
206:Radical feminism
88:
84:
82:
59:
45:
21:
5609:
5608:
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5600:
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5317:
5307:
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5257:
5247:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5154:Sexual Politics
5147:
5123:
4994:
4903:
4874:Michele Wallace
4859:Valerie Solanas
4804:Sheila Michaels
4784:Marjorie Kramer
4764:Sheila Jeffreys
4684:Phyllis Chesler
4639:Chude Pam Allen
4622:
4617:
4587:
4582:
4573:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4480:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4319:Northern Cyprus
4091:
4082:Science fiction
3875:Oedipus complex
3835:Women's studies
3796:
3795:
3794:
3778:
3688:Oedipus complex
3678:Men in feminism
3643:Language reform
3618:Ideal womanhood
3598:Gender equality
3593:Formal equality
3556:Feminationalism
3494:Cognitive labor
3476:
3444:Native American
3413:
3412:
3411:
3310:
3220:Post-structural
3025:
3015:
2911:
2904:
2900:Women's history
2878:
2826:
2821:
2777:Wattenberg, Ben
2743:Galanes, Philip
2731:Wayback Machine
2708:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2662:Further reading
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2622:
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2574:
2573:
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2411:
2407:
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2395:
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2355:
2351:
2341:
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2325:
2317:
2313:
2304:
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2300:Brothel Keepers
2293:
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2277:
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2091:
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2056:
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2051:
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2036:
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2031:
2022:
2020:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1864:
1849:Oakland Tribune
1828:
1824:
1817:
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1445:Wayback Machine
1436:
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1109:
1097:
1090:
1078:
1059:
1043:
1033:
1024:Yale Law School
1007:Pace Law School
982:Yale Law School
960:
948:
933:Judith Butler's
894:
885:Fred R. Shapiro
869:feminist theory
856:
799:sadomasochistic
756:
723:
712:
706:
601:
595:
566:
560:
555:
547:Fred R. Shapiro
456:Yale Law School
452:
447:
380:
378:Career overview
368:Yale University
356:Yale Law School
317:
268:sex trafficking
225:Martha Nussbaum
194:
192:York University
190:
126:Yale University
124:
99:
89:
86:
85:October 7, 1946
80:
78:
77:
76:
66:
63:Brattle Theatre
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5607:
5605:
5597:
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5424:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5381:
5375:SCUM Manifesto
5371:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5330:
5320:
5310:
5300:
5290:
5280:
5270:
5260:
5250:
5240:
5230:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5194:Lesbian Nation
5190:
5180:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5138:
5136:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5085:Feminist views
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5048:Male privilege
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4894:Monique Wittig
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Gloria Steinem
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Janice Raymond
4826:
4824:Irene Peslikis
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Germaine Greer
4741:
4736:
4734:Marilyn French
4731:
4726:
4724:Melissa Farley
4721:
4719:Andrea Dworkin
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Kathleen Barry
4646:
4641:
4636:
4634:Wim Hora Adema
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4584:
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4581:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4525:SCUM Manifesto
4521:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4474:
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4409:
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4394:United Kingdom
4391:
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4366:
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4274:
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4209:
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4199:
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4174:
4169:
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4159:
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4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Existentialism
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Existentialism
4020:
4019:
4018:
4016:Justice ethics
4008:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
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3914:
3909:
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3892:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Gender studies
3811:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:Women's rights
3782:
3779:Women's health
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Male privilege
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3632:International
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
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3583:
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3501:
3496:
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3475:
3470:
3465:
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3453:
3452:
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3392:
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3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
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3333:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3160:
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3149:
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3138:
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3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
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3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2965:United Kingdom
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
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2897:
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2876:
2871:
2866:
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2864:
2854:
2849:
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2841:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2774:
2768:
2765:Democracy Now!
2754:
2740:
2734:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2706:External links
2704:
2703:
2702:
2681:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2580:Alumni Weekend
2567:
2548:
2501:
2487:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2437:MacKinnon 1987
2429:
2427:, p. 163.
2425:MacKinnon 1987
2417:
2413:MacKinnon 1987
2405:
2375:
2349:
2323:
2311:
2286:
2257:
2232:
2207:
2192:"Nordic Model"
2183:
2172:(1): 137–138.
2152:
2145:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2074:
2049:
2029:
1999:
1965:
1940:
1913:
1878:
1862:
1822:
1815:
1791:
1784:
1756:
1732:
1677:
1650:(3): 110–121.
1630:
1623:
1601:
1593:MacKinnon 1987
1585:
1578:
1552:
1539:
1530:
1528:, pp. 687–688.
1517:
1478:
1449:
1427:
1408:
1382:
1359:
1341:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
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1214:
1200:
1187:
1176:
1169:
1155:
1142:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1094:
1088:
1075:Andrea Dworkin
1071:
1057:
1039:
1032:
1031:Selected works
1029:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
978:
975:
964:
959:
956:
952:Jeffrey Masson
947:
944:
893:
890:
877:class division
855:
852:
811:LGBT community
755:
752:
722:" to say that
705:
702:
631:Gloria Steinem
627:Andrea Dworkin
597:Main article:
594:
591:
574:Andrea Dworkin
559:
556:
554:
551:
507:
506:
503:
451:
448:
446:
443:
379:
376:
358:in 1977 and a
316:
313:
232:
231:
228:
227:
221:
217:
216:
203:
202:Main interests
199:
198:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
149:Andrea Dworkin
146:
142:
141:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
90:
74:
72:
68:
67:
60:
52:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5606:
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5554:Living people
5552:
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5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:Off Our Backs
5362:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5321:
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5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:Postgenderism
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
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5036:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:The Feminists
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
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4882:
4880:
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4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Florence Rush
4842:
4840:
4839:Adrienne Rich
4837:
4835:
4834:Rosetta Reitz
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Meghan Murphy
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
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4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Robert Jensen
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Merle Hoffman
4752:
4750:
4749:Carol Hanisch
4747:
4745:
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4732:
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4405:
4402:
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4400:
4399:United States
4397:
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4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
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4367:
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4280:
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4270:
4268:
4265:
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4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
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4248:
4247:Latin America
4245:
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4233:
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4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Technoscience
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Art criticism
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Men's studies
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Transmisogyny
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Purplewashing
3706:
3704:
3703:Protofeminism
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Honor killing
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
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3572:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Transnational
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Individualist
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Anti-abortion
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:United States
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:(2–3): 1–26.
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2488:9780691029894
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2364:. 31 May 2016
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2276:on 2023-11-13
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2019:on 2009-02-03
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Arlen Specter
1832:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1816:9780385314862
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1579:9780300022995
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:. p. 43.
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:0-674-02187-8
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:0-674-01540-1
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:0-674-44579-1
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:0-674-63933-2
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1108:0-674-89645-9
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1089:0-9621849-0-X
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:0-300-02299-9
1054:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
953:
946:Personal life
945:
942:
937:
934:
930:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
891:
889:
886:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
853:
851:
849:
844:
840:
838:
837:Swedish Model
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
793:
788:
786:
785:David Leavitt
782:
778:
777:
772:
768:
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:postmodernism
730:
729:transfeminism
721:
720:becom a woman
717:
711:
703:
701:
699:
693:
691:
684:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:In 1983, the
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Chuck Traynor
612:
611:
606:
605:Linda Boreman
600:
592:
590:
588:
582:
577:
575:
571:
565:
557:
552:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
533:
529:
528:
523:
520:In 1986, the
518:
516:
512:
509:In 1980, the
504:
501:
500:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Smith College
341:
336:
335:(1969–1995).
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:Legal scholar
178:
174:
171:Academic work
169:
166:
162:
158:
157:György Lukács
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
118:
117:Smith College
115:
111:
106:
102:
97:
93:
87:(age 77)
73:
69:
64:
58:
53:
46:
41:
40:Kate McKinnon
37:
33:
19:
5432:Womyn's land
5383:
5373:
5363:
5342:
5332:
5322:
5312:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5252:
5242:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5204:Woman Hating
5202:
5192:
5182:
5162:
5152:
5141:
5080:Prostitution
4960:Redstockings
4884:Ellen Willis
4814:Robin Morgan
4809:Kate Millett
4798:
4774:Lierre Keith
4739:Marilyn Frye
4689:D. A. Clarke
4674:Judith Brown
4664:Julie Bindel
4659:Linda Bellos
4548:
4523:
4467:Rhetoricians
4457:Philosophers
4349:Saudi Arabia
4145:South Africa
4006:Epistemology
3959:Anthropology
3954:Architecture
3917:Legal theory
3824:Gynocentrism
3763:War on women
3698:Pro-feminism
3653:Gender-blind
3603:Gender quota
3576:Art movement
3368:Dianic Wicca
3247:Sex-positive
3210:Postcolonial
3077:Conservative
3057:Anti-fascist
2784:
2763:
2757:Goodman, Amy
2750:
2689:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2653:
2645:"Only Words"
2644:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2616:
2605:
2598:Bibliography
2584:. Retrieved
2579:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2477:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2335:
2326:
2314:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2269:
2260:
2249:. Retrieved
2246:FREE NETWORK
2245:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:
2186:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2135:
2128:
2108:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2032:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2012:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1916:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1830:
1825:
1805:
1794:
1766:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1612:
1604:
1588:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1491:. Retrieved
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1452:
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1385:
1377:the original
1372:
1362:
1354:the original
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1295:
1288:
1281:
1275:Sex Equality
1274:
1267:
1260:
1254:Sex Equality
1253:
1225:
1217:
1191:
1183:
1178:(2004) with
1173:Sex Equality
1172:
1146:
1118:
1098:
1079:
1073:(1988) with
1046:
1035:
1034:
985:
949:
939:
931:
926:
920:
912:
910:
902:Ellen Willis
896:During the "
895:
882:
857:
845:
841:
834:
818:
815:
803:Bad Attitude
802:
791:
789:
774:
770:
757:
745:
713:
695:
686:
680:
678:
654:civil rights
647:
643:
634:
618:
608:
602:
586:
584:
579:
567:
542:
541:
537:
531:
525:
519:
508:
496:
476:
463:
453:
439:prostitution
428:
384:Roscoe Pound
381:
374:fellowship.
366:, also from
337:
318:
308:
307:(2005); and
304:
301:Sex Equality
300:
294:
288:
282:
278:
276:
264:prostitution
253:
236:
235:
184:Institutions
153:August Bebel
5469:1946 births
5369:(1970–2008)
5274:Intercourse
5063:Pornography
5043:Gender role
5026:Second wave
4794:Audre Lorde
4694:Nikki Craft
4669:Jenny Brown
4507:Comic books
4432:Art critics
4354:South Korea
4334:Philippines
4314:New Zealand
4309:Netherlands
4040:Pornography
4028:Metaphysics
3969:Criminology
3964:Archaeology
3937:Film theory
3638:Women's Day
3378:Ecofeminist
3237:Reactionary
3185:Materialist
2960:Switzerland
2955:New Zealand
2874:Fourth-wave
2857:Second-wave
2675:4 September
2625:4 September
2586:20 November
2515:Differences
2398:December 6,
2368:December 6,
2342:December 6,
1933:22 December
1894:: 218–237.
1697:(1): 1–11.
1334:October 22,
1180:Reva Siegel
980:Symposium,
917:Wendy Brown
807:child abuse
790:Successful
662:civil court
650:Minneapolis
635:Deep Throat
619:Deep Throat
610:Deep Throat
553:Pornography
435:pornography
350:and then a
321:Minneapolis
272:pornography
92:Minneapolis
5463:Categories
5314:Only Words
5053:Patriarchy
4779:Anne Koedt
4759:bell hooks
4714:Gail Dines
4497:Literature
4442:Economists
4162:Bangladesh
4096:By country
4045:Psychology
4001:Empiricism
3996:Aesthetics
3991:Philosophy
3850:Patriarchy
3830:Matriarchy
3634:Girl's Day
3608:Girl power
3581:In hip hop
3504:Literature
3434:Indigenous
3373:Reclaiming
3269:Standpoint
3242:Separatism
3215:Postmodern
3109:Vegetarian
3099:Difference
3042:Analytical
2869:Third-wave
2852:First-wave
2452:751 (1996)
2305:2023-11-20
2296:"Analysis"
2280:2023-11-20
2251:2023-11-20
2226:2023-11-20
2201:2023-11-20
2092:2023-11-20
2043:2007-07-27
2023:2005-11-02
1959:2023-07-18
1876:childhood"
1750:2023-11-25
1624:0674896467
1595:, p.
1493:2006-02-22
1472:2018-01-03
1304:References
1220:. Resling.
1119:Only Words
922:The Nation
850:in India.
737:liberalist
340:alma mater
296:Only Words
220:Influenced
176:Discipline
145:Influences
81:1946-10-07
4704:Mary Daly
4252:Argentina
4212:Indonesia
4202:Hong Kong
4157:Australia
4057:Seriality
3981:Geography
3907:Sociology
3860:Economics
3845:Kyriarchy
3336:Christian
3316:Religious
3257:Socialist
3047:Anarchist
2992:States of
2930:Australia
2543:248689533
2535:1040-7391
2388:gaatw.org
2178:1052-2867
1908:154054641
1711:1559-8519
1672:264265376
1664:0882-4096
1548:Geo. L.J.
1401:March 20,
970:, hon.),
892:Criticism
883:In 1996,
871:and uses
819:Kadic v.
801:magazine
698:Criticism
683:in 1985:
603:In 1980,
325:Minnesota
161:Karl Marx
113:Education
96:Minnesota
5414:Herstory
5102:Misogyny
5016:Feminism
4568:Category
4502:American
4374:Thailand
4329:Pakistan
4299:Malaysia
4282:Paraguay
4272:Honduras
4120:Ethiopia
3986:Pedagogy
3912:Rhetoric
3902:Sexology
3895:Womanist
3890:Thealogy
3885:Theology
3683:Misogyny
3551:Femicide
3536:Equality
3485:Concepts
3400:Orthodox
3363:Neopagan
3351:Womanist
3331:Buddhist
3299:Africana
3294:Womanism
3190:Maternal
3180:Lipstick
3146:Activism
3116:Equality
3082:Cultural
3067:Carceral
3002:Virginia
2982:Timeline
2925:Timeline
2862:timeline
2847:Timeline
2824:Feminism
2727:Archived
1927:Archived
1803:(1999).
1727:23901098
1719:26305435
1502:cite web
1441:Archived
1328:Archived
1294:(2022).
1287:(2018).
1280:(2017).
1273:(2016).
1266:(2015).
1259:(2014).
1252:(2007).
1246:62085505
1223:(2006).
1216:(2005).
1210:55494875
1189:(2005).
1182:(eds.).
1171:(2001).
1165:37418262
1138:28067216
1115:(1993).
1096:(1989).
1042:(1979).
991:Fellow,
915:(1995),
848:Apne Aap
821:Karadzic
767:Manitoba
558:Position
524:held in
488:Title IX
311:(2017).
293:(1989);
287:(1987),
281:(1979);
5021:Lesbian
4915:Cell 16
4899:Laura X
4514:Parties
4389:Ukraine
4384:Vietnam
4294:Lebanon
4192:Germany
4182:Finland
4177:Denmark
4152:Albania
4140:Senegal
4135:Nigeria
4050:Therapy
4033:Science
3944:Biology
3461:Mizrahi
3429:Chicana
3390:Islamic
3326:Atheist
3262:Marxist
3232:Radical
3168:Liberal
3163:Lesbian
3141:Hip hop
3121:Eugenic
3062:Atheist
3035:General
3007:Wyoming
2840:General
2832:History
2698:2992921
2494:June 6,
2321:(N.Z.).
2294:admin.
2071:(1): 2.
1992:18 July
1842:). See
1067:3912752
861:Marxism
796:lesbian
724:"nybody
672:by the
532:Meritor
490:of the
5422:(1968)
5389:(2014)
5379:(1967)
5348:(2008)
5338:(2003)
5328:(2000)
5318:(1993)
5308:(1992)
5298:(1989)
5288:(1987)
5278:(1987)
5268:(1984)
5258:(1984)
5248:(1982)
5238:(1981)
5228:(1981)
5218:(1974)
5208:(1974)
5198:(1973)
5188:(1970)
5178:(1970)
5168:(1970)
5158:(1970)
5097:Sexism
4999:Issues
4908:Groups
4627:People
4528:(1967)
4452:Muslim
4447:Jewish
4425:People
4379:Turkey
4369:Taiwan
4359:Sweden
4344:Russia
4339:Poland
4324:Norway
4277:Mexico
4257:Brazil
4232:Israel
4197:Greece
4187:France
4167:Canada
4105:Africa
4011:Ethics
3870:Method
3802:Theory
3713:Racism
3468:Romani
3456:Jewish
3395:Jewish
3341:Mormon
3289:Victim
3252:Social
3225:French
3173:Equity
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3072:Choice
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2935:Canada
2883:Social
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988:(1998)
974:(1991)
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771:Butler
515:C.F.R.
470:under
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5402:Other
5357:Other
5148:1970)
5135:Books
5128:Media
4980:WOMAD
4578:Index
4485:Other
4462:Poets
4417:Lists
4364:Syria
4304:Nepal
4267:Haiti
4262:Chile
4242:Japan
4237:Italy
4207:India
4172:China
4125:Ghana
4115:Egypt
3673:Media
3473:White
3424:Black
3385:Hindu
3356:Asian
3279:Trans
3274:State
3205:Post-
3158:Labor
3087:Cyber
2970:Wales
2940:Japan
2539:S2CID
2013:Wired
1904:S2CID
1723:S2CID
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2997:Utah
2694:SSRN
2677:2021
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2496:2017
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2400:2018
2370:2018
2344:2018
2174:ISSN
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1935:2018
1811:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1715:PMID
1707:ISSN
1660:ISSN
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1574:ISBN
1508:link
1403:2015
1336:2018
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1206:OCLC
1196:ISBN
1161:OCLC
1151:ISBN
1134:OCLC
1124:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1063:OCLC
1053:ISBN
783:and
437:and
352:J.D.
270:and
260:rape
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3922:Art
3346:New
3200:New
3126:Fat
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3092:HCI
2523:doi
1983:hdl
1896:doi
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