750:
negative ionised dopants near the junction. These layers of fixed positive and negative charges are collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes. The depletion layer at the junction is at the origin of the diode's rectifying properties. This is due to the resulting internal field and corresponding potential barrier which inhibit current flow in reverse applied bias which increases the internal depletion layer field. Conversely, they allow it in forwards applied bias where the applied bias reduces the built in potential barrier.
240:
inappropriate, whereas "cathode" meaning 'West electrode' would have remained correct with respect to the unchanged direction of the actual phenomenon underlying the current, then unknown but, he thought, unambiguously defined by the magnetic reference. In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the cathode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the "cathode" term is based is subject to
366:
610:. Treated cathodes require less surface area, lower temperatures and less power to supply the same cathode current. The untreated tungsten filaments used in early tubes (called "bright emitters") had to be heated to 1,400 °C (2,550 °F), white-hot, to produce sufficient thermionic emission for use, while modern coated cathodes produce far more electrons at a given temperature so they only have to be heated to 425–600 °C (797–1,112 °F) There are two main types of treated cathodes:
519:
486:
498:
754:
diffusing into the N-doped layer become minority carriers and tend to recombine with electrons. In equilibrium, with no applied bias, thermally assisted diffusion of electrons and holes in opposite directions across the depletion layer ensure a zero net current with electrons flowing from cathode to anode and recombining, and holes flowing from anode to cathode across the junction or depletion layer and recombining.
589:: In this type, the filament is not the cathode but rather heats the cathode which then emits electrons. Indirectly heated cathodes are used in most devices today. For example, in most vacuum tubes the cathode is a nickel tube with the filament inside it, and the heat from the filament causes the outside surface of the tube to emit electrons. The filament of an indirectly heated cathode is usually called the
1279:
33:
614:
724:
327:, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell. Common results of reduction at the cathode are hydrogen gas or pure metal from metal ions. When discussing the relative reducing power of two redox agents, the couple for generating the more reducing species is said to be more "cathodic" with respect to the more easily reduced reagent.
753:
Electrons which diffuse from the cathode into the P-doped layer, or anode, become what are termed "minority carriers" and tend to recombine there with the majority carriers, which are holes, on a timescale characteristic of the material which is the p-type minority carrier lifetime. Similarly, holes
221:
The use of 'West' to mean the 'out' direction (actually 'out' → 'West' → 'sunset' → 'down', i.e. 'out of view') may appear unnecessarily contrived. Previously, as related in the first reference cited above, Faraday had used the more straightforward term "exode" (the doorway where the current exits).
125:
move towards the anode, although cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode. Whether the cathode is negatively polarized (such as recharging a battery) or positively polarized (such as a battery in use), the cathode will draw electrons into it from
287:
occurs. The cathode can be negative like when the cell is electrolytic (where electrical energy provided to the cell is being used for decomposing chemical compounds); or positive as when the cell is galvanic (where chemical reactions are used for generating electrical energy). The cathode supplies
749:
When P and N-doped layers are created adjacent to each other, diffusion ensures that electrons flow from high to low density areas: That is, from the N to the P side. They leave behind the fixed positively charged dopants near the junction. Similarly, holes diffuse from P to N leaving behind fixed
745:
with a high density of free electrons due to doping, and an equal density of fixed positive charges, which are the dopants that have been thermally ionized. In the anode, the converse applies: It features a high density of free "holes" and consequently fixed negative dopants which have captured an
601:
from the filament surface would affect the movement of the electrons and introduce hum into the tube output. It also allows the filaments in all the tubes in an electronic device to be tied together and supplied from the same current source, even though the cathodes they heat may be at different
209:
over some new names needed to complete a paper on the recently discovered process of electrolysis. In that paper
Faraday explained that when an electrolytic cell is oriented so that electric current traverses the "decomposing body" (electrolyte) in a direction "from East to West, or, which will
377:
In a vacuum tube or electronic vacuum system, the cathode is a metal surface which emits free electrons into the evacuated space. Since the electrons are attracted to the positive nuclei of the metal atoms, they normally stay inside the metal and require energy to leave it; this is called the
169:, the cathode is the negative terminal at the pointed end of the arrow symbol, where current flows out of the device. Note: electrode naming for diodes is always based on the direction of the forward current (that of the arrow, in which the current flows "most easily"), even for types such as
239:
field oriented like the Earth's. This made the internal current East to West as previously mentioned, but in the event of a later convention change it would have become West to East, so that the West electrode would not have been the 'way out' any more. Therefore, "exode" would have become
695:
occurs. For example, in some fluorescent tubes a momentary high voltage is applied to the electrodes to start the current through the tube; after starting the electrodes are heated enough by the current to keep emitting electrons to sustain the discharge.
405:
can be applied to the surface by placing an electrode with a high positive voltage near the cathode. The positively charged electrode attracts the electrons, causing some electrons to leave the cathode's surface. This process is used in
288:
electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte (even if the cell is galvanic, i.e., when the cathode is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations; this is due to
230:
direction, which at that time was believed to be invariant. He fundamentally defined his arbitrary orientation for the cell as being that in which the internal current would run parallel to and in the same direction as a hypothetical
153:
performing electrolysis has its cathode as the negative terminal, from which current exits the device and returns to the external generator as charge enters the battery/ cell. For example, reversing the current direction in a
757:
Like a typical diode, there is a fixed anode and cathode in a Zener diode, but it will conduct current in the reverse direction (electrons flow from anode to cathode) if its breakdown voltage or "Zener voltage" is exceeded.
222:
His motivation for changing it to something meaning 'the West electrode' (other candidates had been "westode", "occiode" and "dysiode") was to make it immune to a possible later change in the direction convention for
141:
to the positive cathode (chemical energy is responsible for this "uphill" motion). It is continued externally by electrons moving into the battery which constitutes positive current flowing outwards. For example, the
351:
When metal ions are reduced from ionic solution, they form a pure metal surface on the cathode. Items to be plated with pure metal are attached to and become part of the cathode in the electrolytic solution.
393:: The cathode can be heated. The increased thermal motion of the metal atoms "knocks" electrons out of the surface, an effect called thermionic emission. This technique is used in most vacuum tubes.
137:
in use has a cathode that is the positive terminal since that is where conventional current flows out of the device. This outward current is carried internally by positive ions moving from the
185:) it is the negative terminal where electrons enter the device from the external circuit and proceed into the tube's near-vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of the device.
652:
is used. The layer of thorium on the surface which reduces the work function of the cathode is continually replenished as it is lost by diffusion of thorium from the interior of the metal.
106:
Conventional current flows from cathode to anode outside the cell or device (with electrons moving in the opposite direction), regardless of the cell or device type and operating mode.
79:. A conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the
579:: In this type, the filament itself is the cathode and emits the electrons directly. Directly heated cathodes were used in the first vacuum tubes, but today they are only used in
1089:
648:
bombardment can destroy the coating on a coated cathode. In these tubes a directly heated cathode consisting of a filament made of tungsten incorporating a small amount of
593:. The main reason for using an indirectly heated cathode is to isolate the rest of the vacuum tube from the electric potential across the filament. Many vacuum tubes use
343:
is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode.
998:
691:. They do not necessarily operate at room temperature; in some devices the cathode is heated by the electron current flowing through it to a temperature at which
422:: An electron, atom or molecule colliding with the surface of the cathode with enough energy can knock electrons out of the surface. These electrons are called
549:
heated red-hot by an electric current passing through it. Before the advent of transistors in the 1960s, virtually all electronic equipment used hot-cathode
210:
strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move", the cathode is where the current leaves the electrolyte, on the West side: "
1208:
255:, an easier to remember, and more durably technically correct (although historically false), etymology has been suggested: cathode, from the Greek
830:
956:
1159:
1029:
1066:
934:
1479:
1366:
1128:
1153:
1122:
1081:
1060:
1023:
992:
928:
450:
greater than the threshold frequency falls on it. This effect is called photoelectric emission, and the electrons produced are called
1519:
91:
the device's cathode from the external circuit. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a + (plus) is the cathode.
803:
1529:
553:. Today hot cathodes are used in vacuum tubes in radio transmitters and microwave ovens, to produce the electron beams in older
1457:
982:
1539:
680:
117:
can be positive or negative depending on how the device is being operated. Inside a device or a cell, positively charged
1201:
1504:
1371:
1544:
1514:
1499:
1467:
606:
In order to improve electron emission, cathodes are treated with chemicals, usually compounds of metals with a low
1559:
1306:
227:
1574:
1472:
1579:
1524:
1509:
1442:
1401:
1376:
1356:
1336:
292:
relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal/electrolyte systems in a
1462:
1194:
668:
397:
365:
1668:
1569:
847:
Ross, S (1 November 1961). "Faraday consults the scholars: the origins of the terms of electrochemistry".
738:
700:
438:
1430:
828:
1534:
1351:
768:
284:
1396:
158:
converts it into an electrolytic cell where the copper electrode is the positive terminal and also the
1412:
1381:
1217:
731:
280:
241:
80:
61:
94:
The electrode through which conventional current flows the other way, into the device, is termed an
1689:
1564:
1549:
1484:
1452:
1447:
1263:
948:
798:
778:
692:
594:
562:
538:
534:
411:
389:
340:
289:
110:
44:(e.g., a battery). Positively charged cations move towards the cathode allowing a positive current
1554:
1425:
1278:
1236:
864:
672:
427:
418:
1143:
248:
direction convention on which the "exode" term was based has no reason to change in the future.
1628:
1346:
1316:
1149:
1118:
1056:
1050:
1019:
1013:
988:
924:
918:
788:
712:
597:
to heat the filament. In a tube in which the filament itself was the cathode, the alternating
459:
324:
150:
65:
1112:
742:
226:, whose exact nature was not known at the time. The reference he used to this effect was the
1494:
1489:
1301:
1241:
856:
580:
566:
554:
542:
522:
304:
245:
223:
182:
886:
1361:
1288:
882:
834:
793:
558:
526:
518:
206:
202:
1597:
1251:
598:
485:
402:
194:
1683:
1231:
868:
607:
380:
336:
293:
134:
41:
1435:
1391:
1326:
1268:
1246:
783:
773:
688:
662:
630:
497:
407:
155:
143:
1663:
1648:
1386:
1311:
1181:
808:
550:
475:
178:
170:
138:
667:
This is a cathode that is not heated by a filament. They may emit electrons by
32:
1607:
1341:
1321:
676:
613:
491:
Two indirectly-heated cathodes (orange heater strip) in ECC83 dual triode tube
259:, 'way down', 'the way (down) into the cell (or other device) for electrons'.
174:
837:, Daniell cell can be reversed to, technically, produce an electrolytic cell.
384:
of the metal. Cathodes are induced to emit electrons by several mechanisms:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1602:
1258:
708:
684:
638:
622:
455:
447:
443:
431:
276:
268:
57:
860:
723:
373:
tube in a radio transmitter. The cathode filament is not directly visible.
1331:
546:
308:
252:
232:
69:
1186:
17:
649:
370:
634:
504:
236:
37:
315:
is the flow of electrons into the anode from a species in solution.
629:
Coated cathode – In these the cathode is covered with a coating of
1623:
734:
722:
612:
517:
364:
166:
159:
114:
95:
31:
235:
around the local line of latitude which would induce a magnetic
1190:
1658:
645:
146:'s copper electrode is the positive terminal and the cathode.
127:
122:
118:
583:, some large transmitting vacuum tubes, and all X-ray tubes.
984:
Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 1
369:
Glow from the directly heated cathode of a 1 kW power
1176:
311:
from the cathode interface to a species in solution. The
177:
where the current of interest is the reverse current. In
1015:
Light and Light
Sources: High-Intensity Discharge Lamps
121:
always move towards the cathode and negatively charged
1616:
1588:
1410:
1286:
1224:
1047:Ferris, Clifford "Electron tube fundamentals" in
557:(CRT) type televisions and computer monitors, in
920:A Textbook Of Engineering Physics For B.E., B.Sc
891:. Vol. 1. London: The University of London.
849:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1145:Microwave Active Devices Vacuum and Solid State
1114:A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits
1088:. Radio-Electronics.com, Adrio Communications.
533:A hot cathode is a cathode that is heated by a
126:outside, as well as attract positively charged
68:. This definition can be recalled by using the
64:leaves a polarized electrical device such as a
507:vacuum tube with an indirectly-heated cathode
1202:
8:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
347:Electroplating metal cathode (electrolysis)
1209:
1195:
1187:
1043:
1041:
1039:
917:Avadhanulu, M.N.; P.G. Kshirsagar (1992).
746:electron (hence the origin of the holes).
644:Thoriated tungsten – In high-power tubes,
1117:. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 49.
699:Cold cathodes may also emit electrons by
641:oxide. These are used in low-power tubes.
442:: Electrons can also be emitted from the
466:Cathodes can be divided into two types:
976:
974:
821:
683:(CCFLs) used as backlights in laptops,
1148:. New Age International. p. 2.5.
1032:from the original on 24 December 2017.
1001:from the original on 24 December 2017.
955:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2014.
888:Experimental Researches In Electricity
414:, and in microelectronics fabrication,
572:There are two types of hot cathodes:
193:The word was coined in 1834 from the
27:Electrode where reduction takes place
7:
1162:from the original on 2 January 2014.
1131:from the original on 2 January 2014.
1092:from the original on 4 November 2013
1069:from the original on 2 January 2014.
959:from the original on 2 December 2013
937:from the original on 2 January 2014.
715:tubes used in night vision goggles.
541:. The filament is a thin wire of a
339:, the cathode is where the positive
218:a way; the way which the sun sets".
711:used in scientific instruments and
511:, showing the heater element inside
149:A battery that is recharging or an
1086:Vacuum Tube Theory Basics Tutorial
675:. Some examples are electrodes in
25:
251:Since the later discovery of the
83:flow. Consequently, the mnemonic
1277:
1052:The Electronics Handbook, 2nd Ed
529:for vacuum tube, showing cathode
496:
484:
446:of certain metals when light of
1182:How to define anode and cathode
1055:. CRC Press. pp. 354–356.
987:. Academic Press. p. 468.
201:), 'descent' or 'way down', by
87:also means that electrons flow
1111:Jones, Martin Hartley (1995).
1018:. Springer. pp. 102–103.
981:Poole, Charles P. Jr. (2004).
953:Encyclopædia Britannica online
923:. S. Chand. pp. 345–348.
681:cold-cathode fluorescent lamps
1:
671:, and in gas-filled tubes by
426:. This mechanism is used in
205:, who had been consulted by
1049:Whitaker, Jerry C. (2013).
48:to flow out of the cathode.
1706:
660:
473:
454:. This effect is used in
1367:Metal–air electrochemical
1275:
1177:The Cathode Ray Tube site
1012:Flesch, Peter G. (2007).
703:. These are often called
587:Indirectly heated cathode
1082:"Vacuum tube electrodes"
537:to produce electrons by
233:magnetizing current loop
1142:Sisodia, M. L. (2006).
669:field electron emission
577:Directly heated cathode
398:Field electron emission
85:cathode current departs
77:Cathode Current Departs
1669:Semipermeable membrane
1458:Lithium–iron–phosphate
861:10.1098/rsnr.1961.0038
727:
701:photoelectric emission
625:
530:
439:Photoelectric emission
374:
228:Earth's magnetic field
49:
1540:Rechargeable alkaline
1218:Electrochemical cells
737:, the cathode is the
726:
616:
521:
368:
156:Daniell galvanic cell
144:Daniell galvanic cell
35:
1520:Nickel–metal hydride
619:(lefthand electrode)
563:electron microscopes
412:electron microscopes
281:electrochemical cell
113:with respect to the
81:conventional current
62:conventional current
1530:Polysulfide–bromide
1372:Nickel oxyhydroxide
1264:Thermogalvanic cell
1080:Poole, Ian (2012).
833:4 June 2011 at the
799:Oxidation-reduction
779:Cathodic protection
693:thermionic emission
595:alternating current
539:thermionic emission
428:gas-discharge lamps
424:secondary electrons
390:Thermionic emission
290:electrode potential
1293:(non-rechargeable)
1237:Concentration cell
728:
673:secondary emission
626:
531:
503:Cutaway view of a
419:Secondary emission
375:
50:
1677:
1676:
789:Electrolytic cell
713:image intensifier
581:fluorescent tubes
567:fluorescent tubes
460:image intensifier
325:electrolytic cell
319:Electrolytic cell
307:, is the flow of
183:cathode-ray tubes
151:electrolytic cell
66:lead-acid battery
16:(Redirected from
1697:
1473:Lithium–titanate
1418:
1294:
1281:
1242:Electric battery
1211:
1204:
1197:
1188:
1164:
1163:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1009:
1003:
1002:
978:
969:
968:
966:
964:
949:"Field emission"
945:
939:
938:
914:
893:
892:
883:Faraday, Michael
879:
873:
872:
844:
838:
826:
707:and are used in
559:x-ray generators
555:cathode-ray tube
543:refractory metal
527:circuit diagrams
523:Schematic symbol
500:
488:
305:electrochemistry
301:cathodic current
21:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1612:
1591:
1584:
1505:Nickel–hydrogen
1463:Lithium–polymer
1419:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1220:
1215:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1006:
995:
980:
979:
972:
962:
960:
947:
946:
942:
931:
916:
915:
896:
881:
880:
876:
846:
845:
841:
835:Wayback Machine
827:
823:
818:
813:
794:Gas-filled tube
764:
721:
665:
659:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
501:
493:
492:
489:
478:
472:
363:
358:
349:
333:
321:
265:
207:Michael Faraday
203:William Whewell
191:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Atomic battery
1594:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:Vanadium redox
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Silver–cadmium
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Nickel–lithium
1512:
1507:
1502:
1500:Nickel–cadmium
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:Lithium–sulfur
1465:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1417:(rechargeable)
1413:Secondary cell
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Edison–Lalande
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:Trough battery
1249:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1171:External links
1169:
1166:
1165:
1155:978-8122414479
1154:
1134:
1124:978-0521478793
1123:
1103:
1072:
1062:978-1420036664
1061:
1035:
1025:978-3540326854
1024:
1004:
994:978-0080545233
993:
970:
940:
930:978-8121908177
929:
894:
874:
855:(2): 187–220.
839:
820:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
763:
760:
720:
717:
661:Main article:
658:
655:
654:
653:
642:
633:oxides, often
604:
603:
599:electric field
584:
502:
495:
494:
490:
483:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:Main article:
471:
468:
464:
463:
452:photoelectrons
435:
415:
403:electric field
394:
362:
359:
357:
356:In electronics
354:
348:
345:
332:
329:
320:
317:
313:anodic current
264:
261:
190:
187:
103:
100:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1702:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Sodium–sulfur
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Potassium ion
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Lithium metal
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Aluminium–air
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Galvanic cell
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
985:
977:
975:
971:
958:
954:
950:
944:
941:
936:
932:
926:
922:
921:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
895:
890:
889:
884:
878:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:layer of the
740:
736:
733:
732:semiconductor
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
705:photocathodes
702:
697:
694:
690:
689:Crookes tubes
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
664:
656:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:
624:
620:
617:Cold cathode
615:
611:
609:
608:work function
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
524:
520:
510:
509:(orange tube)
506:
499:
487:
477:
469:
467:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:cold cathodes
404:
400:
399:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
383:
382:
381:work function
372:
367:
360:
355:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
337:galvanic cell
331:Galvanic cell
330:
328:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
294:galvanic cell
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
238:
234:
229:
225:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
152:
147:
145:
140:
136:
135:galvanic cell
133:A battery or
131:
130:from inside.
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
101:
99:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
60:from which a
59:
55:
47:
43:
42:galvanic cell
40:cathode in a
39:
36:Diagram of a
34:
30:
19:
1638:
1575:Zinc–bromine
1382:Silver oxide
1317:Chromic acid
1289:Primary cell
1269:Voltaic pile
1247:Flow battery
1144:
1137:
1113:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1051:
1014:
1007:
983:
961:. Retrieved
952:
943:
919:
887:
877:
852:
848:
842:
824:
784:Electrolysis
774:Cathode bias
756:
752:
748:
743:p–n junction
729:
704:
698:
666:
663:Cold cathode
657:Cold cathode
631:alkali metal
618:
605:
590:
586:
576:
571:
551:vacuum tubes
532:
508:
465:
451:
437:
423:
417:
396:
388:
379:
376:
361:Vacuum tubes
350:
334:
322:
312:
300:
298:
272:
266:
263:In chemistry
256:
250:
244:whereas the
220:
215:
211:
198:
192:
179:vacuum tubes
171:Zener diodes
164:
148:
132:
108:
105:
93:
88:
84:
76:
72:
53:
51:
45:
29:
1664:Salt bridge
1649:Electrolyte
1580:Zinc–cerium
1565:Solid state
1550:Silver–zinc
1525:Nickel–zinc
1510:Nickel–iron
1485:Molten salt
1453:Dual carbon
1448:Lithium ion
1443:Lithium–air
1402:Zinc–carbon
1377:Silicon–air
1357:Lithium–air
809:Vacuum tube
687:tubes, and
677:neon lights
602:potentials.
476:Hot cathode
470:Hot cathode
401:: A strong
214:downwards,
181:(including
175:solar cells
139:electrolyte
102:Charge flow
1690:Electrodes
1617:Cell parts
1608:Solar cell
1590:Other cell
1555:Sodium ion
1426:Automotive
816:References
709:phototubes
456:phototubes
444:electrodes
432:neon lamps
1654:Half-cell
1644:Electrode
1603:Fuel cell
1480:Metal–air
1431:Lead–acid
1347:Leclanché
1259:Fuel cell
1096:3 October
869:145600326
685:thyratron
639:strontium
623:neon lamp
448:frequency
309:electrons
285:reduction
283:at which
277:electrode
269:chemistry
242:reversals
197:κάθοδος (
189:Etymology
58:electrode
1684:Category
1634:Catalyst
1495:Nanowire
1490:Nanopore
1436:gel–VRLA
1397:Zinc–air
1302:Alkaline
1160:Archived
1129:Archived
1090:Archived
1067:Archived
1030:Archived
999:Archived
963:15 March
957:Archived
935:Archived
885:(1849).
831:Archived
762:See also
547:tungsten
535:filament
525:used in
430:such as
410:in some
257:kathodos
253:electron
199:kathodos
111:polarity
109:Cathode
70:mnemonic
18:Cathodes
1639:Cathode
1392:Zamboni
1362:Mercury
1327:Daniell
769:Battery
739:N–doped
650:thorium
371:tetrode
275:is the
273:cathode
246:current
224:current
128:cations
119:cations
56:is the
54:cathode
1629:Binder
1387:Weston
1312:Bunsen
1152:
1121:
1059:
1022:
991:
927:
867:
719:Diodes
635:barium
591:heater
565:, and
505:triode
462:tubes.
323:In an
279:of an
237:dipole
123:anions
38:copper
1624:Anode
1342:Grove
1322:Clark
1225:Types
865:S2CID
804:PEDOT
735:diode
730:In a
545:like
335:In a
303:, in
216:`odos
195:Greek
167:diode
165:In a
160:anode
115:anode
96:anode
1659:Ions
1150:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1098:2013
1057:ISBN
1020:ISBN
989:ISBN
965:2014
925:ISBN
637:and
458:and
341:pole
299:The
271:, a
212:kata
89:into
75:for
1332:Dry
857:doi
646:ion
621:in
296:).
267:In
173:or
73:CCD
1686::
1158:.
1127:.
1084:.
1065:.
1038:^
1028:.
997:.
973:^
951:.
933:.
897:^
863:.
853:16
851:.
679:,
569:.
561:,
162:.
98:.
52:A
1210:e
1203:t
1196:v
1100:.
967:.
871:.
859::
434:.
46:i
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
