1265:
1253:
1241:
1217:
64:
31:
1229:
1638:
1395:
1332:
1143:, including the issue of Isabella's rights to the crown of Castile. Through close cooperation, the royal couple were successful in securing political power in the Iberian peninsula. Ferdinand's father had advised the couple that "neither was powerful without the other". Though their marriage united the two kingdoms, leading to the beginnings of modern Spain, they ruled independently and their kingdoms retained part of their own regional laws and governments for the next centuries.
1376:(parliaments) retained significant power in their respective regions. Further, the monarchs continued ruling through a form of medieval contractualism, which made their rule pre-modern in a few ways. One of those is that they traveled from town to town throughout the kingdom to promote loyalty, rather than possessing any single administrative center. Another is that each community and region was connected to them via loyalty to the crown, rather than bureaucratic ties.
1558:, Castile and Portugal concluded the Treaty of Alcáçovas. The treaty set boundaries for overseas expansion which were at the time disadvantageous to Castile, but the treaty resolved any further Portuguese claims on the crown of Castile. Portugal did not take advantage of Castile's and Aragon's focus on the reconquest of Granada. Following the reestablishment of good relations, the Catholic Monarchs made two strategic marriages to Portuguese royalty.
1728:
6383:
897:
6366:
911:
1077:. They met for the first time in Valladolid in 1469 and married within a week. From the start, they had a close relationship and worked well together. Both knew that the crown of Castile was "the prize, and that they were both jointly gambling for it". However, it was a step toward the unification of the lands on the
1281:
Isabella succeeded to the throne of
Castile in 1474 when Ferdinand was still heir-apparent to Aragon, and with Aragon's aid, Isabella's claim to the throne was secured. As Isabella's husband was king of Castile by his marriage and his father still ruled in Aragon, Ferdinand spent more time in Castile
1679:
on
October 12, 1492. Since Queen Isabella had provided the funding and authorization for the voyage, the benefits accrued to the Kingdom of Castile. "Although the subjects of the Crown of Aragon played some part in the discovery and colonization of the New World, the Indies were formally annexed not
1290:
established in 1480. The
Council of Castile was intended "to be the central governing body of Castile and the linch-pin of their governmental system" with wide powers and with royal officials who were loyal to them and excluded the old nobility from exercising power in it. The monarchs created the
1200:
are the initials of Ysabel (spelling at the time) and
Fernando. A double yoke is worn by a team of oxen, emphasizing the couple's cooperation. Isabella's emblem of arrows showed the armed power of the crown, "a warning to Castilians not acknowledging the reach of royal authority or that greatest of
1542:
Although the
Catholic Monarchs pursued a partnership in many matters, because of the histories of their respective kingdoms, they did not always have a unified viewpoint in foreign policy. Despite that, they did have a successful expansionist foreign policy due to a number of factors. The victory
1747:
The
Catholic Monarchs' daughter Joanna succeeded to the crown of Castile, but was deemed unfit to rule following the death of her husband Phillip the Fair, Ferdinand retained power in Castile as regent until his death, with Joanna confined. He died in 1516 and is buried alongside his first wife
1429:
in
Castile. This was to ensure that Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity did not revert to their previous faiths. The papal bull gave the sovereigns full powers to name inquisitors, but the papacy retained the right to formally appoint the royal nominees. The Inquisition did not have
1465:
surrendered the keys of the
Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers. With the fall of Granada in January 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand pursued further policies of religious unification of their realms, in particular the expulsion of Jews who refused to convert to Christianity.
1890:" rather than "Monarchs", and is sometimes incorrectly so rendered in English; but in Castilian (Spanish), Aragonese and Catalan it is usual for the masculine plural to be used in a gender-indifferent way, so, for example one would call the children of a person or couple
1516:
During the reign of the
Catholic Monarchs and long afterwards the Inquisition was active in prosecuting people for violations of Catholic orthodoxy such as crypto-Judaism, heresy, Protestantism, blasphemy, and bigamy. The last trial for crypto-Judaism was held in 1818.
1420:
Along with the desire of the
Catholic Monarchs to extend their dominion to all the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, their reign was characterised by the religious unification of the peninsula through militant Catholicism. On receiving a petition for authority,
1135:
providing it. Although Aragon provided support for Isabella's cause, Isabella's supporters had extracted concessions, Isabella was acknowledged as the sole heir to the crown of Castile. Juan II died in 1479, and Ferdinand succeeded to the throne in January 1479.
1123:, but whose paternity was in doubt, since Henry was rumoured to be impotent. When Henry died in 1474, Isabella asserted her claim to the throne, which was contested by thirteen-year-old Joanna. Joanna sought the aid of her husband (who was also her uncle),
1062:
1508:
in the south of what is now France and was constituted in a number of European kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile and requested the Pope's assent. On 1 November 1478, Pope Sixtus IV published the papal bull
1546:
The diplomatic initiative of King Ferdinand continued the traditional policy of the Crown of Aragon, with its interests set in the Mediterranean, with interests in Italy and sought conquests in North Africa. Aragon had a traditional rivalry with
1282:
than Aragon at the beginning of their marriage. His pattern of residence in Castile persisted even when he succeeded to the throne in 1479, and the absenteeism caused problems for Aragon. These were remedied to an extent by the creation of the
1613:
in 1509. These alliances were not all long-lasting, with their only son and heir-apparent John dying young; Catherine was divorced by Henry VIII; and Joanna's husband Philip dying young, with the widowed Joanna deemed mentally unfit to rule.
1756:, was nominal co-ruler of both Castile and Aragon until her death. With her death, Charles succeeded to the territories that his grandparents had accumulated and brought the Habsburg territories in Europe to the expanding Spanish Empire.
1667:
received finances and was authorised to sail west and claim lands for Spain. The monarchs accorded him the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and he was given broad privileges. His voyage west resulted in the European colonization of the
1026:; Isabella was 18 years old and Ferdinand a year younger. Most scholars generally accept that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their reign was called by
1461:(1482–92), which was aided by Pope Sixtus IV's granting the tithe revenue and implementing a crusade tax so that the monarchs could finance the war. After 10 years of fighting the Granada War ended in 1492 when Emir
1524:, which gave Jews in Spain four months to either convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. Tens of thousands of Jews emigrated to other lands such as Portugal, North Africa, the Low Countries, Italy and the
2857:
1201:
royal functions, the right to mete out justice" by force of violence. The iconography of the royal crest was widely reproduced and was found on various works of art. These badges were later used by the
2615:
1551:, which had been a traditional allies with Castile. Castile's foreign interests were focused on the Atlantic, making Castile's funding of the voyage of Columbus an extension of existing interests.
1240:
1264:
5671:
2862:
1430:
jurisdiction over Jews and Muslims who did not convert. Since the kingdom of Aragon had existed since 1248, the Spanish Inquisition was the only common institution for the two kingdoms. Pope
1216:
1561:
The matrimonial policy of the monarchs sought advantageous marriages for their five children, forging royal alliances for the long-term benefit of Spain. Their first-born, a daughter named
1252:
1372:
to do anything of the sort with the equivalent systems in the Crown of Aragon. Even after his death and the union of the crowns under one monarch, the Aragonese, Catalan, and Valencian
1416:, the Spanish founder of the Dominican Order, with a book and a palm frond. Ferdinand is with the prince of Asturias and the inquisitor; Isabella with their daughter, Isabel de Aragón.
2867:
1438:, a confessor of Isabella, as Grand Inquisitor of Spain, following in the tradition in Aragon of Dominican inquisitors. Torquemada pursued aggressive policies toward converted Jews (
2544:
1513:, by which the Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile; it was later extended to all of Spain. The bull gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors.
100:
4637:
1707:. His main goal was to colonize the existing discoveries with the 1500 men that he had brought the second time around. Columbus finished his last expedition in 1498 and discovered
1362:
and can be seen as one of the crucial steps toward the creation of one of Europe's first strong nation-states. Isabella also sought various ways to diminish the influence of the
1092:, an Italian pope opposed to Aragon's influence on the Mediterranean and to the rise of monarchies strong enough to challenge the Pope, refused to grant one, so they falsified a
648:
4657:
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was created under their rule to administer funds from the sale of crusading bulls. In 1498 after Ferdinand had gained control of the revenues of the wealthy and powerful
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by Alexandra and Noble Cook provides a prime example of how loyalty to the crown was more important in that period than the specific governmental structure.
1745:
Had there been one, Aragonese opposed to the union would have likely backed their succession as a chance to re-establish independence, leading to civil war.
1765:
458:
442:
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1609:
and heir to the throne of England, in 1501; he died at the age of 15 a few months later, and she married his younger brother shortly after he became King
5657:
1719:, leading it to be the major power of Europe from the end of the fifteenth century until the mid-seventeenth century, and the largest empire until 1810.
943:
1228:
6245:
5619:
3158:
5487:
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704:
1350:. These men were used as a judicial police force for Castile, as well as to attempt to keep Castilian nobles in check. To establish a more uniform
4571:
3133:
128:
2884:
1715:. The colonies Columbus established, and conquests in the Americas in later decades, generated an influx of wealth into the new unified state of
1096:
of their own. Even though the bull is known to be false, it is uncertain who was the material author of the falsification. Some experts point at
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519:
1739:
Isabella's death in 1504 ended the remarkably successful political partnership and personal relationship of their marriage. Ferdinand remarried
6438:
6433:
2408:
798:
735:
6354:
1477:
from Spain. People who converted to Catholicism were not subject to expulsion, but between 1480 and 1492 hundreds of those who had converted (
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3803:
3799:
3456:
3153:
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2195:
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1981:
1590:
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273:
2521:
775:
6428:
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of 1707–16. The court of Ferdinand and Isabella was constantly on the move, in order to bolster local support for the crown from local
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over the ecclesiastical establishment in Granada and the Canary Islands, which meant the control of the state in religious affairs.
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4911:
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2116:
1346:
The Catholic Monarchs set out to restore royal authority in Spain. To accomplish their goal, they first created a group named the
1161:("as much one as the other"), came to signify their cooperation." The motto was originally used by Ferdinand as an allusion to the
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4851:
4846:
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in 1478 to ensure that individuals converting to Christianity did not revert to their old faith or continue practising it. The
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1654:
1555:
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1112:
782:
614:
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6413:
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6230:
5492:
5430:
5229:
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3709:
3686:
2368:
1426:
1292:
936:
5455:
5284:
5041:
4728:
2282:
1629:, which entailed the creation of the first modern army dependent on the crown, regardless of the pretensions of the nobles.
1139:
In September 1479, Portugal and the Catholic Monarchs of Aragon and Castile resolved major issues between them through the
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1642:
1308:
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680:
435:
313:
1554:
Castile had traditionally had good relations with the neighboring Kingdom of Portugal, and after the Portuguese lost the
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1358:, and appointed magistrates (judges) to run the towns and cities. This establishment of royal authority is known as the
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352:
208:
1569:, forging important ties between these two neighboring kingdoms that would lead to enduring peace and future alliance.
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5350:
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4365:
3334:
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1069:
At the time of their marriage on October 19, 1469, Isabella was eighteen years old and the heiress presumptive to the
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4901:
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4748:
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5748:
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3763:
3399:
2774:
2401:
1775:
1566:
829:
803:
3384:
3354:
1320:
6372:
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3811:
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3349:
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1307:
to oversee them. The conciliar model was extended beyond the rule of the Catholic Monarchs, with their grandson,
929:
865:
850:
743:
688:
43:
3476:
3461:
1140:
590:
6418:
5249:
5132:
5031:
5026:
4966:
4385:
4375:
4161:
3864:
3775:
3143:
2789:
2664:
2461:
1902:, literally sons, regardless of actual gender, while in English "sons", and "kings", are exclusively masculine.
1586:
1585:, a powerful, far-reaching European territory which assured Spain's future political security. Their only son,
1169:("It's one and the same, cutting or untying"), but later adopted as an expression of equality of the monarchs:
855:
598:
234:
201:
162:
144:
34:
Wedding portrait of Queen Isabella I of Castile (right) and King Ferdinand II of Aragon (left), married in 1469
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2112:
1692:, naming it Juana, and finished his journey on the island of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, calling it
1543:
over the Muslims in Granada allowed Ferdinand to involve himself in policy outside the Iberian peninsula.
1435:
1304:
999:
976:
816:
543:
511:
344:
3933:
1593:, seeking to maintain ties with the Habsburg dynasty, on which Spain relied heavily. Their fourth child,
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of two crowns rather than a unitary state, as Castile and Aragon remained separate kingdoms until the
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6042:
6012:
5887:
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3389:
3379:
3068:
3000:
2990:
2837:
2796:
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2451:
1664:
1617:
Under the Catholic Monarchs an efficient army loyal to the Crown was created, commanded by Castilian
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1413:
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149:
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Isabella's claims to it were not secure, since her marriage to Ferdinand enraged her half-brother
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5340:
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1825:
1570:
1287:
1152:
1120:
1085:
672:
485:
476:
289:
177:
80:
4698:
4627:
1111:
and he withdrew his support for her being his heiress presumptive that had been codified in the
980:
467:
360:
2121:
Metaphors of Spain : representations of Spanish national identity in the twentieth century
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5771:
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4946:
4876:
4856:
4831:
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4018:
3572:
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3300:
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2012:
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1131:. Isabella called on the aid of Aragon, with her husband, the heir apparent, and his father,
6139:
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5852:
5794:
5759:
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with elements to show their cooperation and working in tandem. The royal motto they shared,
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93:
73:
52:
1727:
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2879:
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1601:, strengthening the link forged by Isabella's elder sister's marriage. Their fifth child,
1521:
1501:
1494:
1470:
1209:, which claimed to represent the inherited glory and the ideals of the Catholic Monarchs.
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3231:
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3123:
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2965:
2549:
2476:
2251:
1808:
1537:
1525:
1486:
1451:
1422:
1409:
1034:
915:
727:
656:
419:
337:
281:
6402:
6324:
6154:
6129:
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1770:
1431:
1355:
1027:
1007:
751:
392:
297:
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1053:
in 1494, in recognition of their defence of the Catholic faith within their realms.
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5931:
5846:
5697:
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1089:
901:
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3941:
1176:
Their emblems or heraldic devices, seen at the bottom of the coat of arms, were a
5630:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
1520:
In 1492 the monarchs issued a decree of expulsion of Jews, known formally as the
17:
6312:
5902:
5892:
5840:
4461:
4451:
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1061:
265:
224:
6112:
6054:
5876:
5325:
4059:
3729:
3339:
1693:
1093:
1023:
216:
1936:
1752:(also Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) came to Spain, and she kept confined in
1703:
On his second trip, begun in 1493, he found more Caribbean islands including
1625:. Fernández de Córdoba reorganised the military troops on a new combat unit,
4292:
4049:
3949:
3626:
3560:
3030:
2737:
1748:
Isabella in Granada, the scene of their great triumph in 1492. Joanna's son
1712:
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1351:
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2028:
Edwards, John. Isabel la Católica, edad y fama. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2004
1493:) and arrested, imprisoned, interrogated under torture, and in some cases
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Columbus' first expedition to the supposed Indies actually landed in the
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2417:
2011:
Los Reyes Católicos: la conquista del trono. Madrid: Rialp, 1989.
1858:
1726:
1716:
1680:
to Spain but to the Crown of Castile." He landed on the island of
1636:
1393:
1060:
995:
29:
3247:
2386:
6144:
6094:
5970:
5693:
3945:
3937:
3860:
1689:
1177:
5653:
5524:
5419:
4543:
4421:
4136:
3995:
3963:
3900:
3837:
3752:
3675:
3615:
3529:
3518:
3289:
3251:
2390:
1485:) were accused of secretly practising their original religion (
1474:
1469:
After a number of revolts, Ferdinand and Isabella ordered the
6348:
2163:. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 32, 280.
1246:
Second Royal Standard of the Catholic Monarchs (1492–1504/6)
1500:
The Inquisition had been created in the twelfth century by
1450:. The pope also granted the Catholic Monarchs the right of
1173:("It's one and the same, Isabella the same as Ferdinand").
2187:
History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
1151:
The coat of arms of the Catholic Monarchs was designed by
1645:(1881–85). Isabella at the center, Columbus on her left.
1073:, while Ferdinand was seventeen and heir apparent to the
1335:
Crowns and Kingdoms of the Catholic Monarchs in Europe (
1222:
First Royal Standard of the Catholic Monarchs (1475–92)
1049:" was officially bestowed on Ferdinand and Isabella by
1672:
and brought the knowledge of its existence to Europe.
1457:
The monarchs began a series of campaigns known as the
3593:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2064:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 47–51, 227.
2213:
Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church : a history
2062:
Isabel Rules: Constructing Queenship, Wielding Power
6261:
6203:
6163:
6093:
6068:
5987:
5963:
5930:
5923:
5734:
5708:
5313:
5207:
5200:
5085:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4817:
4686:
4610:
4554:
4475:
4432:
4321:
4243:
4185:
4147:
4083:
4042:
4006:
3167:
3059:
2947:
2824:
2709:
2587:
2532:
2437:
2428:
2356:Taylor & Francis. New York & London. 2014.
1022:. They married on October 19, 1469, in the city of
1010:would otherwise have posed to their marriage under
1002:and were second cousins, being both descended from
1030:"the most glorious epoch in the annals of Spain".
2147:. New York: New American Library 1963, pp. 88–89.
1801:
1258:Coat of Arms of the Catholic Monarchs (1492–1504)
1084:They were second cousins; to marry they needed a
6338:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
1412:symbolically holding the Catholic Church and St
1368:in Castile, though Ferdinand was too thoroughly
1960:, vol. 2, p. 725. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio 2006.
1838:
1234:Royal Banner of the Catholic Monarchs (1475–92)
1171:Tanto monta, monta tanto, Isabel como Fernando
5665:
3782:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3263:
2402:
2326:Pearson Education. New York, New York. 2005.
2190:. University of Illinois Press. p. 117.
2089:The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1849:
1812:
1187:
1181:
1167:Tanto monta, monta tanto, cortar como desatar
937:
8:
3457:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2091:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 159.
1270:Pennant of the Catholic Monarchs (1492–1504)
990:), whose marriage and joint rule marked the
2341:Blackwell Publishers. Massachusetts, 2000.
1766:Black Propaganda against Portugal and Spain
1743:in 1505, but they produced no living heir.
6160:
6065:
5984:
5927:
5920:
5672:
5658:
5650:
5521:
5416:
5204:
4931:
4924:
4551:
4540:
4429:
4418:
4144:
4133:
4003:
3992:
3960:
3897:
3834:
3749:
3672:
3612:
3526:
3515:
3286:
3270:
3256:
3248:
2953:
2830:
2715:
2593:
2434:
2409:
2395:
2387:
2324:Ferdinand and Isabella: Profiles in Power.
2234:
2232:
2215:. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 139.
1065:Ferdinand and Isabella with their subjects
944:
930:
37:
5576:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2087:Tarver, H. Michael; Slape, Emily (2016).
5581:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2123:. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 46.
2037:Peggy K. Liss, "Isabel and Fernando" in
1731:Coffins of the Catholic Monarchs in the
1330:
1104:, and others point at Antonio Veneris.
6361:
4572:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2354:Spain: 1469–1714 A Society of Conflict.
2073:
2071:
1928:
1787:
1212:
1081:, which would eventually become Spain.
51:
40:
2271:. New York: New American Library 1963.
1999:Spain 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict
673:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
2680:Natural Sites of Community Importance
2039:The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia
1956:Bethany Aram, "Monarchs of Spain" in
1425:issued a bull in 1478 to establish a
1408:). The Virgin Mary (center), with St
27:Title for Isabella I and Ferdinand II
7:
6454:Spanish colonization of the Americas
6306:List of current constituent monarchs
3853:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3345:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2160:The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
2077:Liss, "Isabel and Fernando", p. 380.
1581:. This ensured an alliance with the
1354:, the Catholic Monarchs created the
5556:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3159:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
2339:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs.
2256:(1908), by Antonio Rodríguez Villa.
2050:Liss, "Isabel and Fernando" p. 379.
1937:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Isabella I"
1511:Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus
1006:; to remove the obstacle that this
822:Catalan declaration of independence
6301:List of current sovereign monarchs
5755:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
4523:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2240:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs
2041:, Simon and Schuster 1992, p. 379.
25:
6176:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
5681:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
3497:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
1913:Good Faith and Truthful Ignorance
1573:, their second daughter, married
6381:
6364:
5608:Criollos in the colonial society
5536:Spanish missions in the Americas
4658:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2060:Weissberger, Barbara F. (2003).
1577:, the son of Holy Roman Emperor
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
909:
895:
62:
5635:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
2723:Autonomous communities of Spain
2001:. Routledge:Oxford. p. 37.
1700:("the Spanish " in Castilian).
1655:Voyages of Christopher Columbus
1633:Voyages of Christopher Columbus
1556:War of the Castilian Succession
1399:Virgin of the Catholic Monarchs
1113:Treaty of the Bulls of Guisando
985:
970:
615:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
6291:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
3687:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3395:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
3134:National and regional identity
1497:, in both Castile and Aragon.
1427:Holy Office of the Inquisition
1119:, born during his marriage to
1:
6439:16th-century Spanish monarchs
6434:15th-century Spanish monarchs
5586:General Archive of the Indies
4847:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4518:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4503:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3452:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3405:War of the Spanish Succession
3370:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1711:and the coast of present-day
1402:
1336:
1309:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
314:War of the Spanish Succession
3658:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3588:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3567:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3482:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
2281:McIntosh, Gregory C (2000).
1619:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
274:Colonisation of the Americas
5995:Imperial and Royal Highness
4138:Administrative subdivisions
3335:War of the League of Cognac
3154:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
2289:University of Georgia Press
1976:. Penguin UK. p. 146.
1939:. Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01
1794:In their native languages:
1115:. Henry instead recognised
6490:
6429:15th century in al-Andalus
6424:Spanish Renaissance people
6351:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
5749:Imperial and Royal Majesty
4852:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4837:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4739:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3637:), Western United States (
3400:Portuguese Restoration War
2211:Thomsett, Michael (2011).
1776:Portuguese Restoration War
1652:
1535:
1383:
1305:Council of Military Orders
998:. They were both from the
812:2008–2014 financial crisis
6333:
5687:
5620:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5531:
5520:
5426:
5415:
4907:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4648:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4550:
4539:
4508:Barcelona Trading Company
4428:
4417:
4273:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4143:
4132:
4002:
3991:
3970:
3907:
3848:
3780:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3759:
3682:
3633:, Central United States (
3622:
3536:
3525:
3514:
3365:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
3350:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3296:
3285:
3209:
2956:
2833:
2718:
2596:
2317:Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
2284:The Piri Reis Map of 1513
2253:Crónicas del Gran Capitán
1661:Capitulations of Santa Fe
1186:) and a sheaf of arrows (
744:Spain during World War II
575:Regency of María Cristina
443:Regency of María Cristina
5561:Quito painting tradition
5551:Cusco painting tradition
4912:García López de Cárdenas
4902:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4809:Felipe González de Ahedo
4729:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3306:Conquest of the Americas
2812:Wars and armed conflicts
2452:Ancient History Timeline
2269:Imperial Spain 1479–1716
1973:Imperial Spain 1469-1716
1205:Spanish political party
799:1981 coup d'état attempt
599:Spain during World War I
178:Kingdom of the Visigoths
5346:Comuneros (New Granada)
5123:Balearic Islands (1558)
4842:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4769:Ruy López de Villalobos
4724:Miguel López de Legazpi
4638:García de Toledo Osorio
3502:Western Sahara conflict
3492:Independence of Morocco
3432:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3375:Piracy in the Caribbean
3360:French Wars of Religion
2512:Transition to democracy
2487:Reaction and revolution
2019:. "La llegada al trono"
1970:Elliott, J. H. (2002).
1958:Iberia and the Americas
1886:is literally "Catholic
1802:
1607:Arthur, Prince of Wales
1360:Pacification of Castile
1301:Spanish military orders
1147:Royal motto and emblems
1047:Catholic King and Queen
783:Transition to democracy
6409:Ferdinand II of Aragon
6296:Great Catholic Monarch
5807:Most Excellent Majesty
5783:Most Christian Majesty
5591:Colonial Spanish Horse
5265:Colonia del Sacramento
4488:Spanish treasure fleet
4065:Royal Decree of Graces
3102:International Interest
2910:Science and technology
2606:Autonomous communities
1850:
1839:
1813:
1736:
1650:
1417:
1343:
1297:Council of the Crusade
1188:
1182:
1066:
1033:Spain was formed as a
817:2017 Barcelona attacks
649:Provisional Government
520:Provisional Government
393:Absolutist restoration
345:Abdications of Bayonne
35:
6414:Isabella I of Castile
6353:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
6281:Defender of the Faith
6274:Divine right of kings
6025:Ducal Serene Highness
5847:Most Eminent Highness
5812:Most Gracious Majesty
5789:Most Faithful Majesty
4749:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4709:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4024:Council of the Indies
3385:Spanish–Moro conflict
3355:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3315:Treaty of Tordesillas
3139:National Day of Spain
2184:Joseph Pérez (2007).
2157:Haim Beinart (2002).
2117:Núñez Seixas, Xosé M.
1730:
1640:
1611:Henry VIII of England
1397:
1390:Expulsion of the Jews
1334:
1313:Council of the Indies
1286:in 1494, joining the
1064:
804:Madrid train bombings
681:1936 general election
583:Reign of Alfonso XIII
369:Constitution of Cádiz
33:
6108:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
6043:Illustrious Highness
6013:Grand Ducal Highness
5871:Illustrious Highness
5546:Mesoamerican Codices
5270:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5108:Siege of Castelnuovo
4694:Christopher Columbus
4513:Consulate of the Sea
4493:Casa de Contratación
4084:Titles and positions
3477:Spanish–American War
3467:Liberal constitution
3310:Asia and the Pacific
2743:Constitutional Court
2319:(1963; Pelican 1970)
2113:Moreno-Luzón, Javier
1688:. He continued onto
1665:Christopher Columbus
1643:Monument to Columbus
1599:Manuel I of Portugal
1434:confirmed Dominican
1125:Afonso V of Portugal
1102:Archbishop of Toledo
1039:Nueva Planta decrees
1014:, they were given a
830:Coronavirus pandemic
791:Current constitution
776:Contemporary history
591:Spanish–American War
567:Reign of Alfonso XII
459:Regency of Espartero
436:Reign of Isabella II
322:Nueva Planta Decrees
170:Kingdom of the Suebi
6449:Spanish Inquisition
6269:By the Grace of God
5275:Cartagena de Indias
4897:Diego de Mazariegos
4867:Pere Fages i Beleta
4734:Sebastián de Ocampo
4215:Provincias Internas
4187:Captaincies General
4101:Municipal president
4070:School of Salamanca
3841:Spanish East Indies
3820:Misiones Orientales
3692:Spanish West Indies
3656:, Central America (
3603:Pyrénées-Orientales
3556:Union with Portugal
3447:Napoleonic invasion
3427:War of Jenkins' Ear
2686:Plazas de soberanía
1591:Margaret of Austria
1575:Philip the Handsome
1436:Tomás de Torquemada
1386:Spanish Inquisition
1293:Spanish Inquisition
1141:Treaty of Alcáçovas
1109:Henry IV of Castile
1000:House of Trastámara
705:Nationalist victory
626:of Dámaso Berenguer
512:Sexenio Democrático
495:Glorious Revolution
401:Sexenio Absolutista
251:Early modern period
150:Diocese of Hispania
6319:Translatio imperii
5571:Academia Antártica
5526:Other civil topics
4892:Pánfilo de Narváez
4794:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4759:Andrés de Urdaneta
4719:Juan Ponce de León
4704:Ferdinand Magellan
4678:Bernardo de Gálvez
4577:Indian auxiliaries
4075:Trial of residence
4055:Laws of the Indies
3839:Asia and Oceania (
3700:Dominican Republic
2915:Telecommunications
2616:Biosphere Reserves
2517:Contemporary Spain
2507:Spain under Franco
2447:Prehistoric Iberia
1997:Kamen, H. (2005).
1803:Rey(e)s Catholicos
1798:Medieval Castilian
1750:Charles I of Spain
1737:
1651:
1567:Afonso of Portugal
1418:
1344:
1317:Council of Finance
1288:Council of Castile
1153:Antonio de Nebrija
1121:Joanna of Portugal
1086:papal dispensation
1067:
1016:papal dispensation
916:History portal
486:Bienio progresista
477:Second Carlist War
377:Treaty of Valençay
235:Christian kingdoms
106:Carthaginian Spain
81:Prehistoric Iberia
36:
6469:Founding monarchs
6346:
6345:
6199:
6198:
6191:Sultanic Highness
6089:
6088:
6064:
6063:
6001:Imperial Highness
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5801:Britannic Majesty
5772:Catholic Monarchs
5766:Apostolic Majesty
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5516:
5515:
5421:Spanish conquests
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5196:
5195:
4877:Pedro de Alvarado
4862:Gaspar de Portolà
4857:Pedro de Valdivia
4832:Francisco Pizarro
4784:Nicolás de Ovando
4779:Alonso de Ercilla
4754:Alonso de Salazar
4587:Ships of the line
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3959:
3958:
3916:Northern Africa (
3912:Equatorial Guinea
3896:
3895:
3833:
3832:
3748:
3747:
3671:
3670:
3662:Spanish Caribbean
3635:Spanish Louisiana
3611:
3610:
3546:Crown of Castille
3510:
3509:
3487:Spanish Civil War
3462:Adams–Onís Treaty
3442:Nootka Convention
3390:Thirty Years' War
3380:Eighty Years' War
3301:Catholic Monarchs
3291:Timeline–immersed
3245:
3244:
3205:
3204:
3129:Myths and legends
3097:National Interest
2943:
2942:
2895:Largest companies
2820:
2819:
2807:Political parties
2775:Foreign relations
2705:
2704:
2653:Iberian Peninsula
2601:Autonomous cities
2583:
2582:
2298:978-0-8203-2157-8
2197:978-0-252-03141-0
2170:978-1-874774-41-9
1983:978-0-14-192557-8
1583:Holy Roman Empire
1414:Domingo de Guzmán
1311:establishing the
1303:, he created the
1284:Council of Aragon
1133:Juan II of Aragon
1117:Joanna of Castile
1098:Carrillo de Acuña
1079:Iberian peninsula
1051:Pope Alexander VI
1004:John I of Castile
977:King Ferdinand II
958:Catholic Monarchs
954:
953:
871:Religious history
560:Restoration Spain
536:Third Carlist War
528:Reign of Amadeo I
451:First Carlist War
258:Catholic Monarchs
163:Early Middle Ages
101:Pre-Roman peoples
18:Catholic Monarchs
16:(Redirected from
6481:
6394:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6377:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6357:
6171:Amir al-Mu'minin
6161:
6069:Specific culture
6066:
5985:
5928:
5921:
5888:Most Illustrious
5853:Exalted Highness
5795:Orthodox Majesty
5777:Catholic Majesty
5760:Imperial Majesty
5690:Forms of address
5674:
5667:
5660:
5651:
5522:
5488:Chibchan Nations
5417:
5386:Santiago de Cuba
5245:Guadalupe Island
5205:
4932:
4925:
4887:Diego de Almagro
4764:Antonio de Ulloa
4668:Ambrosio Spinola
4663:Pedro de Zubiaur
4633:Alfonso d'Avalos
4623:Antonio de Leyva
4567:Army of Flanders
4552:
4541:
4430:
4419:
4145:
4134:
4004:
3993:
3961:
3934:Peñón of Algiers
3898:
3835:
3750:
3673:
3655:
3613:
3527:
3516:
3437:Seven Years' War
3410:Queen Anne's War
3287:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3225:
3218:
2954:
2885:Financial crisis
2875:Economic history
2831:
2748:Cortes Generales
2716:
2658:Peninsular Spain
2594:
2545:Pre-Roman Iberia
2540:General overview
2435:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2303:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1873:
1867:
1853:
1842:
1835:Modern Aragonese
1822:Medieval Catalan
1816:
1809:Modern Castilian
1805:
1792:
1746:
1741:Germaine of Foix
1735:, Granada, Spain
1698:La Isla Española
1684:, and called it
1641:Western side of
1407:
1404:
1380:Religious policy
1365:Cortes Generales
1348:Holy Brotherhood
1341:
1338:
1321:Council of State
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1191:
1185:
1071:Crown of Castile
1045:. The title of "
989:
988: 1479–1516
987:
974:
973: 1474–1504
972:
962:Queen Isabella I
946:
939:
932:
914:
913:
912:
902:Spain portal
900:
899:
898:
866:Military history
851:Economic history
834:
826:
808:
795:
787:
764:
756:
748:
740:
736:Republican exile
732:
709:
701:
693:
689:1936 coup d'état
685:
677:
669:
661:
653:
630:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
548:
540:
532:
524:
499:
491:
481:
473:
463:
455:
447:
424:
416:
406:
381:
373:
365:
357:
353:Napoleonic Spain
349:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
239:
231:
221:
213:
190:
186:Byzantine Spania
182:
174:
141:
140:(218 BCE–472 CE)
133:
110:
66:
56:
38:
21:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6419:Married couples
6399:
6398:
6397:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6356:sister projects
6355:
6347:
6342:
6329:
6257:
6195:
6159:
6085:
6060:
6031:Serene Highness
5975:
5959:
5919:
5910:(The Much Hon.)
5898:Hochwohlgeboren
5865:Serene Highness
5730:
5704:
5683:
5678:
5648:
5639:
5615:Old inquisition
5527:
5512:
5422:
5395:
5351:Trinidad (1797)
5321:La Noche Triste
5309:
5305:San Juan (1797)
5255:San Juan (1595)
5192:
5081:
4921:Notable battles
4916:
4882:Martín de Ursúa
4813:
4744:Alonso de Ojeda
4714:Juan de la Cosa
4699:Pinzón brothers
4682:
4653:John of Austria
4628:Martín de Goiti
4606:
4546:
4527:
4471:
4424:
4405:
4317:
4313:Terra Australis
4308:Río de la Plata
4253:Castilla de Oro
4239:
4181:
4177:Río de la Plata
4139:
4120:
4079:
4038:
4034:Santa Hermandad
3998:
3979:
3975:Terra Australis
3966:
3955:
3922:Spanish Morocco
3903:
3892:
3883:Northern Taiwan
3844:
3829:
3800:Río de la Plata
3755:
3744:
3678:
3677:Central America
3667:
3649:
3618:
3607:
3551:Crown of Aragon
3532:
3521:
3506:
3422:Bourbon Reforms
3292:
3281:
3276:
3246:
3241:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3201:
3196:Toro de Osborne
3163:
3144:Public holidays
3055:
3016:Life expectancy
2939:
2905:Property bubble
2816:
2701:
2579:
2575:Spanish miracle
2528:
2502:Second Republic
2424:
2415:
2382:Country Studies
2378:
2337:Edwards, John.
2322:Edwards, John.
2315:Elliott, J.H.,
2312:
2310:Further reading
2307:
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1940:
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1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1876:Reyes Católicos
1874:
1870:
1863:Reges Catholici
1830:Reys Catholichs
1814:Reyes Católicos
1793:
1789:
1784:
1762:
1744:
1725:
1657:
1635:
1621:, known as the
1540:
1534:
1522:Alhambra Decree
1502:Pope Lucius III
1495:burned to death
1405:
1392:
1384:Main articles:
1382:
1352:judicial system
1339:
1329:
1327:Domestic policy
1279:
1274:
1271:
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1259:
1256:
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1075:Crown of Aragon
1059:
994:unification of
984:
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856:Law enforcement
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760:Basque conflict
754:
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721:Francoist Spain
713:
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659:
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5883:Most Excellent
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5431:Canary Islands
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5409:
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5297:
5292:
5287:
5285:Túpac Amaru II
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Bogotá savanna
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5194:
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5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:Spanish Armada
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5032:White Mountain
5029:
5027:Cape Celidonia
5024:
5022:English Armada
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
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4839:
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4829:
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4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Juan Fernández
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:Diego Columbus
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
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4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
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4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4602:Army of Africa
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Spanish Armada
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
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4505:
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4483:Manila galleon
4479:
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4016:
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4008:
4000:
3999:
3997:Administration
3996:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
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3954:
3953:
3918:Western Sahara
3914:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3849:
3846:
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3831:
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3828:
3827:
3816:Banda Oriental
3797:
3783:
3760:
3757:
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3753:
3746:
3745:
3743:
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3737:
3732:
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3707:
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3683:
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3666:
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3631:Coastal Alaska
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3297:
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3290:
3283:
3282:
3279:Spanish Empire
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3219:
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3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3186:Cultural icons
3184:
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3161:
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2804:
2799:
2794:
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2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2763:Prime Minister
2755:
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2745:
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2730:
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2719:
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2707:
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2702:
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2677:
2675:National parks
2672:
2670:Municipalities
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2643:Extreme points
2640:
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2591:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
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2572:
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2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Spanish Empire
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:First Republic
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Medieval Spain
2459:
2457:Roman Hispania
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:External links
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:978-1408271933
2352:Kamen, Henry.
2350:
2335:
2320:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2291:. p. 88.
2273:
2258:
2244:
2228:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2176:
2169:
2149:
2145:Imperial Spain
2143:Elliott, J.H.
2136:
2129:
2104:
2097:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2043:
2030:
2021:
2004:
1989:
1982:
1962:
1949:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1904:
1884:Reis Catolicos
1868:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1846:Modern Catalan
1843:
1840:Reis Catolicos
1819:
1818:
1817:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
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1761:
1758:
1724:
1721:
1653:Main article:
1647:Plaza de Colón
1634:
1631:
1627:tercios reales
1538:Spanish Empire
1536:Main article:
1533:
1532:Foreign policy
1530:
1526:Ottoman Empire
1487:crypto-Judaism
1423:Pope Sixtus IV
1410:Thomas Aquinas
1406: 1491–93
1381:
1378:
1328:
1325:
1278:
1277:Royal Councils
1275:
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1189:haz de flechas
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1145:
1129:War of 1475–79
1058:
1055:
1035:dynastic union
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833:(2020–present)
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728:Spanish Maquis
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657:First Biennium
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544:First Republic
541:
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420:Ominous Decade
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338:Peninsular War
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129:Roman Conquest
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122:Roman Hispania
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58:
49:
48:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6486:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6393:from Wikidata
6392:
6391:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6326:
6325:Victory title
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6155:Son of Heaven
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:King of Kings
6128:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Pater Patriae
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5908:Much Honoured
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5817:Royal Majesty
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Nəgusä Nägäst
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Tapada limeña
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5523:
5519:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5418:
5414:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Montes Claros
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Vienna (1529)
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Hernán Cortés
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4819:Conquistadors
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4789:Juan de Ayala
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Duke of Savoy
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Dollar (Peso)
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4416:
4402:
4401:Santo Domingo
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:New Andalusia
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Santo Domingo
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4149:Viceroyalties
4146:
4142:
4135:
4131:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3962:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:South America
3751:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3674:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3639:Spanish Texas
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3617:North America
3614:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3598:Franche-Comté
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:median income
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Head of State
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Enlightenment
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:0-631-22143-3
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:0-582-21816-0
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:Elliott, J.H.
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2222:9780786444489
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2130:9781785334665
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2098:9781610694216
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:84-321-2476-1
2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:Reis Catòlics
1877:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1851:Reis Catòlics
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Iberian Union
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1734:
1729:
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1632:
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1628:
1624:
1623:Great Captain
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
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1596:
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1576:
1572:
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1437:
1433:
1432:Innocent VIII
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1356:Royal Council
1353:
1349:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
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1298:
1294:
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1103:
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1087:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:W.H. Prescott
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:consanguinity
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
982:
978:
967:
963:
959:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
918:
917:
906:
904:
903:
892:
891:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
842:
841:
831:
828:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
805:
802:
800:
797:
792:
789:
784:
781:
780:
777:
772:
771:
761:
758:
753:
752:Blue Division
750:
745:
742:
737:
734:
729:
726:
725:
722:
717:
716:
706:
703:
698:
695:
690:
687:
682:
679:
674:
671:
666:
663:
658:
655:
650:
647:
646:
643:
638:
637:
627:
625:
621:
616:
613:
608:
605:
600:
597:
592:
589:
584:
581:
576:
573:
568:
565:
564:
561:
556:
555:
545:
542:
537:
534:
529:
526:
521:
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517:
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513:
507:
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496:
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488:
487:
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478:
475:
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432:
431:
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398:
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389:
388:
378:
375:
370:
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362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
343:
342:
339:
334:
333:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
299:
298:Iberian Union
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
255:
252:
247:
246:
236:
233:
228:
227:
223:
218:
215:
210:
207:
206:
203:
198:
197:
187:
184:
179:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
159:
158:
151:
148:
146:
143:
138:
135:
130:
127:
126:
123:
118:
117:
109:(575–206 BCE)
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Early history
90:
89:
82:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
50:
45:
39:
32:
19:
6464:Royal styles
6388:
6376:from Commons
6371:
6350:
6317:
6284:
5932:Ancient Rome
5541:Architecture
5436:The Americas
5300:Newfoundland
5290:Túpac Katari
5280:Cuerno Verde
5215:Tenochtitlan
5047:Valenciennes
4804:Luis Fajardo
4673:Blas de Lezo
4618:Duke of Alba
4498:Spanish Road
4336:Buenos Aires
4245:Governorates
4014:Ayuntamiento
4007:Organization
3472:Carlist Wars
3320:Italian Wars
3195:
3182:Coat of arms
3079:Bullfighting
3069:Architecture
3036:Prostitution
2996:Homelessness
2971:Demographics
2925:Trade unions
2863:unemployment
2848:Car industry
2780:Human rights
2728:Constitution
2684:
2630:
2610:ranked lists
2522:1975–present
2471:
2353:
2338:
2323:
2316:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2212:
2206:
2186:
2179:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2120:
2107:
2088:
2082:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1941:. Retrieved
1931:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1829:
1790:
1738:
1733:Capilla Real
1702:
1697:
1686:San Salvador
1674:
1663:, navigator
1659:Through the
1658:
1622:
1616:
1579:Maximilian I
1560:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1491:crypto-Islam
1482:
1478:
1468:
1456:
1445:
1439:
1419:
1398:
1373:
1363:
1345:
1280:
1197:
1193:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1163:Gordian knot
1156:
1150:
1138:
1106:
1090:Pope Paul II
1083:
1068:
1043:feudal lords
1032:
991:
957:
955:
907:
893:
881:
861:LGBT history
623:
510:
484:
466:
409:
399:
257:
225:
145:Romanization
132:(206–27 BCE)
6444:Reconquista
6313:Sacred king
6221:Netherlands
5997:(HI&RH)
5988:Middle Ages
5903:Wohlgeboren
5893:Hochgeboren
5841:Monseigneur
5751:(HI&RM)
5508:Philippines
5473:El Salvador
5093:Capo d'Orso
4977:St. Quentin
4952:Rome (1527)
4611:Strategists
4361:Guadalajara
4288:New Navarre
4283:New Castile
4268:La Luisiana
4220:Puerto Rico
4210:Philippines
4167:New Granada
3857:Philippines
3818:(Uruguay),
3814:(Bolivia),
3764:New Granada
3704:Puerto Rico
3650: [
3520:Territories
3340:Encomiendas
3001:Immigration
2991:Health care
2853:Communities
2838:Agriculture
2638:Earthquakes
2497:Restoration
2467:Reconquista
1754:Tordesillas
1705:Puerto Rico
1459:Granada War
1340: 1500
1158:Tanto monta
786:(1975–1978)
763:(1959–2011)
755:(1941–1944)
747:(1939–1945)
739:(1939–1977)
731:(1939–1965)
700:(1936–1939)
668:(1933–1936)
660:(1931–1933)
629:(1930–1931)
624:Dictablanda
618:(1923–1930)
602:(1914–1918)
586:(1886–1931)
578:(1885–1902)
570:(1874–1885)
547:(1873–1874)
539:(1872–1876)
531:(1870–1873)
523:(1868–1871)
490:(1854–1856)
480:(1846–1849)
472:(1844–1854)
462:(1840–1843)
454:(1833–1840)
446:(1833–1840)
423:(1823–1833)
415:(1820–1823)
405:(1814–1820)
364:(1810–1814)
356:(1808–1813)
325:(1707–1716)
317:(1701–1714)
309:(1700–1808)
301:(1580–1640)
293:(1556–1659)
285:(1516–1700)
277:(1492–1898)
269:(1482–1492)
266:Granada War
261:(1479–1516)
226:Reconquista
202:Middle Ages
53:History of
6403:Categories
6113:Great king
6055:Excellency
5916:(Millourt)
5877:Excellency
5178:Somosierra
5168:Manila Bay
5042:Nördlingen
4982:Gravelines
4462:Columnario
4434:Currencies
4351:Concepción
4323:Audiencias
4298:New Toledo
4263:La Florida
4096:Corregidor
4060:Papal bull
3965:Antarctica
3873:Micronesia
3330:Golden Age
3119:Mass media
3114:Literature
3006:Irreligion
2986:Euthanasia
2976:Disability
2758:Government
2733:Corruption
2555:Golden Age
2369:1408271931
1943:2014-03-01
1923:References
1694:Hispaniola
1605:, married
1597:, married
1589:, married
1565:, married
1319:, and the
1094:papal bull
1024:Valladolid
290:Golden Age
238:(718–1479)
230:(711–1492)
220:(711–1492)
217:Al-Andalus
74:Prehistory
6474:Theocrats
6204:Countries
5924:Antiquity
5483:Nicaragua
5461:Guatemala
5371:Pichincha
5356:Chacabuco
5295:Pensacola
5240:Mataquito
5220:Cajamarca
5201:New World
5173:Trafalgar
5077:Alhucemas
4957:Landriano
4942:Comuneros
4928:Old World
4872:Joan Orpí
4592:Royalists
4366:Guatemala
4293:New Spain
4230:Venezuela
4205:Guatemala
4162:New Spain
4157:Columbian
4050:Exequatur
3950:Cape Juby
3804:Argentina
3627:New Spain
3561:Gibraltar
3325:Habsburgs
3109:Languages
3011:Languages
2981:Education
2930:Transport
2770:Elections
2753:Judiciary
2692:Provinces
2589:Geography
2570:Civil War
2477:Expansion
2238:Edwards,
1911:The book
1826:Aragonese
1713:Venezuela
1682:Guanahani
1603:Catherine
1504:to fight
1479:conversos
1471:expulsion
1452:patronage
1441:conversos
1370:Aragonese
1020:Sixtus IV
1012:canon law
697:Civil War
282:Habsburgs
212:(711–716)
189:(552–624)
181:(418–721)
173:(409–585)
6262:See also
6251:Scotland
6226:Portugal
6135:Maharaja
6103:Baghatur
6045:(HIll.H)
6037:Serenity
6019:Highness
5950:Sebastos
5945:Augustus
5873:(HIll.H)
5859:Highness
5744:Holiness
5702:nobility
5493:Colombia
5478:Honduras
5391:Asomante
5376:Ayacucho
5366:Carabobo
5341:Curalaba
5118:Ceresole
5012:Gembloux
4972:Mühlberg
4687:Mariners
4545:Military
4467:Doubloon
4452:Maravedí
4396:Santiago
4303:Paraguay
4029:Germania
3869:Caroline
3824:Malvinas
3808:Paraguay
3768:Colombia
3710:Trinidad
3577:Sardinia
3417:Bourbons
3232:Category
3093:Fiestas
3041:Religion
3026:Pensions
3021:Naturism
2961:Abortion
2900:Taxation
2890:Forestry
2802:Monarchy
2797:Military
2790:Intersex
2711:Politics
2697:Wildlife
2632:Comarcas
2565:Military
2560:Economic
2533:By topic
2439:Timeline
2422:articles
2242:, p. 241
2119:(2017).
1760:See also
1709:Trinidad
1670:Americas
1649:, Madrid
1563:Isabella
1483:moriscos
1447:moriscos
1057:Marriage
992:de facto
883:Timeline
306:Bourbons
137:Hispania
44:a series
42:Part of
6216:Georgia
6164:Islamic
5964:Georgia
5955:Dominus
5823:Majesty
5736:Western
5726:Pharaoh
5698:royalty
5625:Asiento
5596:Mustang
5456:Yucatán
5451:Chiapas
5331:Tucapel
5163:Passaro
5113:Algiers
5103:Preveza
5072:Tetouan
5067:Vitoria
5057:Bitonto
4997:Antwerp
4992:Lepanto
4947:Bicocca
4423:Economy
4346:Charcas
4341:Caracas
4235:Yucatán
4106:Regidor
4091:Alcalde
4019:Cabildo
3926:Tripoli
3865:Mariana
3812:Charcas
3788:(Peru,
3772:Ecuador
3735:Bonaire
3730:Curazao
3715:Jamaica
3643:Florida
3216:Outline
3169:Symbols
3089:Cuisine
3061:Culture
2949:Society
2920:Tourism
2826:Economy
2665:Islands
2648:Forests
2626:Climate
2621:Borders
2430:History
1677:Bahamas
1473:of all
1463:Boabdil
1207:Falange
1203:fascist
966:Castile
610:(–1927)
607:Rif War
6246:Canada
6236:Sweden
6231:Serbia
6211:France
6186:Sharif
6181:Hadrat
6150:Shogun
6140:Mikado
6123:Khagan
6081:Senhor
6027:(HDSH)
6015:(HGDH)
5914:Milord
5849:(HMEH)
5843:(Msgr)
5785:(HMCM)
5709:Africa
5700:, and
5603:Castas
5361:Boyacá
5336:Guiana
5326:Iguape
5250:Recife
5188:Mactan
5183:Annual
5148:Rocroi
5143:Leiden
5128:Djerba
5062:Bailén
5017:Ostend
5002:Azores
4597:Legión
4562:Tercio
4555:Armies
4457:Escudo
4386:Panamá
4381:Mexico
4376:Manila
4331:Bogotá
4116:Vecino
4111:Syndic
3942:Béjaïa
3902:Africa
3888:Tidore
3776:Panama
3740:Belize
3647:Mexico
3573:Sicily
3569:Naples
3531:Europe
3237:Portal
3177:Anthem
3084:Cinema
3031:People
2880:Energy
2420:
2367:
2360:
2345:
2330:
2295:
2219:
2194:
2167:
2127:
2095:
2015:
1980:
1900:fillos
1723:Deaths
1571:Joanna
1549:France
1506:heresy
1444:) and
1315:, the
981:Aragon
975:) and
825:(2017)
807:(2004)
794:(1978)
708:(1939)
692:(1936)
684:(1936)
676:(1934)
652:(1931)
594:(1898)
498:(1868)
380:(1813)
372:(1812)
348:(1808)
46:on the
6373:Media
6095:Asian
6049:Grace
6033:(HSH)
6009:(HRH)
6003:(HIH)
5867:(HSH)
5855:(HEH)
5837:(HRH)
5829:Grace
5819:(HRM)
5803:(HBM)
5797:(HOM)
5791:(HFM)
5779:(HCM)
5768:(HAM)
5762:(HIM)
5721:Nkosi
5694:popes
5498:Chile
5466:Petén
5441:Aztec
5260:Bahia
5235:Penco
5225:Cusco
5153:Downs
5133:Tunis
5052:Ceuta
5037:Breda
4987:Malta
4967:Tunis
4962:Pavia
4476:Trade
4391:Quito
4356:Cusco
4195:Chile
3930:Tunis
3877:Palau
3794:Chile
3725:Aruba
3720:Haiti
3654:]
3583:Milan
3541:Spain
3223:Index
3149:Sport
3124:Music
3051:Women
2966:Crime
2843:Banks
2472:Union
2418:Spain
1896:fills
1892:hijos
1888:Kings
1859:Latin
1782:Notes
1717:Spain
1696:, or
1595:Maria
1374:Corts
996:Spain
960:were
845:Topic
55:Spain
6390:Data
6145:Shah
6118:Khan
6057:(HE)
6051:(HG)
6039:(HS)
6021:(HH)
5971:Mepe
5879:(HE)
5861:(HH)
5831:(HG)
5825:(HM)
5692:for
5503:Inca
5446:Maya
5381:Guam
5314:Lost
5086:Lost
5007:Mons
4447:Real
4371:Lima
4258:Cuba
4200:Cuba
4172:Perú
3948:and
3946:Ifni
3938:Oran
3861:Guam
3790:Acre
3786:Peru
3696:Cuba
3575:and
3190:Flag
3046:Time
2935:Wine
2785:LGBT
2365:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1824:and
1690:Cuba
1587:John
1481:and
1475:Jews
1388:and
1196:and
1183:yugo
1178:yoke
956:The
6076:Don
5208:Won
4935:Won
4043:Law
3940:,
3660:),
3641:),
3074:Art
2858:GDP
1898:or
1882:or
1489:or
1192:).
1018:by
979:of
964:of
6405::
5696:,
3944:,
3936:,
3932:,
3928:,
3924:,
3920:,
3875:,
3871:,
3867:,
3863:,
3859:,
3822:,
3810:,
3806:,
3792:,
3778:,
3774:,
3770:,
3702:,
3698:,
3652:es
3645:,
3571:,
3308:,
2287:.
2231:^
2115:;
2070:^
1894:,
1878:,
1861::
1848::
1837::
1828::
1811::
1800::
1528:.
1403:c.
1337:c.
1323:.
1165::
1100:,
1088:.
986:r.
971:r.
6359::
6287:)
6283:(
5673:e
5666:t
5659:v
3952:)
3879:)
3855:(
3843:)
3826:)
3802:(
3796:)
3766:(
3706:)
3694:(
3664:)
3629:(
3579:)
3271:e
3264:t
3257:v
2612:)
2608:(
2410:e
2403:t
2396:v
2371:.
2349:.
2334:.
2301:.
2225:.
2200:.
2173:.
2133:.
2101:.
1986:.
1946:.
1401:(
1342:)
1198:F
1194:Y
1180:(
983:(
968:(
945:e
938:t
931:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
