624:
need for necessary personnel and structural changes in institutions such as the police and special services was also pointed out. It was stressed, however, that the above-mentioned demands were not dictated by a desire for retaliation, but by the need to restore an individual, social and national sense of security in a state in which citizens should feel themselves to be the hosts. The coalition also wrote about the need to decommunify structures of importance to the state, as well as to try those guilty of crimes against the Polish nation. The functionaries of the former secret services were to be deprived of pension and disability benefits.
246:. The Catholic Electoral Action argued that state policies in Poland should be based on Catholicism, and saw the Catholic Church as a "source" of the Polish nation and identity. The coalition sought to make Poland an explicitly Catholic nation and state. It condemned "materialist" and communist influences prevalent in Poland and argued that the instability and then downfall of the communist regime in the 1980s was caused by its attempt to remove Catholicism from public life. Despite presenting itself as a confessional party based on
612:, which had survived communism and passed on Christian and national values to us, had been brought up". In the coalition's view, it was necessary to foster social initiatives supporting the development of national culture through the law on foundations and tax policy, and in turn to oppose the spread of evil and violence in the social media. It demanded a return in school curricula and mass media to the values that had shaped the civic sense of Poles, a change in school textbooks and a reorientation of teachers.
36:
628:
country's territory. Poland's main foreign partners in the region were considered to be
Hungary and Czechoslovakia, with whom it was declared that economic, military and political cooperation would be strengthened. The declaration also included acceptance of the national (or independence) aspirations of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. However, the obligation to protect and support the Polish population living in the mentioned territories was highlighted.
591:, with Polish political scientist Dominika Sozańska noting that the Catholic Electoral Action was not only strongly ethno-nationalist, but also insisted on a "purely" Catholic national order instead of a synthesis of Christian and democratic values. In its program, WAK argued that Catholicism is the essence and overarching feature of Polish nation and culture, promoting the cultural concept of "Pole = Catholic". The coalition argue that the
640:, who stated that the entire Catholic tradition is "in clear opposition to capitalism as a socioeconomic system as well as a general system of values", condemning it as a system that "enables the powerful to exploit the weak, hiding their often brutal egoism behind so-called iron laws of economics" and asserting that it is the "living opposite of the Gospel" and an "unethical form of exploitation of the natural law of ownership".
620:
reorientation of teachers, especially in the context of teaching Polish language, history or social sciences. It was also stated with concern that in Poland at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s attempts were being made to eliminate the church and religion from public life. The coalition also argued that Poland must be a unitary state and opposed all provisions and legal provisions that could "enable separatism".
329:(Warsaw).. The name of the committee was a clear signal to the public of the hierarchical Church's approval of this electoral initiative, although it is not known whether it was officially approved by the Church. No organisation is allowed to use the word 'Catholic' in its name without the express approval of the ecclesiastical authority. However, the fact that the local bishop, i.e. Primate Cardinal
455:. This time, the Catholic Church emphasized that it does not endorse any party and asked Polish Catholics to vote with its conscience. The Catholic Electoral Committee nevertheless tried to work through Catholic organisation, and sough grassroots support in parishes and lay Catholic organisations. It won 6.37% of the popular vote, but won no seats, as after the 1991 election Sejm implemented an
1186:
345:
In the 1991 election, the coalition emerged as the third largest parliamentary grouping securing 8.79% of the vote and 49 deputies in the Sejm. In the Senate, the coalition won 9 seats, which meant 58 mandates in total. This was considered a disappointing result by the backers of the coalition, and
336:
The coalition made use of church infrastructure during the campaign, and stylized itself as a confessional party claiming the official support of the
Catholic Church. While there was never an official endorsement of the Catholic Electoral Action by the Church, WAK nevertheless successfully made it
623:
WAK also formulated the demand to recover national assets that had been illegally appropriated by both political and economic structures originating from the former communist rule. In addition, there was an emphasis on bringing consequences to those guilty of crimes against the Polish nation. The
602:
The social order understood in a
Catholic way is the order of love. Everyone is a neighbour, but we have special duties towards our own family, then towards the nation as a family of families, then towards humanity. The Christian state should ensure freedom for man, for families the conditions of
627:
In regards to foreign policy, WAK strongly emphasised the need for Poland's integration into
Western structures. It called for the fastest possible incorporation of the Republic of Poland into the pan-European security system, while emphasising the need to remove stationed Soviet troops from the
607:
In its program declaration, the
Catholic Electoral Action emphasised the role and importance of rebuilding national culture and public morality, proposing the restoration of "principles of social discipline, honesty, individual and group solidity". It stated that "this was how the generation of
631:
The coalition also emphasized the need to develop and maintain good and very close relations with the United States, with the coalition regarding the US as a vanguard of "stability and security on the
European continent". This strongly pro-American and pro-European stance ran contrary to other
586:
The
Catholic Electoral Action was described as a staunchly right-wing coalition, and was described as Catholic-nationalist. It attempted to tie itself to the Catholic Church and its teaching as much as possible, and argued that public policy must be rooted in Catholicism and notions of "social
400:
region, the list's area of popularity was quite clearly bounded on the eastern side by the already mentioned border line between
Catholic and Orthodox areas. To the north, the WAK support was bordered extremely clearly by the former border of East Prussia. In the south, the area of WAK support
635:
On economical matters, the
Catholic Electoral Action put forward a postulate based on free market economy and strongly supported private ownership, although it proposed regulations such as protection for domestic industries and agriculture, and welfare measures which would allow women to not
619:
was considered the main challenge for Polish society, according to the coalition. The coalition defined the Polish nation as "a family of families" and stated that it should be protected from 'materialist' and communist influences. The coalition also sought a change in school textbooks and a
346:
was also alarming to the
Catholic Church given how the Catholic Electoral Action openly sought its endorsement and utilised Church infrastructure during campaigning. From then on, the Catholic Church in Poland was more cautious in regards to its political statements.
341:
that the coalition extensively cited in their campaign; Michalik recommended that "a Catholic has a duty to vote for a Catholic, a Christian for a Christian, a Muslim for a Muslim, a Jew for a Jew, a Freemason for a Freemason, a Communist for a Communist."
636:
participate in labor force and be given a state pension as homemakers, if they wished so. The free-market approach of the coalition contradicted its Catholic-nationalist reputation, especially in the wake of statements made by
632:
Catholic groupings and the remarks of Polish Catholic clergy itself, which argued for an independent foreign policy, warning that Poland should avoid alienating Russia and beware of Western domination of Polish markets.
250:, the Catholic Electoral Action was strongly supportive of free-market economy and had a staunchly pro-EU and pro-USA orientation, which ran contrary to the views and statements of the Polish Catholic Church.
266:
and other patriotic movements, and was founded in October 1990. The main purpose of the coalition was to unite Polish parties that stood for "an appropriate position for the Catholic Church in public life".
603:
development and the right to bring up children in accordance with the professed values, for the nation - security. A Catholic Poland should be a state of justice and solidarity transcending group interests.
2140:
615:
The Catholic Electoral Action emphasised that Catholic and national principles must constitute the foundation of an independent Polish state, the reconstruction of which after the period of the
1083:
Prętki, Krzysztof (2020). "Polityka kulturalna w polskiej myśli politycznej po 1989 roku na przykładzie programów partii i ugrupowań politycznych w wyborach parlamentarnych 1991 roku".
2162:
2120:
1812:
436:
served as Speaker of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland during the first term of office. At that time, WAK deputies were part of government coalitions, co-founding the cabinets of
361:
it received 34.8% of the popular vote. Here, too, in the municipality of Brok, the coalition received as much as 56.6% of the vote. WAK also won the elections in the provinces of
2155:
444:(1992–1993). During their time in the office, the deputies of the Catholic Electoral Action became particularly known for their efforts to push for a total ban on abortion.
1171:
1149:
318:), out of which only the Christian National Union continued political activities after 1991. The Christian National Union was also the dominating force in the coalition.
2689:
2125:
2294:
2150:
1731:
2266:
452:
2434:
2694:
2277:
2684:
1741:
2501:
2337:
2130:
2638:
2309:
1766:
595:
is the basis of maintaining social strength and identity, and called Catholic faith and the Catholic Church "the source of the Polish nation and state".
262:, a Catholic-nationalist party founded in October 1989. The Catholic Electoral Action was a merger of almost 20 small groups from the Polish trade union
2252:
2669:
1890:
1786:
753:
Kamiński, Marek M. (2002). "Czy partie korzystają na manipulacjach systemem wyborczym? Ordynacje wyborcze i herestetyka w Polsce w latach 1989-1993".
2679:
2454:
2200:
2326:
2664:
2491:
1857:
1687:
1589:
1582:
1346:
1164:
1118:
Gerald J. Beyer (2020). "Karol Wojtyła's Katolicka Etyka Społeczna as Precursor and Hermeneutic Key to Pope John Paul II's Economic Teaching".
2424:
2001:
1746:
717:
2387:
2343:
2283:
734:
373:(14%). It received several percent of the vote each in the other provinces of north-eastern Poland, parts of Galicia and the provinces of
2674:
2402:
2321:
2187:
1981:
1921:
1180:
159:
1939:
229:
and received relatively strong support in rural areas. Following the election's conclusion, the Christian National Union disbanded its
1996:
810:
555:
498:
448:
195:
2444:
2145:
2546:
2331:
2182:
2098:
2032:
1837:
1601:
1365:
1226:
1157:
1050:
2216:
2086:
222:
598:
The Catholic Electoral Action postulated a "Catholic social order" in Poland. Elaborating on this concept, the coalition wrote:
2526:
2211:
1895:
658:
263:
199:
1885:
1699:
1669:
899:
1911:
616:
2699:
2439:
2064:
1842:
2551:
2506:
2367:
2289:
2059:
1879:
1791:
1756:
927:
73:
2704:
2562:
2449:
2414:
2361:
2246:
2026:
1709:
1679:
1471:
337:
seem like it was given official backing by the clergy. Particularly important was a statement made by a Polish bishop
1817:
1807:
459:- 5% for political parties and 8% for electoral coalitions. The Catholic Electoral Committee counted as the latter.
2315:
2108:
2081:
2076:
2015:
1867:
1852:
1797:
1353:
2476:
2429:
2348:
2069:
1991:
1959:
1781:
1726:
1002:
The Catholic Church, Religion and Politics in Postcommunist Poland: Secularisation and Republicisation 1989-2007
951:
Bale, Tim; Szczerbiak, Aleks (2008). "Why is there no christian democracy in Poland - And why should we care?".
2578:
2568:
2465:
2299:
1716:
1535:
1421:
1257:
1244:
592:
573:
516:
271:
259:
210:
112:
2206:
1617:
1459:
1328:
1067:
2583:
2556:
2541:
2397:
2304:
2193:
2047:
1873:
358:
2521:
2486:
2471:
2459:
2377:
2135:
2103:
2042:
1751:
1502:
433:
214:
687:
Legitimising Accession: Transformation Politics and Elite Consensus on EU Membership in Poland, 1989-2003
2536:
2531:
2392:
2382:
2054:
2020:
1901:
1776:
1771:
1560:
1508:
1396:
1207:
247:
239:
226:
207:
203:
86:
82:
78:
374:
2615:
890:
Gebethner, Stanisław (1996). "Parliamentary and Electoral Parties in Poland". In Lewis, Paul G (ed.).
660:
From Protest to Party The Transformation of Anti-Communist Opposition Movements in East-Central Europe
2620:
2589:
2354:
2092:
2037:
1862:
1761:
2241:
1906:
1847:
1832:
1802:
1526:
1269:
588:
456:
243:
164:
2643:
2573:
2496:
2408:
1674:
1610:
1446:
1135:
833:
198:. The committee was formed in October 1990 and consisted of 20 various groupings that split from
154:
97:
35:
1954:
1639:
1632:
1595:
1548:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1359:
1334:
1300:
1293:
1263:
1100:
1046:
895:
762:
713:
637:
338:
871:Świder, Konrad (2013). "Polskie ugrupowania parlamentarne wobec Ukrainy w latach 1989-1999".
2511:
2272:
1704:
1693:
1663:
1573:
1409:
1387:
1321:
1220:
1127:
1092:
960:
825:
788:
414:
370:
841:
2633:
2626:
2419:
1949:
1567:
1434:
1403:
1281:
1214:
609:
322:
311:
303:
291:
283:
275:
270:
The Catholic Electoral Action was a coalition of five parties and political associations:
179:
90:
1916:
978:
Górowska, Beata. "Kościół katolicki wobec wyborów parlamentarnych w Polsce w 1991 roku".
386:
378:
362:
321:
The Electoral Catholic Action was formed by lay Catholics, but under the aegis of Father
2372:
2236:
1542:
1428:
1251:
1232:
441:
330:
409:
province. The fewest votes for the WAK were cast in (culturally separate from Poland)
2658:
2595:
2114:
1822:
1736:
1721:
1496:
1306:
1139:
837:
437:
410:
231:
1096:
1072:(in Polish). Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. pp. 161–164.
736:
Determinanty debaty politycznej nad kierunkami rozwoju oświaty w Polsce po 1989 roku
2516:
2009:
712:. Kraków: Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego. pp. 115–144.
406:
397:
390:
1827:
1623:
1453:
1373:
1314:
402:
235:
Catholic Electoral Action, sitting in parliament under the party's actual name.
326:
191:
102:
1104:
964:
766:
1986:
1045:(56). Warsaw: Europejski Instytut Rozwoju Regionalnego i Lokalnego: 87–88.
792:
829:
1275:
929:
Poza głównym nurtem. Próby odtworzenia idei narodowej w Polsce po 1989 r.
426:
418:
350:
2481:
1131:
1037:
Zarycki, Tomasz (1997). "Nowa przestrzeń społeczno-polityczna Polski".
879:. Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie: 19.
710:
Chrześcijańska demokracja w Polsce: Przyczyny słabości i szanse rozwoju
451:, the Christian National Union formed a similar coalition known as the
739:(Doctor of Political Science thesis) (in Polish). Poznań. p. 301.
1185:
422:
396:
Some WAK influence was also apparent in the Kashubian region. In the
382:
354:
66:
62:
405:
line, while in the west it did not essentially reach the borders of
685:
366:
333:, had given such approval was never publicly confirmed or denied.
299:
144:
121:
894:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Company. pp. 120–133.
1198:
218:
137:
1153:
432:
Running from the Catholic Electoral Action list, ZChN chairman
1015:
Waniek, Danuta. "Spory światopoglądowe okresu transformacji".
225:
during the 1991 poll. The committee claimed support from the
935:(in Polish). Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski. pp. 55–79.
587:
solidarity". The coalition was not considered an example of
2141:
Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence
2611:
italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts
2163:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
892:
Party Structure and Organization in East-Central Europe
1181:
Political parties and political associations in Poland
2229:
2175:
1972:
1938:
1931:
1651:
1523:
1383:
1194:
130:
108:
96:
72:
58:
50:
42:
21:
1813:Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League
258:The coalition was founded from the initiative of
2295:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
2151:Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition
1732:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
325:, parish priest of the Roman Catholic parish in
217:, Catholic Electoral Action won 49 seats in the
1120:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
600:
2156:Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction
349:The coalition was spectacularly successful in
1165:
194:electoral committee that participated in the
8:
946:
944:
942:
1767:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
804:
802:
2630:****: not currently registered as a party
2435:Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp
2226:
2172:
1969:
1935:
1172:
1158:
1150:
1032:
1030:
778:
776:
748:
746:
703:
701:
699:
697:
608:independent Poland, the generation of the
202:. The committee's members belonged to the
18:
2278:Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative
2267:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
1891:Social Movement of the Republic of Poland
1787:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
1742:Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement
453:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
2690:Political parties disestablished in 1991
2310:Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action
866:
864:
862:
528:
471:
2502:Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work
2455:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms
2338:Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union
2201:Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth
2126:Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"
1085:Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego
995:
993:
679:
677:
675:
673:
649:
1858:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
2695:Political parties established in 1990
2425:Movement for Reconstruction of Poland
2253:Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft
2002:Communist Party of Western Belorussia
1747:Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras
7:
873:Studia Politologica. Ucraino-Polonia
785:Politische Parteien Polens nach 1989
783:Niewiadomska-Frieling, Anna (2006).
666:. University of Toronto. p. 70.
280:Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańsko-Narodowe
2685:Defunct political parties in Poland
2403:League of the Right of the Republic
2322:Confederation of Independent Poland
2188:Confederation of Independent Poland
809:Jasiewicz, Krzysztof (April 1992).
761:(2). University of California: 61.
2131:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
1997:Communist Party of Western Ukraine
1069:Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP
811:"From Solidarity to Fragmentation"
449:1993 Polish parliamentary election
196:1991 Polish parliamentary election
14:
2547:Self-Defence of the Polish Nation
2368:Feminist Initiative/Women's Party
2183:Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
2099:Polish Christian Democratic Party
2033:Christian Union of National Unity
1838:Polish Party of Animal Protection
1602:Confederation of the Polish Crown
1366:Confederation of the Polish Crown
733:Wojciechowski, Krzysztof (2018).
2670:1991 disestablishments in Poland
1184:
1066:Stodolny, Marek (24 June 2015).
34:
2527:Polish Labour Party - August 80
2344:Democratic Party – demokraci.pl
2284:Centre Agreement – Polish Union
1992:Communist Party of Poland (KPP)
690:. ProQuest LLC. pp. 78–83.
308:Federacja Organizacji Kresowych
296:Chrześcijański Ruch Obywatelski
2680:Conservative parties in Poland
2087:Polish-Catholic People's Party
242:and went beyond the tenets of
1:
2665:1990 establishments in Poland
2146:Polish Socialist Party – Left
2136:Polish Socialist Party (1892)
2121:Polish People's Party "Piast"
2065:National Radical Camp Falanga
926:Kujawski, Jan Michał (2022).
290:), Christian Civic Movement (
16:Political party in Poland
2552:Self-Defence Social Movement
2212:Polish United Workers' Party
2060:National Radical Camp (1934)
1880:Silesian Separatist Movement
1792:National Radical Camp (1993)
1757:First Self-Governance League
1004:. ProQuest LLC. p. 181.
425:) and in central Pomerania (
310:) and Citizens' Committees (
282:), Union of Catholic Laity (
2563:Solidarity Electoral Action
2450:National Self-Defence Front
2445:National Party "Fatherland"
2415:Liberal Democratic Congress
2327:Conservative People's Party
2247:Alternative Social Movement
1710:Union of Christian Families
1680:Agreement (political party)
1472:Union of European Democrats
1039:Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
708:Sozańska, Dominika (2011).
617:People's Republic of Poland
2721:
2675:Catholic political parties
2492:People's National Movement
2316:Coalition for the Republic
1868:Silesian Autonomy Movement
1853:Right Wing of the Republic
1798:National Revival of Poland
1000:Fras, Maksymilian (2012).
2639:List of political parties
2608:
2507:Polish Beer-Lovers' Party
2430:Movement for the Republic
2260:Catholic Electoral Action
2070:National Radical Camp ABC
1782:League of Polish Families
1097:10.19251/rtnp/2020.12(12)
787:(in German). p. 70.
385:, and to a lesser extent
288:Unia Laikatu Katolickiego
176:Catholic Electoral Action
150:
33:
24:Catholic Electoral Action
2332:Democratic Left Alliance
2300:Christian National Union
1808:Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy
1717:United Beyond Boundaries
965:10.1177/1354068808090256
593:Catholic social teaching
272:Christian National Union
260:Christian National Union
211:Christian National Union
184:Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka
118:Christian Civic Movement
113:Christian National Union
27:Wyborcza Akcja Katolicka
2584:Third Republic Movement
2557:Social Justice Movement
2398:League and Self-Defense
2305:Christian-Peasant Party
2194:Front of National Unity
2082:National Workers' Party
2077:National People's Union
1982:Catholic People's Party
1874:Silesian Regional Party
684:Pluta, Anna M. (2010).
116:Union of Catholic Laity
98:Political position
2522:Polish Reason of State
2472:Patriotic Self-Defence
2043:Popular National Union
1843:Polish Communist Party
1652:Other existing parties
1503:Polish Socialist Party
793:10.17169/refubium-5890
657:Gomez, Victor (2014).
605:
315:
307:
295:
287:
279:
183:
2532:Polish National Party
2440:National Party (1989)
2393:Labour Party (Poland)
2383:Initiative for Poland
2217:United People's Party
2207:Polish Workers' Party
2055:National Radical Camp
2021:Labour Faction (1937)
1886:Socialist Alternative
1772:Kashubian Association
1670:Alliance of Democrats
1618:Polish People's Party
1460:Polish People's Party
1329:Polish People's Party
1017:Studia Politologiczne
980:Studia Politologiczne
830:10.1353/jod.1992.0024
316:Komitety Obywatelskie
248:political Catholicism
227:Roman Catholic Church
208:national conservative
87:Political Catholicism
79:National conservatism
2700:Catholic nationalism
2093:Polish Catholic Bloc
2038:Camp of Great Poland
1863:Self-Defence Rebirth
1762:Freedom and Equality
818:Journal of Democracy
755:Studia Socjologiczne
126:Citizens' Committees
83:National Catholicism
2487:Peasants' Agreement
2290:Christian Democracy
2242:Alliance for Poland
1907:There is One Poland
1848:Real Politics Union
1833:Polish Pirate Party
1803:New Democracy - Yes
1656:political movements
1527:European Parliament
1287:Independents (15)**
589:Christian democracy
457:electoral threshold
434:Wiesław Chrzanowski
244:Christian democracy
215:Wiesław Chrzanowski
2705:National Democracy
2644:Politics of Poland
2574:The Poor of Poland
2497:Poland Comes First
2409:Left and Democrats
2362:European Coalition
2027:National Democracy
1912:Workers' Democracy
1675:Silesians Together
1524:Represented in the
1447:Third Way (Poland)
1340:Independent (1)***
1132:10.1111/ajes.12358
547:overall seats won
490:overall seats won
375:Gorzów Voivodeship
238:The coalition was
186:), abbreviated as
155:Politics of Poland
2652:
2651:
2604:
2603:
2225:
2224:
2171:
2170:
1968:
1967:
1940:Polish–Lithuanian
1549:Polish Initiative
1466:Centre for Poland
1354:National Movement
1335:Centre for Poland
1264:Polish Initiative
847:on 18 August 2010
719:978-83-7571-125-7
638:Pope John Paul II
579:
578:
574:Olszewski cabinet
522:
521:
517:Olszewski cabinet
463:Electoral results
413:and parts of the
359:Łomża Voivodeship
298:), Federation of
240:National-Catholic
204:National-Catholic
173:
172:
160:Political parties
2712:
2616:Zbigniew Ajchler
2512:Poland Fair Play
2477:Party of Regions
2349:Democratic Union
2273:Centre Agreement
2227:
2173:
2016:Labor Party (PP)
1970:
1936:
1727:Civic Initiative
1705:Party of Drivers
1694:All-Polish Youth
1664:Polish Coalition
1554:Independents (3)
1516:Independents (4)
1440:Independents (4)
1415:Independents (4)
1410:Sovereign Poland
1322:Polish Coalition
1238:Independent (2)*
1221:Sovereign Poland
1189:
1188:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1126:(4): 1111–1145.
1115:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1006:
1005:
997:
988:
987:
975:
969:
968:
948:
937:
936:
934:
923:
906:
905:
887:
881:
880:
868:
857:
856:
854:
852:
846:
840:. Archived from
815:
806:
797:
796:
780:
771:
770:
750:
741:
740:
730:
724:
723:
705:
692:
691:
681:
668:
667:
665:
654:
569:
529:
512:
472:
440:(1991–1992) and
415:Congress Kingdom
143:
136:
38:
19:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2634:Portal:Politics
2629:
2627:Marek Biernacki
2624:
2621:Piotr Adamowicz
2618:
2613:
2600:
2579:The Republicans
2466:Social Alliance
2420:Libertas Poland
2221:
2167:
1974:
1964:
1950:Patriotic Party
1941:
1932:Defunct parties
1927:
1922:German Minority
1818:Peasants' Party
1700:National League
1655:
1653:
1647:
1568:Law and Justice
1536:Civic Coalition
1525:
1519:
1477:Independent (1)
1435:Yes! For Poland
1422:Civic Coalition
1404:Law and Justice
1385:
1379:
1282:Yes! For Poland
1245:Civic Coalition
1215:Law and Justice
1196:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1148:
1147:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
998:
991:
977:
976:
972:
950:
949:
940:
932:
925:
924:
909:
902:
889:
888:
884:
870:
869:
860:
850:
848:
844:
813:
808:
807:
800:
782:
781:
774:
752:
751:
744:
732:
731:
727:
720:
707:
706:
695:
683:
682:
671:
663:
656:
655:
651:
646:
610:Warsaw Uprising
584:
570:
567:
546:
541:
536:
527:
513:
510:
489:
484:
479:
470:
465:
401:stopped at the
302:Organizations (
256:
221:and 9 seats in
169:
141:
140:
134:
125:
119:
117:
115:
91:Pro-Europeanism
89:
85:
81:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Right Alliance
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Forward Poland
2370:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Ancestral Home
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2109:People's Party
2106:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2048:National Party
2045:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1975:inter-war eras
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:Hetmans' Party
1952:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:Civic Platform
1531:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:Civic Platform
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1392:
1390:
1384:Represented in
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1252:Civic Platform
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:Polish Affairs
1230:
1224:
1218:
1203:
1201:
1195:Represented in
1192:
1191:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1110:
1091:(1): 217–234.
1075:
1058:
1051:
1026:
1007:
989:
970:
959:(4): 479–500.
953:Party Politics
938:
907:
900:
882:
858:
798:
772:
742:
725:
718:
693:
669:
648:
647:
645:
642:
583:
580:
577:
576:
571:
566:
564:
561:
558:
552:
551:
548:
543:
538:
533:
532:Election year
526:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
507:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
486:
481:
476:
475:Election year
469:
466:
464:
461:
442:Hanna Suchocka
339:Józef Michalik
323:Bogusław Bijak
255:
252:
171:
170:
168:
167:
162:
157:
151:
148:
147:
132:
128:
127:
120:Federation of
110:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
76:
70:
69:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
23:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2596:Your Movement
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Initiative RP
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Freedom Union
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:Communist era
2174:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:Polish Centre
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Peasant Party
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1960:Familia Party
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Piast Faction
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Common Powiat
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Better Poland
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:Confederation
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:Confederation
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:Confederation
1580:
1575:
1574:United Poland
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:Left Together
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1347:Confederation
1344:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1307:Left Together
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:(in Polish).
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1052:83-905393-8-1
1048:
1044:
1041:(in Polish).
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:(in Polish).
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
985:
982:(in Polish).
981:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
945:
943:
939:
931:
930:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
908:
903:
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
874:
867:
865:
863:
859:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
757:(in Polish).
756:
749:
747:
743:
738:
737:
729:
726:
721:
715:
711:
704:
702:
700:
698:
694:
689:
688:
680:
678:
676:
674:
670:
662:
661:
653:
650:
643:
641:
639:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
613:
611:
604:
599:
596:
594:
590:
581:
575:
572:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
544:
539:
534:
531:
530:
524:
518:
515:
508:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
487:
482:
477:
474:
473:
467:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
438:Jan Olszewski
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Upper Silesia
408:
404:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:Bielsko-Biała
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
233:
232:nom de guerre
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
139:
133:
129:
124:Organisations
123:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:November 1991
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
2610:
2588:
2561:
2537:Reason Party
2517:Polish Union
2464:
2407:
2360:
2353:
2336:
2314:
2282:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2199:
2192:
2113:
2091:
2025:
2010:Front Morges
2008:
1942:Commonwealth
1902:Slavic Union
1777:Labour Party
1686:
1662:
1631:
1609:
1581:
1561:United Right
1559:
1534:
1509:Labour Union
1482:
1445:
1420:
1397:United Right
1395:
1345:
1320:
1292:
1243:
1208:United Right
1206:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1061:
1042:
1038:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1001:
983:
979:
973:
956:
952:
928:
891:
885:
876:
872:
849:. Retrieved
842:the original
824:(2): 55–69.
821:
817:
784:
758:
754:
735:
728:
709:
686:
659:
652:
634:
630:
626:
622:
614:
606:
601:
597:
585:
446:
431:
395:
387:Jelenia Góra
379:Zielona Góra
369:(17.2%) and
348:
344:
335:
320:
269:
257:
237:
230:
187:
175:
174:
59:Headquarters
46:October 1990
2590:United Left
2355:Europa Plus
1973:Pre-war and
1828:Polish Left
1624:Poland 2050
1454:Poland 2050
1315:Poland 2050
550:Government
493:Government
331:Józef Glemp
2659:Categories
2230:Modern era
1917:Freedomers
1896:Solidarity
1270:The Greens
901:1858982898
644:References
563:8.74 (#5)
506:8.74 (#3)
264:Solidarity
200:Solidarity
192:right-wing
103:Right-wing
1987:Centrolew
1611:Third Way
1276:AGROunion
1140:225220363
1105:2657-7704
1023:(1): 227.
986:(1): 203.
838:144365334
767:0039-3371
407:Ciechanów
403:Bug River
398:Białystok
391:Wałbrzych
365:(22.4%),
363:Ostrołęka
357:- in the
213:. Led by
165:Elections
51:Dissolved
2623:et al.,
1640:New Left
1633:The Left
1596:New Hope
1491:New Left
1484:The Left
1374:Kukiz'15
1360:New Hope
1301:New Left
1294:The Left
1227:Renew RP
582:Ideology
560:980,304
511:49 / 460
503:980,304
427:Koszalin
351:Podlasie
190:, was a
74:Ideology
2482:Party X
1752:Falanga
851:19 July
568:9 / 100
447:In the
327:Wilanów
254:History
131:Colours
109:Members
43:Founded
2569:Spring
1388:Senate
1258:Modern
1248:(157)
1211:(191)
1138:
1103:
1049:
898:
836:
765:
716:
537:votes
525:Senate
480:votes
423:Kielce
383:Leszno
355:Kurpie
312:Polish
304:Polish
292:Polish
284:Polish
276:Polish
180:Polish
142:
135:
67:Poland
63:Warsaw
2625:***:
1564:(20)
1539:(21)
1450:(12)
1425:(41)
1400:(34)
1350:(18)
1325:(32)
1297:(26)
1254:(127)
1217:(165)
1136:S2CID
933:(PDF)
845:(PDF)
834:S2CID
814:(PDF)
664:(PDF)
542:vote
485:vote
419:Płock
367:Radom
300:Kresy
223:Senat
145:Black
122:Kresy
2619:**:
2460:Now!
1924:****
1636:(3)
1614:(3)
1586:(6)
1570:(18)
1545:(17)
1487:(9)
1431:(36)
1406:(29)
1386:the
1331:(28)
1317:(33)
1303:(19)
1223:(18)
1199:Sejm
1197:the
1101:ISSN
1047:ISBN
896:ISBN
853:2012
763:ISSN
714:ISBN
556:1991
545:# of
540:% of
535:# of
499:1991
488:# of
483:% of
478:# of
468:Sejm
389:and
381:and
353:and
219:Sejm
206:and
138:Blue
2614:*:
1654:and
1642:(3)
1626:(1)
1620:(2)
1604:(1)
1598:(2)
1592:(3)
1576:(2)
1551:(1)
1511:(1)
1505:(1)
1499:(2)
1493:(5)
1474:(1)
1468:(1)
1462:(4)
1456:(5)
1437:(1)
1412:(1)
1376:(3)
1368:(3)
1362:(8)
1356:(6)
1337:(3)
1309:(7)
1284:(1)
1278:(1)
1272:(3)
1266:(4)
1260:(6)
1235:(1)
1229:(5)
1128:doi
1093:doi
961:doi
826:doi
789:doi
759:165
429:).
188:WAK
2661::
1134:.
1124:79
1122:.
1099:.
1089:12
1043:23
1029:^
1021:23
992:^
984:22
957:14
955:.
941:^
910:^
875:.
861:^
832:.
820:.
816:.
801:^
775:^
745:^
696:^
672:^
421:,
393:.
377:,
314::
306::
294::
286::
278::
182::
65:,
1898:*
1882:*
1876:*
1870:*
1794:*
1696:*
1173:e
1166:t
1159:v
1142:.
1130::
1107:.
1095::
1055:.
967:.
963::
904:.
877:3
855:.
828::
822:3
795:.
791::
769:.
722:.
417:(
274:(
178:(
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