508:(expiration period) had been exceeded, the court declared that it had no jurisdiction over 18 defendants. Fitl criticises that in the event of an actual expiration (which cannot be determined nowadays), this should have applied to all the defendants. The defence attempted to decline the responsibility of the defendants: compulsion of the circumstances, carried away by the others, fear of artillery fire from "St. Georg", "Gäa", "Monarch". An important question was who had used weapons. In the case of the chief officer of the "St. Georg", Zipperer, it could not be clarified beyond doubt neither in the drumhead court martial nor later on in the ordinary court martial whether Ĺ iĹžgoriÄ or Ujdur or both had fired at him. The defence lawyers protested when on the last day of the trial several witnesses who had been summoned were not heard. They also wanted to hear further witnesses in favour of the defendants. The requests were rejected, probably also because the court was under time pressure.
774:
749:
805:, the conscious social democrats, the Prague Rudolf Kreibich and Tomas Nitka of "St. Georg", Petr PĂĄral, Viennese Czech from "Gäa", ZahĂĄlka from "Monarch", Franta Srbek from "Franz Joseph", Josef DÄd from "Karl VI,", Ĺ mahel from "Gäa", Bittner from "Novara", Janousek from "Helgoland", VoĹĄmik from "Balaton" and MĂ˝valt from "Orjen" as well as Pribyl and Fr. MalĂ˝ from the flight station and from the submarine base Ruda KrÄmĂĄĹ, JĂĹĄa and ValĂĄĹĄek and many others. There were also the Polish Gustav Stonawski, a socialist who had organised a hunger strike at the Naval School in Pola as early as 1912 and the airman Grabowiecki." Frei mentions similar names, unfortunately without citing a verifiable source (report by sailor Ujdor) (Frei, Cattaro, p. 42). Plaschka and colleagues, referring to Stulli, describe these statements as problematic. (Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 117).
701:
713:
132:). This was also an important reason for increasing tensions between officers and crews aboard these units. The crews felt unjustly and roughly treated by their superiors. They complained about senseless drill, about strict punishment for nullity, about insults, humiliations by often young officers, about the poor rations in contrast to the officers, about torn off uniforms, about the little home leave. Many crew members were trained metalworkers and had come into contact with the ideas of the social democratic workers movement. They demanded democratic reforms. The perceived privileged position of the officers also fed the suspicion that they were not interested in peace, but wanted to prolong the war, while the ordinary soldiers and their families had to suffer great privations.
725:
737:
801:(see under Literature) on p. 34 - unfortunately without any evidence (one can only assume that he based his statement on interviews with contemporary witnesses mentioned in the appendix) - the following persons who would have organised the action: "Nobody asked, but everyone suspected that the warm-blooded Croatian sailors MatuloviÄ, Uidor, MarusiÄ, SuĹžek, Grabar and BerniÄeviÄ, as well as the well-known impetuous Italians Baldini, Pachor, Galigari and Scaramuza were very close to the organisers of the rebellion. There was no doubt that they included a number of Czechs: the serious and brilliant
163:. The chief officer (Austrian: Gesamt Detail Offizier) Zipperer, who rushed on deck, received a shot to the temporal bone. Medical assistance was initially prevented before he could be taken to the ship's hospital. In addition, a non-commissioned officer was shot through the chest and a sailor was injured by a ricocheting bullet. There were also shots fired at the ship's commander, but without hitting him. At the request of the crew, the ship's commander brought Rear Admiral Hansa, the commander of the Cruiser Flotilla, on deck. Anton Grabar demanded the immediate end of the war according to the
567:. Adler spoke to the War Minister on February 11. The minister promised to prohibit further executions. In return, the SPĂ refrained from making the events public. It was not until 8 October that insurrection and military court trials were discussed in the Reichstag, because of a query of the South Slavic deputy Dr. Anton KoroĹĄec. Giving in to the growing public pressure, Emperor Karl decided to continue the trial only against 31 "ringleaders, principal offenders and non-commissioned officers". Thereafter 348 persons were acquitted, but transferred to Pola.
117:
385:
515:, Franz Bajzel and Ludwig Szekacs were sentenced to aggravated imprisonment (ten and five years respectively), and two men were acquitted. The remainder were handed over to the court martial. On the same day, the judges deliberated on a pardon petition to Guseck for those sentenced to death (a common procedure according to Fitl), and the majority voted in favor. Guseck rejected this application and confirmed the death sentences on 10 February.
762:
486:. There the crew demanded to vote again and it became clear that only very few were still in favour of the continuation of the uprising. Rasch ordered to drop the red flag and reported to Rear Admiral Hansa as a prisoner. Thereafter the few remaining ships also dropped the red flag; the rebellion ended. Sesan managed to escape to Italy with an aircraft together with Gustav Stonawski, who had chaired the central committee, and another NCO.
748:
773:
467:
354:, Feldzeugmeister Guseck, the local army commander, had been informed of the course of events by Hansa via a telephone line which the insurgents only contained the next day. Guseck initiated comprehensive countermeasures, among them ordering of heavy naval forces from Pola as well as of infantry from the region. The German submarines sailed into the inner bay in the evening, which was perceived as a threat by the insurgents.
149:
58:, started it on 1 February 1918. The mutiny remained isolated and had to be abandoned after three days due to the arrival of loyal troops. Four sailors were subsequently executed according to naval law. The naval historian Halpern portrays this event as the last victory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy over the social forces that would eventually overwhelm it.
657:. He found clear parallels between the events. But the action in Cattaro had begun when the great wave of strikes in the country had just ended. Thus the action came too late and remained isolated in contrast to the events in Kiel. In Kiel, the sailors and stokers got into contact with a workforce and land-based navy personnel that immediately supported them.
624:"Cattaro-Prag" is still considered the standard German-language work. The most extensive and significant study next to it was written by the Croatian Bernard Stulli: "Ustanka mornara u Boki Kotorskoj (Croatian: Sailors' revolt in the bay of Cattaro)". Both worked through the files in the Austrian State Archives, which had then become accessible.
189:
615:. He had access to the copies of the minutes of the drumhead court martial. These are now considered to be lost. Although Frei's work was rather propagandistic in the sense of his socialist and later communist world view, it is therefore also of interest to historians. In addition, some contemporary witnesses now came forward.
547:) were submitted. They requested that 234 of the accused be charged with mutiny or insurrection and that the remaining 351 be spared from prosecution. However, Guseck ordered charges against 392 persons, the remaining 193 were then released, or in some cases disciplined and in a few cases transferred to another court.
712:
700:
543:), who also looked intensively into possible exculpatory aspects. The suspicions expressed by naval officers that the Entente had had a hand in the matter or that there had been agitation by political or national agents turned out to be groundless. In June, the investigations were finalised and the reports (
90:. After the strikes in the Monarchy ended for the most part on 21 January, work was also resumed in Pola on 28 January. Presumably unaware of the end of the actions, the sailors of the warships anchored in Cattaro decided to hold a demonstration, which they hoped would give the movement further impetus.
642:
After the First World War, the uprising in
Austria and Hungary was predominantly perceived as subversive and harmful, while in the other successor states a rather positive perception was noticeable. After the Second World War, the Yugoslav and Czechoslovak Communist states, as well as Marxist Eastern
538:
The interrogations began in April. The requirement to submit a written copy of the arrest warrant and an order of preliminary investigation was not complied with. The arrested persons were also not made aware of the possibility of lodging a complaint. The investigations were conducted by ten military
907:
Fleischhacker (1891-1976) was a sergeant in 1918 and sometime aboard "SMS St. Georg"; further information about him can be found in: Manfred
Mugrauer: "Vergessener BĂźchlschreiber". Der Arbeiterschriftsteller Franz Xaver Fleischhacker (1891â1976) ("Forgotten writer of small books". The working-class
894:
An example is the report written by the auditors on the events at "St. Georg", which was digitized by the
Austrian State Archives and published on the Internet: Gericht des k.u.k. Kriegshafenkommandos in Cattaro: S.M.S. âSt. Georgâ. Referat und Antrag. Typoscript vom 9. April 1918, Ăsterreichisches
570:
On 31 October, the 37th day of the hearing, the trial was adjourned to 5 November. However, it could not be resumed due to political developments. According to Fitl a grotesque situation, because the South Slavic nations had already separated from the
Habsburg monarchy; Emperor Karl had handed over
416:" had returned from the flagship to their ship, the crew voted to keep the red flag as well. But the commander overrode their decision and ordered the ship to sail into the inner bay. In doing so, he allowed those sailors who feared being torn between the forces to leave the ship. When passing the "
346:
was accompanied by an officer assigned by Rear
Admiral Hansa. Hansa hoped to use this to steer the movement in calm waters and to be able to settle it through negotiations. He had assured the rebels, with the exception of those who had used weapons, that they would go unpunished if the uprising was
1387:
Klaus Kuhl: Das
Aufbegehren der Matrosen von Cattaro im Februar 1918 â ein Vorläufer des Kieler Matrosenaufstands (The revolt of the sailors of Cattaro in February 1918 - a forerunner of the Kiel mutiny)? In: JĂźrgen Jensen (Hrsg.): Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fĂźr Kieler Stadtgeschichte, Band 89,
814:
Egon
Zipperer von Arbach held the rank of Korvettenkapitän (lieutenant commander). Sondhaus describes Zipperer wrongly as âCaptainâ (see under Literature, p. 199) probably giving rise to the claim in some wikipedia articles that Zipperer was the commander of âSt. Georgâ. The commanding officer was
673:
The journalist and historian Eva
Priester deals with the uprising in the story "Begegnung im Morgengrauen (encounter at dawn)". The story is included in the volume: Vom Baume der Freiheit. Sechs historische Erzählungen. (From the tree of liberty. Six historical narratives.) Globus-Verlag (Austrian
623:
In 1958 the Czech JindĹich VeselĂ˝ published a small book about the events: "PovstĂĄnĂ v Boce
KotorskĂŠ (Czech: Uprising in the Bay of Kotor). He also published a series of photos in the appendix. According to Fitl, he overemphasized the contribution of the Czech sailors. Plaschka's 1963 dissertation
534:
The ship commanders could now once again report potential defendants for the court martial. In some cases this resulted in an increase in some cases in a reduction of the number compared to the previous reports. A total of 45 persons were added to the 678 arrested. But Guseck decided that only 392
503:
Guseck, the commander of the naval port, had been charged with the prosecution. He selected 40 persons for the drumhead court martial. He demanded a quick conviction. The trial began on 7 February and must not take longer than three days. The charge was insurrection. The accused were assigned four
392:
Finally, the only officer who had made himself available to the movement, navy officer cadet Anton Sesan from the naval aviation department in Kumbor, whom Rasch had won over for leading the action, managed to convince the crew to persevere. The delegates now went back to their ships and stations.
494:
On the same day, the disembarkation and detention of those crew members classified by the commanders as "irresponsible elements" began. There was no uniform policy, so that even committee members who had acted in the officers' interests, as well as crew members who had not joined the uprising but
1362:
Klaus Kuhl: Das
Aufbegehren der Matrosen von Cattaro im Februar 1918 â ein Vorläufer des Kieler Matrosenaufstands? (The revolt of the Cattaro sailors in February 1918 â a forerunner of the Kiel mutiny?) In: JĂźrgen Jensen (ed.): Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fĂźr Kieler Stadtgeschichte, Volume 89,
555:
Guseck issued an indictment against 386 defendants at the end of August. Fitl suspects that the original indictment was flawed. The trial under auditor Major Wolf began on 16 September 1918 and took place in a sardine factory in Mulla near Cattaro. Guseck granted Wolf a public prosecutor he had
435:
in Budapest. They were asked to call on the government to intervene immediately, as to the committee's opinion the advance of the infantry may cause a general unrest in the Austro-Hungarian military. However, the committee had to rely on the land-based transmitter of the Naval Port Command. The
646:
Plaschka came to the conclusion that the actions in Cattaro had been designed as a revolutionary demonstration. The red flags turned the demonstration into a rebellion. The events revealed a clear crack in the structure of the armed power. The determining element was not so much the unresolved
204:
The movement spread quickly. The red flag was hoisted on all larger ships. Only on the ships that were more frequently sent out for warfare, on which therefore the crews were treated much better by the officers, it encountered discomfort (on the fast cruisers) or resistance (on the destroyers,
396:
Sesan suggested that the ships should risk an advance into the Adriatic Sea in order to attract international attention and to encourage the crews of other nations to take action as well. Rasch, however, was counting on the approaching troops to show solidarity. The fleet remained in the bay.
380:
from the lighting department in Kumbor now served as spokesman for the central committee. Hansa promised benevolent consideration and renewed his offer of immunity from prosecution in case of termination of the movement. This led to heated discussions at "St. Georg" as many wanted to give up.
251:
Altogether about 30 warships and about 3,000â4,000 men, out of a total of 5,000 naval personnel in Cattaro, took part in the uprising. Also the submarine base, the telegraph magazine, the naval mine command and the naval air station in Kumbor as well as the back-up battery in GjenoviÄ (today:
408:
to join the other rebel ships. In the process, the ship was fired upon by a land-based battery. Two dead sailors, among them Petty Officer Second Class Sagner, an important leader on the ship, were the result. The action, which was intended to lift the mood among the insurgents, caused great
824:
This term described work on shore by crews. These were particularly unpopular because they did not fall within the actual scope of duties, were associated with great physical effort and were sometimes connected with improvements in the lives of superiors; e.g. sports facilities set up for
754:
This plaque was attached to the building on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution: "Intimidated by the wave of the October Revolution, an Austro-Hungarian court martial in this house sentenced to death the leaders of the sailors' revolt in the Bay on
1443:
Paul Lenormand: Mutiny of Cattaro. In: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2014.
677:
The working class writer Franz Xaver Fleischhacker, who witnessed the uprising aboard a torpedo boat, wrote the novel: Cattaro. Roman aus den letzten Tagen der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine. (Novel from the last days of the k.u.k. Kriegsmarine). Globus-Verlag, Vienna
595:. Rear Admiral Hansa was also replaced, the "St. Georg" was taken out of service and converted into a residential ship. While the army had been the decisive opponent in these events, also the incidents in this unit increased in 1918. See e.g. the
779:
This plaque was attached to the building on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution: "The leaders of the Sailors' Uprising of 1918, sentenced to death spent their last days in this prison, which was worthy of the great
724:
341:
moored off GjenoviÄ tried to persuade the crews of the nearby torpedo boats and submarines to join in by threat, but without much success. They were partly supported by the local population, throwing stones at the ships. The patrol of
858:(the old name of Dubrovnik, see VeselĂ˝, PovstĂĄnĂ, p. 41 f. ), came from a seafaring family of Serbian nationality and was a captain in the merchant navy before he was drafted (Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 131).
369:"2. Agreement with factors from both houses of the House of Deputies. In addition, within 14 days deputies (or their representatives) should arrive at the Bocche for direct communication with the delegates of the Navy. "
424:", the torpedo boats and the destroyers followed. A new front against the revolting ships had emerged in the inner bay. Also the German submarine commanders were prepared to torpedo the rebellious ships if necessary.
86:. Workers' councils were formed, which also demanded better supplies, the abolition of censorship, the end of martial law and the introduction of the eight-hour day. The strike wave also reached the naval arsenal in
929:
Paul, G. Halpern: The Cattaro Mutiny, 1918. In: Christopher, M. Bell/Bruce A. Elleman (Ed.): Naval mutinies of the twentieth century. An international perspective. London 2003, pp. 54â79, here p. 54. Available at:
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torpedo boats and submarines). Under the threat from the armored cruisers that the ships would be taken under fire, some of the smaller units, partly with the agreement of their commanders, hoisted the red flag.
462:
as well as torpedo boats and destroyers entered the outer bay of Cattaro. The ultimatum had finally been set at 10 o'clock. On the remaining ships with red flags more and more crew members wanted to give up.
264:. In the evening the committee handed over a note with the demands of the crews to the cruiser flotilla commander Rear Admiral Alexander Hansa, which contained both general political and crew-specific points:
259:
In place of the officers, sailorsâ councils or crew committees, usually designated by acclamation, took over, and continued to organise the service in the normal way. A central committee was formed on SMS
397:
Plaschka sees in Rasch the determining element of the revolt, who also clearly addressed the social-revolutionary perspective in his comments to Hansa: "that the system in the state must be overthrown."
97:, located on Montenegrin territory and overlooking the bay, was conquered in 1916 during the occupation of Montenegro and Northern Albania. Cattaro now became an important base of operations against the
1398:
1416:
Lawrence Sondhaus: AustriaâHungarian Naval Mutinies of World War I. In: Jane Hathaway (Hrsg.): Rebellion, Repression, Reinvention. Mutiny in Comparative Perspective. Westport 2001, pp. 196â212.
650:
According to the naval historian Halpern the event cannot be portrait as the beginning of the end of the monarchy, but as its last victory over the social forces that would eventually overwhelm it.
474:
at the surrender on 3 February 1918 at 10 a.m. In the middle, the ship's commander Scheibenhain can be seen. However, the description cannot be regarded as fully reliable, since no sources are given
1422:
JindĹich VeselĂ˝: PovstĂĄnĂ v Boce KotorskĂŠ. HistorickĂĄ kronika (Czech: Uprising in the bay of Kotor. Historical chronic). Prag 1958. Available online as pdf-file with a different page numbering at:
960:
Richard G. Plaschka/Horst Haselsteiner/Arnold Suppan: Innere Front. Militärassistenz, Widerstand und Umsturz in der Donaumonarchie 1918. vol. 1: Zwischen Streik und Meuterei. Vienna 1974, S. 108.
951:
Richard Georg Plaschka: Cattaro â Prag. Revolte und Revolution. Kriegsmarine und Heer Ăsterreich-Ungarns im Feuer der Aufstandsbewegungen vom 1. Februar und 28. Oktober 1918. Graz 1963, S. 15â19.
1384:
Paul, G. Halpern: The Cattaro Mutiny, 1918. In: Christopher M. Bell./Bruce A. Elleman (Hrsg.): Naval mutinies of the twentieth century. An international perspective. London 2003, pp. 54â79.
1391:
Simon Loidl: Gehorsamverweigerung. Der Matrosenaufstand von Cattaro. In: Mitteilungen der Alfred-Klahr Gesellschaft, Heft 3/2014, S. 1â5. Online zugänglich (aufgerufen 3. Dezember 2019) unter:
571:
the fleet to the newly founded South Slavic state; the k.u.k. court martial had finally tried crew members of the navy of a foreign state on a foreign territory. The trial was not concluded.
362:
In the morning, Guseck's ultimatum was presented to the central committee: all crews had to return to order and discipline within three hours, otherwise order would be restored by all means.
736:
128:
carried the main load of the naval warfare, while the large ships were mostly idly at anchor, because - as in the German Empire - the risk of the fleet getting destroyed seemed too great (
1410:
Richard, G. Plaschka/Horst Haselsteiner/Arnold Suppan: Innere Front. Militärassistenz, Widerstand und Umsturz in der Donaumonarchie 1918. Bd. 1: Zwischen Streik und Meuterei. Wien 1974.
105:
in the Mediterranean, and for supplies to the Balkan front. For this purpose, besides destroyers, torpedo boats and submarines (also German ones), the whole Cruiser Flotilla under the
1407:
Richard, G. Plaschka: Cattaro â Prag. Revolte und Revolution. Kriegsmarine und Heer Ăsterreich-Ungarns im Feuer der Aufstandsbewegungen vom 1. Februar und 28. Oktober 1918. Graz 1963.
627:
An Italian book on the events (La rivolta di Cattaro) appeared in 1935. The author, Capitano Neri, misappropriated the protagonists as pioneers of the Italian-nationalist ideology of
999:: Die Matrosen von Cattaro. Eine Episode aus dem Revolutionsjahr 1918. (The Cattaro sailors. An episode from the revolutionary year 1918). New edition Berlin 1963, pp. 25 ff., 35 ff.
518:
The civil lawyer Dr. MitroviÄ sent a plea for clemency to the emperor, which he justified among other things by the unfair conduct of the trial. The emperor did not reply. The
718:
Memorial stone within the memorial site, front side with the inscription: Pali u ustanku mornara Februara 1918 (Croatian: They fell in the sailors' revolt in February 1918).
706:
Memorial in front of the Ĺ kaljari cemetery, about 15 minutes walking distance from Kotor (Cattaro). At this place, below the cemetery wall, the four sailors were executed.
171:
and he complained about the bad treatment especially by the young cadets and the insufficient rations. The officers were now ordered to eat the same food as the crew.
66:
At the beginning of 1918, dissatisfaction with the food situation, with the political conditions, as well as war fatigue had increased further. After the Russian
1224:
Chris Johnstone: The Czech-led naval mutiny during World War One. Broadcast by Radio CZ in English language on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2020, from:
942:
Peter Fitl: Meuterei und Standgericht. Die Matrosenrevolte im Kriegshafen Cattaro vom Februar 1918 und ihr kriegsgerichtliches Nachspiel. Wien 2018, S. 76 ff.
691:
cemetery about 15 minutes walking distance from Kotor (Cattaro), there is a memorial. At this place, below the cemetery wall, the four sailors were executed.
1470:
511:
Finally, six men were found guilty of the crime of insurrection; out of these FrantiĹĄek Rasch, Anton Grabar, Jerko SisgoriÄ and Mate BerniÄeviÄ received the
867:
This debate is also described by VeselĂ˝ (PovstĂĄnĂ, p. 56 f.) and in the report of the auditors mentioned below (pp. 1099); see also Fitl, Cattaro, p. 112 f.
504:
officers as defence lawyers. The civilian lawyer Dr. MitroviÄ arrived only at the end of the last day of the trial. After a protest by the defence that the
495:
were generally considered unreliable, were among the 678 arrested. Peter Fitl has examined the procedures more closely in a publication published in 2018.
315:
Introduction of a humane, faster transport for those on leave, increase of the boarding allowance for home leave and possibly delivery of the food in kind.
145:
The uprising, which apparently had been prepared by various loose groups, started from the flagship "SMS Sankt Georg" on 1 February 1918 at about 12 noon.
1419:
Bernard Stulli: Ustanka mornara u Boki Kotorskoj 1.â 3. februara 1918 (Croatian: Sailorsâ uprising in the bay of Kotor 1. â 3. Februar 1918). Split 1959.
420:", which was not far away, the red flag was put down. The rebels' threat to fire on falling off ships was not carried out. Later the other fast cruiser "
185:
was a depot and workshop ship with a large number of older workers on board, who had come into contact with social democratic ideas more intensively.
909:
1375:
Peter Fitl: Meuterei und Standgericht. Die Matrosenrevolte im Kriegshafen Cattaro vom Februar 1918 und ihr kriegsgerichtliches Nachspiel. Wien 2018.
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stations on board had been manipulated by the specialist operators, so that the range was severely limited. Guseck did not let the telegrams pass.
1505:
1107:
Richard G. Plaschka: Avantgarde des Widerstands. Modellfälle militärischer Auflehnung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. 2 volumes. Vienna 2000, p. 255.
1397:
Simon Loidl: âZweianhalb Tage waren wir frei.â Zur literarischen und Politischen Rezeption des Matrosenaufstands von Cattaro in Ăsterreich. In:
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in Moravia, had a German father and a Czech mother. Spelling of his name according to the register of births and baptisms; scan available at:
563:
who was deployed in the region as a lieutenant in an artillery emplacement had already succeeded in February in informing Victor Adler of the
470:
According to the description by VeselĂ˝ and from the Central Military Archives in Prague, the photo shows the crew assembled at the stern of
1495:
839:
761:
1510:
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Even on the first day the rebels had tried to telegraph to Pola to ask the sailors there to join. But the telegram did not reach Pola.
1404:
Richard G. Plaschka: Avantgarde des Widerstands. Modellfälle militärischer Auflehnung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. 2 Bde. Wien 2000.
1500:
1225:
404:", which had been deployed as a guard ship at the harbour entrance off Porto Rose, decided to shift to the second, inner bay of
908:
writer Franz Xaver Fleischhacker (1891-1976)). In: Mitteilungen der Alfred-Klahr Gesellschaft, 4/07, pp. 13â17; available at:
1475:
401:
896:
607:
The events received little public attention. It was not until nine years later that the journalist and doctor of philosophy
694:
There are plaques both on the courthouse and on the prison in Kotor which refer to the events and to the executed sailors.
446:
815:
Fregattenkapitän (commander) Huber Edler von Scheibenhain. See Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 114 ff.
1485:
312:
Home leave strictly within 6 months once in the duration of 21 days without travel days. Same conditions for staff.
347:
ended. According to Plaschka's assessment, the members of the navy had "achieved a unique breakthrough that day."
482:
to persevere, but most of them they could no longer convince. Sesan went to the airfield. Rasch went back to the
559:
The officials took measures that news of the uprising and the legal proceedings should not be leaked. However,
393:
Hansa arranged for an extension of the ultimatum. One condition was that no ship movements would take place.
1480:
667:
634:
Important studies in English language were presented by Sondhaus and Halpern in 2001 and 2003 respectively.
452:
1335:
Paul Lenormand: Mutiny of Cattaro. In: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
1423:
580:
116:
39:
1439:
78:
could jeopardise the hoped-for peace on the Eastern Front by making excessive demands. In protest, the
1428:
David Woodward: Mutiny at Cattaro, 1918. In: History Today, 1976 vol. 26, issue 12, pp. 804â810.
432:
421:
125:
75:
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took place early in the morning on 11 February 1918, below the cemetery walls of the nearby village
384:
93:
The base of Cattaro in the south of Austria-Hungary became of special strategic importance when the
584:
160:
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requested. This was, Fitl concluded, not compatible with even contemporary ideas of a fair trial.
306:
Due to malnutrition, omitting all unnecessary work and drill. For Korvees separate food allowance.
159:
The officers had lunch in their mess. The crew armed themselves, fired a cannon shot and raised a
512:
458:
417:
67:
802:
377:
1381:: Die Matrosen von Cattaro. Eine Episode aus dem Revolutionsjahr 1918. Neuausgabe Berlin 1963.
519:
413:
102:
1445:
1413:
Erwin Sieche: Die Kreuzer der k. und k. Marine. WĂślfersheim 1994 (Marine â Arsenal, Bd. 25).
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670:(1888-1953) wrote the drama "Die Matrosen von Cattaro" in 1930, based on Bruno Frei's book.
592:
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110:
98:
83:
55:
79:
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427:
During the night the central sailors' committee tried to send two telegrams by radio to
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253:
197:
168:
129:
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931:
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signalled that in case of leaving the bay fire would be opened. The commander of the
289:
Greater support and adequate food and clothing for the relatives of the conscripted.
428:
43:
337:
The rebels sent patrols ashore to persuade more units to join in. A patrol of the
280:
Complete disarmament (demobilisation) and establishment of the voluntary militia.
688:
654:
628:
523:
351:
35:
730:
Memorial stone back with the names of the executed and a relief of "St. Georg".
653:
Using selected historical sources, Kuhl compared the Cattaro uprising with the
1378:
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with torpedoboats and submarines in the middle bay of Cattaro, off GjenoviÄ (
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was forced to ask for his retirement after these events. He was replaced by
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European historiography, assessed the events as both Slavic and Bolshevik.
213:
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had earlier received a sailing order for 15 o'clock, to escort a convoy to
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The central committee, however, presented new demands to Hansa, including
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Peace based on the Russian democratic proposal, 'without annexation etc.'
224:, however, ordered the ship to be cast off and threatened to torpedo the
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Equitable distribution of the ship's food. Same food for staff and crew.
74:, wide circles, especially of the working class, feared that the German
564:
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Consideration of special requirements of individual ships and boats.
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nationality question but rather the social and political question.
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841:. His name is sometimes also written Franz Rasch or FrantiĹĄek RaĹĄ.
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, pp. 107 f., 112, 129.
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Rasch and Sesan tried in the morning to persuade the crew of the
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In the morning at 7:30 a.m. the 3rd Division from Pola with
1227:. In the programme the historian JindĹich Marek was interviewed.
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Better supply of smoking materials, the same for staff and crew.
87:
895:
Staatsarchiv/Kriegsarchiv, Signatur KA MAG KT.1. Available at:
611:
published a comprehensive study of the events in the newspaper
124:
Destroyers, torpedo boats and submarines as well as the modern
1438:
Related webpage of the Austrian State Archives (German only):
885:
The 40 persons are listed by name in Frei, Cattaro, p. 136 f.
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In this Kotor building the drumhead court martial took place.
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JahrBuch fĂźr Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
120:
Warships and their positions in Cattaro Bay in February 1918
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 118, 136 f.
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 141-146.
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 128-132.
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 121-125.
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The third and last day of the uprising, 3 February 1918
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 133 ff.
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 119 ff.
1017:
Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 117 ff.
113:" as well as the V. Ship Division was deployed there.
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Background material on www.kurkuhl.de (German only):
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 132 f.
216:. The commander had the boilers fired up. Thereupon
1206:
Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, S. 144.
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Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 141.
969:
Plaschka/Haselsteiner/Suppan, Innere Front, p. 109.
330:
No consequences of any type for this demonstration.
82:occurred with over 700,000 participants throughout
274:Complete political independence from other powers.
271:Measures to initiate an immediate general peace.
240:drew nevertheless nearer, the chief of staff on
256:) and the naval station Caballa were involved.
27:Austro-Hungarian Navy mutiny, 1â3 February 1918
767:Prison in Kotor, where the convicts were kept.
141:The first day of the uprising, 1 February 1918
1363:Issue 3, Kiel 2017, pp. 127â140, here p. 137.
8:
674:communistic publication house), Vienna 1955.
358:Second day of the uprising, 2 February 1918
283:Right of self-determination of the peoples.
400:Around 2 p.m., the crew committee of the "
236:then fired one cannon shot each. When the
412:After the delegates of the fast cruiser "
286:An answer in good faith to Wilson's note.
309:More shore leave and of longer duration.
922:
790:
696:
526:. They were buried in a common grave.
797:JindĹich VeselĂ˝ mentions in his book
7:
1388:Heft 3, Kiel 2017, pp. 127â140.
334:Sailors' delegations of all units."
174:Another centre of action was aboard
1471:Military history of Austria-Hungary
1290:Plaschka, Cattaro-Prague, p. 147 f.
987:Plaschka, Cattaro â Prag, p. 29 ff.
324:Abolition of censorship of letters.
70:of 1917 and the peace offer of the
1401:, Heft III/2014, pp. 131â152.
292:Democratisation of the government.
54:), which at that time belonged to
25:
1143:Halpern, Cattaro, p. 60 f., 71 f.
1152:Plaschka, Cattaro-Prag, p.158 f.
772:
760:
747:
735:
723:
711:
699:
1044:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 268, 270-273.
535:persons were to be questioned.
1506:Austria-Hungary in World War I
1080:Plaschka, Cattaro-Prag, p. 67.
1053:Plaschka, Cattaro-Prag, p. 59.
1008:Plaschka, Cattaro-Prag, p. 41.
834:FrantiĹĄek Rasch, born 1889 in
579:The Commander-in-Chief of the
409:consternation in their ranks.
402:SMS Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf
1:
933:, free registration required.
350:The naval port commandant in
299:-----------------------------
126:Rapidkreuzer (fast cruisers)
1245:Fitl, Cattaro, pp. 165-168.
109:(Austrian: Flaggenschiff) "
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1496:Maritime incidents in 1918
1317:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 233-235.
1308:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 228-233.
1272:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 224â228.
978:Halpern, Cattaro, p. 73 f.
1511:Montenegro in World War I
1254:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 189 ff.
1215:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 158 ff.
850:Anton Sesan born 1892 in
1353:Halpern, Cattaro, p. 54.
1281:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 226 f.
1170:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 149 f.
1035:Halpern, Cattaro, p. 61.
799:PovstĂĄnĂ v Boce KotorskĂŠ
1501:Mutinies in World War I
1263:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 213f.
1197:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 89 f.
1098:Frei, Cattaro, p. 66 f.
661:Novels, stories, dramas
447:Erzherzog Ferdinand Max
46:Bay of Cattaro (today:
1326:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 235.
1236:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 164.
1179:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 157.
499:Drumhead court martial
475:
389:
201:
156:
121:
1476:Austro-Hungarian Navy
1450:10.15463/ie1418.10260
1026:Fitl, Cattaro, p. 94.
581:Austro-Hungarian Navy
469:
387:
191:
151:
119:
62:Historical background
40:Austro-Hungarian Navy
591:who was promoted to
545:Referate und Anträge
431:in Vienna and Count
76:Supreme Army Command
585:Maximilian Njegovan
453:Erzherzog Friedrich
248:back to the berth.
666:The German writer
513:capital punishment
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418:SMS Kaiser Karl VI
390:
373:A senior NCO, the
202:
157:
122:
68:October Revolution
1486:Conflicts in 1918
780:revolutionaries."
520:summary execution
103:submarine warfare
101:, a base for the
38:. Sailors of the
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687:In front of the
597:Judenburg mutiny
561:Julius Braunthal
490:Legal processing
375:Titularbootsmann
136:Course of events
34:occurred during
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388:FrantiĹĄek Rasch
378:FrantiĹĄek Rasch
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165:Fourteen Points
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111:SMS Sankt Georg
99:Otranto barrier
84:Austria-Hungary
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56:Austria-Hungary
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1433:External links
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267:"What we want
208:The destroyer
169:Woodrow Wilson
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130:fleet in being
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32:Cattaro mutiny
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755:10.II.1918."
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575:Consequences
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80:Jännerstreik
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786:Annotations
655:Kiel mutiny
638:Evaluations
629:irredentism
484:Sankt Georg
472:Sankt Georg
352:Castelnuovo
344:Sankt Georg
262:Sankt Georg
242:Sankt Georg
230:Sankt Georg
226:Sankt Georg
154:Sankt Georg
36:World War I
1465:Categories
1379:Bruno Frei
1370:Literature
997:Bruno Frei
918:References
619:Monographs
609:Bruno Frei
72:Bolsheviks
52:Montenegro
825:officers.
613:Der Abend
603:Reception
541:Auditoren
539:lawyers (
429:Dr. Adler
689:Ĺ kaljari
583:Admiral
524:Ĺ kaljari
254:ÄenoviÄi
232:and the
198:ÄenoviÄi
161:red flag
107:flagship
44:Adriatic
433:KĂĄrolyi
214:Durazzo
42:in the
856:Ragusa
836:Prerau
456:, and
414:Novara
246:Csepel
238:Csepel
228:. The
222:Csepel
210:Csepel
95:LovÄen
1491:Kotor
854:near
852:Lopud
678:1957.
406:Teodo
48:Kotor
192:SMS
176:SMS
152:SMS
88:Pola
30:The
1446:doi
565:SPĂ
480:Gäa
339:Gäa
234:Gäa
218:Gäa
194:Gäa
183:Gäa
178:Gäa
167:of
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50:,
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20:)
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