88:
721:
and, in some cases, the seizures can be triggered by activities that are harmless to others, such as watching television or playing video games, or by driving or riding during daylight along a road with spaced trees, thereby simulating the "flashing light" effect. Some people can have a seizure as a
1062:
In the case of patients with seizures associated with medical illness, the patients are firstly stabilized. They are attended to their circulation, airway, and breathing. Next vital signs are assessed through a monitor, intravenous access is obtained, and concerning laboratory tests are performed.
1003:
Breakthrough seizures vary. Studies have shown the rates of breakthrough seizures ranging from 11 to 37%. Treatment involves measuring the level of the anticonvulsant in the patient's system and may include increasing the dosage of the existing medication, adding another medication to the existing
832:
is the second most common trigger of seizures. In some cases, it has been responsible for the only seizure a person ever has. However, the reason for which sleep deprivation can trigger a seizure is unknown. One possible thought is that the amount of sleep one gets affects the amount of electrical
999:
that have otherwise successfully prevented seizures in the patient. Breakthrough seizures may be more dangerous than non-breakthrough seizures because they are unexpected by the patient, who may have considered themselves free from seizures and, therefore, not take any precautions. Breakthrough
957:, and is a risk factor for developing epilepsy. Severity, duration, and time at which stress occurs during development all contribute to frequency and susceptibility to developing epilepsy. It is one of the most frequently self-reported triggers in patients with epilepsy.
1075:
are administered as the first line of therapy if the seizure persists for more than 5 –10 minutes. Through neuroimaging, clinical assessments, and spinal-fluid examination the patients are screened for intrinsic neurological anomalies. The patients are analyzed for
497:
drugs (the functional opposites of anticonvulsants) will always induce seizures at sufficient doses. Examples of such agents — some of which are used or have been used clinically and others of which are naturally occurring toxins — include
626:
or incorrectly timed dose of an anticonvulsant may be responsible for a breakthrough seizure, even if the person often missed doses in the past, and has not had a seizure as a result. Missed doses are one of the most common reasons for a
690:
638:
Switching medicines: This may include withdrawal of anticonvulsant medication without replacement, replaced with a less effective medication, or changed too rapidly to another anticonvulsant. In some cases, switching from brand to a
660:. About 2-5% of all children will experience such a seizure during their childhood. In most cases, a febrile seizure will not indicate epilepsy. Approximately 40% of children who experience a febrile seizure will have another one.
729:
test involves exposing the patient to flickering lights to attempt to induce a seizure, to determine if such lights may be triggering a seizure in the patient, and to be able to read the wavelengths when such a seizure occurs.
929:(viable, transitional and calcified) are associated with epileptic seizures. Thus, anti-cysticercus treatment helps by getting rid of it thus lowers the risk of recurrence of seizures in patients with viable cysts.
2652:
Moyano, Luz M.; Saito, Mayuko; Montano, Silvia M.; Gonzalvez, Guillermo; Olaya, Sandra; Ayvar, Viterbo; González, Isidro; Larrauri, Luis; Tsang, Victor C. W.; Llanos, Fernando; RodrĂguez, Silvia (2014-02-13).
2712:
Nakken, Karl O.; Solaas, Marit H.; Kjeldsen, Marianne J.; Friis, Mogens L.; Pellock, John M.; Corey, Linda A. (2005). "Which seizure-precipitating factors do patients with epilepsy most frequently report?".
1333:
Fattal-Valevski, A.; Bloch-Mimouni, A.; Kivity, S.; Heyman, E.; Brezner, A.; Strausberg, R.; Inbar, D.; Kramer, U.; Goldberg-Stern, H. (2009). "Epilepsy in children with infantile thiamine deficiency".
1000:
seizures are more likely with a number of triggers. Often when a breakthrough seizure occurs in a person whose seizures have always been well controlled, there is a new underlying cause to the seizure.
563:
Consuming alcohol while using many anticonvulsants may reduce the likelihood of the medication working properly. In some cases, it may trigger a seizure. Depending on the medication, the effects vary.
741:(FOS), where the epileptic activity persists for the total duration of eye-closure. Though unrelated phenomena, photosensitive and non-photosensitive epilepsies can occur together in some patients.
553:
Heavy drinking in particular has been shown to possibly have some effect on seizures in epileptics. But studies have not found light drinking to increase the likelihood of having a seizure at all.
614:
may lead to seizures. It is for this reason that if a patient's medication is changed, the patient will be weaned from the medication being discontinued following the start of a new medication.
769:, can result in one or more seizures that can occur immediately after the fact or up to a significant amount of time later. This could be hours, days, or even years following the injury.
836:
Patients who are scheduled for an EEG test are asked to deprive themselves of some sleep the night before to be able to determine if sleep deprivation may be responsible for seizures.
772:
A brain injury can cause seizure(s) because of the unusual amount of energy that is discharged across of the brain when the injury occurs and thereafter. A disruption of the supply of
196:
Other conditions have been associated with lower seizure thresholds and/or increased likelihood of seizure comorbidity (but not necessarily with seizure induction). Examples include
733:
In photosensitive epilepsies, epileptic activity only appears for few seconds after eye-closure. In some non-photosensitive epilepsies, seizures may be triggered by the loss of
787:
is about 15%. In some cases, a patient who has had a head injury is given anticonvulsants, even if no seizures have occurred, as a precaution to prevent them in the future.
28:
are often complex and it may not be possible to determine what causes a particular seizure, what causes it to happen at a particular time, or how often seizures occur.
839:
In some cases, patients with epilepsy are advised to sleep 6-7 consecutive hours as opposed to broken-up sleep (e.g., 6 hours at night and a 2-hour nap) and to avoid
3246:
2291:
983:"Epileptic fits" as a result of stress are common in literature and frequently appear in Elizabethan texts, where they are referred to as the "falling sickness".
579:
drugs can dose-dependently precipitate seizures in withdrawal, especially when withdrawing from high doses and/or chronic use. Examples include drugs that affect
1467:
798:, or high blood sugar, can increase frequency of seizure. The probable mechanism is that elevated extracellular glucose level increases neuronal excitability.
2224:
175:, especially of the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and endocrine/exocrine organs- if it is severe enough and remains untreated and not fully corrected
1092:, and other unusual systemic disorders. Information is gathered on the drug, medication history, and its withdrawal. For seizures associated with alcohol,
1436:
491:
If treated with the wrong kind of antiepileptic drugs (AED), seizures may increase, as most AEDs are developed to treat a particular type of seizure.
3531:
1107:
exposure. All underlying potential causes are considered. For instance, in a patient with an end-stage renal disease where there is a probability of
3614:
209:
722:
result of blinking one's own eyes. Contrary to popular belief, this form of epilepsy is relatively uncommon, accounting for just 3% of all cases.
2425:
Falip, Mercè; MirĂł, JĂşlia; Carreño, Mar; Jaraba, Sònia; Becerra, Juan LuĂs; Cayuela, NĂşria; Perez
Maraver, Manuel; Graus, Francesc (2014-11-15).
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2011:
1984:
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triggering a seizure. Consuming alcohol may temporarily reduce the likelihood of a seizure immediately following consumption. But, after the
3445:
2625:
Gonzalo Garijo, M.A.; Bobadilla González, P.; Puyana Ruiz, J. (1995). "Epileptic attacks associated with wasp sting-induced anaphylaxis".
2057:
3675:
3578:
3239:
2756:
Haut, Sheryl R.; Hall, Charles B.; Masur, Jonathan; Lipton, Richard B. (2007-11-13). "Seizure occurrence: precipitants and prediction".
261:(in high amounts of 500 mgs and above could increase the occurrence of seizures, particularly if normal sleep patterns are interrupted)
3508:
1925:
1873:
MacDonald, J. T. (December 1987). "Breakthrough seizure following substitution of
Depakene capsules (Abbott) with a generic product".
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3123:
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3036:
3009:
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1857:
1824:
1609:
2655:"Neurocysticercosis as a Cause of Epilepsy and Seizures in Two Community-Based Studies in a Cysticercosis-Endemic Region in Peru"
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is recommended if there is a possibility of non-convulsive or subtle status epilepticus. They are examined for disorders such as
3536:
3339:
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one, or altogether switching medications. A person with a breakthrough seizure may require hospitalization for observation.
205:
3588:
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184:
59:
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2299:
144:, as well as other crises of pregnancy involving extreme hypertension or significant increases in intracranial pressure
3558:
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taken of patients immediately following light alcohol consumption have not revealed any increase in seizure activity.
21:
2378:
Varghese, Precil; Gleason, Vanessa; Sorokin, Rachel; Senholzi, Craig; Jabbour, Serge; Gottlieb, Jonathan E. (2007).
937:
in patients without any systemic symptoms. The pseudotumoral form can trigger seizures secondary to the presence of
3475:
111:
3670:
3626:
2590:
Candiotti, Keith A.; Lamas, Ana M. (1993). "Adverse neurologic reactions to the sting of the imported fire ant".
485:
197:
79:
and increase the seizure frequency in some children, although that concern is no longer held by epileptologists.
3422:
389:
1468:"Neurological presentations of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in 42 breastfed infants in Southeast Turkey"
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3352:
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release that mediates its effects in the brain. These hormones act on both excitatory and inhibitory neural
894:
718:
684:
449:
1244:
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3382:
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Pellock, John M.; Bourgeois, Blaise F.D.; Dodson, W. Edwin; Nordli Jr., Douglas R.; Sankar, Raman (2008).
2379:
1081:
754:
65:
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3407:
1946:
Graves, RC; Oehler, K; Tingle, LE (Jan 15, 2012). "Febrile seizures: risks, evaluation, and prognosis".
1077:
901:
805:, or low blood sugar, can also trigger seizures. The mechanism is also increased cortical excitability.
547:
448:
may lead to seizures in some, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. These include
55:
95:
Those with various medical conditions may experience seizures as one of their symptoms. These include:
2426:
675:, can lead to diminished absorption of anticonvulsants, thereby reducing protection against seizures.
3643:
3437:
3427:
3347:
3298:
1849:
1051:
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706:
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1046:. In seizures that are controlled by diet in children, a child may break from the diet on their own.
3631:
3598:
3031:. Springer Demos Medicical Series (3rd ed.). New York: Demos Medical Publishing. p. 287.
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1021:
814:
76:
48:
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Incorrect dosage amount: A patient may be receiving a sub-therapeutic level of the anticonvulsant.
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Mustafa TAŞKESEN; Ahmet YARAMIŞ; Selahattin KATAR; Ayfer GÖZÜ PİRİNÇÇİOĞLU; Murat SÖKER (2011).
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2007:
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714:
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519:
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106:
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3004:. LWW medical book collection. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 191.
2972:
2564:
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1974:
1724:
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980:. This is where mediators of stress interact with their target receptors to produce effects.
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2141:
Nagele, Eric P.; Gutierrez, Camilo A.; Achieng, Elsie; Hopp, Jennifer L. (August 11, 2020).
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Matsumoto, Arifumi; Shiga, Yusei; Shimizu, Hiroshi; Kimura, Itaru; Hisanaga, Kinya (2009).
560:
Consuming alcohol with food is less likely to trigger a seizure than consuming it without.
3620:
3485:
3450:
3288:
3283:
1396:"Encephalomyelopathy due to vitamin B12 deficiency with seizures as a predominant symptom"
1033:
934:
866:
818:
710:
664:
657:
473:
457:
433:
284:
213:
20:. Organ failure, medication and medication withdrawal, cancer, imbalance of electrolytes,
1377:
900:
Seizures have been associated with insect stings. Reports suggest that patients stung by
103:, especially of blood vessels in or near the brain, cranium (skull), and neck/upper spine
3155:
87:
3546:
3541:
3455:
3329:
3314:
3278:
3115:
3058:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2833:
2808:
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230:
131:
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16:
Generally, seizures are observed in patients who do not have epilepsy. There are many
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3371:
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1042:: May be the result of poor dietary habits, lack of access to proper nourishment, or
1013:
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844:
795:
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511:
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116:
75:
in large amounts was considered to potentially counteract the antiseizure effects of
40:
3215:
2889:
2793:
2742:
2488:
1902:
1363:
1230:
1170:
2466:
2085:"Electroencephalography in the Diagnosis of Genetic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes"
2069:
1535:
1068:
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802:
702:
640:
393:
379:
359:
264:
152:
36:
2143:"Fixation-off sensitivity in focal epilepsy due to posterior quadrantic dysplasia"
1412:
1395:
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91:
Brain tumors are among many medical conditions in which seizures can be a symptom
2726:
1085:
973:
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523:
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121:
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2912:(9th ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 456, 498.
2824:
1294:
Keyser, A.; De Bruijn, S.F.T.M. (1991). "Epileptic
Manifestations and Vitamin B
2442:
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531:
507:
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494:
477:
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437:
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425:
364:
344:
324:
319:
162:
72:
3133:
2857:
2777:
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2450:
2403:
2380:"Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients treated with antihyperglycemic agents"
2346:
2101:
1214:
1154:
1382:
1089:
1064:
938:
856:
663:
In those with epilepsy, fever can trigger a seizure. Additionally, in some,
631:. A single missed dose is capable of triggering a seizure in some patients.
584:
527:
515:
503:
409:
309:
289:
274:
248:
201:
141:
126:
3207:
3141:
3108:
The Human
Auditory System - Fundamental Organization and Clinical Disorders
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2364:
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2120:
1959:
1886:
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has dropped, chances may increase. This may occur, even in non-epileptics.
2638:
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1894:
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481:
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354:
349:
299:
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258:
147:
100:
3224:
1437:"Recurrent seizures: an unusual manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency"
976:
is known to be a region that is highly sensitive to stress and prone to
1127:
Delanty, Norman; Vaughan, Carl J.; French, Jacqueline A. (1998-08-01).
1043:
965:
961:
886:
762:
689:
469:
413:
304:
25:
2603:
1916:
Greenberg, David A.; Michael J. Aminoff; Roger P. Simon (2012). "12".
1311:
2998:
Lynn, D. Joanne; Newton, Herbert B.; Rae-Grant, Alexander D. (2004).
2083:
Seneviratne, Udaya; Cook, Mark J. & D'Souza, Wendyl Jude (2017).
1187:
Delanty, Norman; Vaughan, Carl J; French, Jacqueline A (1998-08-01).
969:
773:
178:
2977:(3rd ed.). New York: Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 57–68.
2395:
1819:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division.
68:
was reported to be the cause of seizures for adults and for infants.
3110:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 129. pp. 469–477.
3085:. Demos Health Series (4th ed.). New York: Demos. p. 54.
1284:
100 Questions & Answers About
Epilepsy, Anuradha Singh, page 79
43:
may increase the risk of seizures. Examples include the following:
1017:
942:
878:
688:
653:
86:
24:, may be some of its potential causes. The factors that lead to a
2627:
2427:"Hypoglycemic seizures and epilepsy in type I diabetes mellitus"
580:
461:
3228:
643:
version of the same medicine may induce a breakthrough seizure.
817:, seizures become more common during a specific period of the
726:
554:
3052:
Engel Jr., Jerome; Pedley, Timothy A.; Aicardi, Jean (2008).
2935:"Breakthrough Seizures—Approach to Prevention and Diagnosis"
1506:
Yavuz, Halûk (2008). "Vitamin B12 deficiency and seizures".
2809:"Stress and Seizures: Space, Time and Hippocampal Circuits"
701:
In some epileptics, flickering or flashing lights, such as
51:) was reported to cause seizures, especially in alcoholics.
3079:
Freeman, John M.; Kossoff, Eric; Kelly, Millicent (2006).
1598:
Devinsky, Orrin; Schachter, Steven; Pacia, Steven (2005).
2909:
Emergency care and transportation of the sick and injured
1628:
Engel, Jerome; Pedley, Timothy A.; Aicardi, Jean (2008).
1258:
Jonathan H. Pincus; Gary J. Tucker (27 September 2002).
897:, and many other parasitic diseases can cause seizures.
652:
In children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, a
2030:
Graham F A Harding; Peter M Jeavons (10 January 1994).
1844:
100 Questions & Answers About Your Child's
Epilepsy
1848:. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. p.
656:
of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or higher may lead to a
2025:
2023:
1699:
Epilepsy in
Clinical Practice: A Case Study Approach
1658:
Epilepsy in
Clinical Practice: A Case Study Approach
1601:
3607:
3571:
3517:
3494:
3436:
3370:
3361:
3338:
3307:
3266:
1634:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 78–.
1841:
1778:
1623:
1621:
432:taken along with them may prevent seizures; also,
2906:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2006).
1182:
1180:
2592:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
1777:Steven S. Agabegi; Elizabeth D. Agabegi (2008).
542:There are varying opinions on the likelihood of
1920:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
2966:
2964:
2962:
2006:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 129.
1756:. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 120.
3240:
2933:Ettinger, Alan B.; Adiga, Radhika K. (2008).
2569:. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 62.
2515:. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 61.
1979:. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 67.
1813:Crain, Ellen F.; Gershel, Jeffrey C. (2003).
1785:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1729:. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 63.
8:
3106:Stern, John (2015). "Musicogenic epilepsy".
2901:
2899:
2000:Thomas R. Browne; Gregory L. Holmes (2008).
737:during eye-closure, in an phenomenon called
2198:Wallace, Sheila J.; Farrell, Kevin (2004).
1103:are prescribed. The patient is checked for
3367:
3247:
3233:
3225:
2481:"Can sleep deprivation trigger a seizure?"
2036:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
1941:
1939:
1937:
1702:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 93–.
1661:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 92–.
1508:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
953:Stress can induce seizures in people with
3197:
3028:Pediatric Epilepsy: Diagnosis and Therapy
2950:
2832:
2688:
2670:
2542:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 136.
2354:
2110:
2100:
1574:
1411:
1204:
1144:
925:in early adulthood. All growth phases of
914:wasps had seizures because of the venom.
877:cause seizures when the parasite creates
3615:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
3082:Ketogenic Diets: Treatments for Epilepsy
2539:Epilepsy: A Guide to Balancing Your Life
2323:"Hyperglycemia Lowers Seizure Threshold"
2225:Overview of Head Injuries: Head Injuries
705:, can be responsible for the onset of a
210:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3182:"Music and epilepsy: a critical review"
2240:Coping with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
1816:Clinical manual of emergency pediatrics
1481:(6). TÜBİTAK: 1091–1096. Archived from
1119:
1024:may lead to a seizure, especially when
2858:"'The Falling Sickness' in Literature"
1264:. Oxford University Press. p. 4.
3180:Maguire, Melissa Jane (21 May 2012).
2536:Ilo E. Leppik, MD (24 October 2006).
1696:Wilner, Andrew N. (1 November 2000).
1655:Wilner, Andrew N. (1 November 2000).
1604:. New York, N.Y.: Demos Medical Pub.
968:, resulting in hyper-excitability of
181:(both ischemic and hemorrhagic types)
58:) was reported to be associated with
7:
3532:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
2431:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
2292:"Head Injury as a Cause of Epilepsy"
717:seizure. This condition is known as
693:Flashing light, such as that from a
3579:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
697:, can cause seizures in some people
3509:Complex partial status epilepticus
3116:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00026-3
3055:Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook
2974:Epilepsy: Patient and Family Guide
2770:10.1212/01.wnl.0000278112.48285.84
2566:Epilepsy: Patient and Family Guide
2512:Epilepsy: Patient and Family Guide
1976:Epilepsy: Patient and Family Guide
1753:Epilepsy: Patient and Family Guide
1726:Epilepsy: Patient and Family Guide
1631:Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook
933:can be the first manifestation of
14:
3594:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
3466:Benign familial neonatal seizures
3418:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
2563:Orrin Devinsky (1 January 2008).
2509:Orrin Devinsky (1 January 2008).
1973:Orrin Devinsky (1 January 2008).
1750:Orrin Devinsky (1 January 2008).
1723:Orrin Devinsky (1 January 2008).
233:of certain drugs. These include:
3199:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03523.x
2874:10.1097/00007611-200012000-00006
2807:Gunn, B.G.; Baram, T.Z. (2017).
2659:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2339:10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03415.x
2321:Stafstrom, Carl E. (July 2003).
1567:10.1046/j.1535-7597.2002.00017.x
1520:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03083.x
1378:Vitamin B-6 Dependency Syndromes
995:that occurs despite the use of
3554:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
3527:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
3001:The 5-Minute Neurology Consult
2058:"Flickering light and seizurs"
1111:, blood pressure is analyzed.
1032:occur, as this may reduce the
847:in order to prevent seizures.
791:Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
783:The risk of seizure(s) from a
1:
2237:Diane Roberts Stoler (1998).
1413:10.5692/clinicalneurol.49.179
1206:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02158-8
1146:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02158-8
991:A breakthrough seizure is an
753:, such as one sustained in a
206:obsessive-compulsive disorder
60:pyridoxine-dependent seizures
3504:Epilepsia partialis continua
2672:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002692
2384:Journal of Hospital Medicine
2162:10.1212/WNL.0000000000010621
2064:. March 2005. Archived from
1348:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b121f5
1189:"Medical causes of seizures"
1129:"Medical causes of seizures"
185:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3559:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
3537:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
2727:10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.003
1549:Morrell, Martha J. (2002).
1109:hypertensive encephalopathy
1016:: Some illnesses caused by
960:Stress exposure results in
22:hypertensive encephalopathy
3692:
3676:Disorders causing seizures
3476:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
2952:10.17925/USN.2008.04.01.40
2856:Jones, Jeffrey M. (2000).
2825:10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.004
2204:. CRC Press. p. 246.
2068:on 2012-07-09 – via
682:
112:Arteriovenous malformation
3627:Epilepsy Action Australia
2443:10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.024
2264:Donald W. Marion (1999).
2227:Merck Manual Home Edition
1948:American Family Physician
1551:"Folic Acid and Epilepsy"
921:is the main cause behind
833:activity in one's brain.
390:Tricyclic antidepressants
229:Seizures may occur as an
3589:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
3423:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
2971:Devinsky, Orrin (2008).
2862:Southern Medical Journal
2243:. Penguin. p. 124.
2201:Epilepsy in Children, 2E
2102:10.3389/fneur.2017.00499
1840:Singh, Anuradha (2009).
1058:Diagnosis and management
945:in the cerebral cortex.
859:can cause seizures. The
776:may cause damage to the
739:fixation-off sensitivity
3471:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
3353:Epilepsy and employment
2813:Trends in Neurosciences
2715:Epilepsy & Behavior
2270:. Thieme. p. 107.
2033:Photosensitive Epilepsy
895:African trypanosomiasis
855:In some cases, certain
719:photosensitive epilepsy
685:Photosensitive epilepsy
610:Sudden withdrawal from
47:Vitamin B1 deficiency (
3403:Temporal lobe epilepsy
3323:Electroencephalography
2296:EpilepsyFoundation.org
2267:Traumatic Brain Injury
2089:Frontiers in Neurology
2062:Pediatrics for Parents
1887:10.1212/wnl.37.12.1885
1082:electroencephalography
1078:non-epileptic seizures
1036:of the anticonvulsant.
902:red imported fire ants
755:motor vehicle accident
725:A routine part of the
698:
618:Missed anticonvulsants
92:
66:Vitamin B12 deficiency
54:Vitamin B6 depletion (
3408:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1683:"Epilepsy Foundation"
1245:"Epilepsy Foundation"
692:
548:blood alcohol content
216:, among many others.
90:
56:pyridoxine deficiency
3644:Epilepsy Research UK
3428:Vertiginous epilepsy
3348:Epilepsy and driving
3299:Epilepsy in children
3156:"music and epilepsy"
2003:Handbook of Epilepsy
1261:Behavioral Neurology
1052:musicogenic epilepsy
987:Breakthrough seizure
935:neuroschistosomiasis
931:Symptomatic epilepsy
851:Parasites and stings
629:breakthrough seizure
3632:Epilepsy Foundation
3599:Epilepsy in animals
3279:Aura (warning sign)
2311:Epilepsy Foundation
1801:missed doseseizure.
1781:Step-up to medicine
1099:and other specific
815:catamenial epilepsy
544:alcoholic beverages
77:antiepileptic drugs
49:thiamine deficiency
3519:Myoclonic epilepsy
3496:Status epilepticus
1918:Clinical neurology
1400:Rinsho Shinkeigaku
1300:European Neurology
1071:supplemented with
972:in the brain. The
919:neurocysticercosis
917:In endemic areas,
906:Solenopsis invicta
785:closed head injury
699:
593:alcohol withdrawal
446:recreational drugs
190:Tuberous sclerosis
168:Multiple sclerosis
158:Fragile X syndrome
93:
83:Medical conditions
18:causes of seizures
3658:
3657:
3572:Related disorders
3567:
3566:
3413:Rolandic epilepsy
2764:(20): 1905–1910.
2604:10.1159/000236592
2576:978-1-934559-91-8
2549:978-1-932603-20-0
2522:978-1-934559-91-8
2327:Epilepsy Currents
2277:978-0-86577-727-9
2250:978-0-89529-791-4
2043:978-1-898683-02-5
2013:978-0-7817-7397-3
1986:978-1-934559-91-8
1796:978-0-7817-7153-5
1763:978-1-934559-91-8
1736:978-1-934559-91-8
1709:978-1-888799-34-7
1668:978-1-888799-34-7
1641:978-0-7817-5777-5
1555:Epilepsy Currents
1435:Kumar, S (2004).
1312:10.1159/000116660
1271:978-0-19-803152-9
1199:(9125): 383–390.
1139:(9125): 383–390.
993:epileptic seizure
865:sp. flukes cause
830:Sleep deprivation
825:Sleep deprivation
587:systems, such as
520:pentylenetetrazol
464:("ecstasy"), and
107:Angelman syndrome
3683:
3671:Cause (medicine)
3649:Epilepsy Society
3638:Epilepsy Outlook
3481:Epileptic spasms
3393:Gelastic seizure
3368:
3294:Neonatal seizure
3249:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3201:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:Epilepsy Society
3152:
3146:
3145:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2674:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2487:. Archived from
2477:
2471:
2470:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2298:. Archived from
2288:
2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2114:
2104:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1784:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1208:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1148:
1124:
607:, among others.
434:fluoroquinolones
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3621:Epilepsy Action
3603:
3563:
3513:
3490:
3486:Febrile seizure
3451:Absence seizure
3432:
3388:Complex partial
3357:
3340:Personal issues
3334:
3319:Investigations
3315:Anticonvulsants
3303:
3289:Epileptogenesis
3284:Postictal state
3262:
3253:
3223:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3126:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2868:(12): 1169–72.
2855:
2854:
2850:
2819:(11): 667–679.
2806:
2805:
2801:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2396:10.1002/jhm.212
2377:
2376:
2372:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2156:(13): 597–598.
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1441:Neurology India
1434:
1433:
1429:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1073:benzodiazepines
1060:
1010:
997:anticonvulsants
989:
951:
867:Schistosomiasis
853:
827:
819:menstrual cycle
811:
809:Menstrual cycle
793:
747:
687:
681:
667:, which causes
665:gastroenteritis
658:febrile seizure
650:
620:
612:anticonvulsants
597:benzodiazepines
569:
567:Drug withdrawal
540:
474:methylphenidate
458:methamphetamine
444:Use of certain
442:
285:Diphenhydramine
280:Corticosteroids
227:
222:
194:
85:
34:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Todd's paresis
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3547:Lafora disease
3544:
3542:MERRF syndrome
3539:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Atonic seizure
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Simple partial
3380:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:Epileptologist
3327:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3172:
3147:
3124:
3098:
3091:
3071:
3064:
3044:
3037:
3017:
3010:
2990:
2983:
2958:
2925:
2918:
2895:
2848:
2799:
2748:
2704:
2644:
2633:(4): 277–279.
2617:
2598:(4): 417–420.
2582:
2575:
2555:
2548:
2528:
2521:
2501:
2472:
2437:(1): 307–309.
2417:
2390:(4): 234–240.
2370:
2333:(4): 148–149.
2313:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2249:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2190:
2133:
2075:
2049:
2042:
2019:
2012:
1992:
1985:
1965:
1933:
1927:978-0071759052
1926:
1908:
1865:
1858:
1832:
1825:
1805:
1795:
1769:
1762:
1742:
1735:
1715:
1708:
1688:
1674:
1667:
1647:
1640:
1617:
1610:
1590:
1541:
1498:
1475:Turk J Med Sci
1458:
1427:
1386:
1369:
1342:(11): 828–33.
1325:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1250:
1236:
1176:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1059:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1009:
1006:
988:
985:
950:
947:
923:focal epilepsy
883:Echinococcosis
881:at the brain.
852:
849:
845:sleeping pills
826:
823:
810:
807:
792:
789:
780:of the brain.
746:
743:
735:central vision
683:Main article:
680:
677:
649:
646:
645:
644:
636:
619:
616:
568:
565:
539:
536:
441:
440:
422:nalidixic acid
404:The following
402:
397:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
339:chlorpromazine
335:Phenothiazines
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
254:Butyrophenones
251:
246:
241:
235:
231:adverse effect
226:
225:Adverse effect
223:
221:
218:
193:
192:
187:
182:
176:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
134:
132:Cerebral palsy
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
97:
84:
81:
70:
69:
63:
52:
33:
30:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:Organizations
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Seizure types
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Seizure types
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3192:(6): 947–61.
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:9780444626301
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3092:9781932603187
3088:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3065:9780781757775
3061:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3038:9781933864167
3034:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3011:9780683307238
3007:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2984:9781932603415
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2919:9780763744052
2915:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2541:
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2491:on 2013-10-29
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2302:on 2011-06-23
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2015:
2009:
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1996:
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1966:
1961:
1957:
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1900:
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1298:Deficiency".
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1015:
1014:Acute illness
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891:toxoplasmosis
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875:beef tapeworm
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871:Pork tapeworm
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796:Hyperglycemia
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778:temporal lobe
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512:cyclothiazide
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418:metronidazole
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219:
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173:Organ failure
171:
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149:
146:
143:
140:
138:
137:Down syndrome
135:
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118:
117:Brain abscess
115:
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41:overnutrition
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3446:Tonic–clonic
3189:
3185:
3175:
3164:. Retrieved
3162:. 2015-08-10
3159:
3150:
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3101:
3081:
3074:
3054:
3047:
3027:
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3000:
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2942:
2939:US Neurology
2938:
2928:
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2751:
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2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2485:epilepsy.com
2484:
2475:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2239:
2232:
2220:
2200:
2193:
2183:November 19,
2181:. Retrieved
2153:
2149:
2136:
2126:November 19,
2124:. Retrieved
2092:
2088:
2078:
2070:FindArticles
2066:the original
2061:
2052:
2032:
2002:
1995:
1975:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1917:
1911:
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1874:
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1808:
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1600:
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1554:
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1507:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1478:
1474:
1461:
1447:(1): 122–3.
1444:
1440:
1430:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1306:(3): 121–5.
1303:
1299:
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1280:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1196:
1192:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1069:fosphenytoin
1061:
1049:
1040:Malnutrition
1002:
990:
982:
959:
952:
916:
909:
905:
899:
860:
854:
838:
835:
828:
812:
803:hypoglycemia
800:
794:
782:
771:
748:
738:
732:
724:
707:tonic clonic
700:
662:
651:
621:
609:
601:barbiturates
577:recreational
570:
562:
559:
552:
541:
493:
490:
450:amphetamines
443:
394:clomipramine
392:(especially
380:Theophylline
360:Propoxyphene
265:Chlorambucil
228:
212:(ADHD), and
195:
153:Encephalitis
94:
71:
37:Malnutrition
35:
17:
15:
3438:Generalised
1094:intravenous
1086:sarcoidosis
974:hippocampus
862:Schistosoma
801:Curiously,
751:head injury
745:Head injury
624:missed dose
605:anesthetics
524:bicuculline
454:amphetamine
438:carbapenems
406:antibiotics
400:Venlafaxine
375:Sevoflurane
370:Risperidone
330:Pentazocine
315:Maprotiline
270:Ciclosporin
244:Bupivicaine
122:Brain tumor
3665:Categories
3461:Automatism
3308:Management
3166:2017-09-16
2495:2013-10-29
2306:2011-06-23
1514:(9): 720.
1492:2014-10-01
1193:The Lancet
1133:The Lancet
1115:References
1097:pyridoxine
1034:absorption
939:granulomas
927:cysticerci
695:disco ball
532:picrotoxin
508:flumazenil
500:strychnine
495:Convulsant
478:psilocybin
466:mephedrone
430:vitamin B6
426:penicillin
365:Quetiapine
345:Prednisone
325:Olanzapine
320:Meperidine
198:depression
163:Meningitis
73:Folic acid
3186:Epilepsia
3134:0072-9752
2778:1526-632X
2758:Neurology
2681:1935-2727
2451:0022-510X
2404:1553-5592
2347:1535-7597
2178:221125236
2150:Neurology
1875:Neurology
1383:eMedicine
1336:Neurology
1215:0140-6736
1155:0140-6736
1101:antidotes
1090:porphyria
1065:Phenytoin
857:parasites
749:A severe
715:myoclonic
581:GABAergic
573:medicinal
528:cicutoxin
516:flurothyl
504:bemegride
452:(such as
428:, though
410:isoniazid
337:(such as
310:Lidocaine
295:Estrogens
290:Enflurane
275:Clozapine
249:Bupropion
202:psychosis
142:Eclampsia
127:Cavernoma
3399:Epilepsy
3379:Seizures
3260:epilepsy
3256:Seizures
3216:33600372
3208:22612325
3142:25726285
2890:31281356
2882:11142451
2843:28916130
2794:27433395
2786:17998482
2743:36696690
2735:15652738
2699:24551255
2459:25183236
2412:17702035
2365:15309063
2170:32788240
2121:28993753
1960:22335215
1903:44324824
1585:15309159
1528:18754925
1453:15069260
1422:19462816
1364:16976274
1356:19571254
1231:42324759
1171:42324759
1080:. Early
1030:diarrhea
1026:vomiting
1022:bacteria
978:seizures
966:synapses
955:epilepsy
911:Polistes
841:caffeine
673:diarrhea
669:vomiting
482:psilocin
385:Tramadol
355:Propofol
350:Procaine
300:Fentanyl
259:Caffeine
148:Epilepsy
101:Aneurysm
2834:5660662
2690:3923674
2639:8844507
2612:8241804
2467:7207035
2112:5622315
2095:: 499.
1895:3120036
1536:9565203
1320:2044623
1223:9717943
1163:9717943
1044:fasting
1018:viruses
970:neurons
962:hormone
943:oedemas
887:malaria
763:assault
711:absence
641:generic
589:alcohol
583:and/or
538:Alcohol
470:cocaine
414:lindane
305:Insulin
208:(OCD),
26:seizure
3267:Basics
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774:oxygen
679:Vision
603:, and
530:, and
484:, and
424:, and
214:autism
179:Stroke
3372:Focal
3212:S2CID
2886:S2CID
2790:S2CID
2739:S2CID
2463:S2CID
2174:S2CID
2146:(PDF)
1899:S2CID
1532:S2CID
1486:(PDF)
1471:(PDF)
1360:S2CID
1227:S2CID
1167:S2CID
1008:Other
879:cysts
765:, or
713:, or
654:fever
648:Fever
591:(see
571:Some
220:Drugs
3651:(UK)
3640:(UK)
3634:(US)
3623:(UK)
3617:(US)
3258:and
3204:PMID
3138:PMID
3130:ISSN
3120:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3060:ISBN
3033:ISBN
3006:ISBN
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2914:ISBN
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1203::
1173:.
1143::
904:(
396:)
341:)
62:.
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