660:. This has been particularly well-documented in female-female interactions. Sub-adult females rarely groom each other, but rather focus their attention on grooming older females. These young females, who stay in their natal groups, must develop relationships with adult females to assimilate into the adult female social structure. In these instances, young females often seek out grooming opportunities with adult females. The adult females who are the recipients of this behavior are generally less enthusiastic about the interaction than their younger counterparts. This may indicate that adult females gain little benefit from these grooming interactions compared with sub-adult females. Sub-adult females may support their older companions in aggressive interactions. Young females that fail to establish relationships with older females become peripheral to the group and lose access to resources.
677:
cared for exclusively by their mothers. However, allomaternal care dramatically increases during the next three months of development to the point where infants generally receive less care from their mothers than from other females. Siblings provide far more care for infants than non-related individuals. Additionally, high-ranking females interact more often with the infants of low-ranking females than vice versa. Allomaternal care is provided most often by juveniles and young adults. Adult females participate far less in alloparental care. This is common among many primate groups and indicates that young females may gain valuable experience in raising infants that will help them in the future.
545:
more time foraging for plants foods than animals. Most of the plant food consumed is ripe fruit, the majority of which are figs, but also palm nuts, seeds, berries, flowering buds, shoots, barks and gums. Their animal prey is almost exclusively invertebrates. Their prey consists of snails, arachnids, wasps, caterpillars, grasshoppers, ants, birds eggs, other small mammals and many insects that inhabit palm crowns. Some coastal populations may also include oysters, crabs, and other marine life in their diet.
664:
One of these strategies is referred to as appeasement. Subordinate females, when approached by dominant females, will lie down and solicit grooming. This has been interpreted as a way to avoid aggressive behavior from the dominant female. Interactions where a dominant female approaches a subordinate one often end in aggressive behavior, and soliciting grooming is a way to diffuse that aggression. This form of grooming is usually not reciprocated by the subordinate female.
235:
94:
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42:
69:
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plant parts, and on rare occasions small vertebrates. They have also been known to rub millipedes against their fur, especially in the rainy seasons, as a potential means of mosquito repellent. Although this species is classified as an animal of least concern by IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species, it falls prey to many predators in South America ranging from vultures to jaguars.
684:) is common in wedge-capped capuchins but very rare among other primates. Even more interesting is that this nursing behavior in wedge-capped capuchins is not correlated with relatedness. This behavior may be an example of reciprocity, where the favor of one female nursing another’s infant is eventually returned.
571:
about 50% of a groups population. The population structure is heavily skewed toward females. There are approximately 2 females to every male at birth. This ratio increases to more than 4 adult females for every adult male. This is the result of both female-biased birth ratios and male migration behavior.
591:
integrate into a new group. Males prefer to join groups with a high ratio of females to adult males, as this maximizes their probability for future mating success. Immigrating males generally meet little opposition when joining a new group. Older females may migrate to new groups on rare occasions.
676:
Allomaternal care, where an individual other than an infant’s mother helps care for it, is common in wedge-capped capuchins. There are several behaviors associated with allomaternal care in these monkeys, including nursing and carrying the infant. For the first three months after birth, infants are
667:
The other form of grooming behavior among adult females is affiliative. In contrast to grooming as appeasement, affiliative grooming is dependent on reciprocation. These interactions usually occur between individuals that hold high or intermediate positions in the dominance hierarchy. This form of
457:
Wedge-capped capuchins have been compared to tufted capuchins to discern the relationship between locomotion and skeletal proportions. Wedge-capped capuchins spent relatively more time running and jumping through the forest canopy while tufted capuchins spent more time walking and moving slowly. As
690:
nursing has also been observed in wedge-capped capuchins. In these instances, juvenile and young adult females, who are usually higher in the dominance hierarchy, nurse from older females of lower rank. In contrast to allomaternal behavior, parasitic nursing does not appear to give any benefits to
614:
gained reproductive success from the killing in only one of the three cases studied. High-ranking females' infants were targeted in all three cases. The variability surrounding the infanticide among the three cases studied is characteristic surrounding infanticide among any other non-human primates.
590:
In wedge-capped capuchins, males emigrate from their natal groups while females generally remain in the same group for the majority of their lives. Males generally leave their natal group between 3 and 6 years of age. Young males spend little time alone after leaving their natal groups and quickly
360:
is a polygamous species that lives in groups of anywhere from 5-30 individuals with female-biased sex ratios. The group is organized according to a pre-determined hierarchal system of dominance for both males and females. Although biological lineage is less of a factor of dominance for males than it
703:
against their fur, sometimes for as long as two minutes at a time. They also occasionally put the millipede in their mouths, remove them, and continue to rub them over their bodies. These capuchins often share these millipedes. The purpose of this strange behavior is difficult to determine. One
663:
Grooming behavior among adult females has a different pattern. Contrary to the normal pattern in primates, females often groom individuals who are lower in rank than they are. This may be largely due to the presence of two different grooming strategies among adult female wedge-capped capuchins.
544:
Wedge-capped capuchins are omnivorous and eat both animal and plant foods. Foraging behavior varies seasonally, as well as with age and sex. In general, these monkeys spend approximately equal amounts of time exploiting animal and plant resources. The exception to this are infants that spend far
448:
Wedge-capped capuchins show similar levels of sexual dimorphism as other capuchin monkeys. On average, males weigh about 30% more than females. Additionally, males have relatively longer canines than females (even after overall body size is accounted for). Male maxillary and mandibular (upper and
353:
These primates are medium-sized monkeys with distinctive "wedge cap" markings on their head and slightly longer limbs than other capuchins for jumping through the forest canopy. Similar to other capuchin monkeys, the diet of wedge-capped capuchin primarily consists of fruits, invertebrates, other
780:
Wedge-capped capuchins are ranked as an animal as least concern on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. The wedge-capped capuchin is ranked as least concern because the animal is common and has a widespread range. Human hunting is one of the major threats to capuchin survival in some regions.
548:
While males and females spend about the same amount of time foraging for insects, they exploit different types of resources. Males spend more time searching for insects on the surface of branches, while females search for most of their insects atop palm trees. There is little variation in plant
570:
Wedge-capped capuchins live in groups ranging from as few as 5 individuals to more than 30 individuals. The groups generally consist of one reproductively active adult male, several adult females and their offspring, and, in some cases, non-reproductive adult males. Juveniles generally make up
444:
Adult wedge-capped capuchins weigh approximately 3 kg, but weight varies moderately with sex. They receive their name from a black triangle of dark fur centered on their foreheads. Generally this species is light brown to brown with yellow and gray tinges on varying parts of their bodies.
613:
Genetically, it may pay for a male wedge-capped capuchin to kill an unrelated newborn, so that he can then mate with the mother sooner than if the baby was still alive. This allows the male to propagate his genes faster through the troop. However, in
Valderrama's research, the infanticidal male
586:
Birthrate in wedge-capped capuchins varies with age. Younger and middle-aged females (6 to 26 years old) give birth as often as once every two years. Older females (older than 26 years) may only give birth once every three or four years. It is important to note that both male and female
562:. Wedge-capped capuchins were shown to wash sandy food in four spontaneous occasions in both captive and wild populations. Urbani found that food washing was a response to certain circumstantial problems and not through imitation or learning, as argued in studies of other species.
361:
is for females, due to male migration between groups. Wedge-capped capuchin partake in several behavioral mechanisms to assert and maintain dominance within the group including: infanticide, when an infant is deliberately killed; grooming, used to facilitate social rapport; and
520:. These habitats vary in terms of forest height, composition, and continuity. When wedge-capped capuchins have the option between dense high-canopy primary forests and more fragmented, lower forests, they generally inhabit the primary forests. They are found north of the
772:. Due to these predators, the wedge-capped capuchin has taken to living in groups; as group size increases, vigilance per animal decreases, though it has not yet been demonstrated that capuchins in larger groups are any less vulnerable than those in smaller groups.
637:. Females higher in the hierarchy tend to be more aggressive toward both females and males that are lower on their respective dominance hierarchies. Aggressive behavior includes lunging, vocalization, and chasing. Sometimes many females chase males together. Male
645:, lunging, and chasing. On one occasion, however, an adult male was observed to attack and kill a young adult female from the same group. This level of aggression is not the norm, usually being practiced in the animal kingdom as a method of takeover.
1312:
BOUBLI, JEAN P.; RYLANDS, ANTHONY B.; FARIAS, IZENI P.; ALFARO, MICHAEL E.; ALFARO, JESSICA LYNCH (1 April 2012). "Cebus
Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys".
557:
Food washing has been observed in non-human primates including macaques and capuchins. The primates will sometimes wash their sandy fruits and foods prior to eating them. This act has been described as an example of
656:
behavior plays an important role in the group dynamics of wedge-capped capuchins. Grooming may be a way for both sub-adult males and females to integrate themselves into the adult
472:, taxonomists have frequently debated the exact classifications and details of the genus. However, most agree that the wedge-capped capuchin shares the genus with four others:
508:
Wedge-capped capuchins prefer undisturbed primary forests in which they can move through the canopy (locomotion and limb morphology). They occupy the rainforests of northern
492:. The wedge-capped capuchin has a diploid chromosome number of 52, though some others in the genus have 54 chromosomes. Nine human chromosomes correspond to those of the
2633:
1507:
Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (1990). "Food-washing
Behaviour in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus Apella, and Crabeating Macaques, Macaca Fascicularis".
2484:
1048:
Valderrama, X.; Robinson, J. G.; Attygalle, A. B. & Thomas (2000). "Seasonal anointment with millipedes in a wild primate: a chemical defense against insects".
445:
Their “wedge cap” starts between the eyes and extends backwards to cover the top of the head. Their faces are hairless and surrounded by light brown or blonde fur.
1472:
Fragaszy, Dorothy M. & Sue
Boinski (1995). "Patterns of Individual Diet Choice and Efficiency of Foraging in Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus olivaceus)".
2549:
1415:
Robinson, John G. (1986). "Seasonal
Variation in Use of Time and Space by the Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkey, Cebus olivaceus: Implications for Foraging Theory".
379:
is divided into several different species. However, taxonomists argue over the specific divisions within the genus, which are uncertain and controversial. The
2603:
602:, or the deliberate killing of an infant, in any non-human primate is of considerable interest to ecologists because it can affect the particular primate's
630:, with dominant mothers tending to have dominant daughters. Male dominance is not as easily passed from one generation to the next due to male migration.
2101:
1836:
O'Brien, Timothy G. & John G. Robinson (1991). "Allomaternal Care by Female Wedge-Capped
Capuchin Monkeys: Effects of Age, Rank and Relatedness".
449:
lower) canines of males are on average 70% and 40% larger than female canines respectively. This may be indicative of male competition for females.
419:. However, a 2012 study found grounds to separate them as distinct species from one another, although this taxonomy is still highly contentious. The
2458:
2497:
428:
1948:
1612:
Robinson, John G. (1988). "Group Size in Wedge-Capped
Capuchin Monkeys Cebus olivaceus and the Reproductive Success of Males and Females".
2146:
2029:
2056:
1204:
2628:
2110:
1760:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1993). "Asymmetries in grooming interactions between juveniles and adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys".
1682:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1991). "Female-male social interactions in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys: benefits and costs of group living".
819:
1647:
Valderrama, Ximena; Sompoad
Srikosamata; John G. Robinson (1990). "Infanticide in Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus olivaceus".
1356:
Antonia Rossano Mendes Pontes (1996). "Habitat partitioning among primates in Maraca Island, Roraima, Northern Brazilian Amazon".
2523:
2309:
2128:
922:
901:
420:
496:. Phylogenetic analysis and constructions of cladograms have demonstrated that the wedge-capped capuchin is closely related to
2083:
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material consumed between males and females. Also, adults and sub-adults eat more animal material than juveniles and infants.
2541:
2047:
284:
2502:
1191:
Masterson, Thomas J. & Walter Carl Hartwig (1998). "Degrees of Sexual Dimorphism in Cebus and other New World Monkeys".
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Wedge-capped capuchins have been observed to give alarm calls if they observe a potential predator. Such predators include
2623:
2291:
2137:
2282:
2613:
2536:
2300:
1261:
Amaral, P.J.S.; Finotelo, L.F.M.; De Oliveira, E.H.C.; Pissinatti, A.; Nagamachi, C.Y.; Pieczarka, J.C. (June 2008).
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was not correlated with position in the dominance hierarchy. Male aggression toward females is generally limited to
809:
2618:
2356:
2327:
2554:
2608:
1941:
757:
224:
1863:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1988). "Parasitic nursing behavior in the wedge-capped capuchin monkey (Cebus olivaceus)".
1085:"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys"
525:
699:
Wedge-capped capuchins sometimes rub themselves with millipedes they find while foraging. The monkeys rub the
529:
458:
such, wedge-capped capuchins have relatively longer limbs (particularly the hind limbs) than tufted capuchins.
1577:
Robinson, John G. & Timothy G. O'Brien (1991). "Adjustment in Birth Sex Ratio in Wedge-Capped Capuchins".
606:
and ultimately lead to great demographic changes within the primate's troop. Infanticide has been observed in
1164:
Robinson, John G. (1988). "Demography and Group Structure in Wedgecapped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus olivaceus".
415:, were both previously considered subspecies of the wedge-capped capuchin, together being referred to as the
93:
2318:
2239:
2014:
749:
185:
2372:
2212:
2170:
1083:
Boubli, Jean P.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Farias, Izeni P.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Alfaro, Jessica Lynch (2012).
1391:
Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Laroque, Plautino de Oliveira; Boubli, Jean P.; Urbani, Bernardo (2015-01-26).
1138:
Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Laroque, Plautino de Oliveira; Boubli, Jean P.; Urbani, Bernardo (2015-01-26).
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grooming helps establish alliances between females that may provide both social and material advantages.
2336:
2065:
2038:
404:
208:
1798:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1993). "Allogrooming behaviour among adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys".
872:
2445:
2419:
2410:
2194:
1934:
642:
603:
1263:"Phylogenetic studies of the genus Cebus (Cebidae-Primates) using chromosome painting and G-banding"
748:. In addition, alarm calls have been observed when the capuchin sees one of several birds, such as
2074:
623:
58:
946:
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1815:
1777:
1742:
1699:
1629:
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1559:
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1120:
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994:
Wright, K. A. (2007). "The relationship between locomotor behavior and limb morphology in brown (
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1322:
1284:
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1235:
1200:
1173:
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1084:
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1011:
867:
753:
716:. This behavior is most common during the rainy season, when mosquitos are most prevalent.
657:
579:
50:
2562:
2267:
2257:
2185:
2004:
737:
533:
482:
478:
327:
1542:
Urbani, B. (2001). "Food-washing among Wedge-capped Capuchins Monkey (Cebus Olivaceus)".
1226:
Masterson, Thomas J. (2003). "Canine Dimorphism and Interspecific Canine Form in Cebus".
849:
350:
is known to dwell in tall, primary forest and travel over long distances during the day.
2424:
1450:
2221:
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1031:
1926:
1633:
801:
733:
559:
474:
2437:
2580:
2528:
2471:
2404:
1485:
633:
This dominance hierarchy is particularly helpful in explaining female-initiated
599:
365:, which is when members of the group care for offspring that are not their own.
17:
1994:
1369:
1239:
1061:
687:
638:
155:
2395:
1108:
1912:): vulnerability to predators, intragroup and intergroup feeding competition
1849:
1428:
1279:
1177:
829:
713:
700:
681:
513:
412:
343:
105:
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1811:
1773:
1334:
1298:
1116:
1023:
1738:
1668:
1493:
1212:
1205:
10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199811)107:3<243::aid-ajpa2>3.3.co;2-7
2567:
2389:
1988:
1982:
1976:
400:
125:
814:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 138.
2463:
1958:
1717:
Miller, Lynne E. (1998). "Female Attack Among Wedge-Capped Capuchins".
1625:
1555:
729:
521:
175:
145:
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1015:
2476:
1970:
709:
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517:
509:
392:
388:
339:
335:
165:
135:
115:
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848:
Boubli, J.P.; Urbani, B.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W.; Laroque, P.O. (2021).
1590:
2575:
573:
468:
375:
1392:
1139:
811:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
2450:
2370:
1930:
843:
841:
839:
708:
chemicals as a defense mechanism. These chemicals may act as
968:
966:
973:
Fragaszy, D. M.; Visalberghi, E.; Fedigan, L. M. (2004).
704:
theory is that the millipede, when threatened, releases
1393:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cebus olivaceus"
1140:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cebus olivaceus"
431:
all follow this taxonomy, although only tentatively.
2379:
2265:
2256:
2168:
2012:
2003:
680:
It is important to note that allomaternal nursing (
622:Both male and female wedge-capped capuchins have a
873:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T81384371A191708662.en
516:, as well as the drier forests along riverbeds in
587:wedge-capped capuchins live as long as 36 years.
975:The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus
626:. Female status is often established based on
1942:
1908:Group size in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (
1410:
1408:
1406:
1043:
1041:
8:
1461:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
2367:
2262:
2009:
1949:
1935:
1927:
1831:
1829:
1793:
1791:
233:
67:
40:
31:
2102:Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin (
1288:
1278:
1193:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
871:
989:
987:
2634:Taxa named by Robert Hermann Schomburgk
790:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
896:
894:
892:
890:
796:
794:
7:
2111:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin (
1417:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1358:International Journal of Primatology
1228:International Journal of Primatology
941:
939:
466:Due to large physical variations in
2604:IUCN Red List least concern species
2057:RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin, (
2030:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (
1614:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1397:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1144:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
859:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2310:Central American squirrel monkey (
25:
2084:Panamanian white-faced capuchin (
1474:Journal of Comparative Psychology
2147:Marañón white-fronted capuchin (
2048:Colombian white-faced capuchin (
421:American Society of Mammalogists
92:
2138:Varied white-fronted capuchin (
2129:Spix's white-fronted capuchin (
1914:(Ph.D.). University of Florida.
1906:Srikosamatara, Sompoad (1987).
1865:American Journal of Primatology
1315:American Journal of Primatology
1089:American Journal of Primatology
1004:American Journal of Primatology
776:Threats and conservation status
691:the monkey providing the milk.
2283:Black-capped squirrel monkey (
695:Interaction with other species
1:
1696:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80896-6
1521:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80983-2
440:Size and physical description
2328:Bare-eared squirrel monkey (
2292:Humboldt's squirrel monkey (
1486:10.1037/0735-7036.109.4.339
1050:Journal of Chemical Ecology
578:A wedge-capped capuchin in
242:Geographic range (includes
27:Species of New World monkey
2650:
2301:Collins' squirrel monkey (
2021:(Gracile capuchin monkeys)
980:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
334:. It is found in northern
300:Cebus capucinus leporinus
2629:Mammals described in 1848
2353:
2319:Guianan squirrel monkey (
2240:Golden-bellied capuchin (
2177:(Robust capuchin monkeys)
1965:
1957:Extant species of family
866:: e.T81384371A191708662.
762:rufous-vented chachalacas
453:Locomotion and morphology
285:I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
261:
254:
241:
232:
214:
207:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
2213:Black-striped capuchin (
1267:BMC Evolutionary Biology
808:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
530:Venezuelan Coastal Range
2337:Black squirrel monkey (
2120:Wedge-capped capuchin (
2066:Shock-headed capuchin (
2039:Brown weeper capuchin (
1850:10.1163/156853991X00355
1579:The American Naturalist
1429:10.5479/si.00810282.431
1370:10.1023/a:1026364417523
1280:10.1186/1471-2148-8-169
1240:10.1023/A:1021406831019
1178:10.1163/156853988x00520
1062:10.1023/A:1026489826714
951:www.mammaldiversity.org
318:Guianan weeper capuchin
1877:10.1002/ajp.1350160406
1812:10.1006/anbe.1993.1218
1774:10.1006/anbe.1993.1274
947:"Explore the Database"
583:
35:Wedge-capped capuchin
2075:Ecuadorian capuchin (
577:
405:brown weeper capuchin
314:wedge-capped capuchin
2624:Mammals of Venezuela
1459:Animal Diversity Web
604:reproductive success
2195:Azaras's capuchin (
2156:Chestnut capuchin (
712:repellants against
624:dominance hierarchy
618:Dominance hierarchy
536:in western Guyana.
292:Cebus nigrivittatus
59:Conservation status
2614:Primates of Brazil
2294:S. cassiquiarensis
2274:(Squirrel monkeys)
2231:Crested capuchin (
2093:Kaapori capuchin (
1626:10.1007/bf00300353
1556:10.1007/BF02437413
770:ornate hawk-eagles
746:collared peccaries
635:agonistic behavior
584:
532:, and east to the
387:) of northeastern
2619:Mammals of Guyana
2591:
2590:
2373:Taxon identifiers
2364:
2363:
2349:
2348:
2252:
2251:
2186:Tufted capuchin (
1731:10.1159/000021568
1661:10.1159/000156441
1455:Weeping capuchin"
1449:Schober, Nathan.
1327:10.1002/ajp.21998
1101:10.1002/ajp.21998
1056:(12): 2781–2790.
1016:10.1002/ajp.20391
923:"Cebus castaneus"
902:"Cebus olivaceus"
750:hook-billed kites
744:,Annacondas, and
504:Habitat and range
479:C. albifrons
403:, as well as the
381:chestnut capuchin
310:
309:
304:
296:
295:Wagner, 1848
288:
277:
276:Elliot, 1907
269:
200:C. olivaceus
82:
16:(Redirected from
2641:
2609:Capuchin monkeys
2584:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2368:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2242:S. xanthosternos
2222:Black capuchin (
2204:Blond capuchin (
2179:
2178:
2104:C. leucocephalus
2077:C. aequatorialis
2023:
2022:
2010:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1910:Cebus olivanceus
1903:
1897:
1896:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1800:Animal Behaviour
1795:
1786:
1785:
1762:Animal Behaviour
1757:
1751:
1750:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1684:Animal Behaviour
1679:
1673:
1672:
1655:(3–4): 171–176.
1644:
1638:
1637:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1509:Animal Behaviour
1504:
1498:
1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1172:(3–4): 202–232.
1161:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1045:
1036:
1035:
991:
982:
981:
970:
961:
960:
958:
957:
943:
934:
933:
931:
930:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
898:
885:
884:
882:
880:
875:
845:
834:
833:
798:
738:boa constrictors
658:social structure
526:Sierra de Perijá
303:Pusch, 1941
302:
294:
283:
275:
273:Cebus apiculatus
267:
265:Cebus annellatus
237:
220:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
44:
32:
21:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2563:Observation.org
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2425:Cebus_olivaceus
2423:
2418:
2411:Cebus olivaceus
2409:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2381:Cebus olivaceus
2375:
2365:
2360:
2345:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2248:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2020:
2019:
2018:
1999:
1961:
1955:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1544:Human Evolution
1541:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1453:Cebus olivaceus
1448:
1447:
1436:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1000:Cebus olivaceus
993:
992:
985:
972:
971:
964:
955:
953:
945:
944:
937:
928:
926:
921:
920:
916:
907:
905:
900:
899:
888:
878:
876:
852:Cebus olivaceus
847:
846:
837:
822:
800:
799:
792:
787:
778:
722:
697:
674:
651:
620:
597:
568:
555:
542:
534:Essequibo River
524:, south of the
506:
464:
455:
442:
437:
417:weeper capuchin
371:
358:Cebus olivaceus
348:Cebus olivaceus
328:capuchin monkey
323:Cebus olivaceus
281:Cebus castaneus
268:Gray, 1865
228:
222:
218:Cebus olivaceus
216:
203:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cebus olivaceus
15:
12:
11:
5:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2401:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2285:S. boliviensis
2279:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2215:S. libidinosus
2210:
2201:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1923:External links
1921:
1918:
1917:
1898:
1871:(4): 341–344.
1855:
1844:(1–2): 30–50.
1825:
1806:(3): 499–510.
1787:
1768:(5): 929–938.
1752:
1719:Folia Primatol
1709:
1690:(4): 555–567.
1674:
1649:Folia Primatol
1639:
1620:(3): 187–197.
1604:
1591:10.1086/285276
1569:
1534:
1499:
1464:
1434:
1402:
1383:
1364:(2): 131–157.
1348:
1321:(4): 381–393.
1304:
1253:
1218:
1199:(3): 243–256.
1183:
1149:
1130:
1095:(4): 381–393.
1075:
1037:
1010:(7): 736–756.
1002:) capuchins".
998:) and weeper (
983:
962:
935:
914:
886:
835:
820:
789:
788:
786:
783:
777:
774:
754:black vultures
721:
718:
696:
693:
673:
670:
650:
647:
619:
616:
596:
593:
567:
564:
554:
551:
541:
538:
505:
502:
463:
460:
454:
451:
441:
438:
436:
433:
411:) of northern
370:
367:
308:
307:
306:
305:
297:
289:
278:
270:
259:
258:
252:
251:
239:
238:
230:
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223:
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205:
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197:
195:
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190:
183:
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173:
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163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2646:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2140:C. versicolor
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2113:C. malitiosus
2109:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:: 1173–1186.
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:(3): 225–29.
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:(5): 829–36.
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:(4): 39–348.
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1423:(431): 1–60.
1422:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
984:
979:
976:
969:
967:
963:
952:
948:
942:
940:
936:
924:
918:
915:
903:
897:
895:
893:
891:
887:
874:
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
853:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
821:0-801-88221-4
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:Wilson, D. E.
803:
802:Groves, C. P.
797:
795:
791:
784:
782:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
694:
692:
689:
685:
683:
678:
672:Alloparenting
671:
669:
665:
661:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
643:vocalizations
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
617:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
594:
592:
588:
581:
580:SĂŁo Paulo Zoo
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
552:
550:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Orinoco River
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
480:
476:
471:
470:
461:
459:
452:
450:
446:
439:
434:
432:
430:
426:
425:IUCN Red List
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:French Guiana
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
368:
366:
364:
363:alloparenting
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:South America
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
301:
298:
293:
290:
286:
282:
279:
274:
271:
266:
263:
262:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
52:
51:SĂŁo Paulo Zoo
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2380:
2355:
2339:S. vanzolini
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2266:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2169:
2158:C. castaneus
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2122:C. olivaceus
2121:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2050:C. capucinus
2049:
2040:
2032:C. albifrons
2031:
2013:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1803:
1799:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1725:(2): 89–92.
1722:
1718:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1420:
1416:
1396:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1169:
1165:
1143:
1133:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1053:
1049:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:Cebus apella
995:
978:
974:
954:. Retrieved
950:
927:. Retrieved
917:
906:. Retrieved
877:. Retrieved
863:
857:
851:
810:
779:
766:harpy eagles
758:green ibises
723:
698:
686:
679:
675:
666:
662:
652:
632:
621:
612:
608:C. olivaceus
607:
598:
589:
585:
569:
560:protoculture
556:
553:Food washing
547:
543:
507:
497:
494:C. olivaceus
493:
487:
483:C. capucinus
473:
467:
465:
456:
447:
443:
416:
408:
385:C. castaneus
384:
374:
372:
357:
356:
352:
347:
322:
321:
317:
313:
311:
299:
291:
280:
272:
264:
247:
244:C. castaneus
243:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
162:Infraorder:
29:
2472:iNaturalist
2405:Wikispecies
2321:S. sciureus
2312:S. oerstedi
2303:S. collinsi
2258:Saimiriinae
2233:S. robustus
2224:S. nigritus
2131:C. unicolor
2086:C. imitator
2068:C. cuscinus
2041:C. brunneus
1234:: 159–178.
879:11 November
682:wet nursing
600:Infanticide
595:Infanticide
435:Description
409:C. brunneus
391:, southern
287:, 1851
248:C. brunneus
166:Simiiformes
2598:Categories
2206:S. flavius
2149:C. yuracus
2095:C. kaapori
1995:Haplorhini
1993:Suborder:
956:2021-12-06
929:2019-12-11
908:2019-12-12
785:References
639:aggression
628:matrilines
489:C. kaapori
373:The genus
225:Schomburgk
156:Haplorhini
152:Suborder:
2188:S. apella
2059:C. cesare
1969:Kingdom:
1838:Behaviour
1166:Behaviour
1109:1098-2345
720:Predation
714:mosquitos
701:millipede
688:Parasitic
514:Venezuela
498:C. apella
475:C. apella
462:Phylogeny
413:Venezuela
344:Venezuela
194:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2576:Species+
2542:12100281
2516:81384371
2490:10459577
2390:Wikidata
2357:Category
2330:S. ustus
1989:Primates
1983:Mammalia
1977:Chordata
1975:Phylum:
1971:Animalia
1893:86176932
1885:32079372
1820:53194952
1782:53181065
1747:46745701
1704:53202962
1599:84814720
1564:85318833
1529:53168154
1378:23557306
1343:12171529
1335:22311697
1299:18534011
1248:22642329
1125:12171529
1117:22311697
1070:25147071
1032:22908690
1024:17253617
830:62265494
804:(2005).
654:Grooming
649:Grooming
566:Behavior
401:Suriname
369:Taxonomy
256:Synonyms
172:Family:
146:Primates
136:Mammalia
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2529:1000839
2464:2436638
2396:Q169682
2268:Saimiri
2171:Sapajus
2005:Cebinae
1987:Order:
1981:Class:
1959:Cebidae
1739:9543731
1669:2391046
1634:6075457
1494:7497693
1290:2435554
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730:ocelots
726:jaguars
706:noxious
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227:, 1848
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2015:Cebus
1889:S2CID
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1121:S2CID
1066:S2CID
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768:, or
469:Cebus
376:Cebus
330:from
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2511:IUCN
2498:ITIS
2459:GBIF
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1665:PMID
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1113:PMID
1105:ISSN
1020:PMID
881:2021
864:2021
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816:ISBN
540:Diet
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