514:
increased height, increased aboveground biomass, and increased total leaf mass. This is not to say that
Oriental bittersweet outperformed American bittersweet in all criteria: in comparison to Oriental bittersweet, "American bittersweet had increased stem diameter, single leaf area, and leaf mass to stem mass ratio", suggestive that American bittersweet focused growth on ulterior portions of the plant rather than plant characteristics emphasized by Oriental bittersweet such as stem length. This is significant as height plays a major role in allowing Oriental bittersweet to outcompete surrounding vegetation. Focusing growth on stem length allows it to be in a strong position to absorb light, while also negatively impacting surrounding plant life by creating shade-like conditions.
429:
growth and biomass. This study used layers of woven cloth to control the percentage of available sunlight. In this experiment, the total living length (TLL, the living length of stems on each plant) increased when
Oriental bittersweet was exposed to higher amounts of sunlight. If Oriental bittersweet was exposed to 2% sunlight, then the TLL ratio decreased. Oriental bittersweet can increase in biomass by 20% when exposed to 28% sunlight rather than 2%. The plant's strong response to sunlight parallels its role as an invasive species, as it can outcompete other species by fighting for and receiving more sunlight. Although growth ratios decrease when Oriental bittersweet is exposed to 2% sunlight (due to a decrease in
109:
578:
slightly toxic to some species of fish, but it has a half-life of less than a day in water, making it safe and effective for field use. Mechanical methods have also been used, but they are not as effective due to the difficulty of completely removing the root. There is also no biological control agent available in helping control this species. Mechanical and chemical methods are being used, but they are only temporarily fixing the situation.
27:
495:
Oriental bittersweet to act as an effective invasive species as it is able to allocate more energy to its aboveground biomass instead of its belowground biomass; a significant point regarding this plant's invasiveness relies on photosynthetic ability and reproductive capacity. The symbiotic relationship established with fungi only occurs with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while no such relationship has been observed with
404:, and parts of the Appalachians. The organism grows primarily in the perimeter of highly vegetative areas, allowing it to readily access the frontier of resources. Oriental bittersweet's ability to grow in a variety of environments has proven to be detrimental to many plant species along the Appalachian mountains and is moving more towards the West as time progresses.
408:
490:. In a recent study, growth was found to be greater when arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were present in soil with low phosphorus concentrations, compared to when the plant was placed in an environment with high soil phosphorus concentrations with no arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were present. The results from this study show the importance of
437:". In comparison to its congener American bittersweet, when placed in habitats with little light, Oriental bittersweet was found to have increased height, increased aboveground biomass, and increased total leaf mass. Oriental bittersweet, in comparison to many other competing species, is the better competitor in attaining sunlight.
504:
communities in the soil surrounding not only their own roots, but also the roots of neighboring plants, thereby altering competitive interactions among the plant species". This may be a key invasive trait for
Oriental bittersweet, as it allows the plant to negatively affect surrounding plant life by
456:
Compared to other invasive species analyzed in a recent study, Oriental bittersweet was more prevalent in landscapes dominated by developed areas. Open and abandoned habitats were also found to positively influence the spread of the plant compared to other invasive species. Additionally the species
395:
The introduction of
Oriental bittersweet into new areas threatens the local flora because the native plants then have a strong competitor in the vicinity. The species is native to Eastern Asia, but was introduced to the US for aesthetic purposes. It has been used in floral arrangements, and because
347:
Due to systematic disturbances to eastern forests for wood production and recreation, Oriental bittersweet has naturalized to landscapes, roadsides, and woodlands of eastern North
America. In the United States, it can be found as far south as Louisiana, as far north as Maine, and as far west as the
522:
nearby trees, creating an overall negative effect on the trees such as making them more susceptible to ice damage or damaging branches due to the weight of the plant. Additionally, studies have suggested that
Oriental bittersweet is capable of siphoning away nutrients from surrounding plants. The
494:
relationships in allowing
Oriental bittersweet to effectively uptake nutrients from its surroundings. Additionally, the symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae allows this invasive species to utilize less of its energy in root biomass to absorb necessary nutrients. This may be crucial in allowing
440:
Temperature is another variable that plays a role in
Oriental bittersweet's growth and development as an invasive species. Unlike other invasive species, high summer temperatures have been shown to inhibit plant growth. Oriental bittersweet has also been shown to be positively favored in habitats
428:
Sunlight is one of the most vital resources for
Oriental bittersweet. As demonstrated by controlled experiments, Oriental bittersweet grows more rapidly in environments that fare a higher amount of sunlight. In a study where populations received above 28% sunlight, it exhibited a higher amount of
513:
One of
Oriental bittersweet's invasive characteristics is its effective utilization of energy to increase plant height, thus giving it a competitive advantage over similar plants. A study conducted in 2006 showed that, in comparison to its congener American bittersweet, Oriental bittersweet had
577:
is another chemical method of control. These two herbicides are usually sprayed directly on the plants in late fall to prevent other plants from being targeted. These steps must be repeated annually, or whenever regrowth is observed. Triclopyr is non-toxic to most animal and insect species and
564:
To minimize the effects of Oriental bittersweet's invasion into North American habitats, its growth and dispersal must be tightly managed. Early detection is essential for successful conservation efforts. To reduce further growth and dispersal, above-ground vegetation is cut and any foliage is
555:
with American bittersweet. Hybridization occurs readily between American bittersweet females and Oriental bittersweet males, though the opposite is known to occur to a lesser extent. The resulting hybrid species is fully capable of reproduction. In theory, if the Oriental bittersweet invasion
526:
One study observed that the presence of Oriental bittersweet increases the alkalinity of the surrounding soil, a characteristic of many successful invasive plant species. This alters the availability of essential nutrients and hinders the nutrient uptake ability of native plants. Though the
415:
Oriental bittersweet employs multiple invasive and dispersal strategies allowing it to outcompete the surrounding plant species in non-native regions. This is a strong reason why the control of the species presents difficulties to manage. The plant's invasion has created diverse ecological,
96:
316:
plant is its vines: they are thin, spindly, and have silver to reddish brown bark. They are generally between 1 and 4 cm (0.4 and 1.6 in) in diameter. However, if growth is not disturbed, vines can exceed 10 cm (3.9 in) and when cut, will show
332:; when it is near a tree the vines twist themselves around the trunk as high as 40 feet. The encircling vines have been known to strangle the host tree to death or break branches from the excess weight, which is also true of the slower-growing American species,
391:
has endangered the survival of several other species. One attribute that contributes to the success of this species is having attractively colored fruit. As a result, it is eaten by mammals and birds, which excrete the seeds to different locations.
598:
Despite the modest toxicity of its fruit, some livestock browse on the leaves without effect. Its vines, which are durable and tough, are a good source of weaving material for baskets. The fibrous inner bark can be used to make strong
527:
relationship between Oriental bittersweet and the alkalinity of the soil is consistent, there are a number of proposed mechanisms for this observation. The plant's significant above-ground biomass demands the preferential uptake of
499:
fungi. These studies have shown that suitable mycorrhizae are a strong determining factor regarding whether a plant can survive in its environment. Studies have also shown evidence that "introduced plant species can modify
517:
The species' vine-like morphology has also been shown to have negative effects on surrounding plant life. For example, evidence suggests that this morphological characteristic facilitates its ability to
1080:
Albright, Thomas P.; Anderson, Dean P.; Keuler, Nicholas S.; Pearson, Scott M.; Turner, Monica G. (2009). "The spatial legacy of introduction:Celastrus orbiculatusin the southern Appalachians, USA".
433:
ability), it still exhibited a 90% survival rate. Experimental data has indicated that Oriental bittersweet has a strong ability to tolerate low light conditions "ranging on average from 0.8 to 6.4%
1414:
Leicht-Young, Stacey A.; O'Donnell, Hillary; Latimer, Andrew M.; Silander, John A. (2009). "Effects of an Invasive Plant Species, Celastrus orbiculatus, on Soil Composition and Processes".
1328:
Ibáñez, Inés; Silander, John A.; Wilson, Adam M.; Lafleur, Nancy; Tanaka, Nobuyuki; Tsuyama, Ikutaro (2009). "Multivariate forecasts of potential distributions of invasive plant species".
339:
Small green flowers are borne on axillary cymes. The fruit is a three-valved capsule, which dehisces to reveal bright red arils that cover the seeds. All parts of the plant are poisonous.
505:
altering their underground symbiotic microbial relationships. However, further experimentation is necessary to determine whether this organism employs this trait as an invasive strategy.
543:, which also supports the larger biomass. Either of these functions could explain the increased alkalinity, but further experimentation is needed to pinpoint the exact mechanism.
1471:
37:
1565:
1503:
1884:
1232:
Leicht SA, Silander JA (July 2006). "Differential responses of invasive Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) and native C. scandens to changes in light quality".
1972:
1655:
523:
study found this to occur in a variety of environments, suggestive of both the plant's increased relative plasticity as well as increased nutrient uptake.
1450:
1809:
556:
continues to worsen, widespread hybridization could genetically disrupt the entire American bittersweet population, possibly rendering it extinct.
1910:
1835:
1180:
Ellsworth, J.W.; Harrington, R.A.; Fownes, J.H (2004). "Survival, growth and gas exchange of Celastrus orbiculatus seedlings in sun and shade".
2047:
1995:
1110:
954:
336:. The leaves are round and glossy, 2–12 cm (0.8–4.7 in) long, have toothed margins and grow in alternate patterns along the vines.
681:
453:
which have been shown to have a decreased probability of establishment when placed in environments experiencing high annual precipitation.
1518:
411:
This map shows the identified locations of the Oriental bittersweet as of 2012 (provided by the United States Department of Agriculture).
1374:
Lett, Carly N.; Dewald, Laura E.; Horton, Jonathan (2011). "Mycorrhizae and soil phosphorus affect growth of Celastrus orbiculatus".
1017:"Probability of occurrence and habitat features for oriental bittersweet in an oak forest in the southern Appalachian mountains, USA"
906:
750:
720:
71:
1478:
797:
1822:
1050:
1871:
1580:
441:
experiencing high annual precipitation. This is noteworthy as it contrasts sharply with other common invasive species such as
1938:
1915:
1959:
1600:"(M)- and (P)-bicelaphanol A, dimeric trinorditerpenes with promising neuroprotective activity from Celastrus orbiculatus"
664:
1477:. United States Geological Survey, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, Great Lakes Science Center. Archived from
982:
501:
474:
A determining factor regarding Oriental bittersweet's ability to outcompete native plant species is its ability to form
1554:. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas. National Park Service and U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. p. 82.
396:
of improper disposal the plant has been recklessly introduced into areas, affecting the ecology of over 33 states from
2073:
1897:
1272:
Leicht-Young, Stacey A.; Pavlovic, Noel B.; Grundel, Ralph; Frohnapple, Krystalynn J. (2007). "Distinguishing Native (
783:
368:
53:
2060:
108:
49:
1977:
1933:
1705:
779:
1193:
2000:
673:
540:
417:
407:
2065:
1138:"Fruit fate, seed germination and growth of an invasive vine- an experimental test of 'sit and wait' strategy"
1796:
1801:
1788:
767:
1783:
1667:
1524:. Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Branch, Department of Pesticide Regulation. Archived from
1451:"Distinguishing an alien invasive vine from the native congener: morphology, genetics, and hybridization"
2147:
483:
461:. This ability to live in various environmental conditions raises the concern of the plant's dispersal.
384:
372:
225:
713:
Shrubs and woody vines of Indiana and the Midwest: Identification, wildlife values, and landscaping use
1840:
1987:
1747:
694:
397:
388:
1775:
965:
1647:
855:
475:
443:
241:
1951:
1598:
Ly, Wang; J, Wu; Z, Yang; Xj, Wang; Y, Fu; Sz, Liu; Hm, Wang; Wl, Zhu; Hy, Zhang (26 April 2013).
2119:
2052:
1431:
1391:
1305:
1297:
1205:
1197:
1157:
1114:
831:
645:
300:
103:
2111:
1889:
1525:
934:. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station
2021:
1734:
1619:
1559:
1497:
1345:
1249:
872:
746:
743:
Invasive plants of the upper Midwest: An illustrated guide to their identification and control
716:
677:
1611:
1423:
1383:
1337:
1289:
1241:
1189:
1149:
1089:
1062:
1028:
864:
637:
552:
364:
318:
295:
2026:
1863:
955:"Using map algebra to determine the mesoscale distribution of invasive plants: the case of
2008:
914:
868:
487:
449:
146:
2039:
1551:
2034:
809:
430:
133:
1032:
853:
White, Orland E.; Wray M. Bowden (1947). "Oriental and American Bittersweet Hybrids".
586:
Bicelaphanol A is a neuroprotective dimeric-trinorditerpene isolated from the bark of
95:
2141:
1093:
536:
434:
349:
291:
1584:
1583:. Wildland Weeds Management & Research Program, Weeds on the Web. Archived from
1435:
1395:
1309:
1209:
2124:
1161:
458:
260:
192:
1827:
1739:
298:
in eastern North America. It closely resembles the native North American species,
1066:
621:
2101:
2078:
1964:
1946:
1925:
1848:
1699:
1427:
256:
182:
1716:
1387:
1153:
574:
496:
479:
1690:
1051:"Challenges in predicting the future distributions of invasive plant species"
1760:
1599:
570:
566:
491:
401:
313:
202:
1902:
1623:
1456:. United States Geological Survey, Ecosystem Health and Restoration Branch.
1349:
1253:
876:
2091:
2013:
2086:
1726:
1684:
1472:"To Burn or Not to Burn Oriental Bittersweet: A Fire Manager's Conundrum"
1245:
519:
159:
1301:
1293:
1137:
1016:
953:
Archana Pande; Carol L. Williams; Christopher L. Lant; David J. Gibson.
840:
County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1814:
1550:
Swearingen, J., Reshetiloff, K., Slattery B., & Zwicker, S (2002).
1470:
Pavlovic, N. Leicht-Young, S., Morford, D, & Mulcorney, N. (2011).
1201:
649:
532:
528:
486:. Oriental bittersweet growth is highly dependent on the absorption of
329:
1615:
1341:
929:
1853:
172:
1661:
641:
1658:. Lists general information and resources for Oriental Bittersweet.
1876:
1765:
1280:
Thunb.) Bittersweet Species Using Morphological Characteristics".
406:
120:
600:
416:
managerial, and agricultural complications making it a focus of
1752:
1665:
894:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 336–337.
286:
It is native to China, where it is the most widely distributed
931:
An Assessment of Oriental Bittersweet in Northern U.S. Forests
890:
Uva, Richard H.; Neal, Joseph C.; Ditomaso, Joseph M. (1997).
20:
1194:
10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0233:SGAGEO]2.0.CO;2
907:"Vegetation Management Guideline: Round-leaved bittersweet"
352:
woods, where it has been known to eclipse native plants.
715:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. p. 392.
290:
species, and to Japan and Korea. It was introduced into
1125:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
45:
745:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 45.
551:
Another major threat posed by Oriental bittersweet is
1136:
Greenberg, C. H.; Smith, L. M.; Levey, D. J. (2001).
1581:"Oriental Bittersweet: Element Stewardship Abstract"
1674:
913:. Illinois Natural History Survey. Archived from
1654:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
711:Weeks, Sally S.; Weeks, Harmon P. (Jr.) (2011).
842:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
636:(3). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 215–302.
1552:"Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas"
1465:
1463:
34:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1564:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1502:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1175:
1173:
1171:
1656:United States National Agricultural Library
1409:
1407:
1405:
1282:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1267:
1265:
1263:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
663:Lee, Sangtae; Chang, Kae Sun, eds. (2015).
1662:
706:
704:
94:
85:
1323:
1321:
1319:
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
1648:Species Profile – Oriental Bittersweet (
1044:
1042:
1010:
1008:
778:. Vol. 11 – via eFloras.org,
304:, with which it will readily hybridize.
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
630:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
612:
1557:
1495:
1449:Pavlovic, N. B.; Young, S. L. (2007).
1105:
1103:
736:
734:
732:
666:English Names for Korean Native Plants
1123:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
964:. Biol Invasions:2006. Archived from
869:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105705
7:
1988:689906eb-b588-41eb-996f-6a748a984e53
1015:McNab, W. H.; Loftis, D. L. (2002).
294:in 1879, and is considered to be an
766:Zhang, Zhixiang; Funston, Michele.
312:The defining characteristic of the
14:
1519:"Environmental Fate of Triclopyr"
383:Oriental bittersweet is a strong
2066:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927512-1
1094:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01707.x
741:Czarapata, Elizabeth J. (2005).
107:
25:
1416:The American Midland Naturalist
367:. In the UK, it has gained the
1:
1055:Forest Ecology and Management
1033:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00546-1
1021:Forest Ecology and Management
993:. Royal Horticultural Society
1067:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.024
928:Kurtz, Cassandra M. (2018).
911:Vegetation Management Manual
802:– Oriental Bittersweet Vine"
484:arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
387:in its environment, and its
348:Rocky Mountains. It prefers
1604:Journal of Natural Products
1517:Ganapathy, Carissa (1997).
1428:10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.219
1182:American Midland Naturalist
784:Harvard University Herbaria
424:Response to abiotic factors
369:Royal Horticultural Society
321:that can exceed 20 years.
48:, discuss the issue on the
2164:
1082:Journal of Applied Ecology
959:in Southern Illinois, USA"
418:environmental conservation
328:grows by itself, it forms
1388:10.1007/s10530-011-0046-3
780:Missouri Botanical Garden
622:"A revision of the genus
231:
224:
104:Scientific classification
102:
93:
88:
1579:Dryer, Glenn D. (2003).
806:Conservation New England
674:Korea National Arboretum
541:cation-exchange capacity
509:Competitive interactions
470:Mutualistic interactions
277:round-leaved bittersweet
263:. It is commonly called
1330:Ecological Applications
1154:10.1023/A:1015857721486
1049:Jones, Chad C. (2012).
905:Hutchison, Max (1990).
892:Weeds of The Northeast
782:, St. Louis, MO &
457:is heavily favored in
412:
379:As an invasive species
1706:Celastrus orbiculatus
1676:Celastrus orbiculatus
1650:Celastrus orbiculatus
1117:Celastrus orbiculatus
985:Celastrus orbiculatus
957:Celastrus orbiculatus
834:Celastrus orbiculatus
800:Celastrus orbiculatus
770:Celastrus orbiculatus
588:Celastrus orbiculatus
539:. It also has a high
410:
373:Award of Garden Merit
361:Celastrus orbiculatus
326:Celastrus orbiculatus
252:Celastrus orbiculatus
235:Celastrus orbiculatus
89:Oriental bittersweet
1376:Biological Invasions
1246:10.3732/ajb.93.7.972
1142:Biological Invasions
987:Hermaphrodite Group"
917:on 7 September 2005.
695:Korea Forest Service
363:is cultivated as an
265:Oriental bittersweet
54:create a new article
46:improve this article
36:may not represent a
1587:on 23 October 2008.
1294:10.3159/07-RA-028.1
856:Journal of Heredity
465:Biotic interactions
444:Berberis thunbergii
281:Asiatic bittersweet
269:Chinese bittersweet
259:vine of the family
217:C. orbiculatus
1276:L.) and Invasive (
1274:Celastrus Scandens
535:, leading to soil
478:associations with
413:
301:Celastrus scandens
2135:
2134:
2022:Open Tree of Life
1668:Taxon identifiers
1616:10.1021/np3008182
1342:10.1890/07-2095.1
683:978-89-97450-98-5
480:mycorrhizal fungi
343:Range and habitat
273:Asian bittersweet
248:
247:
82:
81:
74:
56:, as appropriate.
2155:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1965:NHMSYS0100000968
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1663:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1371:
1354:
1353:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1229:
1214:
1213:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1088:(6): 1229–1238.
1077:
1071:
1070:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
979:
973:
972:
971:on 12 June 2010.
970:
963:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
925:
919:
918:
902:
896:
895:
887:
881:
880:
850:
844:
843:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
812:on 18 March 2016
808:. Archived from
794:
788:
787:
786:, Cambridge, MA.
763:
757:
756:
738:
727:
726:
708:
699:
698:
692:
690:
671:
660:
654:
653:
620:Hou, D. (1955).
617:
365:ornamental plant
296:invasive species
237:
112:
111:
98:
86:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
29:
28:
21:
16:Species of plant
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2009:Observation.org
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1923:MichiganFlora:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1670:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1531:on 13 June 2009
1528:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1484:on 9 March 2013
1481:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1373:
1372:
1357:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1014:
1013:
1006:
996:
994:
981:
980:
976:
968:
961:
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
927:
926:
922:
904:
903:
899:
889:
888:
884:
852:
851:
847:
830:
829:
825:
815:
813:
796:
795:
791:
765:
764:
760:
753:
740:
739:
730:
723:
710:
709:
702:
688:
686:
684:
676:. p. 402.
669:
662:
661:
657:
642:10.2307/2394657
619:
618:
614:
609:
596:
584:
562:
549:
511:
497:ectomycorrhizal
482:, specifically
472:
467:
450:Euonymus alatus
426:
381:
358:
345:
310:
244:
239:
233:
220:
106:
78:
67:
61:
58:
43:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:wfo-0000592852
2116:
2106:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2057:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1992:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1696:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1643:
1642:External links
1640:
1637:
1636:
1590:
1571:
1542:
1509:
1459:
1441:
1401:
1355:
1315:
1278:C. Orbiculatus
1259:
1215:
1188:(2): 233–240.
1167:
1148:(4): 364–372.
1128:
1099:
1072:
1038:
1027:(1–3): 45–54.
1004:
974:
945:
920:
897:
882:
863:(4): 125–128.
845:
823:
789:
776:Flora of China
758:
751:
728:
721:
700:
682:
655:
611:
610:
608:
605:
595:
592:
583:
582:Phytochemicals
580:
561:
558:
548:
545:
510:
507:
471:
468:
466:
463:
431:photosynthetic
425:
422:
380:
377:
357:
354:
344:
341:
309:
306:
246:
245:
240:
229:
228:
222:
221:
214:
212:
208:
207:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
91:
90:
80:
79:
40:of the subject
38:worldwide view
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:(2): 359–75.
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:(4): 441–50.
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1005:
992:
988:
986:
978:
975:
967:
960:
958:
949:
946:
933:
932:
924:
921:
916:
912:
908:
901:
898:
893:
886:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
849:
846:
841:
837:
835:
827:
824:
811:
807:
803:
801:
793:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
762:
759:
754:
752:9780299210540
748:
744:
737:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:9781557536105
718:
714:
707:
705:
701:
696:
685:
679:
675:
668:
667:
659:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
625:
616:
613:
606:
604:
602:
593:
591:
589:
581:
579:
576:
572:
568:
565:sprayed with
559:
557:
554:
553:hybridization
547:Hybridization
546:
544:
542:
538:
537:nitrification
534:
530:
524:
521:
515:
508:
506:
503:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
464:
462:
460:
459:edge habitats
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
438:
436:
435:transmittance
432:
423:
421:
419:
409:
405:
403:
399:
393:
390:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:
353:
351:
342:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
315:
307:
305:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:North America
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:, as well as
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
243:
238:
236:
230:
227:
226:Binomial name
223:
219:
218:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:Tracheophytes
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
101:
97:
92:
87:
84:
76:
73:
65:
62:December 2010
55:
51:
47:
41:
39:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2148:Celastraceae
1675:
1649:
1629:16 September
1627:. Retrieved
1610:(4): 745–9.
1607:
1603:
1593:
1585:the original
1574:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1512:
1486:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1444:
1419:
1415:
1382:(10): 2339.
1379:
1375:
1333:
1329:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1240:(7): 972–7.
1237:
1233:
1185:
1181:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1058:
1054:
1024:
1020:
995:. Retrieved
990:
984:
977:
966:the original
956:
948:
936:. Retrieved
930:
923:
915:the original
910:
900:
891:
885:
860:
854:
848:
839:
833:
826:
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
805:
799:
792:
775:
769:
761:
742:
712:
693:– via
687:. Retrieved
665:
658:
633:
629:
623:
615:
597:
587:
585:
563:
550:
525:
516:
512:
473:
455:
448:
442:
439:
427:
414:
394:
382:
360:
359:
346:
338:
333:
325:
323:
311:
299:
287:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:Celastraceae
251:
250:
249:
234:
232:
216:
215:
203:
193:Celastraceae
166:
153:
140:
127:
83:
68:
59:
35:
18:
2040:kew-2707630
1947:NatureServe
1849:iNaturalist
1700:Wikispecies
938:20 November
672:. Pocheon:
569:, a common
476:mutualistic
356:Cultivation
334:C. scandens
308:Description
183:Celastrales
147:Angiosperms
2109:WisFlora:
2035:Plant List
1422:(2): 219.
1234:Am. J. Bot
1111:USDA, NRCS
816:31 October
607:References
575:Glyphosate
560:Management
488:phosphorus
385:competitor
1802:200012786
1789:200012786
1061:: 69–77.
624:Celastrus
571:herbicide
567:triclopyr
502:microbial
492:symbiotic
420:efforts.
402:Wisconsin
389:dispersal
319:age rings
314:deciduous
288:Celastrus
211:Species:
204:Celastrus
117:Kingdom:
50:talk page
2142:Category
2099:VASCAN:
2087:Tropicos
1952:2.131407
1890:10764774
1877:927512-1
1724:BioLib:
1685:Wikidata
1624:23421714
1560:cite web
1535:21 April
1498:cite web
1488:21 April
1436:12833005
1396:22309836
1350:19323195
1310:86456782
1302:20063940
1254:21642161
1210:85822380
1113:(n.d.).
997:12 April
877:20242535
689:15 March
330:thickets
189:Family:
160:Eudicots
44:You may
2092:6600291
1934:MoBotPF
1815:3169169
1691:Q259033
1202:3566741
1162:6742817
991:rhs.org
650:2394657
601:cordage
533:ammonia
529:nitrate
398:Georgia
199:Genus:
179:Order:
121:Plantae
2048:PLANTS
2014:136664
1985:NZOR:
1939:245538
1916:506068
1776:celorb
1773:FEIS:
1753:396516
1622:
1434:
1394:
1348:
1308:
1300:
1252:
1208:
1200:
1160:
875:
749:
719:
680:
648:
520:girdle
279:, and
242:Thunb.
173:Rosids
2053:CEOR7
2027:56757
1996:NZPCN
1978:85181
1903:12009
1885:IRMNG
1861:IPA:
1854:64540
1766:CELOR
1727:40387
1714:APA:
1529:(PDF)
1522:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1454:(PDF)
1432:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1298:JSTOR
1206:S2CID
1198:JSTOR
1158:S2CID
969:(PDF)
962:(PDF)
670:(PDF)
646:JSTOR
531:over
350:mesic
324:When
257:woody
255:is a
167:Clade
154:Clade
141:Clade
128:Clade
52:, or
2112:3058
2102:4448
2079:3307
2061:POWO
2001:3642
1973:NCBI
1911:ITIS
1872:IPNI
1864:3012
1841:9719
1836:GRIN
1823:GISD
1810:GBIF
1761:EPPO
1740:S2YQ
1717:1479
1631:2020
1620:PMID
1566:link
1537:2013
1504:link
1490:2013
1346:PMID
1250:PMID
999:2020
940:2018
873:PMID
818:2009
747:ISBN
717:ISBN
691:2019
678:ISBN
594:Uses
447:and
2120:WFO
2074:RHS
1960:NBN
1926:801
1898:ISC
1828:156
1797:FoC
1784:FNA
1748:EoL
1735:CoL
1612:doi
1424:doi
1420:161
1384:doi
1338:doi
1290:doi
1286:134
1242:doi
1190:doi
1186:151
1150:doi
1090:doi
1063:doi
1059:284
1029:doi
1025:155
865:doi
638:doi
400:to
371:'s
283:.
2144::
2122::
2089::
2076::
2063::
2050::
2037::
2024::
2011::
1998::
1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
1913::
1900::
1887::
1874::
1851::
1838::
1825::
1812::
1799::
1786::
1763::
1750::
1737::
1702::
1687::
1618:.
1608:76
1606:.
1602:.
1562:}}
1558:{{
1500:}}
1496:{{
1462:^
1430:.
1418:.
1404:^
1390:.
1380:13
1378:.
1358:^
1344:.
1334:19
1332:.
1318:^
1304:.
1296:.
1284:.
1262:^
1248:.
1238:93
1236:.
1218:^
1204:.
1196:.
1184:.
1170:^
1156:.
1144:.
1140:.
1121:.
1102:^
1086:46
1084:.
1057:.
1053:.
1041:^
1023:.
1019:.
1007:^
989:.
909:.
871:.
861:38
859:.
838:.
804:.
774:.
731:^
703:^
644:.
634:42
632:.
628:.
603:.
590:.
573:.
375:.
275:,
271:,
169::
156::
143::
130::
1652:)
1633:.
1614::
1568:)
1539:.
1506:)
1492:.
1438:.
1426::
1398:.
1386::
1352:.
1340::
1312:.
1292::
1256:.
1244::
1212:.
1192::
1164:.
1152::
1146:3
1119:"
1115:"
1096:.
1092::
1069:.
1065::
1035:.
1031::
1001:.
983:"
942:.
879:.
867::
836:"
832:"
820:.
798:"
772:"
768:"
755:.
725:.
697:.
652:.
640::
626:"
75:)
69:(
64:)
60:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
