42:
114:
514:
406:
1368:
1344:
1380:
1356:
570:
published his
Firmamentum Sobiescianum star atlas posthumously in 1690. It contained 56 large, double page star maps and improved the accuracy in the position of the southern stars. He introduced 11 more constellations, including
158:
of stars. This is dated from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago. He also suggested a panel in the same caves depicting a charging bison, a man with a bird's head and the head of a bird on top of a piece of wood, together may depict the
679:
The
Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. Lewis. p.373-Tactics And Techniques, Personal Skills And Techniques. Robinson Publishing Ltd 1997. ISBN 1-85487-675-9
201:, a 30 cm wide bronze disk dated to 1600 BC, bears gold symbols generally interpreted as a sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, several stars including the Pleiades cluster and possibly the Milky Way.
1121:
470:. The work of al-Sufi contained illustrations of the constellations and portrayed the brighter stars as dots. The original book did not survive, but a copy from about 1009 is preserved at the
563:
contained 48 maps of
Ptolemaic constellations, a plate of the southern constellations and two plates showing the entire northern and southern hemispheres in stereographic polar projection.
316:, the positions of the constellations slowly change over time. By comparing the positions of the 41 constellations against the grid circles, an accurate determination can be made of the
140:
tusk, drawn by early people from Asia who moved into Europe, that was discovered in
Germany in 1979. This artifact is 32,500 years old and has a carving that resembles the constellation
651:
1063:
Bonnet-Bidaud; Jean-Marc; Praderie, Françoise; Whitfield, Susan (March 2009). "The
Dunhuang Chinese sky: A comprehensive study of the oldest known star atlas".
529:, expeditions to the southern hemisphere began to result in the addition of new constellations. These most likely came from the records of two Dutch sailors,
398:
40° south to 40° north in twelve panels, plus a thirteenth panel showing the northern circumpolar sky. A total of 1,345 stars are drawn, grouped into 257
1415:
781:
1279:
1273:
121:
441:
prepared a planisphere along with explanatory text. It was engraved in stone in 1247, and this chart still exists in the Wen Miao temple in
1249:
930:
1187:
1150:
1042:
913:
884:
855:
607:, but the addition of holes punched in them allowed them to be held up to a light to see a depiction of the constellation's stars.
1410:
616:
636:
437:(New Design for the Armillary Clock) containing five maps of 1,464 stars. This has been dated to 1092. In 1193, the astronomer
493:. This may have served as a prototype for the oldest European printed star chart, a 1515 set of woodcut portraits produced by
1435:
716:"Dr. Michael A. Rappenglueck sees maps of the night sky, and images of shamanistic ritual teeming with cosmological meaning"
97:, which is a listing or tabulation of astronomical objects for a particular purpose. Tools using a star chart include the
1334:
1305:
147:
German researcher Dr
Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich, has suggested that drawing on the wall of the
35:
1175:
626:
452:, the first star chart to be drawn accurately was most likely the illustrations produced by the Persian astronomer
272:
214:
1317:– Free monthly star charts and calendar for northern hemisphere, southern hemisphere, and equatorial sky watchers.
489:
in 1440 and consisted of a two-part map depicting the constellations of the northern celestial hemisphere and the
320:
when the original observations were performed. Based upon this information, the constellations were catalogued at
1297:
1117:
31:
179:
715:
782:
http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf
1425:
530:
572:
347:
276:
187:
1420:
641:
453:
238:
141:
133:
A variety of archaeological sites and artifacts found are thought to indicate ancient made star charts.
58:
1329:– Online map of the stars (requires compatible browser such as Chrome, Opera, Firefox, Safari or IE9).
931:"The epoch of the constellations on the Farnese Atlas and their origin in Hipparchus's lost catalogue"
1212:
1082:
985:
942:
806:
534:
399:
218:
94:
90:
1400:
458:
367:
172:
66:
555:
in 1603. The latter was the first atlas to chart both celestial hemispheres and it introduced the
1430:
1405:
1384:
1372:
1228:
1098:
1072:
1001:
958:
762:
600:
438:
210:
596:
41:
1034:
847:
1183:
1179:
1146:
1038:
909:
905:
880:
876:
851:
761:
Sparavigna, Amelia (October 2008). "The
Pleiades: the celestial herd of ancient timekeepers".
567:
556:
538:
494:
471:
317:
301:
298:
264:
234:
164:
794:
545:, who added 12 new southern constellations. Several other such maps were produced, including
1348:
1254:
1220:
1090:
993:
950:
814:
646:
526:
449:
305:
1309:
1294:– Free (CC-by-sa) printer friendly star charts for several latitudes and times of the year
1022:
542:
418:
340:
291:
287:
183:
160:
46:
1216:
1086:
989:
946:
810:
690:
312:
constellations, and includes grid circles that provide coordinate positions. Because of
1168:
1027:
840:
736:
580:
410:
394:. This is a scroll 210 cm in length and 24.4 cm wide showing the sky between
343:
325:
198:
168:
1323:– Free interactive star chart (showing over 1.2 million stars up to magnitude 12)
1094:
818:
113:
1394:
1232:
1005:
387:
309:
283:
194:
117:
70:
1102:
962:
1360:
546:
513:
426:
371:
294:
197:
in
Kashmir, which also depict a supernova for the first time in human history. The
155:
405:
592:
551:
395:
375:
351:
336:
268:
256:
241:(476–221 BC), but the earliest preserved Chinese star catalogues of astronomers
222:
102:
1224:
997:
954:
178:
Another star chart panel, created more than 21,000 years ago, was found in the
17:
1302:
1285:
329:
313:
631:
621:
498:
391:
260:
98:
62:
1203:
Swerdlow, N. M. (August 1986). "A Star
Catalogue Used by Johannes Bayer".
1145:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press US. pp. 60–61.
144:, although it could not be confirmed and could also be a pregnancy chart.
490:
463:
379:
358:
in graphical representations. However, individual stars are not plotted.
242:
226:
152:
346:, dating from 50 BC. This is a bas relief sculpting on a ceiling at the
1291:
976:
Evans, James (August 1999). "The
Material Culture of Greek Astronomy".
670:
Kunwar Krishan Rampal, Mapping and Compilation, Concept · 1993, page 96
576:
502:
486:
477:
Perhaps the oldest European star map was a parchment manuscript titled
467:
462:. This book was an update of parts VII.5 and VIII.1 of the 2nd century
430:
414:
148:
137:
1170:
The measurement of starlight: two centuries of astronomical photometry
402:. The date of this chart is uncertain, but is estimated as 705–10 AD.
482:
442:
355:
246:
86:
82:
78:
767:
1355:
1077:
559:
for identifying the brightest stars using the Greek alphabet. The
512:
383:
251:
175:(North of Spain), made in the same period as the Lascaux chart.
74:
69:
laid out on a grid system. They are used to identify and locate
1320:
902:
The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society
873:
The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society
694:
339:
example of a graphical representation of the night sky is the
93:
since time immemorial. Note that a star chart differs from an
1326:
1122:
Institut de recherche sur les lois fondamentales de l'Univers
308:
on his shoulder. It is the oldest surviving depiction of the
186:). The bovine in this panel may represent the constellation
846:. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. pp.
209:
The oldest accurately dated star chart appeared in ancient
151:
caves in France could be a graphical representation of the
1314:
190:, with a pattern representing the Pleiades just above it.
265:
oldest Chinese graphical representation of the night sky
1267:
1332:
275:, although this depiction shows the positions of the
652:
Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys
737:"BBC News - SCI/TECH - Ice Age star map discovered"
541:. Their compilations resulted in the 1601 globe of
366:The oldest surviving manuscript star chart was the
1167:
1026:
839:
136:The oldest known star chart may be a carved ivory
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
167:. Rappenglueck also discovered a drawing of the
1270:– Free interactive star chart based on location
1017:
1015:
842:The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology
8:
1303:Monthly sky maps for every location on Earth
1141:Harley, John Brian; Woodward, David (1987).
1065:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
279:by name and does not show individual stars.
1029:The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith
1255:The world's earliest manuscript Star Chart
519:Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia
225:in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the
45:A celestial map by the Dutch cartographer
1282:– Free Northern Sky Chart Cutout in Latin
1076:
1058:
1056:
1054:
766:
193:A star chart drawn 5000 years ago by the
404:
112:
40:
1339:
1116:Bonnet-Bidaud, Jean-Marc (2009-06-27).
1033:. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp.
663:
537:, who in 1595 traveled together to the
328:of the 2nd-century BC Greek astronomer
689:Whitehouse, David (January 21, 2003).
1250:An online guide to using a star chart
795:"Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map"
595:produced a set of star charts called
233:1531–1155 BC). The oldest records of
7:
1205:Journal for the History of Astronomy
978:Journal for the History of Astronomy
935:Journal for the History of Astronomy
429:(960–1279), the Chinese astronomer
324:. This evidence indicates that the
599:. They are illustrations based on
25:
1276:– Free Northern Sky Chart Cutout.
1095:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2009.01.04
929:Schaefer, Bradley E. (May 2005).
819:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420301.x
481:. It was most likely produced in
1416:Astronomical catalogues of stars
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1025:; Sims-Williams, Ursula (2004).
900:Sun, X.; Kistemaker, J. (1997).
871:Sun, X.; Kistemaker, J. (1997).
617:88 modern constellations by area
374:(618–907) and discovered in the
249:are found in the 2nd-century BC
89:. They have been used for human
637:Lists of stars by constellation
1257:from Dunhuang on the Silk Road
1118:"The Oldest Extand Star Chart"
215:earliest known star catalogues
1:
217:were compiled by the ancient
1268:Online Planetarium - The Sky
479:De Composicione Spere Solide
271:box from the 5th-century BC
122:Museo Archeologico Nazionale
691:"'Oldest star chart' found"
36:Star chart (disambiguation)
1452:
1225:10.1177/002182868601700304
1176:Cambridge University Press
1143:The History of cartography
998:10.1177/002182869903000305
955:10.1177/002182860503600202
627:Cheonsang Yeolchabunyajido
273:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
163:, which at the time was a
29:
1166:Hearnshaw, J. B. (1996).
32:Star map (disambiguation)
793:von Spaeth, Ove (2000).
1411:Astronomical catalogues
984:(3): 237–307, 289–290.
531:Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser
456:in his 964 work titled
413:for Chinese astronomer
522:
422:
411:south polar projection
348:Dendera Temple complex
277:Chinese constellations
219:Babylonian astronomers
125:
50:
1436:Celestial cartography
642:Magnitude (astronomy)
516:
454:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
408:
239:Warring States period
171:constellation in the
165:circumpolar formation
116:
44:
1298:An online star chart
838:North, John (1995).
535:Frederick de Houtman
525:During the European
433:wrote a book titled
286:is a 2nd-century AD
180:La Tête du Lion cave
95:astronomical catalog
67:astronomical objects
27:Map of the night sky
1315:The Evening Sky Map
1217:1986JHA....17..189S
1087:2009JAHH...12...39B
990:1999JHA....30..237E
947:2005JHA....36..167S
811:2000Cent...42..159V
459:Book of Fixed Stars
368:Dunhuang Star Chart
173:cave of El Castillo
1308:2007-09-13 at the
1288:– Free star charts
908:. pp. 18–19.
879:. pp. 21–22.
601:Alexander Jamieson
566:Polish astronomer
557:Bayer designations
523:
466:star catalogue by
435:Xin Yixiang Fa Yao
423:
409:Star chart of the
341:Ptolemaic Egyptian
211:Egyptian astronomy
126:
51:
1292:Geody Star Charts
906:Koninklijke Brill
877:Koninklijke Brill
714:Lucentini, Jack.
605:A Celestial Atlas
568:Johannes Hevelius
539:Dutch East Indies
472:Oxford University
235:Chinese astronomy
16:(Redirected from
1443:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1237:
1236:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1080:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1032:
1023:Whitfield, Susan
1019:
1010:
1009:
973:
967:
966:
941:(123): 167–196.
926:
920:
919:
897:
891:
890:
868:
862:
861:
845:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
790:
784:
779:
773:
772:
770:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
686:
680:
677:
671:
668:
647:Star cartography
527:Age of Discovery
450:Muslim astronomy
323:
306:celestial sphere
213:in 1534 BC. The
21:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1310:Wayback Machine
1286:SFA Star Charts
1264:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1211:(50): 189–197.
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1021:
1020:
1013:
975:
974:
970:
928:
927:
923:
916:
899:
898:
894:
887:
870:
869:
865:
858:
837:
836:
832:
823:
821:
792:
791:
787:
780:
776:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
735:
734:
730:
721:
719:
713:
712:
708:
699:
697:
688:
687:
683:
678:
674:
669:
665:
660:
613:
597:Urania's Mirror
589:
543:Jodocus Hondius
511:
419:celestial globe
417:'s (1020–1101)
370:, dated to the
364:
321:
292:Hellenistic era
207:
161:Summer Triangle
131:
111:
47:Frederik de Wit
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Celestial chart
15:
12:
11:
5:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Constellations
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1331:
1330:
1327:Stellarmap.com
1324:
1321:Sky Map Online
1318:
1312:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1244:External links
1242:
1239:
1238:
1195:
1188:
1158:
1151:
1133:
1108:
1050:
1043:
1011:
968:
921:
914:
892:
885:
863:
856:
830:
805:(3): 159–179.
785:
774:
753:
741:news.bbc.co.uk
728:
706:
681:
672:
662:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
612:
609:
588:
585:
581:Canes Venatici
510:
507:
495:Albrecht Dürer
363:
360:
354:depicting the
344:Dendera zodiac
326:star catalogue
297:depicting the
227:Kassite Period
206:
203:
199:Nebra sky disk
169:Northern Crown
130:
127:
110:
107:
71:constellations
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:Planispherium
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1189:0-521-40393-6
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1152:0-226-31635-1
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:1-932476-13-X
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
922:
917:
915:90-04-10737-1
911:
907:
903:
896:
893:
888:
886:90-04-10737-1
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
857:0-393-03656-1
853:
849:
844:
843:
834:
831:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
786:
783:
778:
775:
769:
764:
757:
754:
742:
738:
732:
729:
717:
710:
707:
696:
692:
685:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
416:
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:Western China
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
319:
315:
311:
310:ancient Greek
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:Farnese Atlas
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
134:
128:
123:
119:
118:Farnese Atlas
115:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:celestial map
56:
48:
43:
37:
34: and
33:
19:
1421:Star atlases
1208:
1204:
1198:
1169:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1111:
1071:(1): 39–59.
1068:
1064:
1028:
981:
977:
971:
938:
934:
924:
901:
895:
872:
866:
841:
833:
822:. Retrieved
802:
798:
788:
777:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:
731:
720:. Retrieved
709:
698:. Retrieved
684:
675:
666:
604:
590:
565:
560:
550:
547:Johann Bayer
524:
518:
509:Early modern
478:
476:
457:
447:
434:
427:Song dynasty
424:
396:declinations
372:Tang dynasty
365:
334:
304:holding the
295:Greek statue
281:
250:
237:date to the
230:
208:
192:
177:
156:open cluster
146:
135:
132:
54:
52:
1385:Outer space
1373:Spaceflight
1262:Star charts
1178:. pp.
768:0810.1592v1
593:Sidney Hall
561:Uranometria
552:Uranometria
517:Hevelius –
439:Huang Shang
425:During the
376:Mogao Caves
352:planisphere
322:125 ± 55 BC
269:lacquerware
257:Western Han
223:Mesopotamia
103:planisphere
1401:Navigation
1395:Categories
1127:2009-09-30
824:2007-10-21
722:2009-09-29
700:2009-09-29
658:References
390:along the
350:. It is a
332:was used.
330:Hipparchus
314:precession
288:Roman copy
259:historian
129:Prehistory
91:navigation
55:star chart
1431:Star maps
1406:Map types
1349:Astronomy
1274:Sky Chart
1233:118829690
1078:0906.3034
1006:120800329
799:Centaurus
632:Ephemeris
622:Astrology
499:Nuremberg
400:asterisms
392:Silk Road
337:Roman era
261:Sima Qian
205:Antiquity
99:astrolabe
63:night sky
1306:Archived
1103:55911862
963:15431718
746:13 April
611:See also
591:In 1824
491:ecliptic
464:Almagest
380:Dunhuang
362:Medieval
243:Shi Shen
153:Pleiades
124:, Naples
83:galaxies
1335:Portals
1213:Bibcode
1083:Bibcode
986:Bibcode
943:Bibcode
807:Bibcode
718:. space
577:Lacerta
503:Germany
487:Austria
468:Ptolemy
431:Su Song
415:Su Song
255:by the
195:Indians
149:Lascaux
138:Mammoth
120:at the
109:History
87:planets
79:nebulae
61:of the
1231:
1186:
1149:
1101:
1041:
1004:
961:
912:
883:
854:
587:Modern
579:, and
573:Scutum
483:Vienna
443:Suzhou
356:zodiac
263:. The
247:Gan De
188:Taurus
85:, and
49:, 1670
1361:Stars
1229:S2CID
1099:S2CID
1073:arXiv
1035:81–86
1002:S2CID
959:S2CID
848:30–31
763:arXiv
384:Gansu
318:epoch
302:Atlas
299:Titan
290:of a
267:is a
252:Shiji
142:Orion
75:stars
65:with
57:is a
1184:ISBN
1180:9–10
1147:ISBN
1039:ISBN
939:36/2
910:ISBN
881:ISBN
852:ISBN
748:2018
533:and
521:1690
282:The
245:and
101:and
1221:doi
1091:doi
994:doi
951:doi
815:doi
695:BBC
603:'s
549:'s
497:in
448:In
382:in
378:of
231:ca.
221:of
1397::
1227:.
1219:.
1209:17
1207:.
1182:.
1174:.
1120:.
1097:.
1089:.
1081:.
1069:12
1067:.
1053:^
1037:.
1014:^
1000:.
992:.
982:30
980:.
957:.
949:.
937:.
933:.
904:.
875:.
850:.
813:.
803:42
801:.
797:.
739:.
693:.
583:.
575:,
505:.
501:,
485:,
474:.
445:.
386:,
335:A
184:fr
105:.
81:,
77:,
73:,
53:A
1337::
1235:.
1223::
1215::
1192:.
1155:.
1130:.
1105:.
1093::
1085::
1075::
1047:.
1008:.
996::
988::
965:.
953::
945::
918:.
889:.
860:.
827:.
817::
809::
771:.
765::
750:.
725:.
703:.
421:.
229:(
182:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
