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991:, but Djemal had long since been forced to evacuate. Although chased, he managed to retreat at speed. In December, the Turks were driven out of Jaffa, Djemal's army still in retreat, and the city fell without a fight. Falkenhayn had ordered an evacuation on 14th, and the British had begun to enter the same day. But now the Turkish Eighth formed a much stronger line of entrenchment; Djemal's organized defence of Gaza had been amply anticipated by the British. His army delayed them further at the vital Junction railway station. But the British were probably unaware of its importance.
251:
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999:. At the end of 1917, Djemal ruled from his post in Damascus as a near-independent ruler of his portion of the Empire. On 9 April and then 19 April 1918, Djemal ordered the evacuation of civilians from Jaffa and Jerusalem. The Germans were furious and rescinded the order, revealing the chaos in the Ottoman Empire. Djemal's ambiguous attitude to the subject populations of the Ottoman Empire proved beneficial to the British colonial authorities. The Turkish line was solidified in readiness for the final onslaught at Nebi Samwell and
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1232:, a national holiday that commemorates the execution of seven Syrians in Damascus and 14 in Beirut by Djemal Pasha for their collaboration with the British and French at the height of WWI. The French and British had promised arms and financing for some Syrians and Lebanese actors with the ultimate independence and statehood status, provided they revolt and sabotage the Ottoman war effort. The squares in which the executions occurred
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952:, which he saw as necessary to resist the new wave of offensives launched by the British High Command. Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Djemal Pasha became increasingly skeptical of German capabilities, but Djemal was not yet prepared to openly back the German allies. He insisted on the possibility of a planned allied assault behind the
1015:. In all, there were 4 miles of fortifications. Djemal Pasha was recalled to Istanbul in June 1918. He was sent back to the southern Syrian provinces in August 1918 to defend the Ottoman lines there however the Ottoman Army was forced to retreat and in an act of revenge, Djemal Pasha's forces committed the
836:
notables of the country? And how will I be able to converse with him? … Upon arriving in
Damascus, I tried hard to see him that same evening, before anything happened, but was not successful. The next morning all was over, and the … notables who had been brought over from Aley were strung up on the gallows.
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from 1916 onwards. Ottoman authorities occupied the French consulates in Beirut and
Damascus and confiscated French secret documents that revealed evidence about the activities and names of the Arab insurgents. Djemal used the information from these documents as well as from others belonging to the
835:
we found that the whole train was reserved for the prisoners there to take them to
Damascus … When I saw them, I realized that they were taking them to Damascus to put them to death. So … I said to myself: how shall I be able to meet with this butcher on the day on which he will be slaughtering the
830:
Jamal Pasha resumed his campaign of vengeance; he began to imprison most Arab personalities, charging them with treason against the State. His real intent was to cut off the thoughtful heads, so that, as he put it, the Arabs would never again emerge as a force, and no one would be left to claim for
1074:
states, "while preserving the lives of perhaps 150,000 Armenians—in terrible conditions—he helped kill another 150,000". In
December 1915, he offered to the Entente powers that he would march to Constantinople, overthrow the CUP government, and end the genocide in exchange for the guarantee of the
868:
numbered 200,000 Turks and Arab auxiliaries. The
British could only evacuate their wounded with Djemal's consent and attempted to send emissaries requesting permission to evacuate while the city was encircled on three sides. Djemal refused to compromise his advantageous position, and strafed enemy
1083:
he wanted to employ to decrease the number of
Armenians to a level that would no longer pose a threat to the Ottoman state." Instead of killing Armenians, he favored their forced conversion and assimilation to neutralize the perceived Armenian threat. Kurt furthermore argues: "Saving the lives of
881:
to write a significant account of their diplomatic encounters when finally Kut fell in April 1916, which provides for "a colourful character". The ever-present threat of Arab Revolt fomented by
British intelligence was rising throughout 1916 and 1917. Djemal instituted strict control over Syria
891:. He believed that insurgency under French control was the main reason for his military failings. With the documents he gathered, Djemal moved against the insurgent forces which were led by Arab political and cultural leaders. This was followed by the military trials of the insurgents known as
840:
At the end of 1915, Djemal with viceregal powers is said to have started secret negotiations with the Allies for ending the war; he proposed to take over the
Ottoman administration himself as an independent king of Syria. These secret negotiations came to nothing, in part because the Allies
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760:
Djemal Pasha was appointed with full powers in military and civilian affairs as
Governor of Syria in 1915. A provisional law granted him emergency powers in May of that year. All cabinet decrees from Constantinople concerning Syria became subject to his approval. Both his
706:
Previously snubbed by the Allies, Djemal switched his attention to an alliance with the
Central Powers, although he had at first been opposed to a full alliance with Germany. Nevertheless, he agreed in early October 1914 to use his ministerial powers to authorise
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already had 2,000 troops in front of the city. Reluctantly, Djemal marched with the 33rd Division to relieve Gaza. Kressenstein was delighted to have repelled the British assault and wanted to mobilise aggressively by driving into Shellal,
860:, which had arrived in early 1915 from India. 35,000 British troops marched north on Baghdad, hoping to take the citadel with relatively few casualties. Djemal Pasha was appointed to command and marshaled a vast army, ultimately led by
531:. The following year he signaled his democratic credentials and joined the Ottoman Liberty Society. He became influential in the department of military issues of the Committee of Union and Progress. He was elected to the board of the
1225:'Djemal Pasha the Bloodthirsty') in Lebanon and Syria for his treatment of the local population during WWI. Djemal Pasha named a street in Damascus after himself, but the name was later changed to "al-Nasr Street".
994:
The fighting in the hills was all but over by 1 December. On 6 December, Djemal Pasha was in Beirut to make a speech publicizing the allied deal to 'carve up' Syria-Palestine into partitioned spheres of influence in the
929:, but Djemal absolutely forbade it. The British had a whole division in retreat, so Djemal apprehended that a two-battalion sortie would have been annihilated. One of Djemal's associates in Iraq was engineer Colonel
715:, which led to Russia, Britain and France declaring war on the Ottoman Empire a few days later. After the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war, Enver Pasha nominated Djemal Pasha to lead the Ottoman army against
629:, and with the revolution of the CUP on 23 January 1913, he became the commander of Constantinople and was appointed Minister of Public Works. He was assigned the military command in the Constantinople Vilayet by
621:, he played an important role in the propaganda drawn up by the CUP against negotiations with the victorious European countries. He tried to resolve the problems that occurred in Constantinople after the
972:. They now adopted a plan similar to the Kress Plan for Gaza and sent the Yıldırım Army to Baghdad. It was not until October 1917 that the Seventh Army could march south to face the growing threat from
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and who was employed on an ambitious project to construct a railway to the Suez canal at Bir Gifgafa. By October 1915, the Central Powers had already built 100 miles of track as far as the oasis of
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1600:"Cruelties to Jews in Jaffa; Alexandria Consul Says They Were Robbed, Assaulted, and Some Were Slain. Population was Starved Tale That Same Fate Awaits All Jews in Palestine – Djemal Pasha Blamed"
671:
When Europe was divided into two blocs before the First World War, he supported an alliance with France. He went to France to negotiate an alliance with the French, but failed and then sided with
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failed. Coupled with the wartime exigencies and natural disasters that afflicted the region during these years, this alienated the population from the Ottoman government, and led to the
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to take relief boats up river. They had underestimated Djemal's considerable administrative capabilities and will to resist the Allied armies. The Ottoman troops fought hard at the
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976:, hampered by the limitations of the single-gauge railway, which was built away from the coastline to avoid Royal Navy salvos. During this time, Djemal presided over the
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888:
877:, but the subsequent fate of POWs and civilians later enhanced Djemal Pasha's wartime reputation as a capricious and cruel general. Nonetheless, the successes impressed
1701:
Kurt, Ümit (2019). "A Rescuer, an Enigma and a Génocidaire: Cemal Pasha". In Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.).
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Djemal Pasha married twice. His first wife was a daughter of Bekir Pasha, and they married on 19 February 1897. She died in childbirth. He married Seniha Hanım in
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reportedly could not agree on the future territory of the Ottoman Empire; France objected strongly, and Britain was unwilling to fund the imperial operations.
719:, and Djemal accepted the position. In late 1914, he was assigned to the governorship and military command for the southern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
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1497:
Salibi, K. (1976). "Beirut under the Young Turks: As Depicted in the Political Memoirs of Salim Ali Salam (1868–1938)," In J. Berque, & D. Chevalier,
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1174:, a global plan by Armenians to track down and assassinate the surviving chief perpetrators of the Armenian genocide. Djemal's remains were brought to
572:, and was praised by Christian missionaries in the region as a competent administrator. In the III Army Corps, he worked with future Turkish statesmen
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Salibi, K.; Berque, J.; Chevalier, D. (1976). "Beirut under the Young Turks: As Depicted in the Political Memoirs of Salim Ali Salam (1868–1938)".
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on the Salonica front line, attempting to protect Turkey's European possessions. In October 1912, he was promoted to colonel. At the end of the
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World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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them their rights … After returning to Beirut , I was summoned … to Damascus to greet Jamal Pasha … I took the train … and upon reaching
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has been contested by historians. His policies allowed some Armenians to survive in the territories under his control. German historian
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has been controversial as his policies were not as deadly as other CUP leaders; Djemal favored the forced assimilation of Armenians.
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1664:"The Question of an Armenian Revolution and the Radicalization of the Committee of Union and Progress toward the Armenian Genocide"
916:'s head of garrison, Major Tiller, had 7 infantry battalions, a cavalry squadron, and some camel troops. The British under Colonel
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679:, who favoured the German side. Djemal, along with Enver and Talaat, took control of the Ottoman government in 1913. The
527:(CUP), and joined the organization in 1898. It was in 1905 that Djemal was promoted to major and designated Inspector of
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418:(CUP) reformers. He was initially praised by Christian missionaries and provided support to the Armenian victims of the
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against the local Arab population for allying with the advancing British forces. After the defeat of Ottoman forces in
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between August 1909 and April 1911. In Adana, he was involved in providing support for the Armenian victims of the
532:
174:
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438:
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580:, although Atatürk soon developed a rivalry with Djemal Pasha and his colleagues over their policies after they
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Kurt, Ümit (2019). Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Anderson, Margaret Lavinia; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.).
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In the CUP's penultimate congress held in 1917, Djemal was elected to the Board of Central Administration.
815:. In total between 1915 and 1916, Djemal had 34 Syrian and Lebanese politicians and nationalists executed.
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323:
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Afghanistan's Foreign Affairs to the Mid-Twentieth Century: Relations with the USSR, Germany, and Britain
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Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010). "Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity". Yale University Press: 215.
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3224:
3124:
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1117:'s cabinet on 2 November 1918, Djemal fled with seven other leaders of the CUP to Germany, and then
807:, including Sunni Muslims, Shia Muslims and Christians, wrongly accused of treason on 6 May 1916 in
501:
in 1896. Two years later, he was appointed staff commander of the Novice Division, stationed on the
2719:
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2107:
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
1516:
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
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Djemal Pasha and his chief of staff Fuad Bey at a command post in southern Palestine in April 1917
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Province against Syrian opponents. Djemal's forces also fought against the Arab nationalists and
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1972:
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1941:
1914:
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argues that "The most fundamental difference between Cemal and the other two leaders was
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823:
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789:
781:. The two men had a thinly disguised contempt for each other, which weakened the command.
778:
746:
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419:
40:
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1479:. Boulder: Westview Press, 2004. "World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order", 146–167.
483:, in 1893. He was posted to serve with the 1st Department of the Imperial General Staff (
2006:
1996:
Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East
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2531:
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1580:, pp. 214–215; P G Weber, Eagles on the Crescent, pp. 107, 153–154; Grainger, pp. 69–70
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1085:
1016:
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844:
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712:
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434:
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380:
244:
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803:'The Butcher'), being responsible for the hanging of many Lebanese and Syrian
3113:
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The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
2101:
2044:
2030:
1984:
1703:
The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
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The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
1233:
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565:
490:
442:
275:
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members Stepan Dzaghigian, Artashes Gevorgyan, and Petros Ter Poghosyan, as part of
945:. Djemal insisted that an extended railway would be needed to attack British Egypt.
554:
2918:
2822:
2222:
1191:
1162:. He also negotiated for the Soviets to send support to Mustafa Kemal Pasha in his
1114:
1088:’, for he was fully committed to the disappearance of Armenians from Ottoman soil."
1000:
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849:
680:
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630:
384:
202:
198:
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1994:
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Ottoman Empire's territorial integrity in its pre-World War I borders. Historian
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212:
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People sentenced to death in absentia by the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal
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2407:
2267:
1976:
926:
766:
742:
142:
44:
2373:
Kurt, Ümit (2019). "A Rescuer, an Enigma and a Génocidaire: Cemal Pasha". In
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Nationalism in a Non-Nationalist State: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1967:
Ajay, A. (1974). "Political intrigue and suppression in Lebanon during WWI".
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to act as a military liaison officer to negotiate over Afghanistan with the
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17:
1166:. Together with his secretary, Djemal was assassinated on 21 July 1922 by
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964:. In the shake-up that followed, Djemal was demoted to a command of the
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1275:"L'ivresse de la liberté": La révolution de 1908 dans l'Empire ottoman
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effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire for the duration of World War I.
1187:
1113:
With the defeat of the empire in October 1918 and the resignation of
812:
466:
403:
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Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
1857:
469:, to Mehmed Nesib Bey, a military pharmacist. Djemal graduated from
2456:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1134:. Later in 1920, Djemal went to Central Asia, where he worked as a
3081:
1194:. They had five children, a daughter and four sons. His grandson,
1090:
981:
732:
685:
658:
637:
597:
517:
507:
57:
773:. In the meantime, the Ottoman army usually commanded by Colonel
1125:
832:
425:
In the course of his army career Cemal developed a rivalry with
2465:
1910:"Turkey still unsettled by Armenian massacres of 100 years ago"
1084:
some fortunate Armenians does not exempt Cemal from the label ‘
1341:
Maksudian, Nazan (2012). Georgeon, François (ed.). pp. 142–149
1198:, is a well-known columnist, journalist and writer in Turkey.
1030:
2035:
Vorurteil und Genozid. Ideologische Prämissen des Völkermords
1388:
The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey
980:
in which he was accused of allowing the Jewish population of
856:
His most successful military exploit was against the British
370:
473:
in 1890 and completed his studies at the Military Academy (
1891:"Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Cemal Paşa Ailesine Sahip Çıkması"
1128:
subjects of the Ottoman Empire and sentenced him to death
741:
tribal leaders in Iraq, celebrating the completion of the
2340:
Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power
1361:
Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power
1332:
Maksudian, Nazan (2012). Georgeon, François (ed.). p. 169
1323:
Maksudian, Nazan (2012). Georgeon, François (ed.). p. 142
2295:
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
2163:
The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913–1923
1543:
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
1124:
A military court in Turkey accused Djemal of massacring
1047:
2584:
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
2361:. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
2314:
The Young Turks: the Prelude to the Revolution of 1908
2250:
Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey
1501:. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
1488:
Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East, pp. 62–64
1003:. To the south of Nebi Samwell were the defences of
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1272:Maksudian, Nazan (2012). Georgeon, François (ed.).
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1993:
3205:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
784:He was known among the local Arab inhabitants as
1007:; the Heart and Liver Redoubts before Lifa; and
414:where he developed political sympathies for the
2359:Les Arabes Par Leurs Archives: XVIe–XXe Siecles
1499:Les Arabes par leurs archives: XVIe–XXe siecles
493:Fortification Construction Department bound to
3190:People from the Ottoman Empire murdered abroad
1761:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 70.
429:, served in Salonica on the frontlines of the
3155:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
2477:
2381:; Bayraktar, Seyhan; Schmutz, Thomas (eds.).
1858:"Bahriye Nazırı Cemal Paşa'nın eşi anlatıyor"
1780:"Ahmed Jemal Pasha and the Armenian Genocide"
984:to be robbed, assaulted, starved and killed.
818:In his political memoirs, the leader of the "
613:. He then resigned to rejoin the army in the
8:
2425:. Milwaukee Armenian Community. 17 July 2014
2272:Phoenix Ascendant: The Rise of Modern Turkey
1969:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1391:. Prometheus Books, Publishers. p. 77.
636:and by December 1913 he was given the title
441:. Djemal's authoritarian three year rule in
375:; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as
3185:Assassinated people from the Ottoman Empire
3150:Committee of Union and Progress politicians
2385:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 221–246.
1830:
1828:
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523:Meanwhile, he began to sympathize with the
445:alienated the local population who opposed
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1616:Official History, 2.1.75; Grainger, p. 149
1190:on 2 June 1899, and later they settled in
625:. Djemal played a significant role in the
609:In 1911, Djemal was appointed Governor of
79:
63:
3170:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
2094:Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity
1545:. University of Texas Press. p. 42.
1364:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 168.
549:) of the CUP and later was deployed as a
3220:People assassinated by Operation Nemesis
904:
843:
105:10 March 1914 – 14 October 1918
1257:
948:Djemal was completely committed to the
640:. In February 1914, he was promoted to
3200:Deaths by firearm in Georgia (country)
2438:Newspaper clippings about Djemal Pasha
2319:
2277:
2232:
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2187:(1921). "Zwicken Kaukasus und Sinai".
2168:
2145:
2122:
2076:
2014:
1951:
1740:
1729:
1705:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 225.
1023:, he once again returned to Istanbul.
433:and was given the military command of
2252:. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press.
2138:Haddad, W.W.; Ochsenwald, W. (1977).
1519:. New York: Avon Books, 1989, p. 214.
564:Djemal served as the governor of the
7:
3195:People murdered in Georgia (country)
2189:Jahrbuch des Bundes der Aisenkampfer
1437:
1435:
1303:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 221.
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
360:
3089:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2871:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
2046:A History of the Modern Middle East
1477:A History of the Modern Middle East
1278:(in French). Peeters. p. 138.
1245:
1215:
1160:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
793:
27:Ottoman military leader (1872–1922)
3135:Kuleli Military High School alumni
2894:National Armenian Relief Committee
2227:Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph
1462:journal 6, pp. 503–113; Grainger,
539:in 1908 he became a member of the
61:, and there is no family name.
25:
3030:Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
1168:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1109:Turkish courts-martial of 1919–20
663:Ahmed Djemal on the shore of the
1908:Dombey, Daniel (23 April 2015).
1240:were renamed "Martyrs' Square" (
1034:
858:Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force
512:Djemal Pasha (1910) when he was
249:
237:
3145:Ottoman Military College alumni
3140:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
2818:Committee of Union and Progress
2507:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
2423:"Assassination of Djemal Pasha"
2092:Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010).
1668:Genocide Studies and Prevention
1228:In Syria and Lebanon, 6 May is
1138:, charged with modernising the
525:Committee of Union and Progress
416:Committee of Union and Progress
383:military leader and one of the
3235:Armenian genocide perpetrators
2522:Hamidian massacres (1894–1897)
962:Turco-German Aleppo Conference
1:
3230:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
3175:Ottoman governors of Damascus
2929:Assassination of Talaat Pasha
2558:Ottoman Empire in World War I
2297:. University of Texas Press.
1805:"Cemal Paşa'ya yanlış kitabe"
1634:Kedourie, The Middle East, p.
1027:Role in the Armenian Genocide
950:Turko-German military machine
897:in which they were punished.
497:. Djemal was assigned to the
489:), and then he worked at the
449:. Djemal Pasha's role in the
3210:Ottoman governors of Baghdad
2527:Young Turk Revolution (1908)
2342:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
2201:Mit dem Turken zum Suezkanal
2055:Djemal Pasha, Ahmed (1922),
893:
777:pushed towards and occupied
729:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
642:Minister of the Ottoman Navy
545:
485:
475:
371:
319:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
3240:Greek genocide perpetrators
3099:Hitler's Armenian reference
3094:Assassination of Hrant Dink
2969:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
2442:20th Century Press Archives
2042:Cleveland, William (2004).
2037:(in German). Böhlau Verlag.
2008:Crescent and the Iron Cross
1946:With the Turks in Palestine
1895:SDU Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
1784:Armenian National Institute
1456:Zwischen Kaukasus und Sinai
1412:Tucker, Spencer C. (2014).
1164:Turkish War of Independence
894:Âliye Divan-ı Harb-i Örfisi
864:, which by the time of the
471:Kuleli Military High School
3261:
2379:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia
2293:Provence, Michael (2005).
2050:. Boulder: Westview Press.
1867:(in Turkish). 4 March 1955
1811:(in Turkish). 22 July 2002
1757:Adamec, Ludwig W. (1974).
1541:Provence, Michael (2005).
1150:Due to the success of the
1106:
726:
591:
486:Seraskerlik Erkânı Harbiye
175:Vilayet of the Archipelago
38:
29:
2998:Witnesses and testimonies
2197:von Kressenstein, F Kress
2185:von Kressenstein, F Kress
1977:10.1017/S0020743800027793
1877:Report by Akşam newspaper
1441:Kurt, Ümit (2019), p. 222
1206:Djemal Pasha is known as
850:Minister of Naval Affairs
461:Ahmed Djemal was born in
439:Raid on the Sublime Porte
346:
148:
98:
87:
78:
2720:Post-genocide population
2338:; Kemal Kirişci (2001).
2115:G G Gilbar, ed. (1990).
2096:. Yale University Press.
1992:Anderson, Scott (2014).
1577:A Peace to End All Peace
931:Heinrich August Meissner
901:Commander of Fourth Army
763:first and second attacks
711:to launch a pre-emptive
479:), the staff college in
476:Mektebi Harbiyeyi Şahane
30:Not to be confused with
2885:Foreign aid and relief
2710:Pre-genocide population
2548:1914 Greek deportations
2229:(5th ed.). London.
2110:. New York: Avon Books.
2069:Erickson, E.J. (2001).
2063:George H. Doran Company
2061:, London and New York:
1838:(in Turkish). Biyografi
1662:Gust, Wolfgang (2012).
1530:Seven Pillars of Wisdom
1385:Muammer Kaylan (2005).
1095:Attending naval matters
933:who had built both the
826:recalls the following:
717:British forces in Egypt
713:strike in the Black Sea
578:Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
535:in 1907. Following the
406:. As an officer of the
3072:Late Ottoman genocides
2864:International response
2312:Ramsaur, E.E. (1957).
2248:Mango, Andrew (1999).
1739:Cite journal requires
1096:
978:1917 Jaffa deportation
910:
889:Decentralization Party
853:
838:
820:Beirut Reform Movement
775:Kress von Kressenstein
757:
703:
668:
606:
520:
410:, he was stationed in
257:Emirate of Afghanistan
131:Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha
3160:Ottoman Army generals
2594:20 Hunchakian gallows
2543:1914 Armenian reforms
2532:Adana massacre (1909)
2161:Howard, H.N. (1966).
1889:Nevzat Artuç (2020).
1680:10.3138/gsp.7.2/3.251
1652:Grainger, pp. 202–223
1625:Grainger, pp. 173–175
1208:Jamal Basha as-Saffah
1154:, Djemal traveled to
1094:
1066:Djemal's role in the
1011:, two systems behind
997:Sykes-Picot agreement
989:British captured Gaza
908:
866:siege of Kut al-Amara
847:
828:
736:
689:
662:
601:
537:Young Turk Revolution
511:
457:Early life and career
427:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
264:Years of service
3180:1922 murders in Asia
3130:People from Mytilene
2889:Near East Foundation
2855:Special Organization
2613:Concentration camps
2563:Battle of Sarikamish
2203:(in German). Berlin.
1861:(Newspaper clipping)
1475:Cleveland, William:
1464:Battle for Palestine
1152:Bolshevik Revolution
970:Erich von Falkenhayn
602:Ahmed Djemal during
582:seized power in 1913
336:Mesopotamia Campaign
93:Minister of the Navy
2946:Cultural depictions
2797:Rescue of Armenians
2715:Genocide casualties
2553:Congress at Erzerum
2517:Turkish nationalism
2005:Benson, A. (1918).
1589:Djemal, pp. 183–184
987:On 7 November, the
884:Syrian nationalists
875:Battle of Ctesiphon
634:Mahmud Sevket Pasha
574:Major Fethi (Okyar)
447:Turkish nationalism
299:Macedonian Struggle
2936:Treaty of Lausanne
2802:Turkish opposition
2375:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
1604:The New York Times
1178:and buried there.
1097:
1046:. You can help by
911:
854:
758:
737:Djemal Pasha with
704:
669:
607:
521:
398:Cemal was born in
143:Hüseyin Rauf Pasha
3107:
3106:
3035:100th anniversary
2924:Operation Nemesis
2698:
2697:
2512:Armenian question
2493:Armenian genocide
2452:Cemal Pasa, Ahmed
2392:978-1-78673-604-8
2349:978-1-55587-954-9
2117:Ottoman Palestine
1712:978-1-78672-598-1
1398:978-1-61592-897-2
1371:978-1-55587-954-9
1310:978-1-78831-241-7
1285:978-90-429-2495-6
1224:
1172:Operation Nemesis
1140:Afghan Royal Army
1068:Armenian genocide
1064:
1063:
805:Arab nationalists
802:
690:Djemal Pasha and
627:Second Balkan War
541:central committee
451:Armenian genocide
372:Ahmed Cemâl Pasha
369:
350:
349:
304:31 March Incident
16:(Redirected from
3252:
3052:notable visitors
3025:Hidden Armenians
2954:Ravished Armenia
2876:Imperial Germany
2785:Shabin-Karahisar
2757:Armenian militia
2725:Hidden Armenians
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1674:(2/3): 251–264.
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1643:Grainger, p. 202
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1216:جمال باشا السفاح
1136:military advisor
1059:
1056:
1038:
1031:
960:gathered at the
939:Baghdad railways
896:
869:attempts by the
797:
795:
696:Dome of the Rock
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619:First Balkan War
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529:Rumelia Railways
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228:Military service
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153:Personal details
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43:style name, the
32:Küçük Cemal Paşa
21:
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3215:Baghdad vilayet
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2848:Bahaeddin Şakir
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2367:Further reading
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2336:Rubin, Barry M.
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2142:. Columbus, OH.
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2073:. Westport, CT.
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2013:
2004:
2000:. Anchor Books.
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1565:Grainger, p. 35
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1044:needs expansion
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862:Halil Kut Pasha
824:Salim Ali Salam
747:Euphrates river
731:
725:
723:Governing Syria
709:Admiral Souchon
657:
644:
596:
590:
570:Adana massacres
459:
420:Adana massacres
387:that ruled the
357:Ottoman Turkish
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41:Ottoman Turkish
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3077:Greek genocide
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2450:Hasan Kayali:
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2408:"Jemal, Ahmed"
2402:
2401:External links
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1606:. 3 June 1917.
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974:Edmund Allenby
968:under General
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879:T. E. Lawrence
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559:Constantinople
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533:III Army Corps
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2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Forced labour
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2304:0-292-70680-4
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2259:1-58567-011-1
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2165:. Norman, OK.
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1942:Aaronsohn, A.
1939:
1938:
1934:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:0-81650-459-8
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1733:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1552:0-292-70680-4
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:9781851099658
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:Kemal Kirişci
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:Personal life
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:Assassination
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:Wolfgang Gust
1069:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1042:This section
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Yıldırım Army
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
907:
900:
898:
895:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
851:
846:
842:
837:
834:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
800:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
702:, circa. 1916
701:
697:
694:visiting the
693:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
666:
661:
654:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
600:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Adana Vilayet
562:
560:
556:
552:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
515:
510:
506:
504:
500:
499:II Army Corps
496:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
367:
358:
354:
345:
337:
334:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
246:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
160:
156:
151:
147:
144:
141:
135:
132:
129:
123:
120:
115:
112:
108:
102:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
65:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2974:
2967:
2953:
2919:Malta exiles
2832:
2811:Perpetrators
2761:By location
2736:
2622:Ra's al-'Ayn
2599:Confiscation
2427:. Retrieved
2411:. Retrieved
2382:
2358:
2339:
2313:
2294:
2271:
2249:
2226:
2200:
2191:(in German).
2188:
2162:
2139:
2116:
2105:
2093:
2070:
2057:
2045:
2034:
2007:
1995:
1968:
1945:
1935:Bibliography
1920:. Retrieved
1913:
1903:
1897:(51): 47–60.
1894:
1884:
1876:
1869:. Retrieved
1864:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:"Cemal Paşa"
1813:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1758:
1753:
1732:cite journal
1721:
1702:
1696:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1418:. ABC-CLIO.
1414:
1407:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1300:
1294:
1274:
1246:ساحة الشهداء
1230:Martyrs' Day
1227:
1207:
1205:
1192:Thessaloniki
1185:
1149:
1129:
1123:
1115:Talaat Pasha
1112:
1098:
1080:
1065:
1052:
1048:adding to it
1043:
1001:Nahr-el-Auja
993:
986:
958:Seventh Army
947:
912:
871:Tigris Corps
855:
839:
829:
817:
785:
783:
759:
705:
681:Three Pashas
670:
631:Grand Vizier
623:Coup of 1913
608:
563:
522:
460:
424:
397:
385:Three Pashas
377:Djemal Pasha
376:
353:Ahmed Djemal
352:
351:
292:Battles/wars
215:, (Grandson)
203:Soviet Union
199:Georgian SSR
190:(1922-07-21)
188:21 July 1922
138:Succeeded by
100:
68:Ahmed Djemal
56:
49:Ahmed Djemal
48:
36:
3225:Arab Revolt
3125:1922 deaths
3120:1872 births
3015:Reparations
3003:Recognition
2976:The Promise
2906:Prosecution
2629:Terminology
2617:Deir ez-Zor
2539:(1912–1913)
2537:Balkan Wars
2429:26 December
2413:26 December
2316:. New York.
2268:Orga, Irfan
1234:in Damascus
1196:Hasan Cemal
1131:in absentia
1119:Switzerland
1086:génocidaire
1081:the methods
1021:World War I
1009:Deir Yassin
966:Fourth Army
923:Wadi Ghazze
771:Arab Revolt
753:, south of
745:dam on the
692:Enver Pasha
655:World War I
645: [
615:Balkan Wars
604:World War I
594:Balkan Wars
588:Balkan Wars
495:Second Army
431:Balkan Wars
393:World War I
314:World War I
309:Balkan Wars
286:Fourth Army
259:(1920–1922)
213:Hasan Cemal
126:Preceded by
18:Cemal Pasha
3114:Categories
2749:Resistance
2738:Vorpahavak
2703:Demography
2660:Diyarbekir
2589:Tehcir Law
2500:Background
1922:24 October
1789:8 December
1528:Lawrence,
1252:References
927:Khan Yunis
767:Suez Canal
505:frontier.
491:Kirkkilise
437:after the
324:Suez Canal
233:Allegiance
168:6 May 1872
164:1872-05-06
51:, the
45:given name
3042:Memorials
2991:Aftermath
2775:Musa Dagh
2732:Survivors
2685:Trebizond
2638:By region
2609:Mass rape
2322:cite book
2280:cite book
2274:. London.
2235:cite book
2209:cite book
2171:cite book
2148:cite book
2125:cite book
2119:. London.
2079:cite book
2017:cite book
2011:. London.
1985:155962400
1954:cite book
1948:. London.
1688:144283041
1574:Fromkin,
1454:; Kress,
1238:in Beirut
1077:Ümit Kurt
1013:Ain Karim
1005:Beit Iksa
956:, as the
943:Beersheba
794:السَّفّاح
786:as-Saffāḥ
743:al-Hindya
700:Jerusalem
379:, was an
366:romanized
267:1893–1918
209:Relations
119:Mehmed VI
101:In office
2572:Genocide
2270:(1958).
2225:(1976).
2199:(1938).
2104:(1989).
2033:(2010).
1944:(1917).
1918:. London
1815:8 August
1809:Milliyet
1452:Memories
1450:Djemal,
1358:(2001).
918:Chetwode
809:Damascus
751:al-Hilla
665:Dead Sea
551:Kaymakam
514:governor
503:Salonica
481:Istanbul
463:Mytilene
412:Salonica
408:II Corps
400:Mytilene
282:Commands
220:Children
114:Mehmed V
110:Monarchs
39:In this
3065:Related
2838:Djevdet
2665:Erzurum
2444:of the
2440:in the
1865:core.ac
1466:, p. 17
1223:
1176:Erzurum
801:
765:on the
755:Baghdad
739:Anazzah
667:in 1915
611:Baghdad
555:Üsküdar
391:during
381:Ottoman
368::
329:Megiddo
276:General
195:Tbilisi
171:Midilli
3165:Pashas
3020:Denial
2982:others
2843:Reshid
2833:Djemal
2823:Talaat
2765:Zeitun
2670:Harput
2655:Bitlis
2650:Aleppo
2579:Causes
2454:, in:
2389:
2346:
2301:
2256:
1983:
1765:
1709:
1686:
1549:
1422:
1395:
1368:
1307:
1282:
1242:Arabic
1212:Arabic
1202:Legacy
1188:Serres
1156:Tiflis
925:, and
852:, 1915
848:While
813:Beirut
790:Arabic
677:Talaat
467:Lesbos
404:Lesbos
254:
242:
3082:Sayfo
2828:Enver
2790:Azakh
2680:Sivas
2645:Adana
1981:S2CID
1871:2 May
1842:2 May
1684:S2CID
982:Jaffa
935:Hejaz
779:Sinai
749:near
673:Enver
649:]
638:Pasha
518:Adana
443:Syria
73:Pasha
58:Pasha
53:title
2962:film
2958:book
2780:Urfa
2431:2016
2415:2016
2387:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2328:link
2299:ISBN
2286:link
2254:ISBN
2241:link
2215:link
2177:link
2154:link
2131:link
2085:link
2023:link
1960:link
1924:2017
1873:2023
1844:2023
1817:2021
1791:2023
1763:ISBN
1745:help
1707:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1460:RUSI
1420:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1236:and
1221:lit.
1126:Arab
937:and
914:Gaza
833:Aley
811:and
799:lit.
675:and
576:and
272:Rank
185:Died
158:Born
2770:Van
2690:Van
2675:Muş
2446:ZBW
1973:doi
1676:doi
1248:).
1050:.
698:in
553:to
516:of
395:.
55:is
47:is
3116::
2960:,
2377:;
2324:}}
2320:{{
2282:}}
2278:{{
2237:}}
2233:{{
2211:}}
2207:{{
2173:}}
2169:{{
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2123:{{
2081:}}
2077:{{
2019:}}
2015:{{
1979:.
1971:.
1956:}}
1952:{{
1912:.
1893:.
1875:.
1863:.
1825:^
1807:.
1782:.
1736::
1734:}}
1730:{{
1682:.
1670:.
1666:.
1602:.
1513:,
1458:;
1434:^
1354:;
1260:^
1244::
1218:,
1214::
1142:.
1121:.
822:"
796:,
792::
651:.
647:tr
584:.
561:.
557:,
465:,
422:.
402:,
363:,
359::
201:,
197:,
177:,
173:,
116:,
2964:)
2956:(
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
2458:.
2433:.
2417:.
2395:.
2352:.
2330:)
2307:.
2288:)
2262:.
2243:)
2217:)
2179:)
2156:)
2133:)
2087:)
2025:)
1987:.
1975::
1962:)
1926:.
1846:.
1819:.
1793:.
1769:.
1747:)
1743:(
1715:.
1690:.
1678::
1672:7
1555:.
1428:.
1401:.
1374:.
1313:.
1288:.
1210:(
1057:)
1053:(
788:(
543:(
355:(
223:5
166:)
162:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
