336:
placement over maize. Of these two, only bana significantly decreased survival rates. In a farmer's field, it is recommended that three rows of bana Napier grass be planted as a border crop around the entire field. Potential exists to improve the push-pull strategy through further trials with different intercrops, by manipulating allelochemicals in each intercrop, as well as by investigating insect sensitivity to natural chemicals. Once prominent in a field, it is difficult to rid the area of the stemborer pests as larvae can remain dormant, and therefore push-pull management will not have the intended effect. It is recommended that if an infestation is particularly severe, neither corn, nor sorghum should be planted in the same field the following year but instead rotated with other crops. It is also important to burn infested stalks or, if they have an intended use, to leave them out in the sun for three days. The use of push-pull pest management must be used in combination with good ecological practices to yield the desired results.
267:. It is tall and forms in robust bamboo-like clumps. It is a heterozygous plant, but seeds rarely fully form; more often it reproduces vegetatively through stolons which are horizontal shoots above the soil that extend from the parent plant to offspring. It requires low water and nutrient inputs. The Elephant grass was crossed with Pearl millet species to form Bajra Nappier. Subsequent work was done to decrease the internode length of Elephant grass. Napier grass plantations produce about 40 tonnes of dry biomass per hectare per year with an average energy content 18 GJ (5 MWh) per tonne, and the grass can be harvested many times per year.
287:, rain, sunshine and temperature. Recognizing its potential as a bioenergy crop, some yield trials have been carried out around the world. In Malaysia, Halim et al. tested 9 different napier variants and found that regular napier grass yielded the most (65 dry tonnes per hectare per year), with the King Grass variant second (62 tonnes). In Colombia, Cardona et al. estimates a yield range of 40–60 dry tonnes for the napier variant King Grass, under optimal conditions. In drier areas however, yields decline; Gwayumba et al. estimate 15–40 dry tonnes as the general yield range for Kenya.
291:
month). These yields are high compared to other types of energy crops. For large-scale plantations with pines, acacias, poplars and willows in temperate regions, Smil estimates yields of 5–15 dry tonnes per hectare per year, and for similarly large plantations, with eucalyptus, acacia, leucaena, pinus and dalbergia in tropical and subtropical regions, his estimate is 20–25 dry tonnes. In Brazil, the average yield for eucalyptus is 21 t/ha, but in Africa, India and
Southeast Asia, typical eucalyptus yields are below 10 t/ha.
33:
376:. Its high productivity makes it particularly suited to feed cattle and buffaloes. Hairless varieties, such as Ugandan hairless, have much higher value as fodder. As it is able to grow with little water and nutrients, grazing has made productive use of arid lands for food production. Furthermore, livestock can be incorporated into the pull-push management system providing another economically viable purpose for the ‘trap’ plant. Napier grass is valuable to African landscapes as it prevents
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249:
46:
916:"The total water requirements are approximately 100 mm (4 inches) per month rainfall equivalent. The yield of Giant King Grass depends on the time between harvests. For example, a six-month harvest of tall Giant King Grass, one can expect to obtain 80 or more US tons per acre (180 metric tons per hectare) of fresh grass at approximately 70-75% moisture. For two harvests per year, double these figures."
1091:
324:(the "push" plant), which repels the moths as they look to lay their eggs. Desmodium also provides a ground cover and is nitrogen fixing, which improves soil fertility while decreasing labour involved with weeding. This deterrent is used in combination with Napier grass planted around the perimeter of the plot. A study of Kenyan farmers using the push-pull strategy reported an 89% reduction in
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271:
digest, but in many cases the annual dry yield increases. The grass can reach a height of 7-8 meters after 4 months of growth. It produces best growth between 25 and 40 °C, and little growth below about 15 °C, with growth ceasing at 10 °C. Tops are killed by frost, but plants re-grow with the onset of warm, moist conditions. Napier grass grows from sea level to over 2,000 m elevation.
316:) are the cause of 10% of total yield loss in Southern and Eastern Africa and on average 14-15% in sub-Saharan Africa. The larvae cause immense damage to maize and sorghum by burrowing into their stems and eating from within. This not only makes them difficult to detect and remove but also damages the vascular tissue necessary for plant growth.
328:(a parasitic weed), an 83% increase in soil fertility, and 52% effectiveness in stemborer control. Considering that striga, stemborers, and low soil fertility together cause yield losses of an estimated 7 billion US dollars or enough to feed 27 million people, the implementation of this technique could significantly reduce food insecurity.
339:
Finally, the establishment of a push-pull system requires increased labour in the primary stages and a large enough land plot to allow space for a non-food crop to be planted; these factors often deter its adoption. A program could increase adoption rates through promoting its use in combination with
391:
production. Thermal pyrolytic conversion could be used to produce charcoal, biogas and bio-oil. Although this technology is not currently in use, it could be implemented as a means of providing energy to
African communities, while enriching the soils of the local landscape. It is also used as source
319:
Insecticide effectiveness is low against stemborers, as larvae are protected by protective cell wall layers around the stem. Insecticides are also expensive for poor farmers and can build chemical resistance by the pests. In addition, chemicals are carried into final food products. Instead of trying
299:
The push-pull pest management technique involves the desired crop being planted alongside a 'push' plant, which repels pests, in combination with a 'pull' crop around the perimeter of the plot, which draw insects out of the plot. Napier grass has shown potential at attracting stemborer moths (a main
290:
At the top end of the range, napier grasses have been shown to yield up to 80 dry tonnes per hectare per year, and commercial napier grass developers advertise yields of roughly 100 dry tonnes per hectare per year, provided there is an adequate amount of rain or irrigation available (100 mm per
335:
pest management highly depends on proper implementation in combination with other good ecological practices. Firstly, not all varieties of Napier grass function as a trap. In a study of eight varieties, only two bana and
Ugandan hairless Napier varieties significantly attracted female moths for egg
270:
Generally, the grass is harvested in relatively short intervals (every 1 to 3 months) when it is to be used as fodder for animals (its main use), and relatively long intervals (4–12 months) when used for bioenergy. Longer intervals increases the stem/leaf ratio, making the forage harder to chew and
274:
It can be propagated through seeds, however as seed production is inconsistent, collection is difficult. Alternatively, it can be planted through stem cuttings of the stolons. The cuttings can be planted by inserting them along furrows 75 cm apart, both along and between rows.
320:
to prevent the occurrence of pests, the push-pull strategy (also known as stimuli-deterrent) aims to guide their inevitable biological evolution to prevent damage to valued crops. The method proposes that sorghum or corn be intercropped with
871:
Vicente-Chandler et al. found that heavily fertilized napiergrass produced 75,661 pounds of dry matter per acre per year when cut at 90-day intervals, equivalent to 84.8 tonnes per hectare per year. See page 202:
800:
240:. It is also utilized for firebreaks, windbreaks, in paper pulp production and most recently to produce bio-oil, biogas and charcoal. It also helps feed animals such as goat, rabbit, even pig, and cow .
1980:
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Hoshino et al. measured a yield of 75.6 dry tonnes per hectare per year the second year of growth under heavy fertilisation and with rainfall level 1000 mm annually. See pages 310, 311, 315:
712:
Cardona, Eliana; Rios, Jorge; Peña, Juan; Peñuela, Mariana; Rios, Luis (2016). "King Grass: A very promising material for the production of second generation ethanol in tropical countries".
874:
Vicente-Chandler, Jose; Silva, Servando; Figarella, Jacinto (1959). "The Effect of
Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Three Tropical Grasses".
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cause of yield loss in Africa) away from maize and hence is the "pull" crop. This strategy is much more sustainable, serves more purposes and is more affordable for farmers than
1102:
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Paudel, Dev; Kannan, Baskaran; Yang, Xiping; Harris-Shultz, Karen; Thudi, Mahendar; Varshney, Rajeev K.; Altpeter, Fredy; Wang, Jianping (2018-09-26).
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Zhang et al. measured a bana grass yield of 74 dry tonnes per hectare per year with light fertilisation and 1000 mm rainfall. See pages 96, 98:
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Historically, this wild species has been used primarily for grazing, recently, however, it has been used as part of a
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Flores, Rilner A.; Urquiaga, Segundo; Alves, Bruno J. R.; Collier, Leonardo S.; Boddey, Robert M. (1990-01-06).
414:"Surveying the genome and constructing a high-density genetic map of napiergrass ( Cenchrus purpureus Schumach)"
1940:
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225:. It has low water and nutrient requirements, and therefore can make use of otherwise uncultivated lands.
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Mackay quotes yields of 360 wet tonnes per hectare per year, but does not quantify moisture content.
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818:. Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China: 95–102.
758:"Dry Matter Intake, Digestibility and Milk Yield by Friesian Cows Fed Two Napier Grass Varieties"
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840:"Dry Matter Production of Tropical Grasses and Legumes and its Seasonal Change in Thailand"
551:"Yield and quality of elephant grass biomass produced in the cerrados region for bioenergy"
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83:
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The soil was fertilised, rainfall was 2700 mm. For yield results, see table 2, page 40:
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of fuel. The young leaves and shoots are edible and are cooked to make soups and stews.
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A Dutch company has turned the grass into a plastic that can be used for packaging.
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More recently, Napier has been used to alleviate pressure on food production by
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Zhang, Xia; Gu, Hongru; Ding, Chenglong; Zhong, Jianli; Xu, Nengxiang (2010).
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771:(4). Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies: 516–521.
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801:"Path coefficient and cluster analyses of yield and morphological traits in
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671:"Yield and nutritive quality of nine Napier grass varieties in Malaysia".
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Although promising as a sustainable and affordable option, the success of
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Gwayumba, W.; Christensen, D. A.; McKinnon, J. J.; Yu, P. (2002-04-01).
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Heuzé V., Tran G., Giger-Reverdin S., Lebas F., 2016. Elephant grass (
1026:"Scientists back use of Napier grass as sustainable way to feed herds"
1672:
592:"Herbage yield and chemical composition of four varieties of Napier (
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119:
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352:
Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus) as fodder crop, West Bengal, India
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livestock, giving economic value to the planting of Napier grass.
247:
57:
1796:
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221:, is a species of perennial tropical grass native to the African
1571:
838:
Hoshino, Masao; Ono, Shigeru; Sirikiratayanond, Nittaya (1979).
1120:
968:
Power density: a key to understanding energy sources and uses
1111:
387:
as there are 2 billion ha of non-arable land suitable for
283:
Yield depends on management techniques (e.g. fertilizer),
596:) grass harvested at three different days after planting"
1053:). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO.
1981:
Taxa named by
Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher
1103:
Missouri
Botanical Garden horticultural treatment —
1472:
1129:
600:Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America
765:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
8:
590:Ansah, T.; Osafo, E.; Hansen, Hanne (2010).
972:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
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230:push–pull agricultural pest management
920:"Giant King® Grass: Grow and Harvest"
847:Japanese Journal of Grassland Science
7:
1771:53723fc2-6e4e-49ce-a413-4e15678cd86c
1374:68046c7c-7d29-4a1f-ac3d-8a0eef6b480e
1057:Last updated on June 23, 2016, 17:09
1055:https://www.feedipedia.org/node/395
364:Napier grass is the most important
1436:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77106033-1
636:"Cenchrus purpureus & hybrids"
14:
1110:More information can be found at
232:strategy. Napier grasses improve
1849:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415202-1
1089:
606:(5). Science Hub: 928, table 4.
44:
568:10.1590/S0100-69162012000500003
259:(or napier grass) is a monocot
734:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.10.008
613:10.5251/abjna.2010.1.5.923.929
263:perennial grass in the family
1:
236:, and protect arid land from
360:Use as fodder crop in Kenya
1997:
438:10.1038/s41598-018-32674-x
252:Common Napier (Non-hybrid)
1112:http://www.push-pull.net/
295:Push-pull pest management
178:
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1976:Plants described in 1827
720:. Elsevier BV: 206–213.
1956:Phytoremediation plants
1951:Biological pest control
1936:Bunchgrasses of Africa
692:Cite journal requires
361:
353:
253:
1068:"Bioplastic – Vibers"
964:Smil, Vaclav (2015).
882:(4). Wiley: 202–206.
859:10.14941/grass.24.310
777:10.5713/ajas.2002.516
714:Biomass and Bioenergy
359:
351:
251:
1810:Pennisetum purpureum
1474:Pennisetum purpureum
1105:Pennisetum purpureum
1051:Pennisetum purpureum
803:Pennisetum purpureum
594:Pennisetum purpureum
206:Pennisetum purpureum
943:"Mackay Bana Grass"
888:1959AgrJ...51..202V
812:Tropical Grasslands
726:2016BmBe...95..206C
555:Engenharia Agrícola
430:2018NatSR...814419P
188:(Schumach.) Morrone
1351:Cenchrus~purpureus
1247:Cenchrus purpureus
1161:Cenchrus purpureus
1131:Cenchrus purpureus
1096:Cenchrus purpureus
418:Scientific Reports
362:
354:
257:Cenchrus purpureus
254:
197:Cenchrus purpureus
182:Cenchrus purpureus
25:Cenchrus purpureus
1971:Afromontane flora
1918:
1917:
1395:Open Tree of Life
1123:Taxon identifiers
979:978-0-262-02914-8
962:See pages 85-86:
918:Viaspace (2020).
304:use. Stemborers (
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164:C. purpureus
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1071:. Retrieved
1062:
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1034:. Retrieved
1032:. 2020-01-31
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935:
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685:cite journal
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424:(1): 14419.
421:
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363:
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318:
311:
305:
298:
289:
285:soil quality
282:
273:
269:
256:
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238:soil erosion
227:
219:Uganda grass
218:
214:
211:Napier grass
210:
205:
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196:
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194:
181:
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163:
162:
150:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1756:NatureServe
1668:iNaturalist
1281:iNaturalist
1155:Wikispecies
853:: 310–317.
389:energy crop
374:East Africa
366:fodder crop
302:insecticide
244:Description
140:Panicoideae
136:Subfamily:
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
1925:Categories
1823:kew-432901
1818:Plant List
1530:Calflora:
1423:kew-462651
1418:Plant List
1299:77106033-1
1073:2020-02-13
1036:2020-02-07
1030:Africanews
645:2020-10-04
399:References
385:bioenergyZ
344:Other uses
223:grasslands
1642:GrassBase
1611:200025859
1598:200025859
1449:100359373
1229:FloraBase
1146:Q41531378
988:897401827
904:0002-1962
785:1011-2367
742:0961-9534
622:2151-7525
577:0100-6916
446:2045-2322
333:push-pull
322:Desmodium
158:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1961:Biofuels
1931:Cenchrus
1875:25509854
1870:Tropicos
1761:2.131422
1709:10682724
1696:415202-1
1647:imp07795
1483:Wikidata
1444:Tropicos
1346:NSWFlora
1325:18963209
1221:49910332
1140:Wikidata
824:55554503
677:59143548
464:30258215
368:for the
151:Cenchrus
126:Family:
97:Monocots
1966:Forages
1862:1326-12
1797:1492030
1743:MoBotPF
1634:2706158
1572:1115110
1554:Ecocrop
1489:Q420834
1359:NTFlora
1260:5828220
948:11 July
925:11 July
884:Bibcode
722:Bibcode
455:6158254
426:Bibcode
265:Poaceae
202:synonym
146:Genus:
130:Poaceae
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1885:276960
1882:uBio:
1831:PLANTS
1784:199534
1768:NZOR:
1748:369151
1621:PENPUR
1618:FoIO:
1507:APDB:
1400:501877
1371:NZOR:
1338:154765
1312:796726
1286:370562
1273:464278
1195:226945
1182:228077
1179:APDB:
1169:AoFP:
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976:
902:
822:
783:
740:
675:
620:
575:
462:
452:
444:
326:Striga
120:Poales
1892:WoI:
1857:SANBI
1836:PEPU2
1735:42004
1722:39771
1704:IRMNG
1680:IPA:
1673:62919
1660:27208
1585:PESPU
1546:76LMF
1533:10189
1523:69862
1510:53069
1497:APA:
1407:PFI:
1382:NZPCN
1364:24682
1242:FoAO2
1234:41563
843:(PDF)
820:S2CID
808:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
673:S2CID
279:Yield
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1895:2993
1844:POWO
1805:PfaF
1792:OBIS
1730:ITIS
1691:IPNI
1683:6164
1655:GRIN
1629:GBIF
1580:EPPO
1559:1651
1518:APNI
1500:4989
1431:POWO
1410:9898
1387:3039
1333:NCBI
1320:IUCN
1307:ITIS
1294:IPNI
1268:GRIN
1255:GBIF
1208:S5JZ
1190:APNI
1172:1426
984:OCLC
974:ISBN
950:2020
927:2020
900:ISSN
781:ISSN
738:ISSN
698:help
618:ISSN
573:ISSN
460:PMID
442:ISSN
310:and
1903:WFO
1717:ISC
1606:FoC
1593:FNA
1567:EoL
1541:CoL
1457:WFO
1216:EoL
1203:CoL
892:doi
855:doi
773:doi
730:doi
608:doi
563:doi
450:PMC
434:doi
372:in
217:or
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