Central committee - Knowledge

1863: 1600: 1971:, member of the Politburo and secretary of the Central Committee, on guiding principles for the 1982 plan and state budget." The ensuing communique summarised the international policy stance of the HSWP and outlined the basic features of the 1982 plan and budget. However, in other instances, the session makes public the resolutions adopted. For instance, the RCP Central Committee session on 9 February 1982 made public the resolution on "Resetting of Prices and Augmentation of Remuneration of Working Personnel". According to Hazan, the RCP Central Committee took this move to help justify the price increases to the population. In other cases, as with the PUWP Central Committee sessions from 1980 to 1982 and those of the LCY more generally, the agenda and proceedings of the sessions were made entirely public. In the PUWP, proceedings were aired live by state radio and television, while in Yugoslavia, public broadcasting of central committee sessions had been a normal occurrence since the early 1950s. For example, the 3rd Extraordinary Session of the 2467: 1581:, and seeks to centralise all power into one organ. This meant that the unified power of the party was bestowed on the congress, which was often designated as the party's "supreme organ". This supreme organ is responsible for electing the central committee, which is typically tasked with directing the work of the communist party in between two congresses. According to scholar Baruch Hazan, the former ruling Eastern European communist parties provided nearly identical descriptions of the functions and powers of their central committees. Their responsibilities included representing the party externally, organising party organs, directing their activities, nominating personnel for internal organs, evaluating party cadres, and administering internal funds. Additionally, they were responsible for overseeing the work of state organs, granting approval to the state plan and budget ahead of the discussions in the 2644:. People often failed to get reelected since they lost or voluntarily left their political office. The central committees could be seen as representative organs of various political offices and institutions. Once an individual loses his or her political office, he or she also loses his or her central committee membership. In line with this reasoning, members lost reelection since the party leadership used the congress as an occasion to rearrange which institutions were to be represented in the central committee. In this way, the party leadership could guarantee that certain sectors were represented in the central committee. Despite this, many ruling central committees had elders in their ranks who had been members their whole careers. For example, in the HSWP, 1577:(PUWP), tried to define democratic centralism in 1980. He posited that centralism involves unifying party building and policy to construct a socialist society. To achieve unity in party building and policy, Dobieszewski contended that the minority had to be subordinate to the majority. Secondly, he posited that lower-level organs were subservient to higher-level organs. Third, members willingly acquiesced to discipline, and political discipline was equally obligatory for all party members. Democracy, on the other hand, meant, according to Dobieszewski, that every member had equal opportunity to participate in the formulation of the party's programme and line, as well as the right to elect and recall officials at all levels. Unified power is the opposite of the 1758:, and member of the highest organ of state power of Poland, defined the relationship between the party and state as follows, "The Marxist-Leninist party gives political direction to the work of both the and the Government. and Government both work to carry out a common program for building socialism. It does not mean, however, that under these conditions the importance of the constitutional functions is reduced." In practice, the party's central committee normally discusses and adopts the state plan and budget before the highest organ of state power does. On 25 November 1981, the RCP Central Committee convened to discuss and adopt the state plan and budget. Two days later, on 27 November, the Romanian highest organ of state power, the 1782: 2562:

Edward Gierek, the incumbent first secretary of the PUWP Central Committee, due to his "health issues". Others were removed due to specific reasons; for instance, Edward Babiuch and Zdzislaw Zandarowski were removed for "allowing distortions in interparty life, for shaping an incorrect style of party work, and for inadequate concern for the quality of party ranks", while Jan Szydlak was removed "for errors in economic policy and support for arbitrary action in this field." In other cases, the central committee elected additional members on the death of sitting member. For example, a session of the CPCZ Central Committee, held on 1 December 1977, opted to elect

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activity of a central committee is constant and does not cease in between its sessions. The central committee usually has several internal departments, commissions, committees, newspapers and other organs working continuously when not in session. These organisational sub-units do everything from greeting foreign delegations, issuing regulations, monitoring the party as a whole and preparing agenda items and dossiers for politburo meetings. Because of the central committee's role in the political system of communist states, foreign observers often state that it has functions resembling

1862: 1810:(CPC) adopted a regulation that limited the party's interference in the work of China's highest organ of state power, the NPC. The document clarifies that the CPC has the right to review all proposed laws, but detailed scrutiny of articles and other legal features should be left to the NPC. In line with this, the number of negative votes by NPC deputies against proposed legislation and candidates has increased since 1991. The NPC has also rejected proposed legislation, such as the " 1635:, and this is institutionalised by giving the party two-thirds of the seats in the highest organ of state power, which has complete control over all state activities per the principle of unified power. These members are, in most cases, elected in non-competitive elections and stand as candidates on the approval of the central committee. Many central committee members also serve concurrently as members of the highest organ of state power. In the Soviet Union, 227 out of 241 2625:, held on 14–20 July 1981, was, according to Hazan, "the only time that the election of an East European Central Committee was subjected to democratic procedures", in the liberal democratic sense. The Electoral Commission of the 9th PUWP Congress originally proposed 200 nominees for 200 seats in the PUWP Central Committee, but provincial delegations from the floor nominated a further 79 candidates. The congress delegates then elected the central committee by 6029: 2687: 1425: 2701: 1437: 1997:, accused the United States of being an anti-Soviet state that refused "to reconcile itself to the fact that it has lost its dominating position in the world policy and economy". The session made clear its support for "The Soviet peace initiatives aim at averting the danger of a world nuclear war" which it argued corresponded "to the vital interests and peace wishes of the Czechoslovak people." 1762:, convened and adopted the central committee's proposals. Moreover, the speakers that spoke at the central committee sessions usually speak at the session of the highest organ of state power. Very few debates take place at the session of the highest organ of state power, and in most cases, these organs adopt the central committee's recommendations unanimously. This was not always the case. The 51: 6017: 1449: 1944:(BCP) reported that an "important" Central Committee session had taken place 1–2 July 1976, but only informed the public that "measures to ensure the consistent and all-round implementation of the decisions of the 11th BCP Congress" had been adopted and discussed. What these measures were was not made public. The importance of the session was indicated by the fact that 1963:

dealt with public matters, such as the economic plan and the state budget. For example, the HSWP Central Committee session held on 3 December 1981 transparently informed about which guests participated in the session and specifically stated what was discussed. In this, the communique stated, "The Central Committee discussed and approved: a report submitted by Comrade

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did do on two occasions. While most personnel changes did occur at congresses, removing or adding new central committee members between congresses occurred semi-regularly. The reasons for removing members varied. For instance, a session of the PUWP Central Committee, held on 4 September 1980, removed

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of the LCY Central Committee served as an ex officio central committee member. However, unlike the other ruling communist parties, the party congress did not elect the LCY Central Committee from 1974 onwards. The congresses and conferences of the LCY branches nominated individuals to serve in the LCY

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and their participating in socialist construction. Another criterion was age, with Hoxha noting that newer members were younger than incumbent ones. He also stated that party organizations had put forward over 2,000 potential candidates to the leadership but had shortened the list to 125 nominees for

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The second to last session of a party congress usually elects the central committee. These sessions, especially in communist Eastern Europe, seldom lasted more than an hour. The congress closing session usually noted that the election of members and candidates to the central committee was carried out

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and, in instances where control and auditing functions have been merged, auditing the party's economic and financial affairs. In most cases, bar a few exceptions, these organs, no matter if they are elected by congress or a central committee session, work under the central committee's leadership. The

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was "to direct current work, chiefly the selection of personnel and the verification of the fulfilment of Party decisions." The most powerful individuals in the communist state system were politburo members who concurrently served as secretariat members, also referred to as secretaries of the central

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responsible for supervising party and state media across China. Outside of these departments, central committees usually have other units as well, such as a publishing house, party schools, scholarly institutes and a capital construction section, for example. The leaders of these permanent organs are

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Sessions have, on several occasions, produced documents of an authoritative ideological nature. For instance, the RCP Central Committee session of 25 March 1981 clarified the party's foreign affairs policy and how it differed from other Eastern European communist parties. In other situations, as was

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The sitting party leadership usually controls congress proceedings, nominating candidates close to them and trying to remove opponents. Moreover, in some parties, as in the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), the central committee was empowered to elect additional members between congresses, which the

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Sessions dealing exclusively with party affairs are usually closed. These sessions' most common agenda item is "organisational matters", meaning personnel changes in party and state organs. The communiques published by these sessions are usually brief and say little to nothing about the reason for

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A central committee, not always the case in non-ruling parties, has two components: one composed of elected officials and another composed of non-elected officials. The non-elected officials compose the permanent organs of the central committee, which makes up the central committee apparatus. The

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responsible, for example, for economic affairs or international affairs. The discussions at the sessions are very seldom made public, but adopted resolutions are sometimes made public and session communiques are nearly always distributed to the public. In some instances, the number of non-members

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worked independently of the PUWP Central Committee. In some parties, as in the CPCZ and the HSWP, the chairman and ordinary members of the party control commission are barred from holding office in the central committee. In other parties, as in China, the head of the control commission is also a

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Central committee sessions could also produce transparent communiques and resolutions. Scholar Hazan contends, "As a rule, this is only the case after a routine , when nothing unusual has happened." These communiques were structured similarly throughout the communist world. Such sessions usually

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wrote, "the entire population is called upon to fulfill the 'program' contained in the report." That is, the Bulgarian people were called to participate in implementing resolutions they were not acquainted with. In other more extreme cases, details of the "historic" central committee were kept a

2423:. Control commissions in all these parties, whether elected by the central committee or congress, bear more or less the same functions and responsibilities. They are responsible for investigating disciplinary issues, screening party members, handling appeals against party decisions, combatting 2664:

had been central committee members since the party's seizure of power in 1948. Another interpretation, as outlined by Hazan, is that "the exercise of electing a new Central Committee is designed to remove those elements that had, for various reasons, become undesirable, while promoting people

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Ruling central committees normally can convene for three meeting types: sessions (also called plenums), extraordinary sessions, and joint sessions. These three types have two sub-forms: a closed session and an enlarged session in which non-members are invited to participate. Central committee

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The politburo was the highest political organ of the central committee and directed party work between central committee sessions. While formally accountable to the central committee, and despite reporting on its work to it, the politburo often ends up controlling the central committee. The

1655:. They tended to dominate the Supreme Soviet and occupied leading political positions within it. In 1971–1973, forty per cent of debate participants were either members or alternates of the central committee. Party members who serve in the highest organ of state power are also bound by 1948:, the first secretary of the BCP Central Committee, "read a detailed report" to the session. However, the report's content was not made public either. Despite the meeting's secretive nature, and the low level of transparency about it, the BCP Central Committee's main newspaper 1793:

There have been several attempts to reform the relationship between the central committee and the highest organ of state power. In China, according to scholar Anthony Saich, "the party cannot guarantee absolute support and has accepted a looser form of control than during the

2347:. The members of a politburo are the highest-standing officials of the given communist party and are, in practice, the country's leading political elite. Members usually have varied political backgrounds and experience from party, executive, legislative, and judicial work. 2582:

and noted in the session communique that they were "excluded from the Central Committee and punished by a vote of censure and warning." According to Hazan, its not certain that the decision to remove these figures was independently decided by central committee. The

2570:. Not every party did as the CPCZ; the HSWP Central Committee rarely replaced members who died in office. Other times, the removal of certain members was not explained. The RCP Central Committee session, held on 26 November 1981, published a communique that stated 2350:

The secretariat is responsible for overseeing the execution of the decisions of the politburo and the central committee, communicating with the nationwide party organisation and being responsible for personnel appointments throughout the party. For example, the

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of a central committee of a ruling communist party is usually five years. The party congress elects individuals to the central committee and holds it accountable. At the first central committee session held immediately after a congress, it elects the

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The leading role principle entails that the central committee adopts recommendations on state policy on behalf of the party to, most commonly, the highest organ of state power, but also to other state organs if deemed necessary. For instance, the

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politburos is often a small organ composed of anywhere from 10 to 30 members. In some parties, as in the RCP and in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the politburo has a standing committee that leads politburo work. In China, it is known as the

2014:. For example, the central committee apparatus of the former communist ruling parties of Europe had twenty to thirty organisational subunits that covered everything from foreign relations and trade to sports and science, similar to parliamentary 1636: 2533: 1972: 1599: 5555: 5550: 2244: 2401: 2234: 1935:

report and the proposed economic plan for 1981. The same rule regards extraordinary sessions, both ordinary and enlarged, as well. In some cases, these sessions were made public long after the fact. For example, the

2136: 1751:, the Soviet government, also on the instructions of the Central Committee. Moreover, Chernenko and Gorbachev both stated that the instruction had also been "approved by the party group" of the Supreme Soviet. 2541: 2587:, the party's name for their politburo, had already decided to remove these members, and one can, therefore, construe the central committee's decision instead as a ratification of an already made decision. 1898:

sessions dealing with non-party issues are often enlarged, even if what is discussed is routine in nature. These sessions are in most cases organised identically, and the key speech is often delivered by a

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usually called "heads". The Secretariat is organised on similar lines as the permanent organs. In some instances, the secretaries head permanent organs in tandem with their supervisory responsibilities.

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central committee membership. Hoxha's statement was, according to Hazan, vague but more transparent on election practices than most of his communist counterparts. The exception to this rule was the

2274: 2100: 5356: 5351: 5346: 786: 781: 776: 1759: 1640: 2466: 2404:, and the officeholder was assisted by executive secretaries, who could not concurrently serve in the LCY Presidency but had to be members of the LCY Central Committee to be eligible to serve. 1585:, and endorsing the appointments of individuals to prominent state roles. However, more generally, central committees are empowered to deal with any issue that falls under the party's purview. 2529: 2483: 2340: 2279: 2038:, and this institutional function is usually vaguely stated in the party statute. The difference between elected and non-elected personnel in the apparatus is blurred, according to scholars 2356: 1763: 1644: 1570: 2141: 1479: 2360: 2221: 2396:, the Yugoslav counterpart to the politburo, into a "political-executive organ" in which no member could concurrently be a member and a secretary. Political work was headed by the 2050:(CPSU) as an example, since "each secretary has responsibility for one or more departments, and hence the departmental officials work as the staff assistants of the secretaries." 4434: 127: 4623: 2393: 1890: 1775: 4780: 5993: 3298: 2259: 2159: 2070: 1736: 1399: 6063: 2550: 2315:

The leading organs of a central committee were elected organs delegated with the central committee's powers when it was not in session. Every ruling communist party had a

2471: 1932: 3341: 2545: 2420: 2397: 1874: 1803: 2630: 1716: 2216: 5923: 1318: 4406: 1916: 1676: 5571: 2503:, held on 25–28 November 1974, that the central committee had been elected "quasi-unanimously". Criteria for membership differs from party to party. For example, 2400:, the party leader, and no member of the presidency could concurrently serve as a secretary, called executive secretary in the LCY. Executive work was led by the 2054: 5840: 2801: 2540:, held on 20 March 1978, instituted a system in which each republican branch had twenty representatives, each autonomous province had fifteen members, that the 2105: 1240: 1821:

In some cases, the central committee adopts decisions on behalf of state organs despite it not being in their jurisdiction. This occurred at a session of the

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Normally, up to two-thirds of central committee members are reelected at party congresses. Those who fail to get reelected are usually not victims of a

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was simply stocked with model workers and peasants, pliant intellectuals and senior party leaders." The first reforms were instituted in 1991, when the

3302: 5800: 5496: 3231: 2479: 2445: 2177: 2058: 1195: 901: 1664: 5706: 4643: 2746:(1976). "Office Holding and Elite Status: The Central Committee of the CPSU". In Cocks, Paul; Daniels, Robert Vincent; Heer, Nancy Whittier (eds.). 2450: 2365: 2254: 1767: 1530: 1115: 2344: 5988: 2769:

Fleron, Jr., Frederic (1973). "System Attributes and Career Attributes: The Soviet Leadership System, 1952 to 1965". In Heisler, Martin O. (ed.).

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from their government posts. Another example is the Extraordinary Plenary Session of the PUWP Central Committee on 9 February 1981 that removed

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by outside observers, in practice, it delegates this authority to numerous smaller internal organs due to the infrequency of its meetings. The

1043: 627: 296: 4516: 1975:, held on 16–17 January 1954, was both publicly broadcast and made public in written form in the LCY Central Committee's theoretical journal, 1675:, on 29 March 1979. In other instances, the central committee could instruct its members to resign from state offices. The 7th Session of the 1672: 1465: 174: 5927: 5302: 3142: 2614: 2537: 2389: 1986: 1668: 1325: 803: 724: 659: 5248: 2429: 649: 5845: 5660: 5625: 5297: 1245: 1073: 1038: 719: 978: 664: 2634: 2606: 2584: 2508: 2475: 5903: 5854: 5830: 5805: 5685: 5665: 4663: 4603: 4578: 3100: 2818: 2724: 2352: 2320: 2047: 1994: 1937: 1748: 1648: 1542: 1512:, the central committee is empowered to deal with any issue that falls under the party's purview. While formally retaining this role in 1301: 1225: 1200: 1098: 1078: 4399: 2649: 2496: 1811: 5795: 5785: 5640: 5635: 5620: 5591: 5491: 2826: 2602: 2525: 2385: 2062: 2022:

and not publicly acknowledged. Many organisational units are shared by all communist parties, such as having organisational units for

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convened an enlarged session on 1 June 1982 attended by 360 guests to discuss the "current stage of building socialism in Romania".

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of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union "on instructions of the Central Committee". Upon his election, Chernenko nominated

1720: 1145: 644: 5586: 5576: 5501: 5452: 5233: 4392: 1931:, spoke at the session, that fifteen central committee members participated in session discussions and that it approved the 1719:. The central committee could also nominate individuals to state positions. On 11 April 1984, during the 1st Session of the 1708: 993: 983: 906: 34: 5715: 5606: 5506: 4459: 4429: 2172: 1799: 1125: 1013: 911: 85: 65: 4496: 2384:. While all ruling central committees have had secretariats at some points, some opted to abolish them. For example, the 1981:. This is against the norm in most communist parties as the majority of them did, and still do, keep proceedings secret. 139: 5912: 5790: 5730: 5412: 5337: 4648: 4583: 4511: 2123: 2035: 1899: 1582: 1311: 1190: 1140: 833: 766: 164: 4964: 1985:

a normal occurrence in former communist Europe (bar Yugoslavia), the central committee convened to express support for

354: 5820: 5457: 5267: 4915: 4558: 3337: 3108: 3050: 3002: 2328: 1744: 1215: 687: 233: 5601: 2793: 1671:(HSWP) "adopted recommendations for filling of jobs in the state apparatus" to the highest organ of state power, the 1220: 1008: 2407:

A control commission is also widespread in communist parties, but the electoral procedure varies. For instance, the

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In some cases, the party leadership lost control or chose to democratise congress proceedings. For instance, the

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as general secretary were deemed too sensitive to be published even thirty years after the event took place.

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and the Supreme Soviet regularly voted contrary to the wishes of the Soviet government and party leaders.

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The permanent organs are often organised on branch lines. For example, the CPSU Central Committee had the

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the changes. But this was not abnormal. For instance, the official communique of the 13th Session of the

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secret. For instance, the contents of the BCP Central Committee session on 17 April 1956 that removed

1834: 5520: 5427: 5392: 5119: 4841: 4531: 3134: 2492: 2424: 1838: 1728: 1578: 924: 848: 818: 514: 189: 5129: 1964: 524: 5943: 5516: 5477: 5462: 5437: 5169: 4979: 4888: 4867: 4715: 4633: 4501: 4471: 3157: 3058: 1968: 1846: 1347: 1337: 873: 858: 599: 559: 266: 149: 2388:(LCY) opted to abolish its secretariat in 1966 to divide powers more equally. Later, in 1978, the 5472: 5417: 5292: 5179: 5054: 4856: 4808: 3227: 2797: 2629:

by crossing of 79 candidates. The result was that eleven out of fifteen incumbent members of the

1950: 1692: 1612: 1604: 878: 838: 714: 439: 92: 5124: 5029: 1928: 1830: 519: 414: 2567: 5407: 5312: 5189: 5079: 4999: 4974: 4949: 4925: 4818: 4754: 4673: 4536: 4491: 4476: 3187: 3161: 3138: 3112: 3085: 3062: 3036: 3006: 2980: 2957: 2934: 2911: 2907: 2888: 2865: 2830: 2778: 2755: 2598: 2563: 2205: 2198: 2011: 1990: 1724: 828: 734: 464: 384: 364: 339: 281: 194: 134: 112: 6033: 6021: 5978: 5967: 5382: 5377: 5199: 5184: 5039: 5034: 5019: 4846: 4791: 4454: 4449: 4439: 2692: 2323:, albeit the name might differ from party to party. Other central committees also elected a 1956: 1924: 1740: 1656: 1453: 1429: 1384: 808: 589: 569: 424: 419: 404: 75: 70: 2078:

Examples of central committee permanent organs in China, the Soviet Union and East Germany

1818:" in 2006. In both cases, the proposed legislation was amended and passed at a later date. 6003: 5983: 5322: 5064: 5024: 5009: 5004: 4775: 4668: 4593: 3210: 3126: 2706: 2519:, that members were nominated based on their loyalty to the party and people, fidelity to 2415:, is elected by a session of the central committee. In contrast, the CCP counterpart, the 1628: 1517: 1513: 1497: 1441: 1409: 1389: 751: 449: 409: 394: 389: 211: 206: 144: 80: 5114: 2571: 509: 169: 5998: 5953: 5908: 5154: 5139: 5134: 5094: 5059: 4969: 4959: 4908: 4521: 3260: 3020: 2994: 2976: 2953: 2661: 2653: 2039: 1680: 1616: 1521: 1501: 1404: 1357: 1306: 544: 529: 479: 444: 359: 349: 324: 179: 2700: 1436: 6047: 5442: 5149: 5069: 4939: 4883: 4759: 4678: 4506: 3024: 2645: 2575: 2043: 2019: 1945: 1712: 1608: 1562: 1509: 863: 604: 579: 539: 504: 484: 454: 329: 286: 238: 159: 5973: 5850: 5616: 5561: 5332: 5174: 5089: 4994: 4920: 4553: 4444: 2881:

Conflict and Cohesion in Socialist Yugoslavia: Political Decision Making since 1966

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LCY Control Commission worked under the central committee's leadership until the

5958: 5701: 5596: 5397: 5387: 5307: 5104: 5084: 5049: 4984: 4901: 4797: 4683: 4541: 3175: 2626: 2504: 2377: 1372: 1362: 1023: 1003: 823: 813: 729: 584: 494: 469: 434: 369: 228: 199: 3261:"China's Political System in Charts: A Snapshot Before the 20th Party Congress" 2817:

Ulč, Otto (1982). "Legislative Politics in Czechoslovakia". In Nelson, Daniel;

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voted against government appointments and, under Gorbachev's leadership, the

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to the Supreme Soviet, the highest organ of state power in the Soviet Union.

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Common title for the highest organ of communist parties between congresses

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China's Party Congress: Power, Legitimacy, and Institutional Manipulation

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had been removed but did not disclose why. The same RCP session removed

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of the CCP Central Committee, attending the 2nd Plenary Session of the

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The Truth of Authority: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union

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The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

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and organisation. At the same time, others are unique, such as the

5531: 4731: 3103:, eds. (1984). "The Statute of the Polish United Workers' Party". 2641: 2589: 2465: 1861: 1780: 1598: 936: 3333:

The Yugoslav Communist Party: Decentralization and Reorganization

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The Soviet Political Agenda: Problems and Priorities, 1950–1970

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Democratic Reform in Yugoslavia: The Changing Role of the Party

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State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament, 1990–2003

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9th Extraordinary Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party

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and have to enact policies approved by the central committee.

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responsible for supervising the works of the ministries of

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faithful to the party leader and his closest associates."

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to the central committee to replace the recently deceased

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had fifteen members in the central committee and that the

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The opening day (5 March 2015) of the 3rd Session of the

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The National People's Congress: Functions and Membership

2973:

The East European Political System: Instruments of Power

1845:, the sitting head of government, and replaced him with 4359: 4357: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4291: 4289: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4079: 4077: 3881: 3879: 3774: 3772: 3687: 3685: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 2553:

decided on the eligibility of the candidates proposed.

5924:

Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes

3418: 3416: 2275:

Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy

1603:

Soviet Central Committee members (from left to right)

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Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991

3228:

The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace

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unanimously. However, this was not always the case:

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Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation

3215:"The Central Committee Departments under Hu Jintao" 2823:Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective 2364:committee. The party leader, most often known as 2499:of the Romanian Communist Party (RCP), told the 2146:International Politics and Economics Department 1903:exceeds that of central committee members. The 1829:(CPCZ) on 13–14 September 1979 when it removed 2927:Soviet Regional Elite Mobility After Khruschev 1816:Property Law of the People's Republic of China 5841:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 4435:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 4400: 1812:Highway Law of the People's Republic of China 1473: 1241:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8: 4056: 3870: 3854: 3838: 3826: 3806: 3763: 3478: 3466: 2417:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 2240:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 1789:, the highest organ of state power in China. 1633:leading or guiding role in state and society 4251: 4228:Statute of the Polish United Workers' Party 4187: 4107: 3984: 3945: 3906: 3842: 3802: 2327:, responsible for party discipline work, a 1533:, a political organ, commonly known as the 5239:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 4407: 4393: 4385: 2771:Comparative Communist Political Leadership 2559:Central Committee of the 11th BCP Congress 2366:general secretary of the central committee 2304:Trade Unions and Social Policy Department 2280:Office of the National Security Commission 2124:Office of the Central Financial Commission 2086:Communist Party of the Soviet Union organ 2076: 2069:, while the Chinese Communist Party has a 1909:Central Committee of the 12th RCP Congress 1707:, the highest organ of state power in the 1677:Central Committee of the 8th PUWP Congress 1531:general secretary of the central committee 1480: 1466: 640:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 29: 6064:Executive committees of political parties 5801:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3996: 3259:Lawrence, Susan V.; Lee, Mari Y. (2021). 3105:The Party Statutes of the Communist World 2773:. Comparative Studies of Political Life. 2750:. Comparative Studies of Political Life. 2178:Institute of Party History and Literature 1973:Central Committee of the 6th LCY Congress 1196:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 5934:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule 4644:General Secretary of the Communist Party 4044: 4008: 3438: 2532:. For example, the Sixth Session of the 2515:(PLA), stated on 6 November 1981 at the 1679:, held on 1–2 December 1980, instructed 1631:formally enshrine the communist party's 1496:is designated as the highest organ of a 18:Central Committee of the Communist Party 5826:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 3364: 2480:Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine 2331:, responsible for military affairs, an 2018:. Some organisational units are deemed 1893:, held on 23 August – 6 September 1970. 1721:11th Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1221:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 41: 5904:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 5224:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 4836:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 4211: 4143: 4131: 4020: 3969: 3957: 3918: 3885: 3858: 3814: 3734: 3722: 3521: 3344:from the original on 28 September 2023 3277:from the original on 21 September 2023 2343:, and in Romania, it was known as the 1302:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 628:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 297:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 5303:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 4375: 4363: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4295: 4280: 4268: 4239: 4199: 4147: 4119: 4095: 4083: 4068: 4032: 3810: 3790: 3778: 3746: 3718: 3703: 3691: 3676: 3655: 3638: 3626: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3509: 3497: 3454: 3442: 3422: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3308:from the original on 19 December 2023 3055:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 2034:. These organs are supervised by the 1917:Central Committee of the 7th Congress 1711:, and instructing its former leader, 804:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 725:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 660:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 128:Intensification of the class struggle 7: 5846:Sandinista National Liberation Front 5298:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 4175: 4163: 3933: 3237:from the original on 6 December 2022 2804:from the original on 11 January 2024 2217:Party Organisational Work Department 1246:Sandinista National Liberation Front 720:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 5855:Militarized Communist Party of Peru 5806:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4604:Socialist state of the whole people 3434: 2950:The USSR: The Politics of Oligarchy 2048:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1649:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1553:Communist parties are organised on 1201:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 5994:State ideology of the Soviet Union 5796:Communist Party of the Philippines 5786:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 4151: 2827:State University of New York Press 2603:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 2526:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 2453:and Politburo Standing Committee. 2386:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1669:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 1653:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1651:(CPSU) concurrently served in the 1400:State ideology of the Soviet Union 633:The History of the Communist Party 25: 4852:Scientific Outlook on Development 4467:Commanding heights of the economy 2449:member of its Central Committee, 2434:Commission on Statutory Questions 2128:Planning and Finances Department 1827:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 1715:, to resign from his seat in the 1333:Criticism of communist party rule 665:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament 103:Commanding heights of the economy 6027: 6015: 5831:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 5249:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 4624:Civilian control of the military 4579:People's democratic dictatorship 4223: 3029:How the Soviet Union is Governed 2699: 2685: 2245:Central Party Control Commission 2055:Administrative Organs Department 1921:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 1754:Marxist constitutional theorist 1447: 1435: 1423: 1226:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 650:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 635:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 49: 4574:Dictatorship of the proletariat 4549:Theory of the productive forces 2748:The Dynamics of Soviet Politics 2507:, the general secretary of the 2495:, the general secretary of the 2438:9th Extraordinary PUWP Congress 2402:secretary of the LCY Presidency 2398:president of the LCY Presidency 2182:Institute for Marxism–Leninism 1787:12th National People's Congress 219:Theory of the productive forces 5526:People's Republic of Kampuchea 5244:A Critique of Soviet Economics 4599:State of socialist orientation 3266:Congressional Research Service 3082:University of Pittsburgh Press 2792:Gore, Lance (3 October 2023). 2611:League of Communists of Serbia 2089:Chinese Communist Party organ 645:A Critique of Soviet Economics 1: 4460:Soviet-type economic planning 4430:Administrative-command system 3076:Remington, Thomas F. (1988). 2605:attending the session of the 2444:to state explicitly that the 2413:Central Inspection Commission 2345:Political Executive Committee 2173:Institute of Marxism-Leninism 2028:Department of Western Affairs 1776:Congress of People's Deputies 1703:to resign their seats in the 86:Soviet-type economic planning 66:Administrative-command system 5791:Communist Party of Kampuchea 5413:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5338:Chinese Communist Revolution 4649:Highest organ of state power 4512:Proletarian internationalism 2440:, held in 1981, amended the 2341:Politburo Standing Committee 2119:Chemical Industry Department 2092:Socialist Unity Party organ 1583:highest organ of state power 1575:Polish United Workers' Party 1191:Communist Party of Kampuchea 834:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 165:Proletarian internationalism 5821:Indochinese Communist Party 5458:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 5453:New People's Army rebellion 5234:Britain's Road to Socialism 4559:Wars of national liberation 3338:Western Michigan University 3330:McCrea, Barbara P. (1969). 3109:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 3003:Brookings Institution Press 2948:Hammer, Darrell P. (1986). 2549:Central Committee, and the 2329:central military commission 1900:central committee secretary 1770:rejected bills, the Polish 1709:People's Republic of Poland 1557:based on the principles of 1529:, an office usually titled 1216:Indochinese Communist Party 234:Wars of national liberation 6080: 5939:Marxist schools of thought 5866:Portuguese Communist Party 5811:Communist Party of Vietnam 4804:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 3184:Cambridge University Press 2925:Clark, William A. (1989). 2885:Princeton University Press 2637:were voted out of office. 2513:Party of Labour of Albania 2409:Communist Party of Vietnam 2235:Central Control Commission 1592: 1516:, commonly referred to as 1343:Marxist schools of thought 1236:Party of Labour of Albania 1206:Communist Party of Vietnam 6011: 5816:Communist Party of Malaya 5771:Communist Party of Brazil 5468:Internal conflict in Peru 4744:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 4654:Leading role of the party 4589:National-democratic state 4584:People's democratic state 3107:. Law in Eastern Europe. 2908:Frances Pinter Publishers 2775:David McKay Company, Inc. 2486:, held on 1–6 March 1919. 2359:in 1961, stated that the 2265:"Karl Marx" Party Academy 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 1942:Bulgarian Communist Party 1621:1937 election of deputies 1595:Leading role of the party 1589:Relationship to the state 5781:Communist Party of India 5751:Albanian Party of Labour 4874:Bill of Rights socialism 4527:Socialism in one country 4497:Marxist–Leninist atheism 4057:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3871:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3855:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3839:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3827:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3807:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3764:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3479:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3467:Hough & Fainsod 1979 3223:China Leadership Monitor 3152:Whitmore, Sarah (2004). 3033:Harvard University Press 2879:Burg, Steven L. (1983). 2752:Harvard University Press 2470:The following shows the 2285:National Defence Council 2226:Party Organs Department 2142:International Department 2137:International Department 2024:agitation and propaganda 1907:(RCP) did this, and the 1905:Romanian Communist Party 1541:, customarily named the 1504:. Per the principles of 1186:Communist Party of India 185:Socialism in one country 140:Marxist–Leninist atheism 5989:State ideology of China 5861:Workers' Party of Korea 5776:Communist Party of Cuba 5766:Chinese Communist Party 5423:Portuguese Colonial War 5219:Foundations of Leninism 4771:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 4482:Dialectical materialism 4252:Lawrence & Lee 2021 4188:Lawrence & Lee 2021 3985:Lawrence & Lee 2021 3946:Lawrence & Lee 2021 3907:Lawrence & Lee 2021 3843:Lawrence & Lee 2021 3135:The Macmillan Press Ltd 2862:Oxford University Press 2744:Daniels, Robert Vincent 2585:RCP Political Committee 2382:chief executive officer 2295:Women's Work Department 2222:Organisation Department 1879:Chinese Communist Party 1808:Chinese Communist Party 1760:Great National Assembly 1395:State ideology of China 1321:under communist regimes 1319:Crimes against humanity 1279:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 1251:Workers' Party of Korea 1181:Communist Party of Cuba 1176:Chinese Communist Party 844:Portuguese Colonial War 670:The Governance of China 623:Foundations of Leninism 170:Protracted people's war 118:Dialectical materialism 5711:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5045:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4955:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 3271:United States Congress 2971:Hazan, Baruch (1985). 2902:Carter, April (1982). 2618: 2487: 2462:Elections and removals 2411:'s control organ, the 2300:Social Work Department 2164:Propaganda Department 1894: 1790: 1624: 1211:French Communist Party 1121:Bosnia and Herzegovina 430:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 345:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 6059:Communist terminology 5954:Post-Marxism–Leninism 5836:Nepal Communist Party 5433:Nicaraguan Revolution 5403:Albanian–Soviet split 5100:Mengistu Haile Mariam 4639:Democratic centralism 4629:Collective leadership 4226:, Article 77 of the " 3099:Simons, Williams B.; 2715:Eastern Bloc politics 2593: 2530:LCY Central Committee 2469: 2155:Propaganda Department 2032:SED Central Committee 1987:Soviet foreign policy 1891:9th Central Committee 1865: 1784: 1602: 1593:Further information: 1569:, an official of the 1559:democratic centralism 1506:democratic centralism 1231:Nepal Communist Party 854:Nicaraguan Revolution 490:Mengistu Haile Mariam 108:Democratic centralism 98:Collective leadership 6034:Communism portal 6022:Socialism portal 5521:Democratic Kampuchea 5428:Black Power movement 5393:Non-Aligned Movement 4532:Socialist patriotism 3813:, pp. 159–160; 3290:Saich, Tony (2015). 3158:Taylor & Francis 3111:. pp. 333–361. 3059:Taylor & Francis 2858:The Gorbachev Factor 2829:. pp. 111–124. 2425:political corruption 2419:, is elected by the 2260:Central Party School 2160:Publicity Department 2071:Publicity Department 1749:Council of Ministers 1729:Konstantin Chernenko 1701:Zdzislaw Zandarowski 1579:separation of powers 1454:Socialism portal 1430:Communism portal 849:Black power movement 819:Non-Aligned Movement 190:Socialist patriotism 5944:National Bolshevism 5478:Revolutions of 1989 5463:Sino-Albanian split 5448:Naxalite insurgency 5438:Cultural Revolution 5318:Great Patriotic War 5170:Nur Muhammad Taraki 4716:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4634:Cult of personality 4472:Developed socialism 4339:, pp. 147–148. 4283:, pp. 123–125. 4242:, pp. 144–146. 4202:, pp. 162–163. 4178:, pp. 319–320. 4098:, pp. 160–161. 4059:, pp. 410–411. 3749:, pp. 120–121. 3706:, pp. 118–119. 3641:, pp. 117–118. 3612:, pp. 116–117. 3564:, pp. 169–171. 3410:, pp. 109–110. 2931:Bloomsbury Academic 2613:that elected a new 2255:Higher Party School 2110:General Department 2079: 2012:liberal democracies 1887:First Vice Chairman 1847:Wojciech Jaruzelski 1814:" in 1999 and the " 1442:Politics portal 1348:National Bolshevism 1338:Cult of personality 874:Revolutions of 1989 869:Naxalite insurgency 859:Cultural Revolution 745:Great Patriotic War 600:Wojciech Jaruzelski 560:Nur Muhammad Taraki 267:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5473:Nepalese Civil War 5418:Great Leap Forward 5180:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 5055:Kaysone Phomvihane 4857:Xi Jinping Thought 4492:Labour aristocracy 4146:, pp. 90–92; 3805:, pp. 60–61; 3441:, pp. 26–27; 2754:. pp. 77–95. 2619: 2595:Slobodan Milošević 2488: 2446:Control Commission 2325:control commission 2101:General Department 2077: 2016:special committees 1993:, a member of the 1951:Rabotnichesko delo 1895: 1791: 1625: 1613:Kliment Voroshilov 1605:Vyacheslav Molotov 1567:Adolf Dobieszewski 879:Nepalese Civil War 839:Great Leap Forward 767:Chinese Revolution 440:Kaysone Phomvihane 155:People's democracy 93:Collective farming 6054:Communist parties 6041: 6040: 5408:Sino-Soviet split 5368:Tito–Stalin split 5313:Spanish Civil War 5254:Guerrilla Warfare 5213:Theoretical works 5145:Władysław Gomułka 5120:Nicolae Ceaușescu 5080:Nikos Zachariadis 5000:Nikita Khrushchev 4975:Palmiro Togliatti 4674:Transmission belt 4619:Central committee 4477:Dialectical logic 4190:, pp. 21–22. 4134:, pp. 90–92. 4011:, pp. 43–44. 3972:, pp. 95–96. 3960:, pp. 94–95. 3817:, pp. 60–61. 3144:978-1-349-03866-4 2615:Central Committee 2580:Vasilie Ogherlaci 2538:10th LCY Congress 2534:Central Committee 2509:Central Committee 2501:11th RCP Congress 2497:Central Committee 2493:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2476:Central Committee 2390:11th LCY Congress 2370:Darrell P. Hammer 2355:, adopted at the 2308: 2307: 2206:Neues Deutschland 1938:Central Committee 1875:Central Committee 1823:Central Committee 1804:Central Committee 1756:Sylwester Zawadzk 1725:Mikhail Gorbachev 1697:Tadeusz Wraszczyk 1685:Jerzy Łukaszewicz 1673:National Assembly 1665:Central Committee 1641:Central Committee 1571:Central Committee 1494:central committee 1490: 1489: 829:Sino-Soviet split 735:Spanish Civil War 655:Guerrilla Warfare 617:Theoretical works 535:Władysław Gomułka 515:Nicolae Ceaușescu 465:Nikos Zachariadis 385:Nikita Khrushchev 365:Palmiro Togliatti 135:Labor aristocracy 113:Dialectical logic 16:(Redirected from 6071: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6020: 6019: 5979:State capitalism 5383:De-Stalinization 5378:Cuban Revolution 5200:Gennady Zyuganov 5185:Rohana Wijeweera 5040:Klement Gottwald 5035:Valko Chervenkov 5020:Lazar Kaganovich 4980:Dolores Ibárruri 4847:Three Represents 4792:Intercommunalism 4612:Political system 4455:Central planning 4450:Anti-revisionism 4440:Anti-imperialism 4416:Marxism–Leninism 4409: 4402: 4395: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4299: 4293: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4108:Fleron, Jr. 1973 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3852: 3846: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3803:Fleron, Jr. 1973 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3236: 3219: 3211:Miller, Alice L. 3197: 3171: 3148: 3127:Tarschys, Daniel 3122: 3095: 3072: 3051:McCauley, Martin 3046: 3016: 2990: 2967: 2944: 2921: 2898: 2875: 2840: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2788: 2777:pp. 43–85. 2765: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2693:Communism portal 2690: 2689: 2688: 2521:Marxism–Leninism 2517:8th PLA Congress 2430:9th LCY Congress 2361:CPSU Secretariat 2133:Foreign affairs 2080: 2046:, and using the 2001:Permanent organs 1957:Valko Chervenkov 1835:Frantisek Hamouz 1741:Nikolai Tikhonov 1657:party discipline 1629:communist states 1518:communist states 1514:socialist states 1482: 1475: 1468: 1452: 1451: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1385:State capitalism 809:De-Stalinization 590:Gennady Zyuganov 570:Rohana Wijeweera 425:Klement Gottwald 420:Valko Chervenkov 405:Lazar Kaganovich 81:Central planning 76:Anti-revisionism 71:Anti-imperialism 53: 43:Marxism–Leninism 30: 21: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6028: 6026: 6014: 6007: 6004:Totalitarianism 5984:State socialism 5893: 5869: 5740: 5481: 5323:Greek Civil War 5257: 5208: 5160:Mathieu Kérékou 5065:Leonid Brezhnev 5030:Bolesław Bierut 5025:Georgi Dimitrov 5010:Josip Broz Tito 5005:Walter Ulbricht 4929: 4776:Gonzalo Thought 4688: 4607: 4594:Socialist state 4563: 4418: 4413: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4302: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150:, p. 198; 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3892: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861:, pp. 5–7. 3857:, p. 418; 3853: 3849: 3841:, p. 417; 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3809:, p. 430; 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721:, p. 121; 3717: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3662: 3654: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600:, pp. 6–7. 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3437:, p. 119; 3433: 3429: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3294: 3289: 3280: 3278: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3151: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3098: 3092: 3075: 3069: 3049: 3043: 3021:Hough, Jerry F. 3019: 3013: 2995:Hough, Jerry F. 2993: 2987: 2970: 2964: 2947: 2941: 2924: 2918: 2901: 2895: 2878: 2872: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2791: 2785: 2768: 2762: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2707:Politics portal 2705: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2601:(right) of the 2482:elected at its 2464: 2459: 2313: 2097:Administrative 2003: 1933:SED Politburo's 1929:Gerhard Schürer 1860: 1855: 1843:Józef Pińkowski 1839:Bohuslav Vecera 1597: 1591: 1551: 1539:executive organ 1498:communist party 1486: 1446: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1410:Totalitarianism 1390:State socialism 1320: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1161: 1153: 1152: 892: 884: 883: 752:Greek Civil War 683: 675: 674: 634: 618: 610: 609: 550:Mathieu Kérékou 450:Leonid Brezhnev 415:Bolesław Bierut 410:Georgi Dimitrov 395:Josip Broz Tito 390:Walter Ulbricht 320: 312: 311: 252: 244: 243: 145:One-party state 130:under socialism 129: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6077: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6001: 5999:Third-Worldism 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5909:Anti-communism 5906: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5874:Related topics 5871: 5870: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5547:Czechoslovakia 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190:Abimael Guzmán 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Thomas Sankara 5152: 5147: 5142: 5140:Erich Honecker 5137: 5135:Maurice Bishop 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095:Agostinho Neto 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5060:Khalid Bakdash 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4990:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4970:Maurice Thorez 4967: 4962: 4960:Ehmetjan Qasim 4957: 4952: 4950:Ernst Thälmann 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4781:Prachanda Path 4778: 4773: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4529: 4524: 4522:Social fascism 4519: 4517:Self-criticism 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4380: 4378:, p. 142. 4368: 4366:, p. 143. 4353: 4351:, p. 145. 4341: 4329: 4327:, p. 133. 4317: 4315:, p. 127. 4300: 4298:, p. 125. 4285: 4273: 4271:, p. 126. 4256: 4244: 4232: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4154:, p. 132. 4136: 4124: 4122:, p. 161. 4112: 4100: 4088: 4086:, p. 150. 4073: 4071:, p. 149. 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3997:Remington 1988 3989: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3938: 3923: 3911: 3890: 3875: 3873:, p. 418. 3863: 3847: 3831: 3829:, p. 412. 3819: 3795: 3793:, p. 116. 3783: 3781:, p. 123. 3768: 3766:, p. 411. 3751: 3739: 3737:, p. 122. 3727: 3725:, p. 122. 3708: 3696: 3694:, p. 120. 3681: 3679:, p. 119. 3660: 3658:, p. 118. 3643: 3631: 3629:, p. 117. 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3560:, p. 46; 3550: 3538: 3526: 3524:, p. 104. 3514: 3512:, p. 148. 3502: 3500:, p. 146. 3483: 3481:, p. 368. 3471: 3469:, p. 365. 3459: 3447: 3427: 3425:, p. 115. 3412: 3400: 3398:, p. 109. 3388: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3287: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3149: 3143: 3123: 3117: 3101:White, Stephen 3096: 3090: 3073: 3067: 3047: 3041: 3025:Fainsod, Merle 3017: 3011: 2991: 2985: 2977:Westview Press 2968: 2962: 2954:Westview Press 2945: 2939: 2922: 2916: 2899: 2893: 2876: 2870: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2819:White, Stephen 2814: 2789: 2783: 2766: 2760: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2696: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2674:Representation 2672: 2670: 2667: 2599:Ivan Stambolić 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2421:party congress 2312: 2311:Leading organs 2309: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2199:People's Daily 2195: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2106:General Office 2103: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2059:Civil Aviation 2040:Jerry F. Hough 2002: 1999: 1995:CPCZ Presidium 1965:Andreas Gyenes 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1681:Edward Babiuch 1619:partaking the 1617:Nikolai Yezhov 1590: 1587: 1555:Leninist lines 1550: 1547: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1405:Third-Worldism 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1360: 1358:Post-communism 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1307:Anti-communism 1304: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1263:Related topics 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 965: 964: 959: 952:Czechoslovakia 949: 944: 939: 934: 933: 932: 927: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 795: 794: 789: 784: 779: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 748: 747: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 630: 625: 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 545:Thomas Sankara 542: 537: 532: 530:Erich Honecker 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 480:Agostinho Neto 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 445:Khalid Bakdash 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 375:Võ Nguyên Giáp 372: 367: 362: 360:Maurice Thorez 357: 352: 350:Ehmetjan Qasim 347: 342: 340:Ernst Thälmann 337: 332: 327: 325:Vladimir Lenin 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 215: 214: 204: 203: 202: 197: 187: 182: 180:Social fascism 177: 175:Self-criticism 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 89: 88: 78: 73: 68: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6076: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5928:Mass killings 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5913:Mass killings 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5745:Organizations 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443:Prague Spring 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150:Samora Machel 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070:Deng Xiaoping 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5015:Mátyás Rákosi 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Joseph Stalin 4938: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798:New Communism 4796: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Khrushchevism 4758: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Unified power 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507:Popular front 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4254:, p. 21. 4253: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4214:, p. 51. 4213: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4166:, p. 43. 4165: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4110:, p. 61. 4109: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4047:, p. 86. 4046: 4045:McCauley 2014 4041: 4038: 4035:, p. 91. 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023:, p. 93. 4022: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4009:Tarschys 1979 4005: 4002: 3999:, p. 34. 3998: 3993: 3990: 3987:, p. 18. 3986: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3948:, p. 20. 3947: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3921:, p. 94. 3920: 3915: 3912: 3909:, p. 19. 3908: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3888:, p. 96. 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3845:, p. 18. 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3548:, p. 45. 3547: 3542: 3539: 3536:, p. 53. 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3457:, p. 39. 3456: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439:Whitmore 2004 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389: 3386:, p. 95. 3385: 3380: 3377: 3374:, p. 76. 3373: 3368: 3365: 3358: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3193:9781107082021 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3167:0-415-33195-1 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118:90-247-2975-0 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3091:0-8229-3590-2 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3068:9781317867838 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3042:0-674-41030-0 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3012:0-8157-3748-3 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986:0-8133-7064-7 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2963:0-8133-0051-7 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2940:9780275931247 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2917:0-903804-88-3 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2894:0-691-07651-0 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2871:9780191573989 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:Brown, Archie 2851: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2836:0-87395-566-8 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2784:9780679300304 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2761:0-674-21881-7 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650:Sándor Gáspár 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:10th Congress 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2576:Virgil Trofin 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2442:party statute 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357:22nd Congress 2354: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2044:Merle Fainsod 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:party secrets 2017: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1969:Ferenc Havasi 1966: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946:Todor Zhivkov 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:Günter Mittag 1922: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869:(right), the 1868: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:State Council 1714: 1713:Edward Gierek 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:24th Congress 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609:Joseph Stalin 1606: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:unified power 1560: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:unified power 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326:Mass killings 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1312:Mass killings 1310: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160:Organizations 1157: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 888: 887: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 864:Prague Spring 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 685: 679: 678: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 606: 605:Todor Zhivkov 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Harry Pollitt 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540:Samora Machel 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 505:Hardial Bains 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 455:Deng Xiaoping 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:Mátyás Rákosi 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 330:Joseph Stalin 328: 326: 323: 322: 316: 315: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 287:Khrushchevism 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 248: 247: 240: 239:Unified power 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 160:Popular front 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 5974:Second World 5851:Shining Path 5681:Turkmenistan 5617:Soviet Union 5562:East Germany 5362:2002–present 5333:Eastern Bloc 5268:Soviet Union 5175:Alfonso Cano 5125:Gustáv Husák 5115:Sanzō Nosaka 5090:Fidel Castro 4995:Earl Browder 4921:Zachariadism 4907: 4900: 4884:Lovestoneism 4749:Kimjongunism 4730: 4618: 4568:Class system 4554:Third Period 4445:Anti-fascism 4371: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4276: 4247: 4235: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3965: 3953: 3941: 3914: 3866: 3850: 3834: 3822: 3798: 3786: 3742: 3730: 3699: 3634: 3605: 3593: 3588:, p. 6. 3581: 3576:, p. 4. 3569: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3445:, p. 1. 3430: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3348:28 September 3346:. Retrieved 3332: 3310:. Retrieved 3279:. Retrieved 3264: 3239:. Retrieved 3221: 3179: 3176:Wu, Guoguang 3153: 3130: 3104: 3077: 3054: 3028: 2998: 2972: 2949: 2926: 2903: 2880: 2857: 2822: 2806:. Retrieved 2770: 2747: 2658:István Szabó 2639: 2620: 2572:Leonte Răutu 2555: 2551:LCY congress 2489: 2484:3rd Congress 2406: 2374:Archie Brown 2353:CPSU statute 2349: 2337: 2314: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2151:Ideological 2052: 2004: 1983: 1976: 1961: 1949: 1913: 1896: 1853:Organisation 1820: 1792: 1753: 1689:Tadeusz Pyka 1661: 1626: 1552: 1527:party leader 1493: 1491: 1380:Second World 1094:Turkmenistan 1029:Soviet Union 969:East Germany 792:2002–present 762:Eastern Bloc 740:World War II 688:Soviet Union 565:Alfonso Cano 520:Gustáv Husák 510:Sanzō Nosaka 475:Fidel Castro 380:Earl Browder 224:Third Period 5959:Red fascism 5597:North Korea 5492:Afghanistan 5398:Vietnam War 5388:Warsaw Pact 5308:Great Purge 5293:Great Break 5130:János Kádár 5105:Kim Il Sung 5085:Che Guevara 5050:Enver Hoxha 4985:Ho Chi Minh 4926:Brezhnevism 4909:Rankovićism 4684:Vanguardism 4664:Secretariat 4502:Partiinost' 4212:Carter 1982 4144:Hammer 1986 4132:Hammer 1986 4021:Hammer 1986 3970:Hammer 1986 3958:Hammer 1986 3919:Hammer 1986 3886:Hammer 1986 3859:Miller 2009 3815:Hammer 1986 3735:McCrea 1969 3723:McCrea 1969 3522:Hammer 1986 2798:Think China 2725:Secretariat 2662:Rezső Nyers 2654:Károly Kiss 2635:Secretariat 2627:secret vote 2597:(left) and 2564:Miloš Jakeš 2542:army branch 2505:Enver Hoxha 2472:composition 2392:turned the 2378:Wu Guoguang 2321:secretariat 2231:Discipline 2187:Newspapers 2169:Institutes 2083:Organ type 2036:secretariat 2008:parliaments 1991:Vasiľ Biľak 1881:(CCP), and 1796:Maoist days 1693:Jan Szydlak 1543:secretariat 1363:Red fascism 1024:South Yemen 1004:North Korea 897:Afghanistan 824:Vietnam War 814:Warsaw Pact 730:Great Purge 715:Great Break 585:Harpal Brar 525:János Kádár 495:Kim Il Sung 470:Che Guevara 435:Enver Hoxha 370:Ho Chi Minh 229:Vanguardism 150:Partiinost' 6048:Categories 5890:Trotskyism 5880:Bolshevism 5726:Montenegro 5707:Yugoslavia 5691:Uzbekistan 5676:Tajikistan 5651:Kyrgyzstan 5646:Kazakhstan 5626:Azerbaijan 5592:Mozambique 5486:By country 5373:Korean War 5205:Xi Jinping 5165:Siad Barre 4945:Mao Zedong 4879:Browderism 4814:Pol Potism 4786:Pantherism 4376:Hazan 1985 4364:Hazan 1985 4349:Hazan 1985 4337:Hazan 1985 4325:Hazan 1985 4313:Hazan 1985 4296:Hazan 1985 4281:Hazan 1985 4269:Hazan 1985 4240:Hazan 1985 4200:Hazan 1985 4148:Brown 1997 4120:Hazan 1985 4096:Hazan 1985 4084:Hazan 1985 4069:Hazan 1985 4033:Clark 1989 3811:Hazan 1985 3791:Hazan 1985 3779:Hazan 1985 3747:Hazan 1985 3719:Hazan 1985 3704:Hazan 1985 3692:Hazan 1985 3677:Hazan 1985 3656:Hazan 1985 3639:Hazan 1985 3627:Hazan 1985 3610:Hazan 1985 3598:Saich 2015 3586:Saich 2015 3574:Saich 2015 3562:Hough 1997 3558:Hazan 1985 3546:Hazan 1985 3534:Hazan 1985 3510:Hazan 1985 3498:Hazan 1985 3455:Hazan 1985 3443:Saich 2015 3423:Hazan 1985 3408:Hazan 1985 3396:Hazan 1985 3384:Hazan 1985 3372:Hazan 1985 3336:(Thesis). 3312:13 January 3297:(Report). 3281:10 January 3241:10 January 2808:11 January 2731:References 2646:Antal Apró 2457:Membership 2394:Presidency 2213:Personnel 1867:Mao Zedong 1831:Jan Gregor 1768:Yugoslavia 1727:nominated 1502:congresses 1284:Trotskyism 1269:Bolshevism 1136:Montenegro 1116:Yugoslavia 1104:Uzbekistan 1089:Tajikistan 1064:Kyrgyzstan 1059:Kazakhstan 1039:Azerbaijan 999:Mozambique 891:By country 799:Korean War 595:Xi Jinping 555:Siad Barre 485:Lúcio Lara 335:Mao Zedong 5964:Red Scare 5949:New class 5761:Comintern 5721:Macedonia 5661:Lithuania 5357:1989–2002 5352:1976–1989 5347:1949–1976 5287:1982–1991 5282:1964–1982 5277:1953–1964 5272:1927–1953 5110:Chin Peng 4965:José Díaz 4916:Dubčekism 4863:Stalinism 4830:Nkrumaism 4825:Sankarism 4710:Guevarism 4705:Castroism 4659:Politburo 4176:Burg 1983 4164:Burg 1983 3934:Gore 2023 3359:Footnotes 2720:Politburo 2669:Functions 2631:Politburo 2568:Jan Baryl 2546:president 2451:Politburo 2317:politburo 2271:Security 2115:Economic 1798:when the 1737:Presidium 1537:, and an 1535:politburo 1368:Red Scare 1353:New class 1171:Comintern 1131:Macedonia 1074:Lithuania 921:Cambodia 787:1989–2002 782:1976–1989 777:1949–1976 708:1982–1991 703:1964–1982 698:1953–1964 693:1927–1953 500:Chin Peng 355:José Díaz 302:Stalinism 262:Guevarism 257:Castroism 212:Socialist 5919:Cold War 5898:See also 5885:Leninism 5736:Slovenia 5631:Byelarus 5587:Mongolia 5567:Ethiopia 5556:Slovakia 5517:Cambodia 5512:Bulgaria 5328:Cold War 5195:Gus Hall 4902:Đilasism 4889:Marcyism 4868:American 4809:National 4755:Kadarism 4726:Husakism 4721:Hoxhaism 4693:Variants 4542:Yugoslav 4423:Concepts 3435:Ulč 1982 3342:Archived 3303:Archived 3275:Archived 3232:Archived 3213:(2009). 3203:Journals 3178:(2015). 3129:(1979). 3053:(2014). 3027:(1979). 2997:(1997). 2856:(1997). 2821:(eds.). 2802:Archived 2736:Articles 2679:See also 2633:and the 2251:Schools 2065:and the 1978:Komunist 1883:Lin Biao 1871:Chairman 1858:Sessions 1764:Assembly 1745:chairman 1733:chairman 1500:between 1296:See also 1274:Leninism 1146:Slovenia 1044:Byelarus 994:Mongolia 974:Ethiopia 962:Slovakia 917:Bulgaria 757:Cold War 575:Gus Hall 282:Kádárism 277:Husakism 272:Hoxhaism 251:Variants 200:Yugoslav 60:Concepts 35:a series 33:Part of 5756:Comecon 5716:Croatia 5697:Vietnam 5686:Ukraine 5666:Moldova 5641:Georgia 5636:Estonia 5621:Armenia 5612:Somalia 5607:Romania 5577:Hungary 5572:Grenada 5551:Czechia 5497:Albania 5262:History 5075:Pol Pot 4895:Titoism 4842:Dengism 4819:African 4152:Wu 2015 3252:Reports 3230:: 1–8. 2609:of the 2536:of the 2511:of the 2478:of the 2474:of the 2333:orgburo 2291:Social 2063:Defence 2030:of the 1940:of the 1919:of the 1877:of the 1873:of the 1825:of the 1806:of the 1766:of the 1747:of the 1735:of the 1667:of the 1647:of the 1643:of the 1639:of the 1637:members 1573:of the 1166:Comecon 1126:Croatia 1111:Vietnam 1099:Ukraine 1079:Moldova 1054:Georgia 1049:Estonia 1034:Armenia 1019:Somalia 1014:Romania 984:Hungary 979:Grenada 957:Czechia 930:1979–92 925:1975–79 902:Albania 682:History 460:Pol Pot 307:Titoism 5968:Second 5731:Serbia 5671:Russia 5656:Latvia 5602:Poland 5502:Angola 4934:People 4765:Maoism 4739:Songun 4537:Soviet 3323:Thesis 3226:(27). 3190: 3164: 3141: 3115: 3088: 3065: 3039: 3009: 2983: 2960: 2937: 2914: 2891: 2868: 2833: 2781: 2758: 2436:. 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