1465:
2105:
882:
803:
wider language family is not yet well established. Hardman has proposed the name 'Jaqi' ('human') while other widely respected
Peruvian linguists have proposed alternative names for the same language family. Alfredo Torero uses the term 'Aru' ('speech'); Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, meanwhile, has proposed that the term 'Aymara' should be used for the whole family, distinguished into two branches, Southern (or Altiplano) Aymara and Central Aymara (Jaqaru and Kawki). Each of these three proposals has its followers in Andean
2418:
2400:
2382:
874:
2012:, which recognizes in general two subtypes of the metaphor "the passage of time is motion:" one is "time passing is motion over a landscape" (or "moving-ego"), and the other is "time passing is a moving object" ("moving-events"). The latter metaphor does not explicitly involve the individual/speaker. Events are in a queue, with prior events towards the front of the line. The individual may be facing the queue, or it may be moving from left to right in front of him/her.
1508:. This alphabet has five vowels ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩, aspiration is conveyed with an ⟨h⟩ next to the consonant, and ejectives with ⟨'⟩. The most unusual characteristic is the expression of the uvular /χ/ with ⟨jh⟩. The other uvular segment, /q/, is expressed by ⟨q⟩, but transcription rules mandate that the following vowel must be ⟨a, e, o⟩ (not ⟨i, u⟩), presumably to account for uvular lowering and to facilitate multilingual orthography.
1987:
395:
77:
430:
1930:
36:
407:
1525:(SENALEP) attempted to consolidate these alphabets to create a system which could be used to write both Aymara and Quechua, creating what was known as the Alfabeto Unificado. The alphabet, later sanctioned in Bolivia by Decree 20227 on 9 May 1984 and in Peru as la Resolución Ministerial Peruana 1218ED on 18 November 1985, consists of 3 vowels, 26 consonants and an
179:
751:. This man, who later assisted Viceroy Toledo in creating a system under which the indigenous population would be ruled for the next 200 years, wrote a report in 1559 entitled 'On the lineage of the Yncas and how they extended their conquests' in which he discusses land and taxation issues of the Aymara under the Inca empire.
802:
The family was established by the research of Lucy Briggs (a fluent speaker) and Martha
Hardman de Bautista of the Program in Linguistics at the University of Florida. Jaqaru and Kawki communities are in the district of Tupe, Yauyos Valley, in the Dept. of Lima, in central Peru. Terminology for this
889:
There are roughly two million
Bolivian speakers, half a million Peruvian speakers, and perhaps a few thousand speakers in Chile. At the time of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century, Aymara was the dominant language over a much larger area than today, including most of highland Peru south of
754:
More than a century passed before "Aymara" entered general usage to refer to the language spoken by the Aymara people (Briggs, 1976:14). In the meantime the Aymara language was referred to as "the language of the Colla". The best account of the history of Aymara is that of Cerrón-Palomino, who shows
1797:
Multipliers/reversers — The two multipliers/reversers are comparatively less productive and are not obligatory. In some contexts, attachment to a verb conveys a reverser meaning and effectively express the opposite of the meaning of the plain root. In this respect, the multipliers/reversers are the
1492:
in 1954, though its origins can be traced as far back as 1931. Rs. No 1593 (Deza
Galindo 1989, 17). It was the first official record of an alphabet, but in 1914, Sisko Chukiwanka Ayulo and Julián Palacios Ríos had recorded what may be the first of many attempts to have one alphabet for both Quechua
964:
Morphemic vowel deletion is the most common. Some suffixes never co-occur with the preceding vowel in the root, whereas others lose their own vowel in certain environments. Patterns of morphophonological vowel deletion derive from historical changes that affected individual suffixes differently, so
2007:
also asserts that the Aymara have an apparently unique (or at least very rare) understanding of time. Aymara is, with
Quechua, one of very few languages in which speakers seem to represent the past as in front of them and the future as behind them. Their argument is mainly within the framework of
1905:
Phrase-final suffixes (sometimes known as "sentence suffixes" in the literature) — Most Aymara phrases have at least one of the eleven (depending on variant) possible phrase-final suffixes to be grammatical. The phrase-final suffix must appear minimally on a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase
1824:
Person/tense — Person and tense are fused into a unitary suffix. These forms are among the most inflectional-like of the verbal suffixes insofar as they are all obligatory and productive. The so-called personal-knowledge tenses include the simple (non-past) and the proximal past. The non-personal
1790:
Spatial location — The nine spatial locations suffixes are likewise highly productive and not obligatory. Similarly, the meaning of the word that contains a member of this category is typically (but not consistently) predictable. There are also contexts in which the word formed has a meaning that
794:
on the grounds that it is the native language of that area today. That is very far from certain, however, and most specialists now incline to the idea that Aymara did not expand into the
Tiwanaku area until rather recently, as it spread southwards from an original homeland that was more likely to
1455:
The agglutinative nature of this predominantly suffixing language, coupled with morphophonological alternations caused by vowel deletion and phonologically conditioned constraints, gives rise to interesting surface structures that operate in the domain of the morpheme, syllable, and phonological
1511:
The alphabet created by the Comisión de
Alfabetización y Literatura Aymara (CALA) was officially recognized in Bolivia in 1968 (co-existing with the 1954 Scientific Alphabet). Besides being the alphabet employed by Protestant missionaries, it is also the one used for the translation of the
1544:
Aymara is a highly agglutinative, predominantly suffixing language. All suffixes can be categorized into the nominal, verbal, transpositional and those not subcategorized for lexical category (including stem-external word-level suffixes and phrase-final suffixes), as below:
716:. Regardless, the use of the word "Aymara" as a label for this people was standard practice as early as 1567, as evident from Garci Diez de San Miguel's report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). In this document, he uses the term
1786:
Direction of motion — Although these suffixes are quite productive, they are not obligatory. The meaning of a word which is affixed with a member of this category is often but not always predictable, and the word formed may have a different meaning than the
1914:
appear exclusively on nouns but otherwise pattern with phrase-final suffixes and so may not be best treated with nominal morphology). Exceptions to the requirement that a phrase has at least one phrase-final suffix are mainly limited to imperative
1476:
Beginning with
Spanish missionary efforts, there have been many attempts to create a writing system for Aymara. The colonial sources employed a variety of writing systems heavily influenced by Spanish, the most widespread one being that of
795:
have been in
Central Peru. Aymara placenames are found all the way north into central Peru. Indeed, (Altiplano) Aymara is actually the one of two extant members of a wider language family, the other surviving representative being
2303:/ˈtaqi haqinaˈkaχa qʰispiˈjata juˈɾipχi ukʰamaˈɾaki hiɾaɾˈkia ukʰamaˈɾaki diˈɾitʃus ukanaˈkana kiˈkipa | hupaˈnakaχ amujtʼaˈɲampi ˈukat kunsiinsiˈampi pʰuqtʼatapˈχiwa ˈukat ˈmajnit majnˈkamaw ˈhilat kuʎakaˈnakham saɾnaqapχaˈɲapa/
1890:
Stem external word-final suffixes (sometimes known as "independent suffixes") — There are three suffixes that are not classifiable as members of either nominal or verbal morphology and are not phrase-final suffixes: the emphatic
1555:
Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical category can be divided into three stem-external, word-level suffixes (otherwise known as "independent suffixes") and around a dozen phrase-final suffixes (otherwise known as "sentence
1504:, made up of 40 letters (including the voiced stops necessary for Spanish) and created by the Academia de las Lenguas Aymara y Quechua in Puno in 1944 is the one used by the lexicographer Juan Francisco Deza Galindo in his
2646:
Ethnologue: 1.785 million in
Bolivia in 1987; 442 thousand of the central dialect in Peru in 2000, plus an unknown number of speakers of the southern dialect in Peru; 900 in Chile in 1994 out of a much larger ethnic
2619:
dialect found in western Bolivia and northeastern Chile. Such classifications, however, are not based upon academic research and are probably a misinterpretation of Cerrón-Palomino's classification of the language
2300:
Taqi jaqinakaxa qhispiyata yuripxi ukhamaraki jerarquía ukhamaraki derechos ukanakana kikipa. {} Jupanakax amuyt’añampi ukat concienciampi phuqt’atapxiwa ukat maynit maynikamaw jilat kullakanakjam sarnaqapxañapa.
944:
Phonotactic vowel deletion takes the shape of hiatus reduction when two vowels co-occur through word construction or through suffixation. In such environments, one vowel deletes. (i) if one of the two vowels is
2042:
between 'front/earlier' or 'back/later' may seem to refute the claims regarding Aymara uniqueness. However, those words relate events to other events and are part of the moving-events metaphor. In fact, when
673:. That claim, however, is disputed. Although there are indeed similarities, like the nearly identical phonologies, the majority position among linguists today is that the similarities are better explained as
4128:
960:
Vowel elision can be syntactically conditioned. For example, in nominal compounds and noun phrases, all adjectival/nominal modifiers with three or more vowels in a modifier + nucleus NP lose their final
1839:
Mood and modality — Mood and modality includes mood, evidentials, event modality, and the imperative. These suffixes are both productive and obligatory. Their semantic affect is usually transparent.
1794:
Valency-increasing — The five valency increasing suffixes may occur on a wide range of verbs but are not obligatory. The meaning expressed when a word receives one of these suffixes is predictable.
994:
points of articulation. Stops show no distinction of voice (e.g. there is no phonemic contrast between and ), but each stop occurs in three laryngeal settings: plain or voiceless unaspirated (aka
612:
1452:. Roots conform to the template (C)V(C)CV, with CVCV being predominant. The majority of suffixes are CV, though there are some exceptions: CVCV, CCV, CCVCV and even VCV are possible but rare.
2331:
1816:. Semantically, these three suffixes do not have much in common. They also vary with respect to the degree which they may be classified as more derivational-like or more inflectional-like.
1436:
Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable, but long vowels may shift it. Although the final vowel of a word is elided except at the end of a phrase, the stress remains unchanged.
736:
in the first and third centuries (2008:246). This hypothesis suggests that the linguistically-diverse area ruled by the Puquina came to adopt Aymara languages in their southern region.
2015:
The claims regarding Aymara involve the moving-ego metaphor. Most languages conceptualize the ego as moving forward into the future, with ego's back to the past. The English sentences
5769:
4455:
1552:
Transpositional morphology consists of verbalizers (that operate on the root or phrasal levels) and nominalizers (including an action nominalizer, an agentive, and a resultative).
1464:
894:. Over the centuries, Aymara has gradually lost speakers both to Spanish and to Quechua; many Peruvian and Bolivian communities that were once Aymara-speaking now speak Quechua.
5757:
4436:
2306:
All human beings are born free and equal in ranking and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
225:
2496:
Artículo 48°.-Son idiomas oficiales el castellano y, en las zonas donde predominen, también lo son el quechua, el aimara y las demás lenguas aborígenes, según la ley.
5825:
5764:
2104:
1801:
Aspect — This category is complicated insofar as it is made up of a diverse array of suffix types, some of which are more productive and/or obligatory than others.
724:. It is believed that Colla was the name of an Aymara nation at the time of conquest, and later was the southernmost region of the Inca empire Collasuyu. However,
3105:
2712:
5747:
2096:
programs with Aymara and Spanish have been introduced in the last two decades. There are even projects to offer Aymara through the internet, such as by ILCA.
940:
Vowel deletion is frequent in Aymara. Vowel deletion typically occurs due to one of three factors: (i) phonotactic, (ii) syntactic, and (iii) morphophonemic.
3469:
3720:
5800:
5752:
3644:
1684:, usually corresponding to the head. Most varieties of Aymara have 14 cases (though in many, the genitive and locative have merged into a single form):
1529:
to mark vowel length. The orthography was shown in the phonological table in the previous section, and is the same where angle brackets are not shown.
937:. The high vowels /i u/ occur as mid-high when near uvular consonants /q qʰ qʼ χ/. The three vowel sounds are heard as when in unstressed positions.
2633:, Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1976; Adalberto Salas and María Teresa Poblete, "El aimara de Chile (fonología, textos, léxico)",
2076:, literally 'back days', and they are sometimes accompanied by gestures to behind the speaker. The same applies to Quechua-speakers, whose expression
1566:
Non-productive nominal suffixes vary considerably by variant but typically include those below. Some varieties additionally also have (1) the suffix -
1411:
5655:
5214:
4414:
1680:
Case suffixes – Syntactic relations are generally case-marked, with the exception of the unmarked subject. Case is affixed to the last element of a
712:
The ethnonym "Aymara" may be ultimately derived from the name of some group occupying the southern part of what is now the Quechua speaking area of
2813:"With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time"
3040:
5602:
3027:
listen online to pronunciations of Aymara words, see photos of speakers and their home regions, learn about the origins and varieties of Aymara.
2092:
There is increasing use of Aymara locally and there are increased numbers learning the language, both Bolivian and abroad. In Bolivia and Peru,
4429:
2470:
739:
In any case, the use of "Aymara" to refer to the language may have first occurred in the works of the lawyer, magistrate and tax collector in
4449:
2540:
2117:
5163:
4445:
2498:
Article 48. Castillian Spanish is official, as are Quechua, Aymara, and other local native languages in the regions where they predominate.
2321:
639:
1357:
1456:
word/phrase. The phonological/morphophonological processes observed include syllabic reduction, epenthesis, deletion, and reduplication.
3418:
3003:
1379:
3098:
3064:
2859:
2792:
2679:
1386:
1249:
547:
5622:
3013:
5027:
4422:
2955:
2871:
2093:
2023:
exemplify the metaphor. In contrast, Aymara seems to encode the past as in front of individuals and the future behind them. That is
1973:
1469:
259:
160:
63:
5577:
5587:
4485:
4094:
2612:
2601:
1549:
Nominal and verbal morphology is characterized by derivational- and inflectional-like suffixes as well as non-productive suffixes.
5774:
5642:
4707:
3462:
2976:
2109:
1804:
Others — In some varieties of Aymara, there are three suffixes not classified into the categories above: the verbal comparative -
1292:
1149:
94:
49:
830:. Lucy Therina Briggs classifies both regions as being part of the Northern Aymara dialect, which encompasses the department of
3713:
857:
Intermediate Aymara shares dialectical features with both Northern and Southern Aymara and is found in the eastern half of the
570:
4931:
881:
141:
1940:
98:
5597:
5592:
5407:
5016:
2734:
113:
5805:
5696:
5320:
3091:
1518:. Also in 1968, de Dios Yapita created his take on the Aymara alphabet at the Instituto de Lenga y Cultura Aymara (ILCA).
5627:
5607:
5542:
3755:
3044:
2943:. Manuscript report / International Development Research Centre, 66e. : International Development Research Centre, 1985.
1284:
697:
533:
5582:
5066:
1854:
Verbalizers: There are six suffixes whose primary function is to verbalize nominal roots (not including the reflexive -
120:
5810:
3455:
1500:
Several other attempts followed, with varying degrees of success. Some orthographic attempts even expand further: the
1321:
831:
674:
5617:
5567:
5131:
4726:
4153:
3279:
3185:
2948:
The Aymara Language in Its Social and Cultural Context: A Collection Essays on Aspects of Aymara Language and Culture
2084:. Possibly, the metaphor is from the fact that the past is visible (in front of one's eyes), but the future is not.
5815:
5795:
5731:
3957:
3706:
3393:
3030:
2555:
1347:
1310:
1142:
1135:
725:
5572:
5458:
5373:
5136:
4916:
4813:
3934:
5557:
2763:
1300:
713:
127:
4209:
3246:
5532:
5527:
5082:
4396:
4303:
4163:
3024:
1955:
1166:
580:
204:
3054:
457:
5562:
4545:
3674:
3437:
2972:
1951:
1159:
109:
87:
475:
5716:
5676:
5552:
5547:
5537:
5522:
5060:
4988:
4832:
4768:
4746:
4711:
4391:
3952:
3834:
3256:
3251:
2964:. Gainesville, Fla: Aymara Language Materials Project, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1971.
2572:
Heggarty, P.; Beresford-Jones, D. (2013). "Andes: linguistic history.". In Ness, I.; P., Bellwood (eds.).
2432:"Bolivia: Idioma Materno de la Población de 4 años de edad y más- UBICACIÓN, ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA, SEXO Y EDAD"
2417:
2399:
2381:
1242:
1235:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1053:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
954:
950:
946:
918:
914:
693:
689:
221:
3035:
1488:
The first official alphabet to be adopted for Aymara was the Scientific Alphabet. It was approved by the
5726:
5706:
5691:
5650:
5612:
5397:
5349:
5234:
4961:
4891:
4828:
3872:
3623:
2590:
1330:
1088:
1081:
851:
755:
that the ethnonym Aymara, which came from the glottonym, is likely derived from the Quechuaized toponym
5173:
4647:
4512:
4323:
3809:
3804:
2804:
2431:
2000:
819:
There is some degree of regional variation within Aymara, but all dialects are mutually intelligible.
5701:
5681:
5483:
5417:
5278:
5222:
5071:
4794:
4654:
3972:
3897:
3878:
3857:
3824:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3576:
3398:
3198:
3114:
1266:
1095:
847:
55:
3018:
2993:
2514:
5721:
5686:
5660:
5178:
5153:
5046:
4982:
4938:
4887:
4877:
4720:
4572:
4530:
4403:
4171:
3980:
3852:
3322:
3296:
3291:
3160:
3048:
2481:
2024:
2009:
1276:
1259:
1177:
822:
Most studies of the language focused on either the Aymara spoken on the southern Peruvian shore of
3014:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153212/http://clas.uchicago.edu/language_teaching/aymara.shtml
1862:). These forms can be subdivided into two groups, (1) phrase verbalizers and (2) root verbalizers.
759:'place of communal property'. The entire history of this term is thoroughly outlined in his book,
5474:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5412:
5354:
5266:
5239:
5141:
5124:
4995:
4971:
4926:
4909:
4872:
4867:
4682:
4565:
4525:
4474:
4274:
4228:
4107:
4056:
3995:
3892:
3787:
3760:
3599:
3571:
3478:
3361:
3328:
3238:
3147:
2969:
Primary research materials online as full-text in the University of Florida's Digital Collections
2894:
2706:
2660:, ed. Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 765–871.
1526:
1228:
1106:
1043:
1033:
979:
701:
5292:
4689:
4668:
4535:
4236:
4061:
3387:
873:
5711:
5632:
5359:
5332:
5299:
5245:
5194:
5110:
5076:
5050:
5022:
5007:
4943:
4849:
4842:
4633:
4580:
4558:
4551:
4494:
4353:
4317:
4313:
4102:
4085:
4075:
4046:
4008:
4003:
3911:
3819:
3814:
3729:
3639:
3593:
3551:
3335:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3208:
2951:
2877:
Coler, Matt (2014). "The Grammatical Expression of Dialogicity in Muylaqʼ Aymara Narratives".
2867:
2834:
2536:
2453:
2326:
1729:
1478:
1370:
1336:
1068:
1048:
957:, /a/ assimilates. (iii) If the sequence is composed of two identical vowels, one will delete.
922:
808:
748:
670:
663:
624:
351:
134:
5463:
5430:
5386:
5367:
5313:
5272:
5252:
5168:
5117:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5033:
4949:
4862:
4856:
4807:
4739:
4732:
4675:
4661:
4640:
4606:
4601:
4540:
4501:
4363:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4282:
4251:
4199:
4191:
4138:
4132:
4070:
4051:
4041:
4033:
4021:
3745:
3737:
3669:
3649:
3534:
3529:
3514:
3497:
3377:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3286:
3274:
3266:
3203:
3128:
2919:
2886:
2824:
2457:
1063:
1038:
995:
975:
885:
Distribution of Aymara limited to three southern departments in Peru: Puno, Moquegua, Tacna.
843:
729:
647:
643:
2854:
2789:
2676:
1873:, and the action nominalizer (sometimes glossed as the "infinitive" in some descriptions) -
5820:
5489:
5423:
5259:
5203:
4977:
4921:
4774:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4358:
4328:
4287:
4264:
4259:
4241:
4181:
4065:
3985:
3962:
3924:
3796:
3606:
3524:
3492:
3371:
3317:
3218:
3193:
3077:
2997:
2863:
2796:
2683:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2316:
1753:
1481:. Many of the early grammars employed unique alphabets as well as the one of Middendorf's
1075:
1058:
835:
796:
343:
4899:
4895:
4520:
1986:
5517:
5496:
5379:
5342:
5306:
4800:
4786:
4762:
4755:
4368:
4308:
4123:
4016:
3947:
3844:
3829:
3750:
3689:
3582:
3565:
3433:
3366:
3170:
3165:
3155:
2609:
2598:
2510:
1992:
1757:
1514:
1122:
1014:, and an alveolar/palatal contrast for nasals and laterals, as well as two semivowels (
999:
779:
669:
Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor,
368:
2562:, Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", Lima, 2000, pp 34–6.
525:
5789:
5285:
5228:
5188:
4204:
4176:
4143:
3942:
3862:
3558:
3356:
3175:
2898:
1403:
1128:
823:
682:
628:
324:
234:
194:
2658:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Vol. III: South America
2608:
dialect found in between Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Coast in southern Peru and a
4696:
4214:
4148:
3588:
2808:
2004:
1449:
721:
375:
214:
1836:) is optional. Thus, while pluralization is very productive, it is not obligatory.
790:
It is often assumed that the Aymara language descends from the language spoken in
2726:
2535:. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas. Brill. p. 9.
2829:
2812:
1713:
1705:
1681:
917:, which, in most varieties of the language, occur as either long or short (i.e.
804:
538:
76:
2924:
2907:
1865:
Nominalizers: There are three suffixes are used to derive nouns: the agentive -
1532:
In 2015 a full writing system was developed for Aymara using the Korean script
2941:
Logical and Linguistic Problems of Social Communication with the Aymara People
2637:, Vol XXIII: 1, pp 121–203, 2, pp 95–138; Cerrón-Palomino, 2000, pp 65–8, 373.
2410:
2392:
2374:
1693:
678:
658:. It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern
17:
2405:
2387:
2369:
2448:
The other native American languages with more than one million speakers are
518:
485:
467:
449:
314:
2838:
1886:
There are two kinds of suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories:
740:
546:
838:
in Peru. The Southern Aymara dialect is spoken in the eastern half of the
508:
501:
492:
3060:
2039:
1741:
1721:
1697:
1685:
908:
862:
791:
733:
681:, rather than natural genealogical changes that would stem from a common
605:
588:
576:
291:
3083:
3021:
An extensive website about the language in English, Spanish and Aymara.
2449:
1533:
983:
839:
651:
632:
584:
400:
302:
3768:
3447:
2755:
1445:
991:
842:
province in northern Chile and in most of the Bolivian department of
827:
3698:
3007:
2908:"A descriptive analysis of Castellano loanwords into Muylaqʼ Aymara"
1958:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1444:
The vast majority of roots are disyllabic and, with few exceptions,
1025:
Orthographic representation is the same as the IPA where not shown.
2890:
865:
departments in southern Peru and in the northeastern tip of Chile.
2635:
Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica
2103:
1985:
1463:
987:
911:
891:
880:
872:
858:
744:
659:
635:
435:
306:
2697:
Hardman, Martha J.; Vásquez, Juana; Yapita, Juan de Dios (2001).
1791:
significantly differs from that of the root to which it attaches.
2962:
Aymara Grammatical Sketch: To Be Used with Aymar Ar Yatiqañataki
655:
412:
310:
4418:
3702:
3451:
3087:
2960:
Hardman, Martha James, Juana Vásquez, and Juan de Dios Yapita.
2727:"Hangeul set to become writing system for South American tribe"
2856:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
2790:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
2677:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
2631:
Dialectal Variation in the Aymara Language of Bolivia and Peru
2533:
A Grammar of Muylaqʼ Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru
1923:
811:
for the family and reserve 'Aymara' for the Altiplano branch.
172:
70:
29:
2587:
704:
system. Aymara is normally written using the Latin alphabet.
2116:
The following is a sample text in Ayamara, Article 1 of the
1798:
most derivational-like of all the suffixes discussed so far.
949:, the other vowels assimilate to it, (ii) if the vowels are
2968:
2438:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, La Paz — Bolivia.
2656:
Xavier Albó, "Andean People in the Twentieth Century," in
2332:
List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
854:
but is slowly being replaced by Quechua in those regions.
770:
The suggestion that "Aymara" comes from the Aymara words "
587:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2990:
1779:
All verbs require at least one suffix to be grammatical.
1850:
A given word can take several transpositional suffixes:
728:
disputes this claim and asserts that Colla were in fact
3078:
Aymara – Compendio de Estrutura Fonológica y Gramatical
2699:
Aymara: Compendio de estructura fonológica y gramatical
1947:
1523:
Servicio Nacional de Alfabetización y Educación Popular
1633:'side', which attaches to only the demonstratives and
3000:
A course for Aymara available in English and Spanish.
1825:
knowledge tenses includes the future and distal past.
1506:
Diccionario Aymara – Castellano / Castellano – Aymara
720:
to refer to the people. The language was then called
2950:. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1981.
1906:(note that two phrase-final suffixes, the additive -
921:). Long vowels are indicated in the spelling with a
5740:
5669:
5641:
5510:
5472:
5396:
5330:
5213:
5152:
5045:
5005:
4959:
4886:
4826:
4784:
4706:
4594:
4511:
4484:
4464:
4381:
4296:
4273:
4250:
4227:
4190:
4162:
4116:
4093:
4084:
4032:
3994:
3971:
3933:
3910:
3885:
3871:
3843:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3736:
3632:
3616:
3543:
3507:
3485:
3411:
3305:
3265:
3237:
3184:
3146:
3137:
3121:
2072:. Parallel Aymara examples describe future days as
642:with over one million speakers. Aymara, along with
532:
516:
483:
465:
447:
442:
418:
386:
381:
365:
340:
330:
320:
298:
286:
274:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3031:Bolivians equip ancient language for digital times
1882:Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical categories
1570:(< Spanish 'horas'), which expresses 'when' on
1490:III Congreso Indigenista Interamericano de la Paz
220:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
807:. In English usage, some linguists use the term
2936:. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews, 1986.
778:" (year, time) is almost certainly a mistaken
4430:
3714:
3463:
3099:
2879:International Journal of American Linguistics
2108:"A Helping Hand in Time of Crisis," from the
1472:(present-day Argentina) in Spanish and Aymara
561: Areas where it is the minority language
555: Areas where it is the majority language
8:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2576:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 401–409.
618:
2906:Coler, Matt; Banegas Flores, Edwin (2013).
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4781:
4508:
4481:
4437:
4423:
4415:
4090:
3792:
3783:
3721:
3707:
3699:
3470:
3456:
3448:
3143:
3106:
3092:
3084:
2711:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2574:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
1006:. Sounds such as occur as allophones of /
545:
271:
4446:Indigenous language families and isolates
2923:
2828:
1974:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2977:learning Aymara resources by Dr. Hardman
2350:Official only in Aymara–dominated areas.
1027:
2362:
2343:
581:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2704:
2118:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2030:The fact that English has words like
604:
290:
7:
2934:Time Metaphors in Aymara and Quechua
2912:LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas
2766:from the original on 11 October 2017
2322:Indigenous languages of the Americas
2038:that are (currently or archaically)
1999:Linguistic and gestural analysis by
1828:Number — The plural verbal suffix, -
1656:Nominal inflectional-like suffixes:
1642:Nominal derivational-like suffixes:
1594:, which attaches to only two roots,
99:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Language spoken by the Aymara people
1821:Verbal inflectional-like suffixes:
1468:Declaration of Independence of the
3065:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
3025:The Sounds of the Andean Languages
1783:Verbal derivational-like suffixes
1696:(indicated by vowel suppression),
1495:Syentifiko Qheshwa-Aymara Alfabeto
210:for transliterated languages, and
190:of its non-English content, using
25:
5801:Indigenous languages of the Andes
2094:intercultural bilingual education
2021:we are facing a prosperous future
1470:United Provinces of South America
1410:
1385:
1378:
1356:
1346:
1320:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1165:
1158:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1105:
1094:
1087:
1080:
974:Aymara has phonemic stops at the
877:Aymara language domain as of 1984
834:in Bolivia and the department of
638:. It is one of only a handful of
45:This article has multiple issues.
3544:Extinct and endangered languages
2471:"CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL PERÚ"
2416:
2398:
2380:
2110:United States Information Agency
1928:
732:speakers who were the rulers of
428:
405:
393:
228:may also be used - notably
177:
75:
34:
3004:Aymara Swadesh vocabulary lists
2737:from the original on 2022-08-29
2080:corresponds directly to Aymara
2017:prepare for what lies before us
1582:'what'; (2) temporal suffixes -
846:. It is also found in northern
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2521:, CUP, Cambridge, 2004, pp 259
965:that no clear patterns emerge.
226:multilingual support templates
1:
5826:Subject–object–verb languages
1623:the expression of size with -
1605:kinship suffixes, including -
700:word order. It is based on a
650:, is an official language in
1502:Alfabeto Funcional Trilingüe
1010:/. Aymara also has a tapped
826:or the Aymara spoken around
692:and, to a certain extent, a
664:recognized minority language
512: – Southern Aymara
336:1.7 million (2007–2014)
3645:Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign
3508:Living Indigenous languages
3080:, 20 downloadable PDF files
3057:– a course book in pdf form
3045:Webster's Online Dictionary
3041:Aymara – English Dictionary
2830:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62
1954:the claims made and adding
1521:Nearly 15 years later, the
505: – Central Aymara
5842:
5164:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
2925:10.20396/liames.v0i13.1533
1990:Aymara translation of the
1832:(just as the nominal one,-
4388:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
3683:
3427:
2120:(by the United Nations):
1402:
1329:
1275:
1121:
1074:
1030:
869:Geographical distribution
640:Native American languages
567:
544:
388:Official language in
279:
4397:Inmaculada Sign Language
3436:still recognized by the
2701:. University of Florida.
2597:and the ISO designate a
2478:Congreso de la república
1846:Transpositional suffixes
2967:Hardman, Martha James.
2946:Hardman, Martha James.
2939:Guzmán de Rojas, Iván.
2866:. Brill: Leiden, 2014.
2556:Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino
2060:our future is laid out
1812:, and the intensifier -
1808:, the category buffer -
1730:instrumental/comitative
627:language spoken by the
5765:Unclassified languages
4392:Peruvian Sign Language
3419:Bolivian Sign Language
3257:South Bolivian Quechua
3252:North Bolivian Quechua
2991:Aymara on The Internet
2800:. Brill: Leiden, 2014.
2687:. Brill: Leiden, 2014.
2519:Languages of the Andes
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2113:
1996:
1910:and the confirmatory -
1473:
886:
878:
694:polysynthetic language
679:prolonged cohabitation
619:
569:This article contains
5335:, Bolivia, and Chile)
5156:(west-central Brazil)
3624:Chilean Sign Language
3438:Bolivian constitution
3036:Encyclopedy in Aymara
3008:Swadesh-list appendix
2973:Dr. Hardman's website
2629:Lucy Therina Briggs,
2107:
1989:
1858:and the propagative -
1674:Reciprocal/inclusor -
1648:delimitative suffix -
1467:
884:
876:
5806:Languages of Bolivia
3247:Cusco–Collao Quechua
3115:Languages of Bolivia
2531:Coler, Matt (2015).
2436:2001 Bolivian Census
2027:a rare phenomenon .
1899:, and the additive -
1895:, the delimitative -
1659:Attributive suffix -
292:[ˈajmaɾˈaɾu]
188:specify the language
186:This article should
95:improve this article
5758:Marañón River basin
5623:Tequiraca–Canichana
5603:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
4404:Sivia Sign Language
3049:The Rosetta Edition
3006:(from Wiktionary's
2054:, it can mean only
2010:conceptual metaphor
1869:, the resultative -
1665:Possessive paradigm
1645:diminutive suffixes
1497:with 37 graphemes.
1254:⟨chʼ⟩
1203:⟨chh⟩
698:subject–object–verb
606:[aj.ˈma.ɾa]
420:Recognised minority
5811:Languages of Chile
5578:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
5511:Proposed groupings
4465:Language families
4297:Isolates and other
3479:Languages of Chile
2996:2015-11-30 at the
2932:Gifford, Douglas.
2862:2014-12-20 at the
2795:2014-12-20 at the
2731:Yonhap News Agency
2682:2014-12-20 at the
2615:2012-02-11 at the
2604:2007-10-01 at the
2593:2007-12-27 at the
2560:Lingüística Aimara
2114:
1997:
1939:possibly contains
1474:
1440:Syllable structure
1391:⟨ll⟩
1219:⟨qh⟩
1211:⟨kh⟩
1195:⟨th⟩
1187:⟨ph⟩
1154:⟨ch⟩
1111:⟨nh⟩
887:
879:
765:Lingüística Aimara
702:three-valued logic
5816:Languages of Peru
5796:Aymaran languages
5783:
5782:
5753:Extinct languages
5506:
5505:
4822:
4821:
4590:
4589:
4459:
4412:
4411:
4377:
4376:
4223:
4222:
4095:Cajamarca–Cañaris
3906:
3905:
3765:
3738:Spanish varieties
3730:Languages of Peru
3696:
3695:
3690:extinct languages
3633:Language families
3577:Kawésqar/Alacaluf
3445:
3444:
3434:extinct languages
3407:
3406:
3122:National language
2817:Cognitive Science
2542:978-9-00-428380-0
2454:Quechua languages
2414:(24th ed., 2021)
2396:(24th ed., 2021)
2378:(24th ed., 2021)
2327:Languages of Peru
1984:
1983:
1976:
1941:original research
1429:
1428:
1416:⟨r⟩
1373:
1352:⟨y⟩
1339:
1315:⟨x⟩
1305:⟨j⟩
1231:
1180:
1131:
1100:⟨ñ⟩
907:Aymara has three
809:Aymaran languages
774:" (ancient) and "
763:(2008:19–32) and
749:Polo de Ondegardo
595:
594:
577:rendering support
573:phonetic symbols.
498:Individual codes:
270:
269:
262:
252:
251:
171:
170:
163:
145:
110:"Aymara language"
68:
16:(Redirected from
5833:
5775:Linguistic areas
5643:Linguistic areas
5185:? Mura–Matanawí
4932:Andoque–Urequena
4782:
4509:
4482:
4453:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4091:
3793:
3784:
3763:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3700:
3515:Ayacucho Quechua
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3280:Eastern Bolivian
3144:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3085:
3055:Beginning Aymara
2929:
2927:
2902:
2842:
2832:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2672:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2522:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2480:. Archived from
2475:
2467:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2403:
2402:
2385:
2384:
2367:
2351:
2348:
2296:saɾnaqapχaˈɲapa/
2058:. For instance,
1979:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:inline citations
1932:
1931:
1924:
1561:Nominal suffixes
1493:and Aymara, the
1417:
1414:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1335:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1112:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
956:
952:
948:
920:
916:
662:, where it is a
622:
616:
615:
614:
608:
603:
560:
554:
549:
528:
511:
504:
496:– inclusive code
495:
488:
479:
478:
470:
461:
460:
452:
434:
432:
431:
422:language in
411:
409:
408:
399:
397:
396:
371:
346:
294:
272:
265:
258:
247:
244:
238:
231:
219:
213:
209:
203:
199:
193:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5736:
5665:
5637:
5598:Mataco–Guaicuru
5593:Katembri–Taruma
5558:Macro-Puinavean
5543:Macro-Otomákoan
5502:
5468:
5408:Mataco–Guaicuru
5392:
5326:
5209:
5148:
5041:
5017:Sechura–Catacao
5006:Pacific coast (
5001:
4960:Pacific coast (
4955:
4882:
4818:
4780:
4702:
4586:
4507:
4480:
4466:
4460:
4458:classification)
4452:
4443:
4413:
4408:
4373:
4304:Candoshi-Shapra
4292:
4269:
4246:
4219:
4186:
4158:
4112:
4080:
4028:
4013:Achuar–Shiwiar
3990:
3967:
3929:
3902:
3881:
3867:
3839:
3779:
3773:
3732:
3727:
3697:
3692:
3679:
3628:
3612:
3539:
3525:Chilean Quechua
3503:
3481:
3476:
3446:
3441:
3423:
3403:
3301:
3261:
3233:
3180:
3139:
3133:
3117:
3112:
3074:
2998:Wayback Machine
2987:
2982:
2905:
2876:
2864:Wayback Machine
2849:
2847:Further reading
2803:
2797:Wayback Machine
2784:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2760:www.ilcanet.org
2754:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:Wayback Machine
2673:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2628:
2624:
2617:Wayback Machine
2606:Wayback Machine
2599:Southern Aymara
2595:Wayback Machine
2585:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2509:
2505:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2447:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2406:Southern Aymara
2404:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2317:Jaqaru language
2313:
2308:
2298:
2293:sarnaqapxañapa.
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2248:pʰuqtʼatapˈχiwa
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2102:
2090:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1884:
1848:
1777:
1775:Verbal suffixes
1736:, interactive -
1563:
1542:
1462:
1442:
1434:
1415:
1390:
1351:
1314:
1304:
1253:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1153:
1110:
1099:
1052:
1042:
972:
912:vowel qualities
905:
900:
871:
817:
788:
726:Cerrón Palomino
710:
611:
610:
609:
601:
575:Without proper
563:
562:
558:
556:
552:
524:
507:
506:
500:
499:
497:
491:
484:
474:
473:
466:
456:
455:
448:
438:
429:
427:
423:
421:
406:
404:
403:
394:
392:
389:
382:Official status
372:
367:
361:
347:
344:Language family
342:
333:
332:Native speakers
313:
309:
305:
266:
255:
254:
253:
248:
242:
239:
233:
229:
217:
211:
207:
205:transliteration
201:
197:
191:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5839:
5837:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5770:Classification
5767:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5656:Mamoré–Guaporé
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5628:Wamo–Chapakura
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5608:Moseten–Chonan
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5533:Macro-Chibchan
5530:
5528:Macro-Arawakan
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5415:
5403:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5346:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5215:Mamoré–Guaporé
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5056:
5054:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4595:Eastern Brazil
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4382:Sign languages
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4154:Yauyos–Chincha
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3958:Nüpode Huitoto
3955:
3950:
3948:Minica Huitoto
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3617:Sign languages
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3412:Sign languages
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3019:www.aymara.org
3016:
3011:
3001:
2986:
2985:External links
2983:
2981:
2980:
2965:
2958:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2918:(1): 101–113.
2903:
2891:10.1086/675424
2885:(2): 241–265.
2874:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2823:(3): 401–450.
2801:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2747:
2733:. 2015-10-08.
2718:
2689:
2662:
2649:
2639:
2622:
2610:Central Aymara
2588:Ethnologue.com
2579:
2564:
2548:
2541:
2523:
2515:Pieter Muysken
2511:Willem Adelaar
2503:
2462:
2441:
2423:
2388:Central Aymara
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2245:phuqt’atapxiwa
2243:
2240:kunsiinsiˈampi
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2101:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2078:qhipa pʼunchaw
1993:Book of Mormon
1982:
1981:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:Idiosyncrasies
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:constructions.
1903:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1863:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1748:, limitative -
1678:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1515:Book of Mormon
1483:Aymara-Sprache
1461:
1458:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1102:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1031:
971:
968:
967:
966:
962:
958:
904:
901:
899:
896:
870:
867:
850:and southwest
816:
813:
787:
786:Classification
784:
780:folk etymology
761:Voces del Ande
709:
706:
675:areal features
593:
592:
579:, you may see
565:
564:
557:
551:
550:
542:
541:
536:
530:
529:
522:
514:
513:
489:
481:
480:
471:
463:
462:
453:
445:
444:
443:Language codes
440:
439:
426:
424:
419:
416:
415:
390:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:Writing system
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
350:
348:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
300:
299:Native to
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
277:
276:
268:
267:
250:
249:
243:September 2020
224:. Knowledge's
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Central Aymara
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5838:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5732:French Guiana
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Je–Tupi–Carib
5586:
5584:
5583:Hibito–Cholon
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:Macro-Warpean
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Hibito–Cholon
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5028:Cañari–Puruhá
5026:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4486:Je–Tupi–Carib
4483:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4456:Campbell 2012
4451:
4450:South America
4447:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Murui Huitoto
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3835:Nomatsiguenga
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3675:Indo-European
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:Lingua franca
3484:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:0-8130-0695-3
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2872:9789004283800
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:Coler, Matt.
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:Coler, Matt.
2786:
2785:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:"CIBERAYMARA"
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2487:on 2020-08-18
2483:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2288:kuʎakaˈnakham
2286:
2285:kullakanakjam
2281:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2237:concienciampi
2233:
2230:
2225:
2224:amujtʼaˈɲampi
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2025:typologically
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:This section
1935:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1764:, purposive -
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
969:
963:
959:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
913:
910:
902:
897:
895:
893:
883:
875:
868:
866:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Lake Titicaca
820:
814:
812:
810:
806:
800:
798:
793:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:agglutinating
688:Aymara is an
686:
684:
683:protolanguage
680:
677:arising from
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
630:
629:Aymara people
626:
621:
613:
607:
599:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
572:
566:
548:
543:
540:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
520:
515:
510:
503:
494:
490:
487:
482:
477:
472:
469:
464:
459:
454:
451:
446:
441:
437:
425:
417:
414:
402:
391:
385:
380:
377:
374:
370:
364:
358:
355:
354:
353:
349:
345:
339:
335:
329:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:Pronunciation
285:
282:
278:
273:
264:
261:
246:
236:
227:
223:
216:
206:
196:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
151:February 2018
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5618:Saparo–Yawan
5568:Arutani–Sape
5553:Macro-Panoan
5548:Macro-Paesan
5538:Macro-Jibaro
5523:Macro-Andean
5495:
5488:
5459:Lule–Vilelan
5429:
5422:
5385:
5378:
5366:
5341:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5227:
5202:
5193:
5132:Saparo–Yawan
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5061:Pano–Tacanan
5059:
5032:
4994:
4987:
4970:
4964:and Ecuador)
4948:
4908:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4806:
4799:
4773:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4727:Arutani–Sape
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4500:
4493:
4473:
4467:and isolates
4210:Cusco–Collao
3919:
3873:Upper Amazon
3685:
3605:
3598:
3589:Ona/Selk'nam
3581:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3519:
3429:
3386:
3376:
3334:
3327:
3312:
3186:Pano–Tacanan
2961:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2915:
2911:
2882:
2878:
2855:
2820:
2816:
2809:Sweetser, E.
2805:Núñez, R. E.
2788:
2768:. Retrieved
2759:
2750:
2739:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2698:
2692:
2675:
2674:Matt Coler,
2657:
2652:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2489:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2477:
2465:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2409:
2391:
2373:
2365:
2346:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2221:amuyt’añampi
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2115:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2067:our past is
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2049:in front of
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1991:
1970:
1964:October 2011
1961:
1938:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1778:
1765:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1689:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1629:the suffix -
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1543:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1454:
1450:monosyllabic
1443:
1435:
1054:Postalveolar
1024:
973:
939:
934:
930:
926:
925:in writing:
906:
888:
856:
821:
818:
801:
789:
775:
771:
769:
764:
760:
756:
753:
738:
717:
711:
687:
668:
597:
596:
568:
517:
376:Latin script
356:
280:
256:
240:
222:ISO 639 code
218:}}
212:{{
208:}}
202:{{
198:}}
192:{{
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
5613:Quechumaran
5573:Bora–Witoto
5473:Far South (
5374:Uru–Chipaya
5350:Quechumaran
5235:Nambikwaran
4917:Bora–Witoto
4814:Ticuna–Yuri
4172:Chachapoyas
3935:Bora–Witoto
3858:Mashco Piro
3825:Machiguenga
2647:population.
2176:ukʰamaˈɾaki
2160:ukʰamaˈɾaki
2144:qʰispiˈjata
2136:haqinaˈkaχa
1714:comparative
1706:benefactive
1682:noun phrase
1590:; and (3) -
1578:'that' and
1556:suffixes").
1460:Orthography
1331:Approximant
1000:glottalized
919:/iːiaːauːu/
805:linguistics
696:. It has a
583:instead of
232:for Aymara.
5790:Categories
5484:Qawasqaran
5418:Guaicuruan
5387:Mapudungun
5223:Chapacuran
5137:Peba–Yagua
5072:Cahuapanan
4989:Yurumanguí
4573:Chiquitano
4546:Maxakalian
4454:(based on
4108:Lambayeque
3981:Chayahuita
3973:Cahuapanan
3778:Indigenous
3761:Equatorial
3665:Alacalufan
3660:Araucanian
3655:Polynesian
3530:Mapudungun
3500:(formerly)
3498:Mapudungun
3323:Chiquitano
3138:Indigenous
2741:2022-08-30
2491:2020-08-10
2411:Ethnologue
2393:Ethnologue
2375:Ethnologue
2358:References
2272:majnˈkamaw
2269:maynikamaw
2216:hupaˈnakaχ
2192:ukanaˈkana
2173:ukhamaraki
2157:ukhamaraki
2141:qhispiyata
2133:jaqinakaxa
2040:polysemous
1948:improve it
1754:nominative
1694:accusative
1617:, and/or -
1540:Morphology
970:Consonants
852:Cochabamba
121:newspapers
50:improve it
5748:Languages
5717:Venezuela
5677:Argentina
5670:Countries
5661:Amazonian
5273:Mosetenan
5267:Canichana
5179:Katukinan
5174:Harákmbut
5125:Tequiraca
4996:Esmeralda
4983:Barbacoan
4939:Guajiboan
4878:Jirajaran
4833:Venezuela
4769:Otomacoan
4721:Yanomaman
4712:Venezuela
4648:Pankararú
4566:Rikbaktsá
4324:Harákmbut
4103:Cajamarca
4057:Kashinawa
3893:Chamicuro
3810:Ashéninga
3805:Asháninka
3780:languages
3688:indicate
3600:Tehuelche
3572:Huilliche
3432:indicate
3394:Weenhayek
3362:Kallawaya
3329:Canichana
3140:languages
2899:142044045
2707:cite book
2213:Jupanakax
2189:ukanakana
2184:diˈɾitʃus
2168:hiɾaɾˈkia
2165:jerarquía
2082:qhipa uru
2074:qhipa uru
2069:behind us
2062:before us
1952:verifying
1758:perlative
1598:'no' and
1277:Fricative
1178:aspirated
1129:voiceless
1004:aspirated
923:diaeresis
898:Phonology
757:ayma-ra-y
708:Etymology
620:Aymar aru
519:Glottolog
486:ISO 639-3
468:ISO 639-2
450:ISO 639-1
321:Ethnicity
315:Argentina
281:Aymar aru
56:talk page
5727:Suriname
5707:Paraguay
5692:Colombia
5454:Huarpean
5449:Charruan
5444:Zamucoan
5439:Mascoyan
5413:Matacoan
5355:Quechuan
5279:Yuracaré
5246:Cayubaba
5240:Bororoan
5195:Matanawí
5142:Zaparoan
5111:Taushiro
5083:Candoshi
5077:Jivaroan
4972:Chibchan
4962:Colombia
4927:Witotoan
4910:Tucanoan
4892:Colombia
4873:Timotean
4868:Tiniguan
4829:Colombia
4655:Tarairiú
4634:Katembri
4602:Karirian
4541:Krenakan
4526:Jabutian
4513:Macro-Jê
4475:Arawakan
4354:Taushiro
4314:Ese Ejja
4275:Zaparoan
4229:Tucanoan
4200:Ayacucho
4192:Southern
4139:Pacaraos
4133:Huallaga
4086:Quechuan
4076:Yaminawa
4047:Iskonawa
4009:Huambisa
4004:Aguaruna
3996:Jivaroan
3898:Yanesha'
3879:Resígaro
3820:Caquinte
3815:Axininca
3788:Arawakan
3764:(Tumbes)
3746:Amazonic
3670:Quechuan
3594:Rapa Nui
3399:Yuracaré
3336:Cayubaba
3229:Yaminawa
3224:Toromona
3214:Reyesano
3209:Ese Ejja
3199:Cavineño
3148:Arawakan
2994:Archived
2860:Archived
2839:21702821
2811:(2006).
2793:Archived
2764:Archived
2735:Archived
2680:Archived
2613:Archived
2602:Archived
2591:Archived
2311:See also
2181:derechos
2152:juˈɾipχi
2088:Pedagogy
2005:Sweetser
1756:(zero),
1742:locative
1722:genitive
1698:allative
1686:ablative
1668:Plural -
1574:'this',
1485:(1891).
1479:Bertonio
1446:suffixes
1229:ejective
1044:Alveolar
1034:Bilabial
980:alveolar
909:phonemic
863:Moquegua
815:Dialects
792:Tiwanaku
734:Tiwanaku
718:aymaraes
714:Apurímac
633:Bolivian
623:) is an
589:Help:IPA
526:nucl1667
5702:Ecuador
5682:Bolivia
5633:Amerind
5431:Payaguá
5400:–Pampas
5368:Puquina
5360:Aymaran
5331:Andes (
5314:Irantxe
5253:Itonama
5118:Urarina
5104:Waorani
5097:Munichi
5090:Omurano
5034:Mochica
5023:Chimuan
4978:Chocoan
4950:Puinave
4944:Nadahup
4857:Andaquí
4827:Andes (
4795:Sáliban
4733:Arutani
4708:Orinoco
4495:Cariban
4364:Urarina
4349:Puquina
4344:Munichi
4339:Mochica
4335:family)
4320:family)
4318:Tacanan
4283:Arabela
4164:Lowland
4129:Huánuco
4117:Central
4071:Shipibo
4052:Kashibo
4042:Amawaka
4022:Shiwiar
3912:Aymaran
3886:Western
3853:Iñapari
3756:Coastal
3686:Italics
3640:Aymaran
3535:Quechua
3493:Spanish
3430:Italics
3383:Tonalla
3378:Puquina
3352:Itonama
3347:Chipaya
3292:Sirionó
3287:Guarayu
3275:Guaraní
3239:Quechua
3204:Chácobo
3161:Iñapari
3129:Spanish
3072:Spanish
3043:: from
2782:Sources
2620:family.
2458:Guaraní
2450:Nahuatl
2264:ˈmajnit
2200:kiˈkipa
2197:kikipa.
2149:yuripxi
1946:Please
1637:'where'
1602:'now':
1534:Hangeul
1371:lateral
1337:central
1123:Plosive
1069:Glottal
1049:Palatal
1008:t͡ʃ,χ,n
984:palatal
840:Iquique
730:Puquina
671:Quechua
652:Bolivia
648:Quechua
644:Spanish
631:of the
625:Aymaran
617:; also
585:Unicode
401:Bolivia
352:Aymaran
303:Bolivia
235:See why
135:scholar
5821:Aymara
5722:Guyana
5687:Brazil
5490:Yaghan
5464:Chonan
5424:Guachí
5293:Aikanã
5260:Movima
5204:Trumai
5169:Arawan
5154:Amazon
5047:Amazon
4900:Vaupés
4896:Japurá
4888:Amazon
4863:Paezan
4775:Yaruro
4683:Xukurú
4627:Baenan
4620:Gamela
4613:Taruma
4607:Purían
4536:Karajá
4531:Kamakã
4502:Tupian
4359:Ticuna
4333:Arauan
4329:Kulina
4288:Iquito
4265:Omagua
4260:Cocama
4252:Tupian
4242:Secoya
4237:Orejón
4182:Kichwa
4124:Ancash
4066:Pisabo
4062:Matsés
4034:Panoan
4017:Achuar
3986:Jebero
3963:Ocaina
3925:Jaqaru
3920:Aymara
3769:Loncco
3751:Andean
3607:Yaghan
3559:Chango
3520:Aymara
3388:Warázu
3372:Movima
3342:Chimán
3318:Ayoreo
3313:Aymara
3267:Tupian
3219:Tacana
3194:Araona
3061:Aymara
2975:, and
2954:
2897:
2870:
2837:
2586:SIL's
2539:
2456:, and
2370:Aymara
2280:ˈhilat
2261:maynit
2205:
2128:/ˈtaqi
2112:, 1958
2100:Sample
2065:while
2056:future
2047:means
2045:before
2032:before
1810:(w)jwa
1568:wurasa
1527:umlaut
1432:Stress
1064:Uvular
1039:Dental
1002:, and
996:tenuis
992:uvular
976:labial
961:vowel.
903:Vowels
848:Potosi
832:La Paz
828:La Paz
797:Jaqaru
741:Potosí
598:Aymara
559:
553:
539:Aymara
433:
410:
398:
357:Aymara
325:Aymara
275:Aymara
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
5741:Lists
5697:Chile
5651:Chaco
5497:Chono
5475:Chile
5398:Chaco
5380:Kunza
5343:Culle
5321:Arara
5307:Kwazá
5300:Kanoê
5189:Muran
4922:Boran
4902:area)
4850:Camsá
4843:Cofán
4801:Betoi
4763:Guamo
4756:Warao
4669:Wamoé
4581:Guató
4559:Ofayé
4552:Jaikó
4369:Yagua
4309:Culle
4205:Cusco
4177:Lamas
4144:Wanka
3830:Nanti
3797:Campa
3583:Kunza
3566:Chono
3552:Cacán
3306:Other
3171:Pauna
3156:Baure
2971:, on
2895:S2CID
2770:8 May
2513:with
2485:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2338:Notes
2277:jilat
2256:ˈukat
2232:ˈukat
2036:after
2001:Núñez
1787:root.
1766:layku
1676:pacha
1650:chapi
1635:kawki
1600:jicha
1592:kucha
1076:Nasal
1059:Velar
988:velar
915:/aiu/
892:Cusco
859:Tacna
844:Oruro
745:Cusco
722:Colla
660:Chile
636:Andes
436:Chile
307:Chile
142:JSTOR
128:books
5712:Peru
5518:Duho
5333:Peru
5286:Leco
5229:Mure
5051:Peru
5008:Peru
4831:and
4808:Hodï
4787:Duho
4747:Máku
4740:Sapé
4690:Yaté
4676:Xokó
4662:Tuxá
4641:Natú
4215:Puno
4149:Yaru
3943:Bora
3863:Yine
3845:Piro
3650:Chon
3367:Moré
3357:Leco
3297:Yuki
3176:Yine
3166:Moxo
2952:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2835:PMID
2772:2018
2713:link
2537:ISBN
2253:ukat
2229:ukat
2125:Taqi
2034:and
2019:and
2003:and
1901:raki
1893:puni
1860:tata
1834:naka
1814:paya
1806:jama
1762:kata
1750:kama
1738:pura
1718:jama
1710:taki
1670:naka
1625:chʼa
1596:jani
1580:kuna
1448:are
1250:t͡ʃʼ
1200:t͡ʃʰ
1018:and
990:and
953:and
861:and
836:Puno
776:mara
772:jaya
743:and
656:Peru
654:and
646:and
602:IPA:
413:Peru
311:Peru
195:lang
114:news
4697:Otí
4448:of
2920:doi
2887:doi
2825:doi
2408:at
2390:at
2372:at
2051:ego
1950:by
1867:iri
1830:pha
1734:mpi
1615:chi
1613:, -
1611:lla
1609:, -
1588:umt
1586:~ -
1584:unt
1576:uka
1572:aka
1404:Tap
1150:t͡ʃ
1022:).
1020:/j/
1016:/w/
1012:/ɾ/
998:),
955:/a/
951:/i/
947:/u/
571:IPA
534:ELP
509:ayc
502:ayr
493:aym
476:aym
215:IPA
97:by
5792::
5406:?
5348:?
5162:?
5130:?
5021:?
4915:?
4894:,
4785:?
4725:?
4578:?
4521:Jê
3047:–
2916:13
2914:.
2910:.
2893:.
2883:80
2881:.
2833:.
2821:30
2819:.
2815:.
2807:;
2762:.
2758:.
2729:.
2709:}}
2705:{{
2665:^
2558:,
2517:,
2494:.
2476:.
2452:,
2434:.
1912:pi
1908:sa
1897:ki
1875:ña
1871:ta
1856:si
1752:,
1746:na
1740:,
1728:,
1726:na
1720:,
1712:,
1704:,
1702:ru
1692:,
1690:ta
1661:ni
1631:sa
1619:ta
1607:la
1536:.
1325:)
1296:)
1267:qʼ
1260:kʼ
1243:tʼ
1236:pʼ
1216:qʰ
1208:kʰ
1192:tʰ
1184:pʰ
1113:)
986:,
982:,
978:,
933:,
929:,
799:.
782:.
767:.
747:,
685:.
666:.
458:ay
230:ay
200:,
59:.
5477:)
5053:)
5049:(
5010:)
4898:–
4890:(
4835:)
4714:)
4710:(
4438:e
4431:t
4424:v
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4316:(
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4131:(
4064:/
3722:e
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3471:e
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3440:.
3107:e
3100:t
3093:v
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3063:(
3051:.
3010:)
2979:.
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2901:.
2889::
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2827::
2774:.
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2545:.
2460:.
2208:|
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1971:(
1966:)
1962:(
1944:.
1891:-
1877:.
1768:.
1760:-
1744:-
1732:-
1724:-
1716:-
1708:-
1700:-
1688:-
1412:ɾ
1387:ʎ
1380:l
1358:w
1348:j
1322:h
1319:(
1311:χ
1301:x
1293:ʃ
1290:(
1285:s
1167:q
1160:k
1143:t
1136:p
1107:ŋ
1104:(
1096:ɲ
1089:n
1082:m
1051:/
1041:/
935:ü
931:ï
927:ä
600:(
591:.
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