194:
323:
1706:
2604:
693:
Sound-changes (or lack thereof) that distinguish most or all of
Central Italian from Tuscan include the following, many of them shared with Southern Italo-Romance:
4857:
1749:
1694:
2968:
520:'I believe, roof'. An additional isogloss that runs along the border between the two areas, but often overlaps it in either direction, is that of post-
1206:, this deletion occurs both in the singular and the plural, resulting in , with metaphony-induced vowel distinctions remaining as a marker of number.
3419:
2411:
309:
has undergone considerable
Tuscanization from the fifteenth century onwards, such that it has lost many of its Central Italian features.
3093:
2981:
1672:
4208:
437:
406:
1152:
in some dialects, leading to outcomes such as
Spoletine 'lip(s)'. Both plurals may also alternate within the same dialect, as in
4268:
1687:
340:
3556:
3161:
2961:
2264:
1840:
387:
4356:
4257:
344:
359:
273:, a distinction that will be made throughout this article. The two areas are split along a line running approximately from
4164:
3842:
544:
2934:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
269:
is also used in a narrower sense to describe the southern part, in which case the northern one may be referred to as the
4885:
4291:
3694:
1647:
Loporcaro, Michele; Paciaroni, Tania (2016). "The dialects of central Italy". In
Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.).
366:
4732:
4170:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3068:
1680:
1230:
458:
1167:'times', was extended to several other words in medieval times, but today the phenomenon is limited to areas such as
4453:
4025:
3460:
3018:
2954:
2467:
2056:
3952:
333:
4040:
3561:
3402:
3369:
3117:
3046:
3028:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2280:
1789:
373:
254:
118:
113:
93:
4745:
4649:
3522:
3249:
3197:
2546:
2537:
1942:
178:
4113:
253:
and in
Italian linguistics as "middle Italian dialects", refers to a language variety or group of dialects of
184:
3658:
3539:
3512:
3388:
3334:
3041:
3001:
2706:
2691:
2477:
2385:
2242:
2119:
1922:
355:
108:
83:
4831:
4227:
4047:
3465:
3411:
3063:
2832:
2664:
2472:
2182:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1160:
1149:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
974:
970:
955:
951:
947:
943:
928:
924:
915:
911:
900:
896:
892:
888:
856:
844:
840:
834:
819:
815:
791:
787:
768:
764:
754:
750:
740:
729:
725:
715:
711:
701:
697:
686:
679:
675:
667:
663:
656:
648:
599:
552:
548:
501:
497:
298:
203:
199:
4131:
3544:
2248:
4863:
4808:
4614:
4609:
4262:
4240:
4059:
3882:
3351:
3307:
3254:
2895:
2744:
2091:
1950:
1898:
1888:
4527:
3495:
2214:
4813:
4597:
4587:
4203:
4176:
4102:
4010:
3962:
3761:
3689:
3641:
3635:
3598:
3581:
3078:
2739:
2716:
2641:
2633:
2487:
2347:
2301:
2154:
2042:
1741:
1725:
1133:'olive-grove(s)'. Even originally non-neuter nouns are sometimes drawn into this class, as in Latin
4561:
4298:
4190:
4158:
4152:
3994:
3773:
3733:
3699:
3603:
3527:
3470:
3291:
2821:
2686:
2647:
2391:
2368:
2146:
2037:
1870:
1845:
910:
In the same area, habitual reduction or deletion of vowels in unstressed internal syllables, as in
430:
302:
3669:
1656:
4803:
4532:
4388:
4346:
4312:
4306:
4196:
4139:
4096:
4079:
3817:
3810:
3704:
3646:
3451:
3434:
3375:
3231:
3219:
3098:
3036:
2673:
2482:
2432:
2029:
2020:
2006:
1824:
1769:
1720:
1710:
1235:
1008:
795:
445:
4581:
3709:
3073:
4760:
4739:
4659:
4619:
4602:
4478:
4406:
4400:
4324:
4216:
4126:
4067:
3979:
3937:
3738:
3684:
3571:
3549:
3490:
3475:
3446:
3429:
3339:
3302:
3271:
3259:
3178:
3166:
3083:
3058:
3052:
2977:
2826:
2816:
2808:
2734:
2624:
2554:
2523:
2510:
2501:
2446:
2440:
2425:
2294:
2271:
2255:
2209:
2191:
2105:
2097:
2073:
1996:
1969:
1955:
1927:
1878:
1855:
1745:
1733:
1729:
1664:
Vignuzzi, Ugo (1997). "Lazio, Umbria, and the Marche". In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.).
1240:
652:
480:
420:
306:
103:
2165:
380:
297:. Since then, however, some of the dialects spoken in those areas have been assimilated into
4713:
4703:
4688:
4676:
4592:
4541:
4505:
4483:
4470:
4464:
4438:
4393:
4382:
4286:
4251:
4235:
4084:
4072:
4005:
3969:
3957:
3925:
3850:
3822:
3795:
3625:
3620:
3608:
3588:
3576:
3517:
3424:
3381:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3276:
3207:
3191:
3088:
2565:
2419:
2361:
2340:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2234:
2083:
2065:
1975:
1909:
1903:
1893:
1806:
1798:
1773:
1761:
1652:
1087:
595:
242:
88:
4797:
4783:
4664:
4566:
4556:
4500:
4351:
4339:
4279:
4274:
4089:
4018:
4000:
3947:
3877:
3834:
3746:
3727:
3679:
3566:
3532:
3485:
3480:
3202:
3106:
2900:
2881:
2851:
2799:
2780:
2696:
2572:
2398:
2287:
2204:
2199:
2159:
2128:
1765:
1099:
521:
193:
75:
3800:
1171:, where one finds cases like 'branch(es)'. In Serviglianese, the final vowel changes to
647:, low-mid vowels undergo metaphonic diphthongization, while high-mids resist raising to
4848:
4755:
4750:
4671:
4551:
4513:
4245:
3894:
3805:
3751:
3721:
3613:
3297:
3225:
3171:
2887:
2763:
2749:
2726:
2711:
2559:
2518:
2354:
1860:
1850:
1816:
1757:
1245:
932:
468:
874:, and to its immediate northeast, this deletion only applies in intervocalic position.
4879:
4790:
4693:
4681:
4413:
4121:
3778:
3716:
3212:
2946:
2856:
2785:
2772:
2701:
2579:
2136:
1753:
1737:
671:
555:. This is referred to as 'Sabine metaphony'. Compare the following examples from the
262:
662:
In some areas with Sabine metaphony, if a word has a stressed mid-vowel, then final
4572:
4432:
3827:
2906:
2681:
2609:
1883:
1148:
The plurals, which are grammatically feminine, are replaced by the feminine ending
4488:
3974:
4634:
4627:
4364:
3930:
3899:
2914:
1777:
1203:
1198:, this occurs only in the singular, not the plural, leading to outcomes such as
864:
831:
683:
472:
322:
3912:
3904:
3505:
3264:
2599:
2224:
1961:
1067:
In the same area, a series of irregular first-conjugation verbs also show 3PL
986:
942:
In both of the aforementioned areas: lack, or reversal, of the sound-changes
4708:
4546:
3888:
3183:
2001:
540:
441:
165:
153:
4334:
3872:
982:
4698:
4493:
4329:
4145:
3593:
3441:
2331:
1195:
1111:
1061:
1012:
4317:
4182:
3942:
3920:
3860:
3855:
3344:
3329:
2861:
2377:
1932:
1917:
1168:
904:
598:
for stressed low-mid vowels, while high-mids undergo normal raising to
509:
476:
347: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
290:
56:
52:
4519:
3865:
3788:
3768:
3500:
2219:
1130:
1045:
1038:
936:
803:
603:
556:
462:
452:
278:
48:
40:
1507:
1505:
1441:
1439:
1402:
1400:
1398:
547:
by one degree of aperture if the following syllable contains either
1007:'the dogs', in some of the dialects situated along a long arc from
3783:
3756:
1705:
1153:
1142:
1034:
871:
860:
807:
628:
617:
584:
573:
294:
98:
44:
30:
624:
613:
580:
569:
1273:
This citation applies to the following two bullet-point as well.
1030:
644:
424:
274:
2950:
1676:
635:
316:
289:
In the early Middle Ages, Central
Italian extended north into
436:
Central-northern Lazian: spoken in the southern areas of the
524:
plosive voicing, as in 'cloak'. This is a feature that the
208:
1079:
found elsewhere). Examples include 'they have/give/do/go'.
1492:
1490:
1090:
nouns have been retained as such in many cases. Cf. Latin
1194:
may be deleted in masculine nouns. In varieties such as
1125:
type survive more extensively than in Tuscan. Cf. Latin
496:
is characterized by a contrast between the final vowels
962:
The following changes to final vowels are found in the
1264:
This citation also covers the following bullet-point.
1048:
ending of non-first conjugation verbs is, unusually,
779:
Sound-changes with a limited distribution within the
1182:
In several dialects, final syllables beginning with
1056:), which acts as a trigger for metaphony. Cf. Latin
4824:
4775:
4724:
4648:
4452:
4425:
4374:
4226:
4112:
4058:
4039:
3668:
3657:
3410:
3401:
3362:
3242:
3127:
3116:
3027:
2989:
2874:
2844:
2807:
2798:
2771:
2762:
2725:
2672:
2663:
2632:
2623:
2545:
2536:
2509:
2500:
2458:
2410:
2233:
2190:
2181:
2145:
2127:
2118:
2082:
2064:
2055:
2028:
2019:
1987:
1941:
1869:
1833:
1815:
1797:
1788:
1216:Direct objects are often marked by the preposition
198:Dialects that maintain a distinction between final
177:
163:
151:
146:
72:
62:
36:
26:
21:
1631:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1559:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1481:
1445:
1406:
1377:
1365:
1328:
1304:
1292:
847:word-initially and intervocalically, as in Latin
528:shares with neighbouring Southern Italo-Romance.
985:, everywhere except for a small 'island' around
884:, a number of Gallo-Italic features are found:
958:that are found in the rest of Central Italian.
2962:
1688:
1651:. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–245.
8:
4858:languages with more than 5 million speakers
535:are found the following vocalic phenomena:
440:and the northern areas of the Provinces of
4441:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
4055:
3665:
3407:
3124:
2969:
2955:
2947:
2804:
2768:
2669:
2629:
2620:
2542:
2506:
2187:
2124:
2061:
2025:
1794:
1785:
1695:
1681:
1673:
1202:> 'lord, lords'. In varieties such as
602:. Compare the following examples from the
192:
18:
1657:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.003.0015
1649:The Oxford guide to the Romance languages
407:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Romance varieties spoken in Central Italy
1619:
1571:
1547:
1496:
1469:
1457:
1430:
1418:
1389:
1353:
1316:
2927:
1285:
1257:
504:, which distinguishes it from both the
1668:. London: Routledge. pp. 311–320.
1029:, below a line running northeast from
594:In a few areas, metaphony results in
508:and from Southern Italo-Romance. Cf.
7:
492:Except for its southern fringe, the
345:adding citations to reliable sources
4862:Languages between parentheses are
1871:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
895:in stressed open syllables, as in
14:
4742:(unknown further classification)
655:, which had alternations such as
651:. This was also the case for Old
438:Metropolitan City of Rome Capital
429:Tuscia or Viterbo: spoken in the
2602:
1721:Historical linguistic minorities
1704:
321:
47:(except the southeast), central
332:needs additional citations for
305:respectively. In addition, the
261:, which covers a swathe of the
4866:of the language on their left.
4736:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1632:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1608:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1596:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1584:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1560:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1536:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1524:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1512:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1482:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1446:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1407:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1378:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1366:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1344:, CNR – Pacini ed., Pisa, 1977
1329:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1305:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
1293:Loporcaro & Paciaroni 2016
293:and covered all of modern-day
51:, small parts of southernmost
1:
1368:, pp. 228–229, 231–232.
4733:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1342:Carta dei dialetti d'Italia
1231:Central Marchigiano dialect
185:... -rba 51-AAA-ra ... -rba
4902:
4435:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
3461:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
3255:Central−Southern Calabrian
2468:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
1951:Central-Southern Calabrian
670:in a sort of height-based
643:Southeast of Rome, around
4840:
3990:
2619:
2597:
2281:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
1784:
1717:
263:central Italian peninsula
191:
3743:North American dialects
3250:Extreme Southern Italian
1472:, pp. 315–316, 318.
1380:, pp. 229–230, 232.
1159:The Latin neuter plural
923:Voicing of intervocalic
907:and areas to its north.
539:In most areas, stressed
471:: spoken in the city of
257:spoken in the so-called
251:Latin–Umbrian–Marchegian
3162:Central−Northern Latian
1841:Central-Northern Latian
3466:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
2473:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
2265:Bustocco and Legnanese
1117:Latin neuters of the -
1102:(invariant) and Latin
1020:Morphological features
761:> 'grape harvest'.
303:Southern Italo-Romance
216: Area Perimediana
68:~3,000,000 (2006)
3953:Poitevin–Saintongeais
2896:Italian Sign Language
2845:Other German dialects
1988:Other Italo-Dalmatian
1666:The dialects of Italy
488:Phonological features
206:are outlined in red.
3762:St. Marys Bay French
3286:Neapolitan–Calabrese
2348:Southwestern Lombard
1526:, pp. 229, 240.
1331:, pp. 229, 233.
1319:, pp. 312, 317.
1220:if they are animate.
1200:*/paˈtrone,paˈtroni/
1011:in the southwest to
931:and degemination of
880:In the north of the
853:vaccam, crudum, ovum
461:: spoken in central
341:improve this article
277:in the southwest to
4886:Dialects of Italian
4114:Galician–Portuguese
3140:Central Marchigiano
2648:Vaccarizzo Albanian
1484:, pp. 240–241.
1460:, pp. 314–315.
1356:, pp. 312–313.
1307:, pp. 229–230.
1071:(as opposed to the
459:Central Marchigiano
451:Umbrian: spoken in
431:Province of Viterbo
55:, and northwestern
4528:Catalan Ribagorçan
4375:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
3647:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3557:Bustocco–Legnanese
3352:Northern Calabrian
2483:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2459:Other Gallo-Italic
1711:Languages of Italy
1574:, p. 316–317.
1550:, p. 315–316.
1236:Languages of Italy
1211:Syntactic features
1175:, as in 'fig(s)'.
1009:Montalto di Castro
689:'beautiful, cold'.
281:in the northeast.
222: Area Mediana
4873:
4872:
4849:extinct languages
4771:
4770:
4448:
4447:
4407:Navarro-Aragonese
4292:Peruvian Ribereño
4217:Judaeo-Portuguese
4132:Galician–Asturian
4035:
4034:
4026:Old Gallo-Romance
3980:Wisconsin Walloon
3397:
3396:
3370:Dalmatian Romance
2978:Romance languages
2944:
2943:
2923:
2922:
2870:
2869:
2827:Southern Bavarian
2794:
2793:
2758:
2757:
2750:Triestine Serbian
2659:
2658:
2634:Arbëresh language
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2532:
2531:
2496:
2495:
2249:Brianzöö dialects
2177:
2176:
2114:
2113:
2051:
2050:
2015:
2014:
1241:Romanesco dialect
1127:olīvētum, olīvēta
1088:fourth-declension
1015:in the northeast.
837:'lamb, firewood'.
775:> 'goatherd'.
682:(metaphony) >
676:*/ˈbɛllu,ˈfreddu/
481:Province of Rieti
417:
416:
409:
391:
356:"Central Italian"
236:
235:
230:
229:
4893:
4394:Judaeo-Aragonese
4383:Andalusi Romance
4236:Amazonic Spanish
4073:Western Asturian
4056:
3995:Franco-Provençal
3666:
3562:Comasco–Lecchese
3420:Emilian–Romagnol
3408:
3208:Regional Italian
3198:Italo-Australian
3125:
3047:Megleno-Romanian
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2935:
2932:
2909:
2890:
2835:
2805:
2769:
2670:
2650:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2543:
2507:
2449:
2435:
2428:
2412:Emilian–Romagnol
2401:
2394:
2380:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2188:
2168:
2147:Franco-Provençal
2125:
2100:
2062:
2057:Occitano-Romance
2026:
1978:
1964:
1943:Extreme Southern
1912:
1807:Regional Italian
1795:
1786:
1742:Franco-Provençal
1709:
1708:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1162:
1151:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
976:
972:
964:Area Perimediana
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:and to its west.
930:
926:
917:
913:
903:'bread', around
902:
898:
894:
890:
882:Area Perimediana
858:
857:/ɛnteakkakruːou/
846:
842:
836:
821:
817:
793:
789:
770:
766:
756:
752:
742:
731:
727:
717:
713:
708:> 'to sell'.
703:
699:
688:
687:/ˈbeʎʎo,ˈfriddu/
681:
680:/ˈbeʎʎu,ˈfriddu/
677:
669:
665:
658:
650:
637:
630:
626:
619:
615:
609:'I put, you put'
601:
596:diphthongization
586:
582:
575:
571:
554:
550:
506:Area Perimediana
503:
499:
412:
405:
401:
398:
392:
390:
349:
325:
317:
271:Area Perimediana
247:dialetti mediani
221:
215:
209:
205:
201:
196:
187:
156:
78:
19:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4836:
4820:
4798:Pannonian Latin
4784:African Romance
4767:
4720:
4651:
4644:
4582:Judeo-Provençal
4455:
4444:
4421:
4370:
4280:Chilean Chilote
4222:
4108:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4031:
4019:Moselle Romance
3986:
3835:Missouri French
3796:Franco-Ontarian
3671:
3660:
3653:
3393:
3358:
3335:Southern Latian
3238:
3203:Maltese Italian
3135:Central Italian
3119:
3112:
3107:Common Romanian
3023:
3007:Italo-Dalmatian
2985:
2975:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2905:
2886:
2866:
2852:Austrian German
2840:
2831:
2790:
2781:Calabrian Greek
2754:
2721:
2707:Natisone Valley
2692:Inner Carniolan
2655:
2646:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2528:
2492:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2431:
2424:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2386:Eastern Lombard
2376:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2243:Western Lombard
2229:
2173:
2164:
2141:
2110:
2096:
2078:
2047:
2011:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1960:
1937:
1923:Southern Latian
1908:
1889:Castelmezzanese
1865:
1829:
1811:
1780:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1663:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:Pellegrini G.,
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1227:
1213:
1098:'hand(s)' >
1025:In part of the
1022:
933:long consonants
565:'wife, husband'
562:'apples, apple'
490:
413:
402:
396:
393:
350:
348:
338:
326:
315:
307:dialect of Rome
287:
239:Central Italian
232:
231:
223:
219:
217:
213:
183:
152:
142:
124:Central Italian
114:Italo-Dalmatian
94:Latino-Faliscan
79:
76:Language family
74:
65:
64:Native speakers
22:Central Italian
17:
12:
11:
5:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4851:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4737:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4514:Judaeo-Catalan
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4473:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4269:Latin American
4265:
4260:
4248:
4246:Judaeo-Spanish
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3741:
3736:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3389:Judaeo-Italian
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3049:
3044:
3042:Istro-Romanian
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2990:Major branches
2987:
2986:
2982:classification
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:Italian Hebrew
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:South Tyrolean
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2727:Serbo-Croatian
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2547:Rhaeto-Romance
2540:
2538:Rhaeto-Romance
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1634:, p. 237.
1624:
1622:, p. 315.
1612:
1610:, p. 233.
1600:
1598:, p. 234.
1588:
1586:, p. 241.
1576:
1564:
1562:, p. 231.
1552:
1540:
1538:, p. 240.
1528:
1516:
1514:, p. 229.
1501:
1499:, p. 318.
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 232.
1435:
1433:, p. 314.
1423:
1421:, p. 317.
1411:
1409:, p. 230.
1394:
1392:, p. 313.
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1295:, p. 228.
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:Sabino dialect
1243:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1157:
1115:
1110:'fig(s)' >
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
990:
977:, as in Latin
960:
959:
940:
921:
920:
919:
878:
877:
876:
875:
838:
835:/ˈai̯nu,ˈlena/
822:, as in Latin
812:
811:
798:, as in Latin
777:
776:
771:, as in Latin
762:
757:, as in Latin
748:
743:, as in Latin
737:
732:, as in Latin
723:
718:, as in Latin
709:
704:, as in Latin
691:
690:
660:
657:/ˈpɛde,ˈpjɛdi/
641:
640:
639:
634:'death, dead (
632:
621:
610:
591:
590:
589:
588:
577:
566:
563:
489:
486:
485:
484:
466:
456:
449:
434:
427:
415:
414:
397:September 2024
329:
327:
320:
314:
311:
286:
283:
234:
233:
228:
227:
218:
212:
207:
197:
189:
188:
181:
175:
174:
169:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
147:Language codes
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
82:
80:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4898:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4832:Proto-Romance
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:Reconstructed
4823:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:British Latin
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:Vivaro-Alpine
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4415:
4414:Old Navarrese
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4263:Equatoguinean
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:Frainc-Comtou
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Judeo-Italian
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Castelmezzano
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:Swiss Italian
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Transylvanian
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:Daco-Romanian
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:Italo-Western
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2931:
2928:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2773:Italiot Greek
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Slavomolisano
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2600:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Judeo-Italian
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Gallo-Romance
2117:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:Vivaro-Alpine
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Italo-Romance
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:Vignuzzi 1997
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:Vignuzzi 1997
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:Vignuzzi 1997
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Vignuzzi 1997
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1470:Vignuzzi 1997
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:Vignuzzi 1997
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:Vignuzzi 1997
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:Vignuzzi 1997
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Vignuzzi 1997
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:Vignuzzi 1997
1350:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:Vignuzzi 1997
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:Serviglianese
1197:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:'garden(s)'.
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1065:
1064:'they sell'.
1063:
1059:
1052:(rather than
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
991:
988:
984:
980:
969:
968:
967:
965:
941:
938:
934:
922:
916:/ˈtrapp(ə)le/
909:
908:
906:
887:
886:
885:
883:
873:
869:
868:
866:
862:
854:
850:
839:
833:
832:Tagliacozzese
829:
825:
814:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
786:
785:
784:
782:
774:
763:
760:
749:
746:
739:Retention of
738:
735:
724:
722:> 'lead'.
721:
710:
707:
696:
695:
694:
685:
684:Tornimpartese
673:
672:vowel harmony
661:
659:'foot, feet'.
654:
646:
642:
633:
623:'beautiful' (
622:
611:
608:
607:
605:
597:
593:
592:
578:
567:
564:
561:
560:
558:
546:
542:
538:
537:
536:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
495:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
426:
422:
419:
418:
411:
408:
400:
389:
386:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358: –
357:
353:
352:Find sources:
346:
342:
336:
335:
330:This section
328:
324:
319:
318:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Italo-Romance
252:
248:
244:
240:
226:
211:
210:
195:
190:
186:
182:
180:
176:
173:
170:
168:
167:
162:
158:
155:
150:
145:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:Italo-Romance
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:Italo-Western
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:Indo-European
81:
77:
71:
67:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4853:
4844:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4731:
4633:
4626:
4588:Languedocien
4580:
4573:Judeo-Gascon
4571:
4512:
4463:
4433:Barranquenho
4412:
4405:
4381:
4363:
4305:
4267:
4250:
4241:Extremaduran
4215:
4189:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4144:
4101:
4060:Asturleonese
4024:
4017:
3975:West Walloon
3963:Saintongeais
3911:
3887:
3883:Anglo-Norman
3841:
3774:Newfoundland
3734:Jersey Legal
3726:
3634:
3599:Southwestern
3582:Vallassinese
3471:Gallo-Picene
3412:Gallo-Italic
3374:
3290:
3285:
3224:
3190:
3134:
3105:
3051:
2930:
2907:Sinte Romani
2717:Torre Valley
2665:South Slavic
2610:Italy portal
2302:Vallassinese
2183:Gallo-Italic
1719:
1665:
1648:
1641:Bibliography
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1426:
1414:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1269:
1260:
1217:
1164:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:(invariant).
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1057:
1027:Area Mediana
1026:
983:Montelaghese
978:
963:
961:
881:
879:
852:
848:
827:
823:
799:
781:Area Mediana
780:
778:
772:
758:
747:> 'May'.
744:
736:> 'hot'.
733:
719:
705:
692:
533:Area Mediana
532:
530:
526:Area Mediana
525:
517:
513:
505:
494:Area Mediana
493:
491:
423:: spoken in
403:
394:
384:
377:
370:
363:
351:
339:Please help
334:verification
331:
299:Gallo-Italic
288:
270:
267:Area Mediana
266:
259:Area Mediana
258:
250:
246:
238:
237:
224:
179:Linguasphere
171:
164:
123:
4809:Campidanese
4635:Old Catalan
4628:Old Occitan
4365:Old Spanish
4299:Rioplatense
4103:Old Leonese
3931:Cotentinais
3895:Guernésiais
3818:Frenchville
3811:New England
3690:Bourbonnais
3642:Piedmontese
3636:Old Lombard
3528:Bergamasque
3452:Sammarinese
2915:Wenzhounese
2740:Montenegrin
2687:Gail Valley
2488:Piedmontese
2392:Bergamasque
2038:Campidanese
1879:Beneventano
1846:Marchigiano
1778:Wenzhounese
912:/ˈtrappole/
802:> >
512:< Latin
4856:indicates
4814:Logudorese
4347:Philippine
4313:Andalusian
4307:Peninsular
4197:Estremenho
4153:Portuguese
4080:Cantabrian
3913:Law French
3905:Sercquiais
3739:Meridional
3700:Champenois
3695:Burgundian
3506:Tabarchino
3496:Monégasque
3435:Parmigiano
3292:Neapolitan
3265:Manduriano
3232:Florentine
3099:Wallachian
3069:Bukovinian
2433:Parmigiano
2225:Tabarchino
2215:Monégasque
2043:Logudorese
1962:Manduriano
1825:Florentine
1281:References
1196:Matelicese
1112:Canepinese
1100:Fabrichese
987:Pitigliano
674:. Compare
666:lowers to
541:mid-vowels
479:) and the
367:newspapers
285:Background
4864:varieties
4847:indicate
4804:Sardinian
4761:Triestine
4709:Sursilvan
4620:Mentonasc
4598:Provençal
4547:Auvergnat
4533:Valencian
4489:Mallorcan
4479:Algherese
4454:Occitano-
4401:Navarrese
4389:Aragonese
4325:Castilian
4228:Castilian
4204:Uruguayan
4177:Brazilian
4140:Minderico
4134:/Eonavian
4097:Mirandese
4011:Valdôtain
3997:/Arpitan
3938:Orléanais
3889:Auregnais
3873:Mayennais
3823:Louisiana
3705:Ardennais
3685:Berrichon
3491:Intemelio
3447:Forlivese
3430:Bolognese
3376:Dalmatian
3340:Tarantino
3303:Benevento
3260:Salentino
3220:Sassarese
3184:Gallurese
3167:Romanesco
3120:Dalmatian
3084:Moldavian
3079:Maramureș
3037:Aromanian
2674:Slovenian
2524:Triestine
2461:languages
2447:Forlivese
2426:Bolognese
2272:Legnanese
2210:Intemelio
2155:Valdôtain
2098:Mentonasc
2074:Algherese
2030:Sardinian
2021:Sardinian
2007:Sassarese
2002:Gallurese
1990:languages
1956:Salentino
1928:Tarantino
1899:Cosentino
1856:Romanesco
1770:Sardinian
1062:Leonessan
783:include:
773:caprārium
653:Romanesco
612:'alone' (
606:dialect:
559:dialect:
510:Spoletine
442:Frosinone
421:Romanesco
166:Glottolog
154:ISO 639-3
4880:Category
4740:Venetian
4714:Vallader
4704:Surmiran
4677:Cadorino
4660:Friulian
4593:Limousin
4562:Béarnese
4524:Western
4506:Northern
4494:Menorcan
4484:Balearic
4475:Eastern
4471:dialects
4330:Castrapo
4287:Peruvian
4258:dialects
4191:European
4159:dialects
4146:Portugis
4127:Galician
4068:Asturian
4006:Savoyard
3958:Poitevin
3926:Cauchois
3900:Jèrriais
3747:Canadian
3626:Varesino
3621:Ticinese
3609:Novarese
3604:Cremunés
3594:Ossolano
3589:Milanese
3577:Lecchese
3545:Brianzöö
3476:Ligurian
3442:Romagnol
3323:Arianese
3318:Irpinian
3313:Cilentan
3277:Pantesco
3272:Sicilian
3243:Southern
3179:Corsican
3155:Macerata
3150:Fabriano
3089:Oltenian
3059:dialects
3019:Southern
2817:Cimbrian
2809:Bavarian
2735:Croatian
2642:Arbëresh
2625:Albanian
2566:Cadorino
2555:Friulian
2511:Venetian
2502:Venetian
2441:Romagnol
2369:Cremunés
2362:Novarese
2341:Varesino
2332:Ossolano
2325:Ticinese
2318:Milanese
2309:Lecchese
2192:Ligurian
1997:Corsican
1976:Pantesco
1970:Sicilian
1910:Arianese
1904:Irpinian
1894:Cilentan
1851:Marinese
1750:Germanic
1746:Friulian
1734:Croatian
1726:Albanian
1225:See also
1163:, as in
1131:Roiatese
1013:Fabriano
1005:/eˈkane/
1001:/iˈkani/
999:, as in
918:'traps'.
901:/ˈpɛ.ne/
897:/ˈpa.ne/
865:L'Aquila
759:vindēmia
734:cal(i)da
483:(Lazio).
473:L'Aquila
433:, Lazio.
313:Dialects
4845:Italics
4746:Chipilo
4689:Romansh
4652:Romance
4650:Rhaeto-
4615:Gardiol
4567:Landese
4557:Aranese
4542:Occitan
4501:Central
4465:Catalan
4456:Romance
4357:Creoles
4352:Saharan
4340:Murcian
4318:Llanito
4275:Chilean
4252:Spanish
4209:Creoles
4183:Mineiro
4165:African
4090:Riberan
4085:Leonese
4050:Iberian
4043:Romance
3970:Walloon
3943:Paydret
3921:Augeron
3861:Vosgien
3856:Gaumais
3851:Lorrain
3843:Creoles
3806:Muskrat
3752:Acadian
3680:Angevin
3670:Langues
3661:Romance
3567:Comasco
3540:Western
3533:Cremish
3523:Eastern
3518:Lombard
3486:Genoese
3481:Brigasc
3425:Emilian
3403:Western
3382:Istriot
3345:Vastese
3330:Molisan
3192:Italian
3128:Central
3074:Crișana
3029:Eastern
3012:Western
2997:Eastern
2862:Yiddish
2822:Mòcheno
2697:Istrian
2420:Emilian
2399:Cremish
2378:Spasell
2288:Comasco
2235:Lombard
2205:Genoese
2200:Brigasc
2166:Cellese
2084:Occitan
2066:Catalan
1933:Vastese
1918:Molisan
1834:Central
1799:Italian
1774:Slovene
1762:Occitan
1730:Catalan
1169:Serrone
1165:tempora
1156:'eggs'.
1154:Treiese
1143:Segnese
1077:/-onno/
1058:vēndunt
979:musteum
952:/mb,nv/
935:around
905:Perugia
870:Around
820:/(i̯)n/
808:Reatine
804:Nursine
720:plumbum
712:/mb,nv/
706:vēndere
604:Nursine
579:'new' (
568:'old' (
557:Ascrean
531:In the
477:Abruzzo
381:scholar
291:Romagna
243:Italian
104:Romance
57:Abruzzo
53:Tuscany
4776:Others
4756:Talian
4751:Fiuman
4725:Others
4665:Fornes
4603:Niçard
4552:Gascon
4520:Patuet
4426:Others
4335:Castúo
4041:Ibero-
4001:Faetar
3948:Picard
3878:Norman
3866:Welche
3789:Magoua
3779:Quebec
3769:Brayon
3728:French
3710:Rémois
3659:Gallo-
3614:Pavese
3572:Laghée
3550:Canzés
3501:Royasc
3363:Others
3298:Barese
3226:Tuscan
3172:Sabino
3145:Ancona
3118:Italo-
2901:Romani
2882:Hebrew
2875:Others
2857:Walser
2800:German
2712:Resian
2573:Fornes
2519:Fiuman
2355:Pavese
2295:Laghée
2256:Canzés
2220:Royasc
2160:Faetar
2137:Aostan
2129:French
2106:Niçard
1884:Barese
1861:Sabino
1817:Tuscan
1766:Romani
1738:French
1161:/-ora/
1135:hortum
1086:Latin
1041:, the
1039:Norcia
937:Ancona
849:dentem
810:'cat'.
800:cattum
755:/ɲ(ɲ)/
545:raised
518:tēctum
469:Sabino
463:Marche
453:Umbria
448:Lazio.
446:Latina
383:
376:
369:
362:
354:
279:Ancona
249:), or
225:
220:
214:
89:Italic
49:Marche
41:Umbria
37:Region
4699:Putèr
4694:Jauer
4682:Nones
4672:Ladin
4171:Asian
3828:Houma
3801:Métis
3784:Joual
3757:Chiac
3722:Gallo
3672:d'oïl
3064:Banat
2786:Griko
2764:Greek
2702:Karst
2580:Nones
2560:Ladin
1758:Ladin
1754:Greek
1252:Notes
1190:, or
1141:>
1139:hortī
1129:>
1108:fīcūs
1104:fīcum
1096:manūs
1092:manum
1060:>
1035:Rieti
1003:>
995:>
981:>
973:>
954:>
946:>
914:>
899:>
891:>
872:Terni
861:Rieti
855:>
843:>
841:/d,v/
830:>
828:ligna
824:agnum
818:>
790:>
767:>
753:>
745:Maium
728:>
714:>
700:>
678:>
649:/i,u/
600:/i,u/
522:nasal
514:crēdō
388:JSTOR
374:books
295:Lazio
99:Latin
45:Lazio
31:Italy
4854:Bold
4439:Caló
4122:Fala
4048:West
2682:Brda
1173:/-e/
1150:/-e/
1073:/-o/
1069:/-u/
1054:/-o/
1050:/-u/
1037:and
1031:Rome
997:/-e/
993:/-i/
975:/-o/
971:/-u/
956:/mm/
950:and
948:/nn/
944:/nd/
863:and
816:/ɡn/
788:/ɡ-/
765:/rj/
751:/mj/
730:/ll/
726:/ld/
716:/mm/
702:/nn/
698:/nd/
668:/-o/
664:/-u/
645:Nemi
543:are
502:/-o/
500:and
498:/-u/
444:and
425:Rome
360:news
301:and
275:Rome
204:/-o/
202:and
200:/-u/
172:None
1653:doi
1192:/r/
1188:/l/
1184:/n/
1075:or
1033:to
929:/d/
927:to
925:/t/
893:/ɛ/
889:/a/
859:in
794:or
792:/j/
769:/r/
741:/j/
553:/i/
551:or
549:/u/
343:by
4882::
1776:,
1772:,
1768:,
1764:,
1760:,
1756:,
1752:,
1748:,
1744:,
1740:,
1736:,
1732:,
1728:,
1724::
1504:^
1489:^
1438:^
1397:^
1186:,
1137:,
1121:/-
1119:um
1106:,
1094:,
1046:PL
966::
867:.
851:,
826:,
806:,
638:)'
636:PL
516:,
265:.
245::
43:,
4052:)
4046:(
2984:)
2980:(
2970:e
2963:t
2956:v
1696:e
1689:t
1682:v
1659:.
1655::
1218:a
1123:a
1043:3
989:.
845:∅
796:∅
631:)
629:M
627:/
625:F
620:)
618:M
616:/
614:F
587:)
585:M
583:/
581:F
576:)
574:M
572:/
570:F
475:(
465:.
455:.
410:)
404:(
399:)
395:(
385:·
378:·
371:·
364:·
337:.
241:(
159:–
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