90:
467:
36:
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Epilepsy is an unpredictable, serious, and potentially fatal disorder of the nervous system, thought to be the result of faulty electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures result from abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide
698:
have epilepsy, and nearly 80% of epilepsy occurs in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. Onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. Epileptic seizures may occur in recovering patients as a consequence of brain surgery.
344:
is a condition where in the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. This is caused by a loss of tolerance to proteins in the body, resulting in immune cells recognising these as 'foreign' and directing an immune response against them.
218:
Any type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) or injury done to the spinal cord can result in a wide spectrum of disabilities in a person. Depending on the section of the brain or spinal cord that experiences the trauma, the outcome may be anticipated.
584:
ADHD is an organic disorder of the nervous system. ADHD, which in severe cases can be debilitating, has symptoms thought to be caused by structural as well as biochemical imbalances in the brain; in particular, low levels of the neurotransmitters
837:
is an injury to the spinal cord due to severe compression that may result from trauma, congenital stenosis, degenerative disease or disc herniation. The spinal cord is a group of nerves housed inside the spine that runs almost its entire length.
589:
and norepinephrine, which are responsible for controlling and maintaining attention and movement. Many people with ADHD continue to have symptoms well into adulthood. Also of note is an increased risk of the development of
753:
usually resulting from a stroke that damages part of the brainstem, in which the body and most of the facial muscles are paralysed but consciousness remains and the ability to perform certain eye movements is preserved.
157:(CNS). These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related degeneration, cancer, autoimmune disfunction, and birth defects. The symptoms vary widely, as do the treatments.
644:
Catalepsy is a nervous disorder characterized by immobility and muscular rigidity, along with a decreased sensitivity to pain. Catalepsy is considered a symptom of serious diseases of the nervous system (e.g.,
2624:
2030:
Walitza S, Melfsen S, Herhaus G, Scheuerpflug P, Warnke A, MĂĽller T, Lange KW, Gerlach M (2007). "Association of
Parkinson's disease with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood".
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Parkinson's disease, or PD, is a progressive illness of the nervous system. Caused by the death of dopamine-producing brain cells that affect motor skills and speech. Symptoms may include
324:
is an abnormal growth of body tissue. In the beginning, tumors can be noncancerous, but if they become malignant, they are cancerous. In general, they appear when there is a problem with
2173:
909:. There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements. Statistics show that Huntington's disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.
367:
or when a blood vessel ruptures, causing blood to leak to the brain. If the brain cannot get enough oxygen and blood, brain cells can die, leading to permanent damage.
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772:(membranes) of the brain and spinal cord. It is most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Fever, vomiting, and a stiff neck are all symptoms of meningitis.
707:
191:. Some of them are persistent headache; pain in the face, back, arms, or legs; an inability to concentrate; loss of feeling; memory loss; loss of muscle strength;
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1730:
616:
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by repetitive patterns of behavior and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication.
524:
mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus (e.g., morphine, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling, etc.).
905:
Huntington's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited. Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the
2166:
816:
is damaged. Symptoms of MS include visual and sensation problems, muscle weakness, numbness and tingling all over, muscle spasms, poor coordination, and
1954:
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2992:
1004:
228:
891:; 60% of these cases are due to Alzheimer's. The ultimate cause is unknown. The clinical sign of Alzheimer's is progressive cognition deterioration.
359:
A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the US has a stroke. This can happen when a
57:
44:
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954:, all appear to have some connection to one another, as all three nervous system disorders involve lower than normal levels of the brain chemical
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Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer. Brain tumors are the most frequent and have the highest mortality.
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Tourette's syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Early onset may be during childhood, and it is characterized by physical and verbal
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2619:
2048:
938:(slow physical movement), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Behavior, thinking, sensation disorders, and the sometimes co-morbid skin condition
2825:
2813:
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653:, etc.) rather than a disease by itself. Cataleptic fits can range in duration from several minutes to weeks. Catalepsy often responds to
233:
Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an
481:
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Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerves may be associated with
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1670:"Previous adult attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms and risk of dementia with Lewy bodies: a case-control study"
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characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches, often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms.
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1841:"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012–2016"
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958:(In ADHD, Parkinson's, and the depressive phase of Bi-polar disorder.) or too much dopamine (in Mania or Manic states of
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546:, and in some cases may not show symptoms. However, if there is a large cyst, symptoms may include headache, seizures,
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indicating a link between the three disorders. The exact cause of
Tourette's, other than genetic factors, is unknown.
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or prescribed medications. The most valued companies worldwide whose leading products are in CNS Care include
1731:"Dementia With Lewy Bodies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)"
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disease typically found in people over the age of 65 years. Worldwide, approximately 24 million people have
289:. Children born with structural defects may have malformed limbs, heart problems, and facial abnormalities.
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There are a wide range of treatments for central nervous system diseases. These can range from surgery to
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679:. Symptoms of this disease include headache, neck pain, drowsiness, nausea, and fever. If caused by the
142:
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and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a "minor" coordinating center.
602:
two progressive, and serious, neurological diseases whose symptoms often occur in people over age 65.
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820:. Also, patients with MS have reported extreme fatigue and dizziness, tremors, and bladder leakage.
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Puschmann A, Bhidayasiri R, Weiner WJ (January 2012). "Synucleinopathies from bench to bedside".
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Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?".
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Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. It is usually caused by a foreign substance or a
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2012:
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Tumors of the central nervous system constitute around 2% of all cancer in the United States.
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113:
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Hansen FH, Skjørringe T, Yasmeen S, Arends NV, Sahai MA, Erreger K, et al. (July 2014).
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2002:
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or disc displacement. Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases (i.e.
89:
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971:
680:
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533:
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990:(Japan) who are active in treatment areas like MS, Alzheimers, Epilepsy and Psychiatry.
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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2007:
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Golimstok A, Rojas JI, Romano M, Zurru MC, Doctorovich D, Cristiano E (January 2011).
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covered by arachnoidal cells that may develop on the brain or spinal cord. They are a
448:, significant impairments in cognition and physiological function or death may occur.
175:
may be regarded as CNS disorders, though the classifications are not without dispute.
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1792:"Missense dopamine transporter mutations associate with adult parkinsonism and ADHD"
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1701:
1568:"Social Security Disability SSI and ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"
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360:
286:
184:
126:
2139:
2040:
1711:"Adult ADHD significantly increases risk of common form of dementia, study finds"
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1253:
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people may have severe degeneration in the brain due to loss of tissue affecting
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625:
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105:
1610:"What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know"
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is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus.
188:
2126:
1544:"MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal"
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along the spinal cord, all of which consist of both sensory and motor
2741:
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1807:
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611:
547:
411:
403:
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192:
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2997:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1669:
1064:
Cacabelos R, Torrellas C, Fernández-Novoa L, López-Muñoz F (2016).
1428:"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction"
734:
730:
718:
441:
321:
266:
101:
566:(an abnormality of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid), and
478:
about a number of brain disorders that not currently listed here.
195:; seizures; increased reflexes, spasticity, tics; paralysis; and
861:
853:
559:
2155:
857:
460:
29:
1379:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions"
683:, it may be lethal to humans, as well as birds and horses.
199:. One should seek medical attention if affected by these.
1634:"Adult ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)"
1231:
1229:
562:
are common among children, while presenile dementia,
386:
The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the
2116:
2073:"Movement disorders in young people related to ADHD"
1981:"Bipolar affective disorder and Parkinson's disease"
1501:"Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News"
2918:
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2784:
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2644:
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2588:
2513:
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2314:
2300:
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2120:
804:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory
390:. It also conducts motor information to the body's
112:
82:
1066:"Histamine and Immune Biomarkers in CNS Disorders"
942:are just some of PD's numerous nonmotor symptoms.
856:. Tourette's often also includes symptoms of both
570:are symptoms for elderly patients (65 and older).
1628:
1626:
281:Common structural defects include birth defects,
1426:Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016).
741:that adversely affect the brain or spinal cord.
708:List of infections of the central nervous system
594:, or (DLB), and a direct genetic association of
1140:"Obese People Have 'Severe Brain Degeneration'"
1059:
1057:
574:Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
1203:
1201:
436:and exerts centralized control over the other
2167:
145:that affect the structure or function of the
8:
1116:"Central Nervous System Tumor - an overview"
1733:. Ninds.nih.gov. 2013-06-06. Archived from
440:of the body. The brain is protected by the
2892:
2883:
2652:
2320:
2311:
2200:
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2160:
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2117:
2087:"Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report"
1655:"Parkinsonism, ADHD: Common Genetic Link?"
88:
79:
2006:
1996:
1866:
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1047:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1005:List of central nervous system infections
432:The brain serves as the organic basis of
229:List of central nervous system infections
1287:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction"
948:Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
580:Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1839:Ostrom QT, et al. (October 2019).
1183:. Hearthealthywomen.org. Archived from
1016:
512:Addiction is a disorder of the brain's
306:bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
2963:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2636:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
768:Meningitis is an inflammation of the
7:
2814:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1891:"What is Catalepsy? (with pictures)"
1209:"Organization of the Nervous System"
1478:. Arachnoidcyst.org. Archived from
1236:Lipton JO, Sahin M (October 2014).
962:) in different areas of the brain:
706:For a more comprehensive list, see
27:Disease of the brain or spinal cord
3045:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1717:(Press release). February 6, 2011.
1589:"112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood"
1542:Christian Nordqvist (2010-09-30).
414:. The spinal cord is protected by
25:
2748:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2551:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1522:"ADHD Study: General Information"
3092:Central nervous system disorders
2768:For more detailed coverage, see
2746:For more detailed coverage, see
2717:For more detailed coverage, see
2683:For more detailed coverage, see
2634:For more detailed coverage, see
1686:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x
1395:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
1303:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler
465:
292:Defects in the formation of the
139:central nervous system disorders
34:
1211:. Users.rcn.com. Archived from
1045:Central Nervous System Diseases
135:Central nervous system diseases
48:may be too short to adequately
18:Central nervous system disorder
1932:. Epilepsy.com. Archived from
786:A chronic, often debilitating
153:, which collectively form the
83:Central nervous system disease
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
3061:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2946:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2804:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1769:10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70010-4
3030:Progressive muscular atrophy
2041:10.1007/978-3-211-73574-9_38
1636:. MayoClinic.com. 2013-03-07
1348:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840
1285:Nestler EJ (December 2013).
1254:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.034
183:Every disease has different
2540:Primary progressive aphasia
1930:"How Serious Are Seizures?"
868:Neurodegenerative disorders
328:. Problems with the body's
265:). Studies have shown that
3108:
2862:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2568:Posterior cortical atrophy
2389:Striatonigral degeneration
2240:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1957:. Hdsa.org. Archived from
1377:Olsen CM (December 2011).
927:
916:
898:
876:
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797:
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761:
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668:
637:
623:
609:
596:Attention deficit disorder
577:
550:(lack of muscle control),
531:
505:
425:
379:
352:
226:
211:
2968:Spinal muscular atrophies
2936:Primary lateral sclerosis
2794:Intracranial hypertension
2574:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1757:Parkinsonism Relat Disord
1025:"Nervous System Diseases"
1000:Neurodegenerative disease
661:) in pill and I.V. form.
592:Dementia with Lewy bodies
388:peripheral nervous system
96:
87:
3035:Progressive bulbar palsy
2826:Intracranial hypotension
2809:Choroid plexus papilloma
2223:Herpesviral encephalitis
1291:Dialogues Clin. Neurosci
1049:Medical Subject Headings
406:. There are 31 pairs of
163:Some disorders, such as
2547:Frontotemporal dementia
2233:Encephalitis lethargica
1612:. Webmd.com. 2008-09-18
1336:Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse
1238:"The neurology of mTOR"
894:
2852:Hepatic encephalopathy
1955:"Huntington's Disease"
713:A number of different
554:, and several others.
476:is missing information
457:Types of CNS disorders
214:Traumatic brain injury
155:central nervous system
143:neurological disorders
98:Central nervous system
2910:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2867:Static encephalopathy
2590:Mitochondrial disease
2428:Spasmodic torticollis
2338:Basal ganglia disease
2033:J Neural Transm Suppl
1858:10.1093/neuonc/noz150
1591:. Ssa.gov. 2013-05-31
1476:"How the Brain Works"
1444:10.1056/NEJMra1511480
1027:. Healthinsite.gov.au
972:neural rehabilitation
940:Seborrheic dermatitis
806:demyelinating disease
788:neurological disorder
749:A medical condition,
516:which arises through
263:Huntington's diseases
2857:Toxic encephalopathy
2563:Lewy bodies dementia
1120:ScienceDirect Topics
1083:10.1155/2016/1924603
901:Huntington's disease
895:Huntington's disease
568:urinary incontinence
538:Arachnoid cysts are
336:Autoimmune disorders
332:can lead to tumors.
2905:Friedreich's ataxia
2288:Meningoencephalitis
2228:Limbic encephalitis
1998:10.1155/2011/154165
944:Parkinson's disease
879:Alzheimer's disease
848:Tourette's syndrome
808:, meaning that the
647:Parkinson's disease
600:Parkinson's disease
544:congenital disorder
540:cerebrospinal fluid
342:autoimmune disorder
165:substance addiction
2941:Pseudobulbar palsy
2679:Status epilepticus
2630:Multiple sclerosis
2467:Myoclonic epilepsy
2330:movement disorders
2276:Acute disseminated
2218:Viral encephalitis
1979:Engmann B (2011).
1763:(Suppl 1): S24–7.
1548:Medical News Today
919:Lewy body dementia
913:Lewy body dementia
800:Multiple sclerosis
794:Multiple sclerosis
751:Locked-in syndrome
745:Locked-in syndrome
444:; however, if the
277:Structural defects
255:Lewy body dementia
179:Signs and symptoms
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
2875:
2874:
2780:
2779:
2719:Template:Headache
2685:Template:Epilepsy
2606:
2605:
2580:Vascular dementia
2423:Status dystonicus
2296:
2295:
2271:Encephalomyelitis
2149:
2148:
2050:978-3-211-73573-2
1911:. Medicinenet.com
1909:"West Nile Virus"
1383:Neuropharmacology
1148:. 25 August 2009.
1070:Mediators Inflamm
982:(United States),
960:Bi-polar disorder
952:Bi-polar disorder
885:neurodegenerative
883:Alzheimer's is a
687:Epilepsy/Seizures
499:
498:
326:cellular division
132:
131:
77:Medical condition
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3099:
2893:
2884:
2842:Brain herniation
2653:
2493:Intention tremor
2488:Essential tremor
2353:Postencephalitic
2321:
2312:
2201:
2182:Diseases of the
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1897:. 7 August 2023.
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1808:10.1172/JCI73778
1787:
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1708:Lay summary in:
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392:skeletal muscles
363:is blocked by a
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3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3067:
2993:Congenital DSMA
2914:
2871:
2830:
2776:
2764:Sleep disorders
2752:
2729:Cerebrovascular
2723:
2689:
2646:
2640:
2602:
2584:
2509:
2455:Choreoathetosis
2328:
2305:
2292:
2256:
2190:
2180:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2129:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2096:. November 2021
2094:The Pharma 1000
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2051:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1432:N. Engl. J. Med
1425:
1424:
1420:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1160:"Birth Defects"
1158:
1157:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1013:
996:
968:
932:
926:
923:
921:
915:
903:
897:
881:
875:
872:
870:
850:
844:
841:
832:
826:
802:
796:
784:
778:
766:
760:
747:
717:(i.e., certain
711:
704:
695:
689:
681:West Nile virus
677:viral infection
673:
667:
655:Benzodiazepines
642:
636:
628:
622:
614:
608:
582:
576:
536:
534:Arachnoid cysts
530:
528:Arachnoid cysts
518:transcriptional
510:
504:
495:
489:
486:
479:
470:
459:
454:
430:
424:
396:cardiac muscles
384:
378:
373:
357:
351:
338:
318:
294:cerebral cortex
279:
243:
231:
225:
216:
210:
205:
181:
141:are a group of
78:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:Cerebral edema
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:Template:Sleep
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2598:Leigh syndrome
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2334:
2332:
2325:Extrapyramidal
2318:
2309:
2307:encephalopathy
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2184:nervous system
2181:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:Classification
2114:
2113:External links
2111:
2108:
2107:
2078:
2064:
2049:
2022:
1971:
1946:
1921:
1900:
1882:
1851:(5): v1–v100.
1845:Neuro-Oncology
1831:
1802:(7): 3107–20.
1782:
1747:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1660:
1646:
1622:
1601:
1580:
1559:
1534:
1513:
1492:
1467:
1438:(4): 363–371.
1418:
1369:
1342:(6): 428–437.
1326:
1297:(4): 431–443.
1277:
1248:(2): 275–291.
1225:
1197:
1172:
1151:
1131:
1107:
1053:
1037:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
995:
992:
986:(Belgium) and
967:
964:
928:Main article:
925:
922:
917:Main article:
914:
911:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
869:
866:
846:Main article:
843:
840:
828:Main article:
825:
822:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
780:Main article:
777:
774:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
746:
743:
703:
700:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
638:Main article:
635:
632:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
610:Main article:
607:
604:
578:Main article:
575:
572:
532:Main article:
529:
526:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
497:
496:
473:
471:
464:
458:
455:
453:
450:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
400:smooth muscles
380:Main article:
377:
374:
372:
369:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
337:
334:
317:
314:
302:polymicrogyria
278:
275:
242:
239:
227:Main article:
224:
221:
212:Main article:
209:
206:
204:
201:
197:slurred speech
180:
177:
130:
129:
116:
110:
109:
94:
93:
85:
84:
76:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Reye syndrome
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Hydrocephalus
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2612:Demyelinating
2609:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Restless legs
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:Blepharospasm
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Hemiballismus
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:Brain abscess
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:(72): 311–5.
2034:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1961:on 2013-11-01
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1936:on 2013-10-29
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:J Clin Invest
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1737:on 2016-08-09
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1716:
1715:Science Daily
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1657:. 2014-07-04.
1656:
1650:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1482:on 2011-09-30
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1215:on 2010-01-03
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1187:on 2013-06-24
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
978:(Hong Kong),
977:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
920:
912:
910:
908:
902:
892:
890:
886:
880:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
849:
839:
836:
831:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:myelin sheath
807:
801:
793:
791:
789:
783:
775:
773:
771:
765:
757:
755:
752:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
701:
699:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
633:
631:
627:
619:
617:
613:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
564:hydrocephalus
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:reward system
509:
501:
493:
483:
477:
474:This section
472:
468:
463:
462:
456:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:spinal nerves
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
375:
370:
368:
366:
362:
356:
348:
346:
343:
335:
333:
331:
330:immune system
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
236:
230:
222:
220:
215:
207:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
161:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
124:
120:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
81:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3055:
2954:
2927:
2888:Degenerative
2625:Inflammatory
2572:
2505:Stiff-person
2343:Parkinsonism
2316:Degenerative
2213:Encephalitis
2196:Inflammation
2187:
2186:, primarily
2133:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2081:
2067:
2032:
2025:
1988:
1985:Case Rep Med
1984:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1885:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1725:
1714:
1680:(1): 78–84.
1677:
1674:Eur J Neurol
1673:
1663:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1614:. Retrieved
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1524:. Genome.gov
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1470:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1245:
1241:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:the original
1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:Live Science
1143:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1073:
1069:
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1019:
969:
936:bradykinesia
933:
904:
882:
851:
834:
833:
803:
785:
767:
748:
737:) can cause
712:
696:
674:
671:Encephalitis
665:Encephalitis
643:
629:
620:Brain tumors
615:
583:
556:Macrocephaly
537:
511:
487:
475:
431:
385:
361:blood vessel
358:
339:
319:
291:
287:spina bifida
280:
244:
241:Degeneration
232:
217:
182:
162:
159:
138:
134:
133:
127:Neurosurgery
63:
47:
45:lead section
3040:Fazio–Londe
2880:Both/either
2674:Generalised
2533:Early-onset
2528:Alzheimer's
2263:spinal cord
2100:29 December
1570:. Ssdrc.com
1076:: 1924603.
976:CSPC Pharma
950:(ADHD) and
930:Parkinson's
924:Parkinson's
873:Alzheimer's
626:Brain tumor
552:hemiparesis
428:Human brain
382:Spinal cord
376:Spinal cord
283:anencephaly
259:Parkinson's
251:Alzheimer's
151:spinal cord
106:spinal cord
100:in yellow (
2648:paroxysmal
2620:Autoimmune
2413:Dyskinesia
2283:Meningitis
2261:Brain and
1991:: 154165.
1965:2013-10-30
1940:2013-10-30
1915:2013-10-30
1741:2013-10-30
1640:2013-10-30
1616:2013-10-30
1595:2013-10-30
1574:2013-10-30
1553:2013-10-30
1528:2013-10-30
1507:2013-10-30
1486:2013-10-30
1219:2013-10-30
1191:2013-10-30
1166:2013-10-30
1125:2022-06-18
1031:2013-10-30
1011:References
966:Treatments
842:Tourette's
835:Myelopathy
830:Myelopathy
824:Myelopathy
818:depression
764:Meningitis
758:Meningitis
739:infections
522:epigenetic
365:blood clot
316:CNS Tumors
310:pachygyria
298:microgyria
247:herniation
223:Infections
119:Psychiatry
66:March 2020
2645:Episodic/
2523:Tauopathy
2474:Akathisia
2462:Myoclonus
2445:Athetosis
2377:Tauopathy
715:pathogens
702:Infection
659:Lorazepam
640:Catalepsy
634:Catalepsy
508:Addiction
502:Addiction
490:July 2016
482:talk page
452:Diagnosis
434:cognition
416:vertebrae
371:Functions
271:cognition
235:infection
123:Neurology
114:Specialty
50:summarize
3086:Category
3011:SMALED2B
3006:SMALED2A
2703:Migraine
2695:Headache
2661:epilepsy
2657:Seizures
2515:Dementia
2418:Dystonia
2059:17982908
2017:22162696
1895:wiseGEEK
1877:31675094
1826:24911152
1777:22166445
1694:20491888
1462:26816013
1413:21459101
1364:19157711
1356:25083822
1321:24459410
1272:25374355
1181:"Stroke"
1102:27190492
994:See also
956:dopamine
907:striatum
889:dementia
782:Migraine
776:Migraine
770:meninges
727:protozoa
723:bacteria
693:Epilepsy
651:Epilepsy
587:dopamine
296:include
189:symptoms
3023:SMA-PME
3018:SMA-PCH
3001:SMALED1
2713:Tension
2708:Cluster
2433:Meige's
2250:Amoebic
2140:D002493
2008:3226531
1868:6823730
1817:4071392
1702:3914739
1453:6135257
1404:3139704
1312:3898681
1263:4223653
1093:4846752
814:neurons
719:viruses
657:(e.g.,
412:neurons
193:tremors
2742:Stroke
2556:Pick's
2483:Tremor
2450:Chorea
2057:
2047:
2015:
2005:
1875:
1865:
1824:
1814:
1775:
1700:
1692:
1460:
1450:
1411:
1401:
1362:
1354:
1319:
1309:
1270:
1260:
1242:Neuron
1100:
1090:
1051:(MeSH)
988:Otsuka
980:Biogen
735:prions
733:, and
612:Autism
606:Autism
548:ataxia
438:organs
404:glands
402:, and
355:Stroke
349:Stroke
308:, and
285:, and
261:, and
208:Trauma
203:Causes
171:, and
169:autism
3056:both:
2988:DSMA1
2983:SMAX2
2978:SMAX1
2958:only:
2931:only:
2835:Other
2757:Other
2669:Focal
2302:Brain
2205:Brain
2090:(PDF)
1698:S2CID
1360:S2CID
731:fungi
442:skull
422:Brain
322:tumor
267:obese
185:signs
147:brain
102:brain
2659:and
2370:PKAN
2365:NBIA
2135:MeSH
2102:2022
2055:PMID
2045:ISBN
2013:PMID
1989:2011
1873:PMID
1822:PMID
1773:PMID
1690:PMID
1458:PMID
1409:PMID
1352:PMID
1317:PMID
1268:PMID
1098:PMID
1074:2016
862:ADHD
860:and
854:tics
560:ADHD
558:and
520:and
187:and
173:ADHD
104:and
2973:SMA
2956:LMN
2929:UMN
2920:MND
2786:CSF
2737:TIA
2382:PSP
2358:NMS
2327:and
2188:CNS
2037:doi
2003:PMC
1993:doi
1863:PMC
1853:doi
1812:PMC
1804:doi
1800:124
1765:doi
1682:doi
1448:PMC
1440:doi
1436:374
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1344:doi
1307:PMC
1299:doi
1258:PMC
1250:doi
1088:PMC
1078:doi
984:UCB
858:OCD
812:of
598:to
340:An
149:or
137:or
3088::
2897:SA
2404:OA
2399:HD
2348:PD
2138::
2092:.
2053:.
2043:.
2011:.
2001:.
1987:.
1983:.
1893:.
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1200:^
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