744:
931:. Individuals who describe themselves as centrist may hold strong beliefs that align with moderate politics, or they may identify as centrist because they do not hold particularly strong left-wing or right-wing beliefs. In some cases, individuals who simultaneously hold strong left-wing beliefs and strong right-wing beliefs may also describe themselves as centrist. Although the left-centre-right
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electoral weakness of centrist parties. One possible explanation for the paradox is that centrists may be perceived as lacking the leadership or capability demonstrated by leaders of other ideologies. Another is that centrists are unable to increase their vote share because the ideological space around them is already occupied by other parties.
1435:. The group fractured during a leftward shift in the 1950s and 1960s as the leadership invited socialists into the party, hoping to deprive the Communist Party of an ally. This created a scenario in which the Christian Democrats expressed centrist positions but were the rightmost of Italy's major parties and took on a more conservative role.
1109:, the centre is challenged by parties that seek to undermine the legitimacy of the political system. These parties come from both the left and the right and have different positions on how the government should function, which prevents them from unifying against the centre, giving the centre an opportunity to retain power. According to the
1579:, who was accused of being a communist and prosecuted for allegedly organising the bombing of his own party newspaper's headquarters in the 1960s. Taiwan's political system, already inclined toward centrism, saw its two major parties move closer to the centrism in the late 1990s as newer parties developed on either side.
1151:. When radical parties become viable, forming a coalition with the centre can force them to moderate. Once in a coalition, the centrist party is typically a junior partner that has little ability to enact its own policy goals. Party systems with a strong centrist element are associated with lower interparty conflict.
1470:
Fiji implemented a political system designed to encourage centrism in an ethnically divided nation as it transitioned away from colonial rule in 1965. Each voter was to vote for four candidates, each for a distinct ethnic group. This failed to produce a centrist government, as in effect it solidified
1333:
brought French conservatism to the centre when it maintained an element of working class revolution. Empires were forced to maintain the political centre, avoiding reactionary or revolutionary politics that could have affected their stability. Centrist liberalism was slower to develop outside of the
1341:
during the early 19th century as its conservatives took a decisively centrist position, enlightened conservatism, and expressed willingness to compromise with the nation's strong radical element. As radicalism declined in
Western Europe, liberalism and conservatism became the two dominant political
1251:
of
Uruguay. Christian democracy, usually a conservative movement, serves a similar role in Latin America as its opposition to more rightward politics moves it toward a centrist or centre-left position. Some political parties label themselves as centrist but do not hold centrist positions. These are
1205:
When parties become more extreme, disaffected moderates may be enticed to join centrist parties when they would otherwise have been unwilling to join an opposing party. More broadly, polarisation can lead to the fragmentation of the left and right into multiple parties, allowing a centrist party to
1142:
to refer to centrist parties and to this middle position regardless of a party's ideological stance. Conversely, some centrist parties will only be challenged from one direction instead of facing both left-wing and right-wing challengers, preventing it from taking its typical location in the middle
1128:
Politicians with high approval might move to the centre to capitalise on their popularity with a larger voter base, while those seen as uncharismatic or incompetent may shift away from the centre to capture more reliable activist voters who will invest more into the politician's campaign. Opponents
1385:
became more common, advocacy for centrist reform was taken up by academics. Instead of engaging in direct activism, they considered social issues and presented their conclusions as objective science. Other ideological groups did not have success in this endeavour, as taking strong partisan stances
1407:
as left-wing politics saw a resurgence, meaning centrism was challenged from both directions. Agrarianism lost much of its influence in the 1930s as nations fell under right-wing dictatorships, and its return in the 1940s was short-lived as nations fell under communist rule. The Nordic countries,
1129:
of centrism may describe it as opportunistic. Centrist-controlled governments are much rarer than left-wing or right-wing governments. While approximately 30% of world leaders were centrist in the 1950s and 1960s, this declined to approximately 15% by 2020. Centrist dictatorships rarely occur.
1124:
provide less incentive for parties to hold centrist positions. Proportional representation systems weaken centrist parties because they incentivise the capture of specific voters instead of the general population. The popularity of centrism in the
Western World is contradicted by the relative
1281:
was organised, reactionary conservatives coalesced in the seats to the speaker's right, while the radicals sat on the speaker's left. The moderates who were not affiliated with either faction sat in the centre seats, and they came to be known as the centrists. While liberalism began as a
1623:
with the use of social programs. In many Latin
American nations, opposing presidential candidates campaigned on similar platforms and often supported retaining their predecessors' policies without any significant changes, shifting the focus of elections to personality over ideology.
1487:, effectively controlling Egyptian politics and marginalising the other factions. The fall of dictatorships in countries such as Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Portugal in the 1980s was met by centrist parties that became the primary forces in transitioning the nations to democracy.
1146:
Coalition building typically occurs around the political centre, giving centrist parties hold a strong position in the formation of coalition governments, as they can accommodate both left-wing and right-wing parties. This gives them additional leverage in the formation of a
1036:
is commonly associated with strong left-wing or right-wing beliefs, centrist populism is critical of the political system independently of social, economic, and cultural issues. Centrist populist parties often do not have a strong ideological component, instead making
1159:
The overall effect of centrist parties on a political system is a subject of debate in political science, and it is not always clear whether they encourage or discourage political polarisation, or whether they benefit or suffer from it. One unanswered question in
939:, individuals far from the political centre may occasionally reframe it, with the far-right alleging that the centre is leftist and the far-left alleging that the centre is rightist. Likewise, they may allege that their more moderate counterparts, the
835:
Centrist parties typically hold the middle position between major left-wing and right-wing parties, though in some cases they will hold the left-leaning or right-leaning vote if there are no viable parties in the given direction. Centrist parties in
1137:
Most political party systems lean toward the centre, where centre-left and centre-right parties compromise with centrist parties. Centrist parties are typically found in the middle of a party system, leading to mixed use of the term
1450:
was the party of rural voters and businessmen. This system fell apart by the 1960s as polarisation grew and radical parties developed. Industrialisation reduced the appeal of agrarianism in the post-war era. The
Agrarian Parties of
1402:
Centrist liberalism was one of the two major global ideological groups at the beginning of the 20th century, where it was challenged by right-wing conservatism and
Catholicism. Centrism faced increased pressure beginning in the
1164:
is whether centrist parties create centripetal or centrifugal party systems. When centrist parties exert a centripetal force on other parties, it causes left-wing and right-wing parties to move closer to the centre and creates
1226:
where social democracy dominates politics, centrism competes with the centre-right to form a rightward flank. Centrist liberalism has only a minor presence in the Middle East, where it is overshadowed by leftism and
804:. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policies and people who are not strongly aligned with left-wing or right-wing policies. Centrism is commonly associated with
953:
is commonly associated with the political centre. Both left-leaning and right-leaning variants of liberalism may be grouped within a broader understanding of centrism. In Europe, left-leaning liberalism emphasises
1499:
in the 1990s, centrist liberalism was seen as the dominant force in politics. The centre-left and the centre-right both moved closer to the centre in the 1990s and 2000s. The centre-right, previously dominated by
1582:
After a long period of strong left-wing and right-wing movements, Latin
American nations trended toward centrism in the 2000s. This came about as the nations' economies strengthened and the reduction of
1005:
are also major agrarian ideals. These parties often developed in
European countries where there was not a strong liberal movement, and vice versa, but they became less relevant by the mid-20th century.
1564:
In the
Pacific, New Caledonia did not form a strong centrist movement until the 1990s as a consequence of the independence question. Conservative groups had actively suppressed centrist figures like
1483:
became president of Egypt, and in 1976 he split the ruling Arab
Socialist Union into three parties based on its left, centre, and right factions. Rule was maintained through what became the centrist
871:, when assemblymen associated with neither the radicals nor the reactionaries sat between the two groups. Liberalism became the dominant centrist ideology in the 18th century with its support for
1187:
argued that centrism is the default in a political system, but that the existence of a centrist party prevents the left and the right from moving toward the centre and encourages polarisation.
3055:
844:
as they can accommodate both left-wing and right-wing parties, but they are often junior partners in these coalitions that are unable to enact their own policies. These parties are weaker in
1286:
challenger to conservatism, it came to occupy the political centre of Western politics at the beginning of the 19th century as it also opposed radicalism and socialism. Liberal support for
1337:
By the 1830s, conservatism and radicalism in Western Europe began a shift toward moderation as they accepted ideas associated with centrist liberalism. The United Kingdom was spared from
1169:. Alternatively, they may exert a centrifugal force in which left-wing and right-wing parties move away from the centre to pressure the centrist party into choosing a side, causing
3365:
Ruostetsaari, Ilkka (2007). "Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families". In Cotta, Maurizio; Best, Heinrich (eds.).
1092:. Whether political positions are considered centrist can change over time; when radical positions become more widely accepted in society, they can become centrist positions.
1394:. Instead of the idea that non-white races could not achieve European-style civilisation, centrist liberals believed that they could but it would take them longer to do so.
1143:
of a party system. What constitutes the middle of a political system is unique to each nation, while ideological centrism is a political stance that exists internationally.
1504:, became more accepting of the welfare state, and it showed more support for combatting poverty and inequality. This included the "kinder, gentler America" championed by
3924:
4407:
1471:
the ethnic division in government. As post-colonial party systems developed in the Middle East, the influence of one-party states varied. Parties like the
1294:
developed in opposition to conservatism, establishing the ideals that would accompany liberalism as it became the predominant centrist ideology in Europe.
719:
1420:
as scientific truth. Following World War II, middle class centrist parties in developed countries became less common as they moved leftward or rightward.
1084:. Centrist liberalism seeks institutional reform, but it prioritises prudence when enacting change. European centrist parties are typically in favour of
772:
1463:
changed their names to the Centre Party in 1958, 1959, and 1965, respectively. This left Denmark as the only nation with a major self-proclaimed
1447:
1253:
919:
As with all ideological groups, the exact boundaries of what constitutes centrism are not perfectly defined, but its specific placement on the
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policies, and reduction of welfare programs. Some authoritarian powers, such as China and Russia, resisted the western liberal consensus.
1476:
1113:, parties are incentivised to move toward the political centre to maximise votes and to have the final say on closely-contested policies.
3210:
Dalton, Russell J.; Tanaka, Aiji (2008). "The Patterns of Party Alignment". In Dalton, Russell J.; Shin, Doh Chull; Chu, Yun-han (eds.).
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systems. Parties and politicians have various incentives to move toward or away from the centre, depending on how they seek votes. Some
825:
724:
4735:
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1700:
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proposed a model in which a centrist party emerges after the left-wing and right-wing parties diverge from a centrist-leaning public.
962:
and is more common in nations with strong Christian democratic movements. Social liberalism combines centrist economic positions with
923:
makes its position clearer relative to other ideologies. Centrism most commonly refers to a set of moderate political beliefs between
4720:
1374:. Toward the end of the 19th century, agrarianism became a significant political movement in Europe to represent farmers' interests.
1076:
programs, but they are generally less inclusive than those organised under social democratic governments. Centrists may support some
920:
801:
3420:
3227:
1484:
1260:
in the Netherlands. Relative to left-wing and right-wing parties, centrist parties are infrequently studied in political science.
966:
stances on social and cultural issues. Left-leaning liberalism generally sits closer to the centre than right-leaning liberalism.
4400:
1347:
729:
3545:"Center Parties, Party Competition, and the Implosion of Party Systems: A Study of Centripetal Tendencies in Multiparty Systems"
1591:
that saw several left-wing politicians take office, those in democratic nations adopted relatively moderate policies, including
1496:
904:
1628:
908:
1116:
Centrist parties face some intrinsic disadvantages when competing with left-wing and right-wing parties. Elections based on
3581:
3474:
4895:
3910:
1240:
981:, usually associated with left-wing politics, have a history of centrist economic policies in Central and Eastern Europe.
380:
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3933:
1592:
1472:
1443:
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168:
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4900:
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4393:
4309:
3550:
1424:
1371:
1121:
849:
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1257:
1117:
887:. Agrarianism briefly existed as a major European centrist movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. The
845:
711:
4890:
1318:
1310:
1210:. Polarisation may also weaken a centrist party if both ends of a polarised society are made to oppose centrism.
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42:
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1002:
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and is more common in nations with strong conservative movements, while right-leaning liberalism emphasises
932:
856:
parties take centrist positions, basing their political position on opposition to the government instead of
758:
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in the 19th century, but it did so less than its primary advocates, and it rejected the related concept of
4690:
4354:
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1690:
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movements. The United States saw a centrist liberal movement develop in the late-19th century through the
1244:
1235:
often have prominent centrist parties supported by the middle class. These have historically included the
620:
3699:
3181:
Hinnebusch, Raymond; Cavatorta, Francesco; Storm, Lise. "Political Parties in MENA: An Introduction". In
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in Yemen acted as restraints on political elites to keep them from deviating from the political centre.
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124:
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Völkel, Jan Claudius. "Pawns in the Army's Hands: Political Parties in Military-Dominated Regimes". In
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which were mostly spared from both movements, were the only nations to retain strong agrarian parties.
1012:
is a form of centrism defined by its rejection of the left–right dichotomy or of ideology in general.
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4202:
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politics is a radical centrist approach taken by centre-left parties to find a middle ground between
841:
832:, radical groups that oppose centrist ideologies may sometimes describe them as leftist or rightist.
657:
449:
256:
114:
94:
3805:"The Vicissitudes of 'Radical Centrism': The Case of Agnes Heller, Radical Centrist avant la lettre"
3212:
1510:
1350:. The radical movement gave way to centrism after the 1870s as they both coalesced around ideals of
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4825:
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4555:
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4452:
4314:
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3544:
3273:
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1522:
1236:
1166:
1148:
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667:
647:
504:
326:
311:
186:
134:
3734:"Modeling the interaction of parties, activists and voters: Why is the political center so empty?"
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4001:
3976:
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1537:. The centre-left adopted Third Way policies, emphasising that it was neither left nor right but
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1038:
924:
857:
837:
793:
652:
611:
546:
464:
276:
149:
79:
70:
3804:
3475:"Centrist anti-establishment parties and their protest voters: more than a superficial romance?"
1442:
with two centrist parties in the 1950s. The parties were instead motivated by demographics: the
1322:
4880:
4835:
4790:
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4474:
4427:
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3944:
3860:
3825:
3754:
3719:
3678:
3637:
3602:
3567:
3530:
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3416:
3393:
3374:
3331:
3300:
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3250:
3223:
3167:
3070:
3019:
1695:
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1505:
1464:
1428:
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1338:
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as it spread through Europe and the Americas, but it declined in favour of populism after the
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868:
829:
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89:
54:
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3746:
3711:
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3629:
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3559:
3522:
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3321:
3190:
Koehler, Kevin. "Inheriting the Past: Trajectories of Single Parties in Arab Republics". In
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1431:, it absorbed the centre-left and centre-right to create a centrist grouping and combat the
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201:
119:
35:
31:
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and that a centrist party is an unnatural combination of the centre-left and centre-right.
989:
may also be grouped with the centre. Agrarian parties are associated with the interests of
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4272:
4031:
1542:
1404:
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541:
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61:
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Magyar, Agnes; Wagner, Sarah; Zur, Roi. "Party strategies: valence versus position". In
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Kraetzschmar, Hendrik; Resta, Valeria. "Political parties in the Arab Middle East". In
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216:
3510:"Centrist Utopianism in Retreat: Ideological Fragmentation after the Financial Crisis"
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politics the core of their message to capitalise on voter dissatisfaction and receive
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821:
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261:
251:
3700:"Do All Roads Lead to the Center? The Unresolved Dilemma of Centrist Self-Placement"
4560:
4091:
4076:
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Enyedi, Zsolt; BĂ©rtoa, Fernando Casal. "Party Systems and Party System Change". In
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196:
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3526:
3268:
Centre Parties: Polarization and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies
985:, often considered a centre-right ideology, is sometimes grouped with the centre.
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Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Sindre, Gyda M.; Vasilopoulou, Sofia, eds. (2023).
1645:
1538:
1534:
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1367:
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1326:
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Centrism is part of the left–right political spectrum that developed during the
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3821:
3598:
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1546:
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and have commonalities across different nations and political systems. In the
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950:
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805:
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226:
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3785:
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3723:
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Fraenkel, Jon. "Political Consequences of Pacific Island Electoral Laws". In
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Chanter, Alaine. "Parties and the New Political Logic in New Caledonia". In
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Party Politics in East Asia: Citizens, Elections, and Democratic Development
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Routledge Handbook on Political Parties in the Middle East and North Africa
41:"Political centre" redirects here. For the Russian movement (1919–20), see
3879:
3840:"The Multidimensional Disadvantages of Centrist Parties in Western Europe"
3582:"Identifying Ideologues: A Global Dataset on Political Leaders, 1945–2020"
3326:
3066:
1297:
The political centre became a major force in England and France after the
1068:
politics. In contemporary politics, centrists generally support a liberal
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1635:. As of 2015, centrists made up a plurality in most European countries.
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change within a political system, opposing the right's adherence to the
17:
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Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence
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206:
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The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914
1427:
party in the immediate aftermath of the war. Under the leadership of
990:
867:
Centrism developed with the left–right political spectrum during the
409:
3042:
Boucek, Françoise. "The factional politics of dominant parties". In
2112:
2110:
3411:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
1179:
argued that politics naturally drifts away from the centre into a
1060:
is a defining trait of centrism, holding that it is preferable to
947:, are actually centrists because they are insufficiently radical.
2816:
2814:
3158:
Cavatorta, Francesco; Storm, Lise; Resta, Valeria, eds. (2021).
4389:
3906:
3241:
History of Political Parties in Twentieth-Century Latin America
3033:
Abedi, Amir; Schneider, Steffen. "Big fish in small ponds". In
1541:. This adopted ideas popular among the centre-right, including
1045:. These parties are most common in Central and Eastern Europe.
1923:
1921:
1919:
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risked one's reputation. Centrist liberals in Europe accepted
1202:
rejected the concept of a singular political centre entirely.
3314:
Rich, Roland; Hambly, Luke; Morgan, Michael G., eds. (2006).
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1870:
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1815:
1813:
1811:
1467:, but it also described itself as liberal beginning in 1963.
34:. For the post-World War II political alliance in Italy, see
3147:
Vasilopoulou, Sofia. "Parties and European integration". In
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2125:
1998:
1996:
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typically more right-wing parties such as the centre-right
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2439:
1381:
intertwined itself with centrism in the 19th century. As
1056:
and the left's support for radical change. Support for a
2721:
1798:
1796:
3102:
Close, Caroline; Legein, Thomas. "Liberal parties". In
1416:
espoused by centrist liberals, as they instead adopted
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2227:
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2164:
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and were the primary movers in the development of the
977:
commonly adopt the liberal position on social issues.
1553:. Social democratic parties became more accepting of
1446:
was supported by urban voters and the military while
3010:
Boucek, Françoise; Bogaards, Matthijs, eds. (2010).
4233:
3795:
The Collapsing Centre in the World's Liberal Centre
3200:
3191:
3182:
3838:
3803:
3767:
3732:
3615:
3580:
3543:
3508:
3473:
3438:
3408:
3366:
3292:
3265:
3238:
3211:
3054:
3011:
1545:and low taxes. Among these movements were British
1533:, and the anti-neoliberalism of Mexican president
3793:Sommers, Jeffrey; Marian, Cosmin Gabriel (2019).
3659:"The Ideological Morphology of Left–Centre–Right"
2430:
1627:Support for centrism declined globally after the
1072:. Centrist coalitions are associated with larger
3704:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
3440:"The Ideology of Heads of Government, 1870–2012"
3355:
3346:
3617:"The Origins of the Two Lefts in Latin America"
2964:
2793:
2673:
2661:
2155:
1910:
1898:
3138:van Kessel, Stijn. "Populism and parties". In
3043:
3034:
2394:
2322:
2274:
2116:
4401:
3918:
3373:. Oxford University Press. pp. 217–252.
2976:
2856:
2805:
1587:created a larger middle class. Following the
1080:, but they oppose the total abolition of the
903:. Centrism became more influential after the
828:. Though its placement is widely accepted in
766:
8:
3437:Brambor, Thomas; Lindvall, Johannes (2018).
3291:Noël, Alain; Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008).
2892:
2505:
2298:
2101:
2062:
1927:
1874:
1855:
1831:
1819:
1412:ended support for any scientific racism and
3057:The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties
2832:
2820:
2685:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2493:
2418:
2262:
2143:
2050:
2038:
1843:
4408:
4394:
4386:
3925:
3911:
3903:
1975:
1611:in Uruguay. These nations implemented the
1020:can both be elements of radical centrism.
773:
759:
585:
75:
49:
3325:
2481:
2206:
2086:
2026:
2002:
1802:
1760:
816:. Those who identify as centrist support
3507:Foster, Jack; el-Ojeili, Chamsy (2023).
3317:Political Parties in the Pacific Islands
3014:Dominant Political Parties and Democracy
2781:
2733:
2445:
3731:Schofield, Norman; Sened, Itai (2005).
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2880:
2868:
2769:
2745:
1753:
1313:. French centrism was supported by the
133:
103:
78:
60:
3769:"Latin America: A Surge to the Center"
3739:European Journal of Political Research
3084:Bremer, Björn. "Social democracy". In
2844:
2757:
2722:Hinnebusch, Cavatorta & Storm 2021
2697:
1987:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1886:
2988:
2709:
2469:
2457:
2406:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2310:
2250:
2235:
2218:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2014:
1787:
1775:
1631:as it was challenged by populism and
7:
3797:(Report). LSE IDEAS. pp. 20–24.
3587:British Journal of Political Science
3542:Green-Pedersen, Christoffer (2004).
1218:Centrist parties make up a specific
30:For the Marxist categorisation, see
3201:Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)
3192:Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)
3183:Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)
2286:
2131:
2074:
1515:
3634:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00686.x
3392:. University of California Press.
3093:Carter, Neil. "Green Parties". In
1701:List of centrist political parties
840:hold a strong position in forming
820:political change, often through a
25:
3480:European Political Science Review
3295:Left and Right in Global Politics
1301:. English centrism came from the
993:and other people associated with
3890:
3878:
3751:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00231.x
3564:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2004.00482.x
3356:Rich, Hambly & Morgan (2006)
3347:Rich, Hambly & Morgan (2006)
1334:great powers of Western Europe.
1101:Elections and retention of power
915:Ideology and political positions
742:
3810:Journal of Political Ideologies
3663:Journal of Political Ideologies
3515:Journal of Political Ideologies
1497:dissolution of the Soviet Union
905:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4736:Open–closed political spectrum
3388:Wallerstein, Immanuel (2011).
3299:. Cambridge University Press.
3237:Di Tella, Torcuato S. (2004).
1254:Union of the Democratic Centre
1231:. More developed countries in
1:
4721:Left–right political spectrum
3675:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
3657:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2023).
3527:10.1080/13569317.2021.1956164
2431:Kraetzschmar & Resta 2023
2156:Magyar, Wagner & Zur 2023
1241:Brazilian Democratic Movement
921:left–right political spectrum
802:left–right political spectrum
3044:Boucek & Bogaards (2010)
3035:Boucek & Bogaards (2010)
2955:, pp. 110–111, 116–117.
895:caused centrists to abandon
4746:Right-wing authoritarianism
3622:Political Science Quarterly
2965:Foster & el-Ojeili 2023
2794:Foster & el-Ojeili 2023
2674:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
2662:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
1911:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
1899:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
1423:Italy was dominated by the
1256:in Spain and the far-right
1122:proportional representation
850:proportional representation
725:Political parties by region
515:Party convention/conference
4922:
3857:10.1007/s11109-020-09671-w
3445:European Political Science
3407:Woshinsky, Oliver (2007).
2395:Abedi & Schneider 2010
2275:Schofield & Sened 2005
2117:Schofield & Sened 2005
1629:2007–2008 financial crisis
1118:first-past-the-post voting
909:2007–2008 financial crisis
846:first-past-the-post voting
788:is the range of political
712:Lists of political parties
40:
29:
4753:
4708:
4633:
4583:
4518:
4466:
4423:
4027:
3940:
3822:10.1080/13569319808420774
3766:Shifter, Michael (2011).
3599:10.1017/S0007123422000217
3492:10.1017/S1755773920000132
3457:10.1057/s41304-017-0124-9
3264:Hazan, Reuven Y. (1997).
2977:Sommers & Marian 2019
2857:Sommers & Marian 2019
2806:Sommers & Marian 2019
1593:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
1529:with a grey face" led by
1525:in Germany, the British "
1485:National Democratic Party
1477:General People's Congress
1444:Republican People's Party
1319:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
1311:Thomas Babington Macaulay
720:Ruling parties by country
693:National unity government
43:Political Centre (Russia)
3786:10.1353/jod.2011.a412897
3614:Madrid, RaĂşl L. (2010).
3415:. Taylor & Francis.
3220:Lynne Rienner Publishers
2893:Dalton & Tanaka 2008
2299:Dalton & Tanaka 2008
2102:Enyedi & BĂ©rtoa 2023
1741:Triangulation (politics)
1003:environmental protection
969:Parties associated with
730:Banned political parties
430:Leader of the Opposition
398:Leaders and organization
361:Parliamentary opposition
3579:Herre, Bastian (2023).
2833:Noël & Thérien 2008
2821:Noël & Thérien 2008
2419:Close & Legein 2023
2263:Close & Legein 2023
2144:Noël & Thérien 2008
2039:Noël & Thérien 2008
1844:Close & Legein 2023
1433:Italian Communist Party
1398:World Wars and Cold War
1269:18th and 19th centuries
1078:redistributive policies
935:is well established in
826:redistributive policies
4691:Social justice warrior
3895:Quotations related to
3802:Tormey, Simon (1998).
3472:Engler, Sarah (2020).
3247:Transaction Publishers
1691:Independent politician
1651:Argument to moderation
1633:political polarisation
1508:in the United States,
1245:Radical Party of Chile
1155:Political polarisation
4766:Democratic transition
4761:Anti-authoritarianism
4636:Political pejoratives
3327:10.22459/PPPI.04.2008
3067:10.4324/9780429263859
2134:, pp. 1756–1757.
1555:supply-side economics
1519: The New Centre
1383:research universities
1171:political instability
842:coalition governments
663:Confidence and supply
520:Leadership convention
371:Official party status
327:Entrepreneurial party
27:Political orientation
4896:Political ideologies
4521:Political ideologies
3934:Political ideologies
3887:at Wikimedia Commons
3774:Journal of Democracy
3716:10.1093/ijpor/edu028
3698:Rodon, Toni (2015).
3149:Carter et al. (2023)
3140:Carter et al. (2023)
3131:Carter et al. (2023)
3122:Carter et al. (2023)
3113:Carter et al. (2023)
3104:Carter et al. (2023)
3095:Carter et al. (2023)
3086:Carter et al. (2023)
2197:, pp. 743, 746.
2089:, pp. 144, 161.
1613:Washington Consensus
1603:in El Salvador, and
1473:Arab Socialist Union
1339:the many revolutions
1307:Henry Peter Brougham
1162:political philosophy
1111:median voter theorem
1086:European integration
668:Consensus government
658:Coalition government
450:Parliamentary leader
257:Classical radicalism
4646:Champagne socialist
4556:Christian democracy
4485:Anti-Stalinist left
4469:Political positions
4052:Christian democracy
3349:, pp. 143–164.
3274:Bloomsbury Academic
3203:, pp. 125–136.
3151:, pp. 301–311.
3142:, pp. 269–279.
3133:, pp. 199–210.
3124:, pp. 414–425.
3106:, pp. 149–160.
3097:, pp. 185–196.
3088:, pp. 161–172.
2967:, pp. 199–200.
2907:, pp. 107–108.
2823:, pp. 166–167.
2688:, pp. 236–237.
2568:, pp. 160–161.
2472:, pp. 178–179.
2433:, pp. 415–417.
2325:, pp. 325–326.
2323:Green-Pedersen 2004
2185:, pp. 743–746.
2119:, pp. 355–356.
1990:, pp. 307–309.
1966:, pp. 147–149.
1661:Centrism by country
1438:Turkey developed a
1425:Christian Democracy
1237:Radical Civic Union
1206:perpetually be the
1167:political stability
1149:minority government
1107:multi-party systems
1048:Centrism advocates
983:Christian democracy
960:economic liberalism
929:right-wing politics
879:, challenging both
862:right-wing populism
838:multi-party systems
798:right-wing politics
792:that exist between
749:Politics portal
698:Rotation government
688:Minority government
683:Majority government
648:Parliamentary group
505:Leadership election
187:Christian democracy
4906:Political theories
4901:Political spectrum
4821:Anti-establishment
4686:Social imperialism
4591:Buddhist socialism
4586:Religious politics
4417:Political spectrum
3967:Political spectrum
3845:Political Behavior
3320:. Pandanus Books.
3222:. pp. 27–47.
2919:, p. 108–109.
2835:, p. 167–168.
1731:Syncretic politics
1239:of Argentina, the
1214:Regional variation
1133:Coalition building
1096:Political function
1039:anti-establishment
1014:Liberal scepticism
925:left-wing politics
794:left-wing politics
653:Divided government
547:Crossing the floor
493:Internal elections
465:Party spokesperson
376:Single-issue party
71:Political Spectrum
4868:
4867:
4836:The Establishment
4791:Identity politics
4626:Religious Zionism
4383:
4382:
4082:Constitutionalism
3945:The Establishment
3883:Media related to
3837:Zur, Roi (2021).
3551:Political Studies
3399:978-0-520-26760-2
3380:978-0-19-923420-2
3358:, pp. 46–68.
3337:978-1-74076-173-4
3306:978-1-139-47252-4
3283:978-1-85567-431-8
3256:978-1-4128-2545-0
3194:, pp. 57–68.
3173:978-0-367-21986-4
3115:, pp. 30–42.
3076:978-0-429-55441-4
3037:, pp. 77–97.
3025:978-0-415-48582-1
2979:, pp. 21–22.
2712:, pp. 28–30.
2520:, pp. 91–93.
2506:Ruostetsaari 2007
2221:, pp. 22–23.
2063:Vasilopoulou 2023
2017:, pp. 20–21.
1928:Ruostetsaari 2007
1875:Ruostetsaari 2007
1856:Ruostetsaari 2007
1832:Ruostetsaari 2007
1820:Ruostetsaari 2007
1696:Independent voter
1597:Michelle Bachelet
1585:wealth inequality
1570:Maurice Lenormand
1506:George H. W. Bush
1475:in Egypt and the
1429:Alcide De Gasperi
1388:scientific racism
1292:individual rights
1279:National Assembly
1275:French Revolution
1018:neo-republicanism
956:social liberalism
937:political science
897:scientific racism
877:individual rights
869:French Revolution
830:political science
783:
782:
629:
628:
445:Political faction
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
4913:
4891:Communitarianism
4856:Radical politics
4831:Communitarianism
4801:Authoritarianism
4716:Horseshoe theory
4546:Social democracy
4505:Radical centrism
4495:Centrist Marxism
4410:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4310:Internationalism
4241:Authoritarianism
4210:Social democracy
4104:Environmentalism
4067:Communitarianism
3927:
3920:
3913:
3904:
3894:
3882:
3868:
3851:(4): 1755–1777.
3842:
3833:
3807:
3798:
3789:
3771:
3762:
3736:
3727:
3694:
3653:
3619:
3610:
3584:
3575:
3547:
3538:
3512:
3503:
3477:
3468:
3442:
3426:
3414:
3403:
3384:
3372:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3329:
3310:
3298:
3287:
3271:
3260:
3244:
3233:
3217:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3185:, pp. 1–14.
3177:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3060:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3017:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:Wallerstein 2011
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:Wallerstein 2011
2647:
2641:
2638:Wallerstein 2011
2635:
2629:
2626:Wallerstein 2011
2623:
2617:
2614:Wallerstein 2011
2611:
2605:
2602:Wallerstein 2011
2599:
2593:
2590:Wallerstein 2011
2587:
2581:
2578:Wallerstein 2011
2575:
2569:
2566:Wallerstein 2011
2563:
2557:
2554:Wallerstein 2011
2551:
2545:
2542:Wallerstein 2011
2539:
2533:
2530:Wallerstein 2011
2527:
2521:
2518:Wallerstein 2011
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:Wallerstein 2011
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2361:, pp. 9–13.
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2051:Wallerstein 2011
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1681:Horseshoe theory
1666:Communitarianism
1578:
1566:Caledonian Union
1543:balanced budgets
1523:Gerhard Schröder
1520:
1517:
1440:two-party system
1392:social Darwinism
1372:internationalism
1348:Republican Party
1288:anti-clericalism
1224:Nordic countries
1208:Condorcet winner
1201:
1185:Giovanni Sartori
1181:two-party system
1177:Maurice Duverger
1010:Radical centrism
999:Decentralization
971:social democracy
891:associated with
873:anti-clericalism
810:radical centrism
775:
768:
761:
747:
746:
586:
552:Party discipline
534:Party discipline
500:Primary election
356:Opposition party
267:Social democracy
202:Environmentalism
76:
50:
36:Centrism (Italy)
32:Centrist Marxism
21:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4806:Totalitarianism
4758:
4749:
4741:Pournelle chart
4713:
4704:
4676:Regressive left
4638:
4629:
4611:Christian right
4588:
4579:
4523:
4514:
4471:
4462:
4419:
4414:
4384:
4379:
4375:Totalitarianism
4229:
4032:Accelerationism
4023:
3936:
3931:
3875:
3836:
3801:
3792:
3765:
3730:
3697:
3656:
3613:
3578:
3541:
3506:
3471:
3436:
3433:
3423:
3406:
3400:
3387:
3381:
3364:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3313:
3307:
3290:
3284:
3263:
3257:
3236:
3230:
3209:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3157:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3052:
3041:
3032:
3026:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:, pp. 8–9.
2345:
2341:
2337:, pp. 7–8.
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:, pp. 3–4.
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:, p. 1758.
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:, p. 1756.
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1976:van Kessel 2023
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1641:
1572:
1518:
1493:
1405:interwar period
1400:
1323:François Guizot
1299:Napoleonic Wars
1271:
1266:
1216:
1195:
1157:
1135:
1103:
1098:
917:
779:
741:
736:
735:
734:
714:
704:
703:
702:
678:Hung parliament
673:Grand coalition
642:
641:between parties
631:
630:
625:
616:
597:
583:
573:
572:
571:
567:Party switching
562:Party-line vote
542:Conscience vote
536:
526:
525:
524:
494:
486:
485:
484:
440:Minority leader
435:Majority leader
399:
391:
390:
389:
322:Catch-all party
296:
288:
287:
286:
171:
160:
159:
154:
129:
99:
73:
55:Politics series
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:Green politics
4783:
4778:
4773:
4771:Libertarianism
4768:
4763:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4731:Overton window
4728:
4723:
4718:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Social fascism
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:Christian left
4593:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Libertarianism
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Fundamentalism
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:Third Position
4121:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3874:
3873:External links
3871:
3870:
3869:
3834:
3816:(2): 147–167.
3799:
3790:
3780:(1): 107–121.
3763:
3745:(3): 355–390.
3728:
3710:(2): 177–196.
3695:
3654:
3628:(4): 587–609.
3611:
3593:(2): 740–748.
3576:
3558:(2): 324–341.
3539:
3521:(2): 199–218.
3504:
3486:(3): 307–325.
3469:
3451:(2): 211–222.
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3404:
3398:
3385:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3336:
3311:
3305:
3288:
3282:
3261:
3255:
3234:
3228:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3172:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3075:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3039:
3024:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:, p. 179.
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2943:, p. 114.
2933:
2931:, p. 113.
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2883:, p. 157.
2873:
2871:, p. 156.
2861:
2849:
2847:, p. 168.
2837:
2825:
2810:
2798:
2796:, p. 199.
2786:
2784:, p. 172.
2774:
2762:
2760:, p. 129.
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2700:, p. 122.
2690:
2678:
2676:, p. 118.
2666:
2664:, p. 119.
2654:
2652:, p. 215.
2642:
2640:, p. 253.
2630:
2628:, p. 213.
2618:
2616:, p. 233.
2606:
2604:, p. 173.
2594:
2592:, p. 261.
2582:
2580:, p. 160.
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2532:, p. 137.
2522:
2510:
2508:, p. 219.
2498:
2486:
2484:, p. 109.
2482:Woshinsky 2007
2474:
2462:
2450:
2448:, p. 194.
2435:
2423:
2421:, p. 153.
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2277:, p. 355.
2267:
2265:, p. 155.
2255:
2240:
2223:
2211:
2209:, p. 112.
2207:Woshinsky 2007
2199:
2187:
2175:
2160:
2158:, p. 205.
2148:
2136:
2121:
2106:
2091:
2087:Woshinsky 2007
2079:
2067:
2065:, p. 306.
2055:
2053:, p. 243.
2043:
2041:, p. 121.
2031:
2029:, p. 161.
2027:Woshinsky 2007
2019:
2007:
2005:, p. 110.
2003:Woshinsky 2007
1992:
1980:
1978:, p. 274.
1968:
1956:
1954:, p. 165.
1944:
1942:, p. 148.
1932:
1930:, p. 226.
1915:
1913:, p. 113.
1903:
1901:, p. 214.
1891:
1889:, p. 186.
1879:
1877:, p. 223.
1860:
1858:, p. 221.
1848:
1846:, p. 152.
1836:
1834:, p. 220.
1824:
1822:, p. 218.
1807:
1803:Ostrowski 2023
1792:
1790:, p. 181.
1780:
1778:, p. 178.
1765:
1761:Ostrowski 2023
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1736:Third Position
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Overton Window
1718:
1716:Nonpartisanism
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Center squeeze
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1615:, which mixed
1605:Tabaré Vázquez
1601:Mauricio Funes
1511:Die Neue Mitte
1492:
1489:
1465:Agrarian Party
1448:Democrat Party
1399:
1396:
1379:social science
1360:self-education
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1249:Colorado Party
1215:
1212:
1156:
1153:
1134:
1131:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:European Union
975:green politics
916:
913:
824:with moderate
781:
780:
778:
777:
770:
763:
755:
752:
751:
738:
737:
733:
732:
727:
722:
716:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
701:
700:
695:
690:
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680:
675:
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644:
643:
637:
636:
633:
632:
627:
626:
624:
623:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
602:Dominant-party
598:
596:
595:
589:
584:
579:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
477:
475:Shadow cabinet
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:Lead candidate
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
388:
387:
378:
373:
368:
366:Party of power
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
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244:
239:
234:
232:Libertarianism
229:
224:
219:
217:Green politics
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
120:Radical Centre
117:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
62:Party politics
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4862:
4861:Triangulation
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Individualism
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Revolutionary
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Progressivism
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Liberal elite
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
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4559:
4557:
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4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Ultra-leftism
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
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4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
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4392:
4391:
4388:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Progressivism
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Individualism
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:Republicanism
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4097:Social credit
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4019:Revolutionary
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
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3806:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
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3760:
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3740:
3735:
3729:
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3717:
3713:
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3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
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3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3422:9781135901349
3418:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3357:
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3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3229:9781626374058
3225:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:. Routledge.
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:. Routledge.
3016:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2895:, p. 37.
2894:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2862:
2859:, p. 21.
2858:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:, p. 20.
2807:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:Di Tella 2004
2778:
2775:
2772:, p. 62.
2771:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2748:, p. 57.
2747:
2742:
2739:
2736:, p. 57.
2735:
2734:Fraenkel 2006
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2556:, p. 75.
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:, p. 93.
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2460:, p. 35.
2459:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:Di Tella 2004
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2397:, p. 87.
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2373:, p. 22.
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2301:, p. 40.
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2253:, p. 24.
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2238:, p. 21.
2237:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:, p. 20.
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2146:, p. 40.
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:, p. 35.
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Individualism
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1621:privatisation
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:neoliberalism
1498:
1491:1990s–present
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:The Holocaust
1406:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:republicanism
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:Latin America
1230:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1189:Anthony Downs
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:welfare state
1067:
1066:revolutionary
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:protest votes
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:Green parties
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
899:in favour of
898:
894:
893:the Holocaust
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:welfare state
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
757:
756:
754:
753:
750:
745:
740:
739:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
708:
707:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
634:
622:
619:
618:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
594:
591:
590:
588:
587:
582:
581:Party systems
577:
576:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
530:
529:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
490:
489:
481:
478:
476:
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468:
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461:
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453:
451:
448:
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443:
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436:
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431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
395:
394:
386:
385:International
382:
381:Transnational
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
338:
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333:
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323:
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308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
292:
291:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Republicanism
260:
258:
255:
253:
252:Progressivism
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
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190:
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185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
170:
164:
163:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
136:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
106:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
81:
77:
72:
67:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4826:Collectivism
4755:
4710:
4635:
4585:
4561:Conservatism
4520:
4475:Post-leftism
4468:
4448:Centre-right
4442:
4253:Collectivism
4092:Distributism
4077:Conservatism
4072:Confucianism
3992:Centre-right
3986:
3899:at Wikiquote
3848:
3844:
3813:
3809:
3777:
3773:
3742:
3738:
3707:
3703:
3666:
3662:
3625:
3621:
3590:
3586:
3555:
3549:
3518:
3514:
3483:
3479:
3448:
3444:
3410:
3389:
3368:
3316:
3294:
3267:
3240:
3213:
3159:
3056:
3013:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2953:Shifter 2011
2948:
2941:Shifter 2011
2936:
2929:Shifter 2011
2924:
2917:Shifter 2011
2912:
2905:Shifter 2011
2900:
2888:
2881:Chanter 2006
2876:
2869:Chanter 2006
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2770:Koehler 2021
2765:
2753:
2746:Koehler 2021
2741:
2729:
2724:, p. 8.
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2496:, p. 6.
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2426:
2414:
2409:, p. 4.
2402:
2390:
2385:, p. 3.
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2151:
2139:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1805:, p. 6.
1783:
1763:, p. 1.
1756:
1671:Distributism
1626:
1617:deregulation
1581:
1563:
1509:
1494:
1469:
1437:
1422:
1401:
1376:
1336:
1331:Napoleon III
1315:Doctrinaires
1296:
1272:
1258:Centre Party
1220:party family
1217:
1204:
1193:Hans Daalder
1175:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1115:
1104:
1058:middle class
1053:
1047:
1008:
968:
949:
945:centre-right
918:
881:conservatism
866:
834:
785:
784:
621:Non-partisan
460:Party leader
420:Frontbencher
415:Caucus chair
351:Ruling party
332:Ethnic party
312:Cartel party
197:Conservatism
145:Centre-Right
125:Centre-Right
104:
53:Part of the
47:
4816:Reactionary
4796:Corporatism
4776:Syndicalism
4726:Nolan Chart
4671:Red fascist
4606:Muslim left
4601:Jewish left
4566:Nationalism
4438:Centre-left
4355:Regionalism
4300:Imperialism
4263:Culturalism
4258:Colonialism
4188:Nationalism
4109:Familialism
4087:Corporatism
4057:Communalism
4037:Agrarianism
4014:Reactionary
3982:Centre-left
3669:(1): 1–15.
2845:Bremer 2023
2758:Völkel 2021
2698:Boucek 2010
1988:Engler 2020
1964:Tormey 1998
1952:Tormey 1998
1940:Tormey 1998
1887:Carter 2023
1676:Golden mean
1646:Apoliticism
1609:José Mujica
1595:in Brazil,
1573: [
1535:Vicente Fox
1527:Thatcherism
1481:Anwar Sadat
1368:land reform
1364:cooperation
1327:Bonapartism
1284:centre-left
1277:. When the
1196: [
1082:upper class
1062:reactionary
995:agriculture
987:Agrarianism
964:progressive
941:centre-left
901:anti-racism
814:agrarianism
612:Multi-party
455:Party chair
405:Backbencher
341:Minor party
337:Major party
317:Competitive
307:Elite party
242:Nationalism
177:Agrarianism
115:Centre-Left
95:Centre-Left
4886:Liberalism
4875:Categories
4661:Loony left
4551:Liberalism
4370:Syncretism
4360:Separatism
4320:Militarism
4290:Federalism
4176:Monarchism
4156:Liberalism
4047:Capitalism
3997:Right-wing
2999:References
2989:Rodon 2015
2710:Hazan 1997
2470:Rodon 2015
2458:Hazan 1997
2407:Hazan 1997
2383:Hazan 1997
2371:Hazan 1997
2359:Hazan 1997
2347:Hazan 1997
2335:Hazan 1997
2311:Hazan 1997
2251:Hazan 1997
2236:Hazan 1997
2219:Hazan 1997
2195:Herre 2023
2183:Herre 2023
2171:Hazan 1997
2015:Hazan 1997
1788:Rodon 2015
1776:Rodon 2015
1711:Neutrality
1599:in Chile,
1551:Tony Blair
1547:New Labour
1531:John Major
1495:After the
1418:antiracism
1356:secularism
1317:, such as
1305:, such as
1247:, and the
1054:status quo
1026:capitalism
951:Liberalism
933:trichotomy
806:liberalism
790:ideologies
639:Coalitions
557:Party line
346:Mass party
302:Bloc party
277:Syncretism
237:Monarchism
227:Liberalism
169:Ideologies
135:Right-Wing
4696:Soft left
4651:Hard left
4541:Socialism
4536:Communism
4526:Anarchism
4510:New Right
4500:Third Way
4458:Far-right
4350:Reformism
4335:Pluralism
4295:Globalism
4285:Extremism
4220:Third Way
4215:Socialism
4198:Classical
4171:Masculism
4062:Communism
4042:Anarchism
4002:Far-right
3977:Left-wing
3865:0190-9320
3830:1356-9317
3759:0304-4130
3724:1471-6909
3691:256033370
3683:1356-9317
3642:0032-3195
3607:0007-1234
3572:0032-3217
3535:1356-9317
3500:1755-7739
3465:1680-4333
3164:Routledge
1726:Soft left
1589:pink tide
1559:austerity
1539:pragmatic
1032:. Though
1030:socialism
1022:Third Way
885:socialism
858:left-wing
607:Two-party
593:One-party
510:Open list
470:Secretary
282:Third Way
272:Socialism
192:Communism
182:Anarchism
150:Far-Right
80:Left-Wing
4881:Centrism
4851:Populism
4846:Hardline
4756:See also
4621:Islamism
4616:Hindutva
4490:New Left
4428:Far-left
4340:Populism
4330:Pacifism
4325:Nihilism
4315:Localism
4234:See also
4181:Royalism
4151:Islamism
4146:Hindutva
4131:Feminism
3987:Centrism
3972:Far-left
3962:Moderate
3957:Hardline
3897:Centrism
3885:Centrism
3650:25767091
3431:Journals
2287:Zur 2021
2132:Zur 2021
2075:Zur 2021
1706:Moderate
1639:See also
1414:eugenics
1377:Western
1344:Mugwumps
1229:Islamism
1034:populism
943:and the
889:eugenics
854:populist
786:Centrism
247:Populism
222:Islamism
212:Feminism
90:Far-Left
18:Centrist
4701:Wingnut
4666:Moonbat
4571:Fascism
4531:Marxism
4365:Statism
4225:Zionism
4166:Marxism
4114:Fascism
4009:Radical
1568:leader
1549:led by
1516:transl.
1461:Finland
1346:of the
1264:History
1074:welfare
1050:gradual
991:farmers
818:gradual
800:on the
207:Fascism
4711:Models
4641:Baizuo
4576:Nazism
4443:Centre
4203:Modern
4119:Nazism
3863:
3828:
3757:
3722:
3689:
3681:
3648:
3640:
3605:
3570:
3533:
3498:
3463:
3419:
3396:
3377:
3334:
3303:
3280:
3253:
3226:
3170:
3073:
3022:
1459:, and
1457:Norway
1453:Sweden
1370:, and
1325:. The
1243:, the
1140:centre
812:, and
410:Caucus
167:Major
105:Centre
4453:Right
4278:Multi
4268:Inter
4141:Green
3687:S2CID
3646:JSTOR
3004:Books
1748:Notes
1577:]
1521:) of
1303:Whigs
1200:]
295:Types
4433:Left
4273:Mono
4246:Anti
3950:Anti
3861:ISSN
3826:ISSN
3755:ISSN
3720:ISSN
3679:ISSN
3638:ISSN
3603:ISSN
3568:ISSN
3531:ISSN
3496:ISSN
3461:ISSN
3417:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3375:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3020:ISBN
1619:and
1607:and
1321:and
1309:and
1290:and
1028:and
1016:and
1001:and
973:and
927:and
883:and
875:and
848:and
796:and
480:Whip
3853:doi
3818:doi
3782:doi
3747:doi
3712:doi
3671:doi
3630:doi
3626:125
3595:doi
3560:doi
3523:doi
3488:doi
3453:doi
3322:doi
3063:doi
1329:of
1120:or
1105:In
1064:or
860:or
4877::
3859:.
3849:43
3847:.
3843:.
3824:.
3812:.
3808:.
3778:22
3776:.
3772:.
3753:.
3743:44
3741:.
3737:.
3718:.
3708:27
3706:.
3702:.
3685:.
3677:.
3667:28
3665:.
3661:.
3644:.
3636:.
3624:.
3620:.
3601:.
3591:53
3589:.
3585:.
3566:.
3556:52
3554:.
3548:.
3529:.
3519:28
3517:.
3513:.
3494:.
3484:12
3482:.
3478:.
3459:.
3449:17
3447:.
3443:.
3330:.
3276:.
3272:.
3249:.
3245:.
3218:.
3166:.
3162:.
3069:.
2813:^
2438:^
2243:^
2226:^
2163:^
2124:^
2109:^
2094:^
1995:^
1918:^
1863:^
1810:^
1795:^
1768:^
1575:fr
1557:,
1455:,
1366:,
1362:,
1358:,
1354:,
1198:nl
1173:.
997:.
911:.
864:.
808:,
383:/
339:/
4409:e
4402:t
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3912:v
3867:.
3855::
3832:.
3820::
3814:3
3788:.
3784::
3761:.
3749::
3726:.
3714::
3693:.
3673::
3652:.
3632::
3609:.
3597::
3574:.
3562::
3537:.
3525::
3502:.
3490::
3467:.
3455::
3425:.
3402:.
3383:.
3340:.
3324::
3309:.
3286:.
3259:.
3232:.
3176:.
3079:.
3065::
3046:.
3028:.
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20:)
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