333:
29:
276:
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in
October 2007, with over 200 families, representing about 40% of Caracas's "informal communities", taking over the center. Residents improvised basic utility services, with water reaching all the way up to the 22nd floor. They could use motorcycles to travel up and down the first 10 floors, but had
378:
announced that the government had not yet decided what to do with the building, but was considering at least three possible options: "Some are proposing its demolition. Others are proposing turning it into an economic, commercial or financial center. Some are proposing building homes there. ...We're
352:
and
Alfredo Brillembourg, relative of the late David Brillembourg who was a main investor of the tower, founded Urban Think Tank, which seeks to bring international attention to developing "informal settlements". The group made a documentary on how to make potential improvements with the complex
324:, south of Caracas, as part of its Great Housing Mission project. By June 2015, all of the residents were relocated to their new homes. Some of the government-provided homes designated for relocated tower residents were already occupied by squatters who had taken over the government facilities.
383:, announced that the tower would be used temporarily as a center for emergency care. Villegas indicated that members of the National Guard, Fire Department, and officials from the Directorate of Civil Protection would be installed in the building to serve the public.
240:, the government took control of the building and it has not been completed since. The building lacks elevators, installed electricity, running water, balcony railing, windows, and even walls in many places. The complex has six buildings:
769:
743:
283:
In the 2000s and 2010s, Caracas suffered from a housing shortage, with shortages amounting to about 400,000 Caracas homes in 2011. Construction of homes halted in
Venezuela due to the fears of
777:
1213:
1006:
1174:
309:, barbershops, beauty salons, and even an unlicensed dentist also operating in the building. Some residents also had cars parked inside of the building's parking garage.
747:
951:
320:
On 22 July 2014, the
Venezuelan government launched so-called "Operation Zamora 2014" to evict hundreds of families from the tower and relocate them into new homes in
386:
However, in April 2016, it was reported that the
Chinese bank proposal fell through and that the tower was not in use. Since then, the tower has remained incomplete.
288:
798:
653:
930:
849:
1228:
1223:
416:
In 2013, the Torre de David was featured by
Photographer Iwan Baan in a TED Talk presentation at TEDCity2.0 entitled "Ingenious homes in unexpected places"
483:
291:
while the government was also unable to build enough homes for
Venezuelans. Citizens of Caracas soon began to occupy buildings surrounding the complex.
312:
The population grew to seven hundred families made of over 2,500 residents living in the tower by 2011 and had a peak population of 5,000 squatters.
893:
544:
519:
980:
478:
717:
622:
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reported that
Chinese banks were interested in buying the tower and renovating it for its original use. On July 23, 2014, President
237:
212:
208:
1243:
410:
358:
959:
813:
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which caused the partial collapse of the top five floors, resulting in the affected portion leaning outward by 25 degrees.
657:
332:
28:
1007:"Ministro Reverol informó que la "Torre de David" sufrió una inclinación de 25 grados en sus últimos cinco pisos"
427:
1238:
922:
841:
204:
267:
In 2001, the
Venezuelan government made an attempt to auction off the complex, but no one made an offer.
901:
494:
337:
581:
432:
770:"Reubican a 77 familias que habitaban en la Torre de David: "Esta es la patria que promueve Maduro""
488:
51:
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233:
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to use the stairs for the remaining levels. The residents lived up to the 28th floor, with many
792:
375:
305:
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380:
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going to open a debate." In April 2015, the head of the government of the
Capital District,
1233:
683:
626:
362:
349:
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871:
499:
444:
341:
520:"L.A. joins ranks of cities with 'ghost towers' with graffiti-covered Oceanwide Plaza"
1207:
1092:
284:
437:
406:
354:
207:. The construction of the tower began in 1990 but was halted in 1994 due to the
1159:
1096:
1011:
814:"Caracas's Tower of David squatters finally face relocation after eight years"
688:
582:"CARACAS JOURNAL; In Venezuela Housing Crisis, Squatters Find 45-Story Walkup"
299:
192:
1189:
1176:
203:. It is the third highest skyscraper in the country after the twin towers of
1044:
295:
279:
Exterior of Centro Financiero Confinanzas (Torre de David) in December 2013.
275:
200:
77:
545:"Strong earthquake rocks Venezuela, felt as far away as Colombia's capital"
468:
The feature documentary about internal life and organization of Torre David
1122:
459:
370:
249:
1032:
229:
196:
73:
981:"Prevén usar Torre Confinanzas como centro de atención de emergencia"
744:"The world's tallest slum: Rare look at an illegal ghetto in the sky"
236:, the tower's main investor who died from cancer in 1993. During the
211:. As of 2024, the building remains incomplete. It was damaged due to
952:"Gobierno estudia tres opciones para el futuro de la Torre de David"
321:
718:"Anywhere but Here: Deserted Banking Empire turned Skyscraper Slum"
331:
274:
491:, A series of makeshift buildings populated in a similar manner
923:"Venezuela's world-famous 'vertical slum' may be demolished"
248:
that is 171m tall and stands at 45-stories still includes a
654:"Inside Caracas' Tower of David, the World's Tallest Slum"
462:
in 2016, is based on the occupation of the Tower of David.
389:
On 21 August 2018, the tower was significantly damaged by
1156:– a documentary film about Centro Financiero Confinanzas.
1151:
684:"Venezuelan squatters bank on the future in office tower"
294:
The housing shortage led to occupation of the complex by
368:
After relocation had proceeded in July 2014, newspaper
183:(English: Confinanzas Financial Center), also known as
842:"Venezuela moves squatters from 'Tower of David' slum"
623:"Inside The Tower of David, Venezuela's Vertical Slum"
1162:
about residents of the Centro Financiero Confinanzas
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21:
1166:Squatters in Venezuela's 45-Story 'Tower of David'
1033:"Homeland" Tower of David (TV Episode 2013) - IMDb
580:Romero, Simon; María Eugenia Díaz (1 March 2011).
33:Centro Financiero Confinanzas, incomplete in 2017
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
430:", a 2013 episode of the US television drama
8:
872:"Venezuela Tower of David squatters evicted"
835:
833:
712:
710:
708:
706:
797:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
443:In May 2014, the tower was featured in the
405:, a documentary by Urban Think Tank, won a
16:Unfinished skyscraper in Caracas, Venezuela
1214:Buildings and structures completed in 1994
677:
675:
647:
645:
643:
484:List of tallest buildings in South America
421:Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities
145:121,741 m (1,310,410 sq ft)
18:
436:, was set in the building (but filmed in
958:(in Spanish). 2014-07-23. Archived from
900:(in Spanish). 2014-07-08. Archived from
894:"TalCualDigital.com: The Tower of David"
289:occurred under the Bolivarian government
213:two earthquakes on 21 and 22 August 2018
1069:"Venezuela's Tower of David - BBC News"
511:
1093:"An Interview with David Henry Wilson"
852:from the original on 24 September 2015
790:
479:List of tallest buildings in Venezuela
746:. Vocativ. 2013-08-01. Archived from
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
423:, a study of the tower, was released.
7:
768:Noticias24, Redaccion (2014-07-21).
454:by JJ Amaworo Wilson (son of author
232:is nicknamed "Torre de David" after
1229:Unfinished buildings and structures
1224:Buildings and structures in Caracas
840:Cawthorne, Andrew (22 July 2014).
14:
1015:(in European Spanish). 2018-08-21
411:2012 Venice Architecture Biennale
359:2012 Venice Architecture Biennale
812:Lopez, Virginia (23 July 2014).
682:Grant, Will (18 December 2010).
174:Brewer and Brewer Engineers S.C.
27:
933:from the original on 2014-07-24
224:Construction and banking crisis
98:
336:The tower in 2014 draped with
191:), is an unfinished abandoned
1:
244:(Lobby and conference room),
181:Centro Financiero Confinanzas
158:Enrique Gómez and Associates.
22:Centro Financiero Confinanzas
776:(in Spanish). Archived from
621:Berg, Nate (24 April 2016).
264:, and 12 floors of parking.
1260:
209:Venezuelan banking crisis
38:
26:
1219:Skyscrapers in Venezuela
124:171 m (561 ft)
447:documentary, Our World.
228:This tower in downtown
150:Design and construction
1244:Brutalist architecture
1168:, photo documentation.
656:. Vice. Archived from
345:
280:
271:Residence by squatters
238:banking crisis of 1994
205:Parque Central Complex
166:J. David Brillembourg.
1190:10.50528°N 66.89889°W
1129:on September 29, 2018
495:Ponte City Apartments
338:Bolivarian propaganda
335:
278:
100:Estimated completion
92:Construction stopped
84:Construction started
1195:10.50528; -66.89889
1186: /
1119:"JJ Amaworo Wilson"
874:. BBC. 22 July 2014
489:Kowloon Walled City
171:Structural engineer
43:General information
1045:"BBC - Programmes"
898:talcualdigital.com
586:The New York Times
456:David Henry Wilson
419:In 2013, the book
397:In popular culture
346:
281:
234:David Brillembourg
1160:Short documentary
524:Los Angeles Times
199:, the capital of
178:
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129:Technical details
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1125:. Archived from
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458:), published by
381:Ernesto Villegas
340:banners saying "
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987:. 20 April 2015
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956:el-nacional.com
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627:The Daily Beast
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363:Venice Biennale
350:Hubert Klumpner
348:The architects
330:
328:Possible future
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111:Corpolago C. A.
64:
62:
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1239:Evicted squats
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1146:External links
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929:. 2014-07-23.
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500:Ryugyong Hotel
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445:BBC World News
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428:Tower of David
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376:Nicolás Maduro
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285:expropriations
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185:Torre de David
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1131:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1099:. 2016-11-14
1087:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
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1052:. Retrieved
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1028:
1017:. Retrieved
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989:. Retrieved
985:El Universal
984:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:the original
955:
946:
935:. Retrieved
926:
917:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
897:
888:
876:. Retrieved
866:
854:. Retrieved
845:
821:. Retrieved
818:The Guardian
817:
807:
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
763:
752:. Retrieved
748:the original
738:
726:. Retrieved
724:. 2013-05-07
721:
693:. Retrieved
687:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
630:. Retrieved
589:. Retrieved
585:
553:. Retrieved
551:. 2018-08-21
548:
539:
528:. Retrieved
526:. 2024-02-10
523:
514:
452:Damnificados
451:
431:
420:
402:
388:
385:
369:
367:
353:which won a
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245:
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184:
180:
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155:Architect(s)
1193: /
1153:Torre David
438:Puerto Rico
407:Golden Lion
403:Torre David
355:Golden Lion
300:ex-convicts
134:Floor count
1208:Categories
1181:66°53′56″W
1178:10°30′19″N
1097:Alma Books
1078:2015-08-30
1054:2015-08-30
1019:2018-08-22
1012:La Patilla
966:2014-07-24
937:2014-07-24
908:2014-07-24
823:2014-07-23
784:2014-07-23
774:Noticias24
754:2013-08-09
689:BBC Online
664:25 January
555:2018-08-22
530:2024-09-12
506:References
450:The novel
316:Relocation
262:Edificio Z
258:Edificio K
193:skyscraper
142:Floor area
65:Aparthotel
52:Incomplete
1133:August 3,
1103:August 3,
296:squatters
201:Venezuela
163:Developer
78:Venezuela
1123:PM Press
1073:BBC News
991:22 April
931:Archived
850:Archived
793:cite web
728:24 April
632:24 April
473:See also
460:PM Press
433:Homeland
371:Tal Cual
250:heliport
242:El Atrio
70:Location
927:Reuters
878:22 July
856:22 July
846:Reuters
695:3 March
591:3 March
549:CTVNews
466:"Ruina"
409:at the
361:of the
357:at the
306:bodegas
298:led by
254:Torre B
246:Torre A
230:Caracas
219:History
197:Caracas
74:Caracas
1234:Squats
344:Lives"
342:Chávez
116:Height
61:Office
48:Status
287:that
187:(the
108:Owner
63:Hotel
1135:2017
1105:2017
993:2015
880:2014
858:2014
799:link
730:2016
697:2011
666:2014
634:2016
593:2011
121:Roof
103:1994
95:1994
87:1990
58:Type
1049:BBC
322:Cúa
195:in
1210::
1121:.
1095:.
1071:.
1047:.
1009:.
983:.
954:.
925:.
896:.
848:.
844:.
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426:"
413:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
