624:(GFCM), which is in charge of almost all intergovernmental fishery management decisions, mandated in 2005 to stop expanding deep water fishing beyond 1,000 meters. This mandate however, does not support the main population of gulper sharks, which generally live 300–800 meters below the surface. This decision also does not stop any current deepwater fishing; it simply stops any further expansion. This is an insufficient conservation attempt, as it does not help gulper populations under stress, it simply stops more stress from accumulating. The current level of fishing may already be enough to render that population critically endangered in that region, especially considering the low reproductive rate of gulpers.
545:. Although bycatch is not always a significant cause of loss to population size, it highlights the unpredictable nature of deepwater fish exploitation. Rules and regulations regarding bycatch treatment are difficult to enforce by the nature of the bycatch being unintentional. Bycatch is often not treated as a serious issue until a species has declined to a point where small bycatch has a large effect, so data on the effect of bycatch on gulper populations is not abundant. Gulper shark populations have dropped as much as 80% in some areas, so bycatch is only recently becoming a big issue for them.
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reproduction lead to slow repopulation ability. Slow reproduction is a part of the species biology, and cannot be changed in one generation based on sudden predation pressure. A group of gulper sharks that undergoes predation by humans may take fifteen years or longer to recover, if at all, based on their maturation time of twelve to sixteen years. Large populations of gulper sharks must be built over long periods of time.
612:
individuals. Gulper shark do not mature much faster than humans, so they need to be exploited based on a schedule that reflects this. However, being harvested by a species with similar growth patterns means that the gulper shark is unlikely to be considered in this way. It is highly susceptible to overexploitation leading to widespread population decline and its status and a species vulnerable to endangerment.
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of sharks within 50 nautical miles of the U.S. coast. This is a much more effective law than that by the GFCM, because it addresses shark finning directly and cuts down on the amount of gulpers killed for their fins. Since this law point-blank cuts down on bycatching, it should be an effective effort at the conservation of shark species off U.S. coasts.
328:, with a long snout and large greenish eyes. This deep water shark has two dorsal fins with long, grooved spines and the second dorsal fin smaller than the first. Its upper teeth are blade-like and lower have finely serrated edges. This tertiary consumer feeds on mainly fish such as bony fish, but also
740:
needed for trials are sensitive to decay. Therefore, preservation problems need to be researched to further the prospective use of a 16s mitochondrial classification. This system for routine testing is only available to scientists and would require substantial training for fishermen to be able to use
491:
The gulper shark is a deepwater oceanic species, living in waters ranging between 100 and 1490 meters in depth, with the juveniles being the main occupant of the lower half of the depths. Acceptable habitats for gulper populations are found globally, wherever temperate and tropical waters are found.
611:
The key to overexploitation in gulper sharks is that they require nearly as much time as humans to mature and reproduce. Their life strategy indicates that the frame of view for gulper fishing plans needs to be based on longer amounts of time, to allow for the consideration of the next generation of
507:
Due to the frequency and patterns of migration the gulper shark population estimates may be inaccurate with some sharks being counted twice, which are exacerbated by inappropriate tagging techniques. There are multiple species of gulper sharks, which has contributed to misidentification in the past.
653:
and then sold to
Chinese markets for shark fin soup. This law seals many of loopholes by requiring that any fins or tails brought to land must be “naturally attached to the corresponding carcass” and that no U.S. ship in foreign waters is allowed to possess shark fins. This act protects all species
607:
of the species can be a problem. The status of gulper sharks on the ICUN red list is currently only vulnerable rather than endangered. The squalene taken from the gulper liver is in high demand as a possible cancer therapy component among other uses, leading to unchecked harvesting of the species.
707:
Away from the commercial side of conservation, there are tagging efforts to monitor gulper populations. Tagging is a common ecological tool to study the species characteristics. A large problem with monitoring the populations of
Australian and Indonesian dogfish is that discriminating between the
579:
of an organism describes the timing of important events for the typical individual of a species. The life history of the gulper shark shows that vulnerability to harvesting is inherent in its biology. The slow rate of gulper growth and development leads to a life strategy that is more centered on
529:
is a typical method for fishing at the depth required to catch gulper sharks, and the broad distribution of gulper habitat leads to this method being used to catch gulpers around the world. However, gulper sharks are not always caught intentionally. The deep waters in which the gulper and similar
372:
On average, male gulper sharks are smaller than females. The size of an average adult male is 80 to 95 cm. The size of an average adult female is from 90 to 100 cm long. Differences in size between the sexes may be due to the need for space to support offspring. It has been hypothesized
681:
concept is a closely regulated way to harvest gulpers, while monitoring the species population to ensure it does not crash. They generally use body mass as an indicator of when to harvest the sharks to allow growth of the population. When these ratios are incorrect, the fishery can easily crash
749:
While information concerning gulper sharks exists, there is no place to centrally compile the information so that other researchers may easily obtain it. This leads to repetition in basic data and less depth into the subject matter. Information presented may also be inaccurate as many genus of
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and place in the deepwater community. They are tertiary consumers with no apparent predators, so their biological gear toward competition is an ecologically sound strategy. The introduction of human interaction with gulper sharks is the introduction of a higher trophic level, and presents a
587:
tendency that favors intraspecific competition, or competition with similar species, over survival defenses having to do with predation. Harvesting is a form of predation that slow, invested reproduction does not easily alleviate. The long gestation, low fecundity, and breaks in individual
557:
it contains: compared to similar species such as the dogfish shark, the gulper has a larger liver with more oil. Traditionally, shark oil is a folk remedy for a variety of ailments, but also has been shown to contain compounds of contemporary medicinal value, most notable
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in Canada executed a review on species-specific fin to body-mass ratios in 2012. Their paper concludes that current regulated ratios are not appropriate for all species and that regulations based on a general ratio for all species is inadequate and may be harming
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When the populations are declining due to overexploitation, each viable individual is important. As much as 80% of the gulper population has been depleted in some areas, so any harvesting can have a large effect on the decline of the species or possible recovery.
759:, such as the dumb gulper shark. This also means that current populations numbers could account for other dogfish than just the gulper sharks. Lastly, due to the frequency and patterns of migration, the recorded gulper shark populations may be inaccurate.
703:
ratios varied by species and location. Species specific mean ratios ranged from 1.1% to 10.9% and estimated mean ratios by country ranged from 1.5% to 6.1% indicating that current regulations will crash fisheries and not promote population growth.
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sharks. This scale is good for practical field use, but may not be as accurate as other maturity scales that have more than seven stages. Maturity for gulper sharks is considered when they are at stage 3 or above, which for males is when
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competition with one another than escaping predation, especially from humans. This is demonstrated from even the earliest part of an individual gulper's life history where it consumes other fertilized eggs inside its parent's body.
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are morphologically similar. While attempts are being made to make it easier to identify different genus, such as Daley's use of 16s mitochondrial DNA listed above, older data listed for gulper sharks could be for ones other than
995:
406:, meaning the only parental care they give their young is during the incubation period. Since not all oocytes form into pups, when a pup or two is formed inside the female, they eat the remaining fertilized eggs, known as
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were distinguishable. They concluded that 16s gene is a strong marker suitable for fishery catch verification and that using this technique is a reliable and efficient system for routine testing. However, specialized
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because sharks are harvested before they can reproduce. This is especially true with the gulper shark, which has a two-year-long gestational period and a twelve to sixteen year maturity for females. Biery and
410:. After they are born, they are on their own. Having a low fecundity, a long gestation period, breaks between pregnancies, and a late age of maturity all contribute to the gulper shark having a very low
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at around age 12 to 16 years for females, and age 7 to 8 years for males. The maturity of a gulper shark can be determined by the seven-stage maturity scale for aplacental and placental
1622:
996:
Contribucion al conocimiento de la biologia y la taxonomia del tiburon batial c entrophorus granulosus (bloch y schneider, 1801) en el mar balear (mediterraneo occidental)
562:, although the compound can also be extracted from plants. This compound makes the liver of the gulper shark very valuable and is a large part of gulper-specific fishing.
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The gulper shark has been classified as vulnerable status by the IUCN since 2000 due to heavy overfishing and exacerbated through bycatch and low reproductive rates. The
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While not many laws apply to gulper sharks specifically, some blanket laws covering many different species have been created. The United States
Government passed the
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shark species live is difficult to harvest, and longlines are an unspecific form of fishing. Longlines intended for other species can easily catch gulper sharks.
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period and low fecundity, preventing their population from recovering. Because of the depth of their habitat, they are considered little to no threat to humans.
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While conservation attempts are being made, certain issues like fishery guidelines and catch verification pose problems for furthering conservation attempts.
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Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S. & Walker, T.I. (2020).
696:
1008:
Gilat, E.; Gelman, A. (1984). "On the sharks and fishes observed using underwater photography during a deep-water cruise in the eastern
Mediterranean".
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Daley, Ross K.; Appleyard, Sharon A.; Koopman, Mathew (2012). "Genetic catch verification to support recovery plans for deepsea gulper sharks (genus
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Female gulper sharks typically have between 2 and 10 pups in their lifetime, with generally one pup per pregnancy, this is considered to be a low
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in Hobart, Australia aims to help monitored recovery plans by implementing a new catch data verification plan. Their study focuses on using the
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currently has no rules in regard to the harvesting of gulper sharks, and has already seen a decrease in gulper population of 80–95% since 1990.
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699:, RFMO. Biery and Pauly collected fin to body-mass ratios for 50 different species and eight different countries and observed that actual
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suggests that the population of gulper sharks would be at a very high risk if too many of them were killed from excessive fishing.
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399:. Gulper sharks have a long gestation period, around two years. Gulper sharks can have long resting periods between pregnancies.
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The gulper shark is most commonly found in the 300 to 800 meter depth range, inhabiting the upper continental slopes and outer
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usually about three feet in length generally found in deep, murky waters all around the world. It is a light grayish brown,
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Biery, L.; Pauly, D. (2012). "A global review of species-specific shark-fin-to-body-mass ratios and relevant legislation".
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For example, populations of the gulper shark in the
Southeast Atlantic Ocean may represent a separate species. Therefore,
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340:. The gulper shark is currently an endangered species mainly because of exploitation by humans and their abnormally long
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relationship that current gulper biology is not equipped to handle while maintaining steady or growing population size.
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Fins and meat are generally taken from gulper sharks, but it is of particular interest because of the quantity of
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that gulper sharks display a “depth distribution pattern associated with size” based on random human observation.
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395:, in their body at a time. The length of time these egg cells are kept inside the female's body is called the
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Male gulper sharks tend to outnumber females 2:1, which is common for many fish species. The life expectancy,
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alone is unreliable. In 2012 a study conducted by Ross Daley, Sharon
Appleyard, and Matthew Koopman from the
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are enlarged and filled with sperm, and sperm ducts are tightly coiled. For females, stage three is when
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Clarke, M. W.; Connolly, P. L.; Bracken, J. J. (2002). "Age estimation of the exploited deepwater shark
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695:. The ratios used by many fisheries were originally compiled by a politically affiliated group called
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Field manual on macroscopic identification of maturity stages for the
Mediterranean fishery resources
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Report of the
Working Group on Fish Ecology (WGFE), 13–17 March 2006, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen
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confusion may influence current geographical range. The gulper sharks like deep, murky waters.
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Severino, Ricardo B.; Afonso-Dias, Manuel; Afonso-Dias, Isabel; Delgado, JoĂŁo (2009).
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from their livers is not inherently an activity that drives them toward extinction,
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Other areas of gulper shark populations have no current regulations. The
Northwest
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in 2010, which prohibited removing fins from sharks that were usually caught as
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A long gestation period, later maturity, and long lifespan all contribute to a
414:. It is believed that the gulper shark has the lowest reproduction rate of any
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Human interaction with the gulper shark exists mainly in the form of fishing.
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When a fish species other than the intended catch is caught, it is called
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from the continental slopes of the
Rockall Trough and Porcupine Bank".
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1163:, family Centrophoridae) – an Australian example using the 16S gene".
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habits based on multiple sharks being present around baited cameras.
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391:. Once fertilized, females can hold up to 6 mature egg cells, or
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to differentiate these species and when sequenced, all but
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GFCM Recommendations on Mediterranean fisheries management
1055:, Sidney Draggan and C. Cleveland (eds.). Washington DC.
967:"Aspects of the biology of the leaf-scale gulper shark
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While the fishing of gulper sharks and utilization of
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591:Gulper life strategy is also consistent with their
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Gulper shark that has been caught by a fishing boat
622:General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
801:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162293947A2897883.en
1066:Sharks Killed for Oil Used in Swine Flu Vaccine
108:Europe and Mediterranean population assessments
697:The Regional Fishery Management Organizations
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821:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1623:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
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745:Uncertainties and inconsistency in data
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998:. PhD Thesis, Universitat de Valencia
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1466:46E2428E-AE63-D98E-A89E-9AFC41CBA8DC
616:Conservation efforts and legislation
787:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
923:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01679.x
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1618:IUCN Red List endangered species
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1064:Owen, James (December 29, 2009)
631:Shark fins confiscated from the
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275:Range of gulper shark (in blue)
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1165:Marine and Freshwater Research
994:Guallart, Furio Javier (1997)
666:Morphological similarities in
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336:and other invertebrates like
1022:10.1016/0165-7836(84)90029-8
369:are large and well rounded.
348:Development and reproduction
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1097:. ICES WGFE Report 2006.
978:Life and Marine Sciences
794:: e.T162293947A2897883.
710:morphological attributes
317:) is a long and slender
1271:centrophorus-granulosus
1258:Centrophorus_granulosus
1245:Centrophorus_granulosus
1231:Centrophorus granulosus
1201:Centrophorus granulosus
1121:Journal of Fish Biology
911:Journal of Fish Biology
856:Centrophorus granulosus
780:Centrophorus granulosus
708:seven local species by
496:, the gulper is highly
314:Centrophorus granulosus
246:Centrophorus granulosus
18:Centrophorus granulosus
1633:Fish described in 1801
1047:Hogan, Michael (2010)
969:Centrophorus squamosus
907:Centrophorus squamosus
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647:Shark Conservation Act
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30:For the gulper sharks
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1053:Encyclopedia of Earth
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412:net reproduction rate
382:net reproduction rate
296:Centrophorus niaukang
99:Critically Endangered
688:UBC Fisheries Centre
352:Gulper sharks reach
521:Fishing and bycatch
494:continental shelves
62:Conservation status
1501:Squalus granulosus
1085:. opencongress.org
1010:Fisheries Research
940:Ungaro, N. (2008)
863:2016-11-18 at the
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886:. Retrieved
884:. 2017-05-08
881:
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817:cite journal
805:. Retrieved
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752:Centrophorus
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684:Daniel Pauly
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215:Centrophorus
214:
194:Squaliformes
107:
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1344:iNaturalist
1225:Wikispecies
549:Consumables
481:Lower teeth
469:Upper teeth
338:crustaceans
330:cephalopods
1612:Categories
1516:Q106446644
1171:(8): 708.
1016:(4): 257.
917:(3): 501.
888:2023-12-28
763:References
585:K-selected
358:viviparous
299:Teng, 1959
170:Subclass:
77:Endangered
1388:162293947
807:24 August
732:C. isodon
693:fisheries
679:fisheries
555:liver oil
510:taxonomic
502:schooling
498:migratory
418:species.
402:They are
389:fecundity
378:longevity
342:gestation
326:ventrally
222:Species:
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
1569:11284669
1510:Wikidata
1362:10154038
1318:FishBase
1210:Wikidata
1141:22497402
984:: 57–61.
861:Archived
852:ARKive,
601:squalene
560:squalene
354:maturity
332:such as
281:Synonyms
200:Family:
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
104:IUCN 3.1
82:IUCN 3.1
1556:5216426
1476:6615173
1336:5216423
1216:Q592572
738:primers
670:species
651:bycatch
566:Ecology
543:bycatch
408:oophagy
393:oocytes
367:ovaries
319:dogfish
210:Genus:
190:Order:
160:Class:
102: (
80: (
1595:299158
1582:160634
1543:121518
1489:105899
1473:uBio:
1453:754130
1440:105899
1427:794846
1414:212737
1375:160633
1310:124130
1266:ARKive
1139:
363:gonads
260:,1801)
256:&
34:, see
32:family
1590:WoRMS
1564:IRMNG
1538:EUNIS
1530:6ZDXL
1484:WoRMS
1461:Plazi
1357:IRMNG
1349:96918
1305:EUNIS
1297:69HMP
1284:78494
974:(PDF)
944:. FAO
686:from
334:squid
323:paler
254:Bloch
1577:ITIS
1551:GBIF
1435:OBIS
1409:NCBI
1383:IUCN
1370:ITIS
1331:GBIF
1279:BOLD
1137:PMID
823:link
809:2023
792:2020
729:and
677:The
575:The
457:Jaws
307:The
1525:CoL
1396:NBN
1323:648
1292:CoL
1253:AFD
1240:ADW
1173:doi
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1051:in
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