855:). Cerebral hemorrhage appears to be most common. One long-term study (mean follow up greater than 20 years) of over 150 symptomatic AVMs (either presenting with bleeding or seizures) found the risk of cerebral hemorrhage to be approximately 4% per year, slightly higher than the 2–4% seen in other studies. The earlier an AVM appears, the more likely it is to cause hemorrhage over one's lifetime; e.g. (assuming a 3% annual risk), an AVM appearing at 25 years of age indicates a 79% lifetime chance of hemorrhage, while one appearing at age 85 indicates only a 17% chance. Ruptured AVMs are a significant source of morbidity and mortality; following a rupture, as many as 29% of patients will die, with only 55% able to live independently.
743:), separates the AVM from surrounding brain tissue, and resects the abnormal vessels. While surgery can result in an immediate, complete removal of the AVM, risks exist depending on the size and the location of the malformation. The AVM must be resected en bloc, for partial resection will likely cause severe hemorrhage. The preferred treatment of Spetzler-Martin grade 1 and 2 AVMs in young, healthy patients is surgical resection due to the relatively small risk of neurological damage compared to the high lifetime risk of hemorrhage. Grade 3 AVMs may or may not be amenable to surgery. Grade 4 and 5 AVMs are not usually surgically treated.
304:
339:. A CT scan of the head is usually performed first when the subject is symptomatic. It can suggest the approximate site of the bleed. MRI is more sensitive than CT in the diagnosis, and provides better information about the exact location of the malformation. More detailed pictures of the tangle of blood vessels that compose an AVM can be obtained by using radioactive agents injected into the blood stream. If a CT is used in conjunction with an angiogram, this is called a computerized tomography angiogram; while, if MRI is used it is called
72:
424:" is defined as areas within the brain that, if removed will result in loss of sensory processing or linguistic ability, minor paralysis, or paralysis. These include the basal ganglia, language cortices, sensorimotor regions, and white matter tracts. Importantly, eloquent areas are often defined differently across studies where deep cerebellar nuclei, cerebral peduncles, thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, brainstem, and the visual cortex could be included.
292:
759:
patients are at risk of bleeding. Complete obliteration of the AVM may or may not occur after several years, and repeat treatment may be needed. Radiosurgery is itself not without risk. In one large study, nine percent of patients had transient neurological symptoms, including headache, after radiosurgery for AVM. However, most symptoms resolved, and the long-term rate of neurological symptoms was 3.8%.
45:
758:
is an apparatus used to precisely apply a controlled radiation dosage to the volume of the brain occupied by the AVM. While this treatment does not require an incision and craniotomy (with their own inherent risks), three or more years may pass before the complete effects are known, during which time
790:
guided catheter, and block vessels responsible for blood flow into the AVM. Embolization is frequently used as an adjunct to either surgery or radiation treatment. Embolization reduces the size of the AVM and during surgery it reduces the risk of bleeding. However, embolization alone may completely
370:
A common method of grading cerebral AVMs is the
Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade. This system was designed to assess the patient's risk of neurological deficit after open surgical resection (surgical morbidity), based on characteristics of the AVM itself. Based on this system, AVMs may be classified as
435:
A limitation of the
Spetzler-Martin Grading system is that it does not include the following factors: Patient age, hemorrhage, diffuseness of nidus, and arterial supply. In 2010 a new supplemented Spetzler-Martin system (SM-supp, Lawton-Young) was devised adding these variables to the SM system.
1131:
Perret, G.; Nishioka, H. (October 1, 1966). "Report on the cooperative study of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Section VI. Arteriovenous malformations. An analysis of 545 cases of cranio-cerebral arteriovenous malformations and fistulae reported to the cooperative study".
811:
focuses on the risk of stroke or death in patients with an AVM who either did or did not undergo interventional eradication. Early results suggest that the invasive treatment of unruptured AVMs tends to yield worse results than the therapeutic (medical) management of symptoms. Because of the
726:
are often used to control seizure; medications or procedures may be employed to relieve intracranial pressure. Eventually, curative treatment may be required to prevent recurrent hemorrhage. However, any type of intervention may also carry a risk of creating a neurological deficit.
1265:
Mouchtouris, Nikolaos; Jabbour, Pascal M; Starke, Robert M; Hasan, David M; Zanaty, Mario; Theofanis, Thana; Ding, Dale; Tjoumakaris, Stavropoula I; Dumont, Aaron S; Ghobrial, George M; Kung, David; Rosenwasser, Robert H; Chalouhi, Nohra (November 19, 2014).
2080:
2065:
2050:
830:
The main risk is intracranial hemorrhage. This risk is difficult to quantify since many patients with asymptomatic AVMs will never come to medical attention. Small AVMs tend to bleed more often than do larger ones, the opposite of
816:(e.g. stroke or death), patient enrollment was halted by May 2013, while the study intended to follow participants (over a planned 5 to 10 years) to determine which approach seems to produce better long-term results.
966:
1575:
Kim, Helen; Abla, Adib A.; Nelson, Jeffrey; McCulloch, Charles E.; Bervini, David; Morgan, Michael K.; Stapleton, Christopher; Walcott, Brian P.; Ogilvy, Christopher S. (January 1, 2015).
1902:
808:
2197:
223:
AVMs in certain critical locations may stop the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, causing it to accumulate within the skull and giving rise to a clinical condition called
1390:
2399:
1897:
2395:
1761:
Flickinger, JC; et al. (1998). "Analysis of neurological sequelae from radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations: How location affects outcome".
427:
The risk of post-surgical neurological deficit (difficulty with language, motor weakness, vision loss) increases with increasing
Spetzler-Martin grade.
1577:"Validation of the Supplemented Spetzler-Martin Grading System for Brain Arteriovenous Malformations in a Multicenter Cohort of 1009 Surgical Patients"
2190:
1852:
Huded V. Endovascular balloon-assisted glue embolization of intranidal high flow fistula in brain AVM. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2013;4, Suppl S1:148-9
436:
Under this new system AVMs are classified from grades 1–10. It has since been determined to have greater predictive accuracy than SM grades alone.
1671:
1978:
Ondra, SL; et al. (1990). "The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: A 24-year follow-up assessment".
212:, amongst others. Impairments caused by local brain-tissue damage on the bleed site are also possible, including seizure, one-sided weakness (
2391:
1189:
884:
791:
obliterate some AVMs. In high flow intranidal fistulas balloons can also be used to reduce the flow so that embolization can be done safely.
327:
studies after a complete neurological and physical examination. Three main techniques are used to visualize the brain and search for an AVM:
1417:
Jakola, Asgeir S.; Unsgård, Geirmund; Myrmel, Kristin S.; Kloster, Roar; Torp, Sverre H.; Lindal, Sigurd; Solheim, Ole (December 10, 2012).
2453:
2183:
2095:
735:
Surgical elimination of the blood vessels involved is the preferred curative treatment for many types of AVM. Surgery is performed by a
2373:
1693:
2368:
971:
771:
779:
2448:
2271:
1563:
A higher
Spetzler-Martin grading scale score correlates with increased risk of surgical morbidity and neurologic deficits.
804:
2299:
938:
340:
1419:"Low Grade Gliomas in Eloquent Locations – Implications for Surgical Strategy, Survival and Long Term Quality of Life"
852:
1666:
2419:
2317:
1644:
332:
297:
279:. A cerebral AVM causes blood to travel from arteries to veins through the abnormal connections, disrupting normal
134:
118:
1325:
1907:
1117:
343:. The best images of a cerebral AVM are obtained through cerebral angiography. This procedure involves using a
2246:
2241:
2106:
864:
1718:
Starke, RM; et al. (2009). "Treatment guidelines for cerebral arteriovenous malformation microsurgery".
967:"Oculomotor neuropathy from an unruptured arteriovenous malformation in the frontal operculum: A case report"
2335:
2261:
2251:
844:
825:
813:
303:
193:
2014:
871:
in adults is approximately 18 per 100,000. AVMs are more common in males than females, although in females
271:. Oxygen is removed in the capillaries to be used by the brain. After the oxygen is removed, blood reaches
1006:"A systematic review of the frequency and prognosis of arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults"
917:
According to established medical research, however, the chance of eventual hemorrhage increases over time.
775:
2213:
2209:
1395:
783:
197:
146:
1051:
196:). In more than half of patients with AVM, this is the first symptom. Symptoms due to bleeding include
2175:
1543:
1432:
1243:
336:
205:
227:. A stiff neck can occur as the result of increased pressure within the skull and irritation of the
2206:
2084:
1873:
836:
835:. If a rupture or bleeding incident occurs, the blood may penetrate either into the brain tissue (
328:
162:
71:
1205:
2360:
2356:
2256:
1868:
1743:
1372:
1210:
848:
840:
312:
280:
2405:
2309:
2294:
2146:
2117:
1995:
1960:
1835:
1817:
1778:
1735:
1614:
1596:
1525:
1507:
1468:
1450:
1364:
1297:
1185:
1157:
1149:
1111:
1079:
1027:
832:
60:
2059:
2327:
2286:
2266:
1987:
1950:
1942:
1825:
1809:
1770:
1727:
1604:
1588:
1515:
1499:
1458:
1440:
1356:
1287:
1279:
1141:
1017:
868:
787:
707:
Treatment depends on the location and size of the AVM and whether there is bleeding or not.
291:
256:
65:
1347:
Spetzler, R; Martin N (1986). "A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations".
421:
216:), a loss of touch sensation on one side of the body and deficits in language processing (
2163:
2160:
883:
it usually brings. There is a significant preponderance (15–20%) of AVM in patients with
295:
Axial image from computerized tomography angiogram showing arteriovenous communication in
1436:
2383:
2221:
2089:
1955:
1930:
1830:
1797:
1609:
1576:
1551:
1520:
1463:
1418:
1292:
1267:
800:
711:
348:
209:
1774:
1486:
Satoer, Djaina; Visch-Brink, Evy; Dirven, Clemens; Vincent, Arnaud (January 1, 2016).
2442:
2276:
224:
150:
53:
1747:
1376:
2157:
880:
767:
751:
736:
351:
into the AVM. As the contrast agent flows through the AVM structure, a sequence of
324:
185:
166:
1931:"Arteriovenous malformations of the brain: natural history in unoperated patients"
1863:
2111:
1592:
1445:
2141:
1022:
1005:
943:
755:
268:
240:
213:
189:
114:
1991:
1360:
1145:
2122:
2074:
1731:
1503:
1268:"Biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a focus on inflammation"
876:
740:
308:
1821:
1600:
1511:
1454:
1153:
371:
grades 1–5. This system was not intended to characterize risk of hemorrhage.
2152:
1898:"A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA)"
1487:
872:
723:
264:
220:). Ruptured AVMs are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity.
17:
1839:
1813:
1739:
1618:
1529:
1472:
1301:
1283:
1031:
1999:
1964:
1782:
1667:"Arteriovenous Malformation - Conditions - For Patients - UR Neurosurgery"
1368:
1161:
710:
The treatment in the case of sudden bleeding is focused on restoration of
263:
travels in sequence through smaller blood vessels going from arteries, to
1423:
843:, which is located between the sheaths (meninges) surrounding the brain (
344:
316:
252:
244:
228:
201:
174:
170:
138:
122:
106:
1946:
161:
from coagulated blood that has made its way down to be dissolved in the
44:
272:
217:
142:
2042:
2069:
2054:
169:. Other common symptoms are a pulsing noise in the head, progressive
158:
1864:"A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations"
754:
has been widely used on small AVMs with considerable success. The
2233:
774:
and the occlusion of blood vessels most commonly is obtained with
353:
302:
290:
260:
154:
2100:
276:
248:
178:
110:
2179:
1798:"Role of Embolization for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations"
27:
Abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain
1488:"Glioma surgery in eloquent areas: can we preserve cognition?"
939:"Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation) - Symptoms and causes"
1645:"Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)-Treatments and drugs"
1326:"Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)-Tests and diagnosis"
133:
The most frequently observed problems related to a cerebral
431:
Supplemented
Spetzler-Martin (SM-supp, Lawton-Young) Grade
347:, threaded through an artery up to the head, to deliver a
908:
Small AVMs cause hemorrhages more often than larger ones.
275:
and later veins which will take it back to the heart and
177:
and vision changes as well as debilitating, excruciating
1206:"Meningitis and stiff neck: Causes, treatment, and more"
1903:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
809:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2015:"Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)-Risk factors"
2032:
1796:
Ellis, Jason A.; Lavine, Sean D. (January 1, 2014).
875:
may start or worsen symptoms due to the increase in
2418:
2382:
2355:
2348:
2326:
2308:
2285:
2232:
2220:
2132:
2036:
867:of AVMs is approximately 1 per 100,000 a year. The
59:
37:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1078:David C. Dugdale; Daniel B. Hoch (October 2008).
1052:"Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)-Symptoms"
165:. Perhaps 15% of the population at detection are
1272:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
1244:"Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)-Causes"
1045:
1043:
1041:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
965:Al-Saiegh, Fadi; et al. (June 28, 2019).
2191:
8:
251:in the human brain and are most commonly of
739:who temporarily removes part of the skull (
323:A cerebral AVM diagnosis is established by
2352:
2229:
2198:
2184:
2176:
2033:
1892:
1890:
70:
43:
34:
1954:
1829:
1608:
1519:
1462:
1444:
1291:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1021:
1802:Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal
438:
373:
105:) is an abnormal connection between the
52:Large arteriovenous malformation of the
1080:"Arteriovenous malformation - cerebral"
930:
901:
786:. These substances are introduced by a
1672:University of Rochester Medical Center
200:, sudden and severe headache, nausea,
188:rupture and cause bleeding within the
2392:Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
1004:Al-Shahi R, Warlow C (October 2001).
885:hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
847:). Bleeding may also extend into the
7:
1694:"AANS | Arteriovenous Malformations"
1175:
1173:
1171:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
315:puncture, not to be mistaken for an
2428:Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
2013:Mayo Clinic staff (February 2009).
1643:Mayo Clinic staff (February 2009).
1544:"Brain arteriovenous malformations"
1324:Mayo Clinic staff (February 2009).
1242:Mayo Clinic staff (February 2009).
1050:Mayo Clinic staff (February 2009).
722:Anticonvulsant medications such as
83:cerebral arteriovenous malformation
38:Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
2374:Persistent left superior vena cava
1929:Crawford, PM; et al. (1986).
1906:. January 29, 2014. Archived from
1862:Mohr, Jay Preston (June 4, 2015).
25:
2369:Congenital stenosis of vena cava
1182:100 Case Reviews in Neurosurgery
972:Surgical Neurology International
772:interventional neuroradiologists
1391:"Spetzler Martin Grading Scale"
799:A first-of-its-kind controlled
887:(Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome).
863:The annual new detection rate
445:Spetzler-Martin Grading Scale
239:A cerebral AVM is an abnormal
1:
2272:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1935:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
1775:10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00718-9
805:National Institutes of Health
2300:Stenosis of pulmonary artery
1763:Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
1593:10.1227/neu.0000000000000556
1446:10.1371/journal.pone.0051450
341:magnetic resonance angiogram
157:, backaches, neckaches, and
2454:Congenital vascular defects
853:intraventricular hemorrhage
448:Supplemental Grading Scale
255:origin. In a normal brain,
2470:
2420:Arteriovenous malformation
2318:Aberrant subclavian artery
1992:10.3171/jns.1990.73.3.0387
1361:10.3171/jns.1986.65.4.0476
1146:10.3171/jns.1966.25.4.0467
823:
366:Spetzler-Martin (SM) Grade
333:magnetic resonance imaging
298:vein of Galen malformation
135:arteriovenous malformation
119:arteriovenous malformation
1732:10.1080/02688690902977662
1504:10.1007/s00701-015-2601-7
1110:Greenberg, Mark (2006) .
1023:10.1093/brain/124.10.1900
763:Neuroendovascular therapy
643:
616:
577:
466:
447:
444:
441:
243:(connection) between the
147:cranial nerve afflictions
51:
42:
2247:Coarctation of the aorta
2242:Patent ductus arteriosus
1113:Handbook of Neurosurgery
617:Unruptured presentation
380:Adjacent eloquent cortex
2336:Single umbilical artery
2262:Right-sided aortic arch
2252:Interrupted aortic arch
1180:Jandial, Rahul (2017).
1134:Journal of Neurosurgery
845:subarachnoid hemorrhage
826:Intracranial hemorrhage
814:experimental event rate
671:SM-Supp Grade Subtotal
194:intracranial hemorrhage
1814:10.14797/mdcj-10-4-234
1284:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.179
776:ethylene vinyl alcohol
320:
300:
2214:Vascular malformation
1396:Boston Medical Center
812:higher-than-expected
784:n-butyl cyanoacrylate
506:Deep venous drainage
394:Superficial only = 0
357:images are obtained.
306:
294:
257:oxygen-enriched blood
198:loss of consciousness
2449:Anatomical pathology
1492:Acta Neurochirurgica
1214:. September 21, 2021
337:cerebral angiography
1947:10.1136/jnnp.49.1.1
1874:Columbia University
1437:2012PLoSO...751450J
1120:. pp. 835–837.
837:cerebral hemorrhage
329:computed tomography
163:cerebrospinal fluid
2361:inferior vena cava
2257:Double aortic arch
2133:External resources
1869:ClinicalTrials.gov
1211:Medical News Today
1016:(Pt 10): 1900–26.
849:ventricular system
841:subarachnoid space
833:cerebral aneurysms
564:SM Grade Subtotal
410:> 6 cm = 3
388:< 3 cm = 1
321:
301:
184:In serious cases,
129:Signs and symptoms
117:—specifically, an
2436:
2435:
2414:
2413:
2406:Scimitar syndrome
2344:
2343:
2310:Subclavian artery
2295:Pulmonary atresia
2173:
2172:
1191:978-0-323-35637-4
700:
699:
418:
417:
399:3 – 6 cm = 2
79:
78:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2461:
2353:
2328:Umbilical artery
2287:Pulmonary artery
2267:Overriding aorta
2230:
2210:vascular defects
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1640:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1448:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1177:
1166:
1165:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:(6th ed.).
1107:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1001:
984:
983:
981:
979:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
935:
918:
915:
909:
906:
869:point prevalence
788:radiographically
770:is performed by
439:
391:Non-eloquent = 0
374:
356:
75:
74:
66:Medical genetics
47:
35:
21:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2410:
2378:
2340:
2322:
2304:
2281:
2225:
2216:
2204:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2128:
2127:
2045:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1910:on July 4, 2016
1896:
1895:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1556:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1003:
1002:
987:
977:
975:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
937:
936:
932:
922:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
893:
861:
828:
822:
797:
765:
749:
733:
720:
705:
494:> 6 cm
470:< 3 cm
433:
405:Deep veins = 1
383:Draining veins
368:
363:
352:
296:
289:
237:
235:Pathophysiology
131:
69:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2388:
2386:
2384:Pulmonary vein
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2226:other arteries
2222:Great arteries
2218:
2217:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:article/337220
2161:article/252426
2149:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2103:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:Classification
2029:
2028:
2005:
1986:(3): 387–391.
1970:
1921:
1886:
1854:
1845:
1808:(4): 234–239.
1788:
1769:(2): 273–278.
1753:
1720:Br J Neurosurg
1710:
1685:
1658:
1624:
1567:
1552:Wolters Kluwer
1535:
1478:
1431:(12): e51450.
1409:
1382:
1339:
1307:
1278:(2): 167–175.
1257:
1225:
1197:
1190:
1167:
1140:(4): 467–490.
1123:
1093:
1065:
1037:
985:
957:
929:
928:
920:
919:
910:
900:
899:
892:
889:
860:
857:
839:) or into the
821:
818:
801:clinical trial
796:
793:
764:
761:
748:
745:
732:
729:
719:
716:
712:vital function
704:
701:
698:
697:
694:
692:
690:
688:
687:SM-Supp Total
684:
683:
678:
676:
674:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
649:
647:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
625:
622:
620:
618:
614:
613:
610:
609:> 40 years
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:20 – 40 years
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:< 20 years
583:
581:
579:
575:
574:
572:
570:
567:
565:
561:
560:
558:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
544:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
529:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
515:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
500:
498:
495:
491:
490:
488:
486:
483:
482:3 – 6 cm
479:
478:
476:
474:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
443:
432:
429:
416:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
367:
364:
362:
359:
349:contrast agent
307:Vein of Galen
288:
285:
236:
233:
210:blurred vision
130:
127:
77:
76:
63:
57:
56:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2466:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2277:Vascular ring
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2017:. Mayo Clinic
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:(4): 376–86.
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1647:. Mayo Clinic
1646:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:(4): 476–83.
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1328:. Mayo Clinic
1327:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1246:. Mayo Clinic
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1054:. Mayo Clinic
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
986:
974:
973:
968:
961:
958:
946:
945:
940:
934:
931:
927:
926:
914:
911:
905:
902:
898:
897:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
819:
817:
815:
810:
806:
802:
794:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
757:
753:
747:Radiosurgical
746:
744:
742:
738:
730:
728:
725:
717:
715:
713:
708:
702:
695:
693:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
679:
677:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
660:
658:
657:
653:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
635:
633:
631:
630:
626:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
608:
606:
604:
603:
599:
596:
594:
592:
591:
587:
584:
582:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
557:
554:
551:
549:
548:
545:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
528:
525:
522:
520:
519:
516:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
492:
489:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
475:
472:
469:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:
440:
437:
430:
428:
425:
423:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
402:Eloquent* = 1
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
375:
372:
365:
360:
358:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
314:
310:
305:
299:
293:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
225:hydrocephalus
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:blood vessels
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:pinched nerve
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
73:
67:
64:
62:
58:
55:
54:parietal lobe
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2427:
2151:
2140:
2116:
2105:
2094:
2079:
2064:
2049:
2019:. Retrieved
2008:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1901:
1877:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1848:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1698:www.aans.org
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1587:(1): 25–33.
1584:
1581:Neurosurgery
1580:
1570:
1562:
1555:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1498:(1): 35–50.
1495:
1491:
1481:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1275:
1271:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1216:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1184:. Elsevier.
1181:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1084:. Retrieved
1056:. Retrieved
1013:
1009:
976:. Retrieved
970:
960:
948:. Retrieved
942:
933:
924:
923:
913:
904:
895:
894:
862:
859:Epidemiology
829:
798:
768:Embolization
766:
752:Radiosurgery
750:
737:neurosurgeon
734:
721:
709:
706:
680:
434:
426:
419:
369:
325:neuroimaging
322:
319:malformation
238:
222:
206:incontinence
183:
167:asymptomatic
132:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:cerebral AVM
86:
82:
80:
29:
18:Cerebral AVM
2349:Great veins
2142:MedlinePlus
1980:J Neurosurg
1941:(1): 1–10.
1703:February 3,
1349:J Neurosurg
1218:November 6,
944:Mayo Clinic
778:copolymer (
756:Gamma Knife
459:Definition
453:Definition
335:(MRI), and
313:ventricular
281:circulation
269:capillaries
241:anastomosis
214:hemiparesis
2443:Categories
2207:Congenital
2118:DiseasesDB
891:References
877:blood flow
824:See also:
741:craniotomy
535:Eloquence
317:aneurysmal
309:thrombosis
265:arterioles
149:including
137:(AVM) are
2153:eMedicine
1822:1947-6094
1678:April 22,
1601:0148-396X
1557:April 22,
1512:0942-0940
1455:1932-6203
1402:April 23,
1154:0022-3085
950:April 23,
925:Citations
896:Footnotes
873:pregnancy
865:incidence
820:Prognosis
724:phenytoin
703:Treatment
696:(1 – 10)
467:AVM size
442:Variable
287:Diagnosis
267:and then
259:from the
139:headaches
99:brain AVM
61:Specialty
2357:Superior
2158:neuro/21
1914:March 6,
1879:March 6,
1840:25624978
1748:26286536
1740:19637008
1619:25251197
1548:UpToDate
1530:26566782
1473:23251537
1424:PLOS One
1377:21796375
1302:25407267
1032:11571210
978:July 31,
731:Surgical
644:Diffuse
569:(1 - 5)
422:Eloquent
377:AVM size
345:catheter
253:prenatal
245:arteries
229:meninges
202:vomiting
175:numbness
171:weakness
143:seizures
123:cerebrum
107:arteries
2400:Partial
2112:D002538
2060:8B22.40
2021:May 30,
2000:2384776
1965:3958721
1956:1028639
1831:4300062
1783:9457809
1651:May 18,
1610:4270816
1521:4684586
1464:3519540
1433:Bibcode
1369:3760956
1332:May 18,
1293:4426734
1250:May 30,
1162:5925721
1086:May 18,
1058:May 18,
803:by the
718:Medical
681:(1 – 5)
462:Points
456:Points
361:Grading
273:venules
218:aphasia
121:in the
113:in the
2147:000779
2101:108010
2090:747.81
1998:
1963:
1953:
1838:
1828:
1820:
1781:
1746:
1738:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1375:
1367:
1300:
1290:
1188:
1160:
1152:
1118:Thieme
1082:. ADAM
1030:
881:volume
331:(CT),
208:, and
159:nausea
68:
2396:Total
2234:Aorta
2075:Q28.2
1744:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1010:Brain
795:Risks
782:) or
354:X-ray
311:from
277:lungs
261:heart
249:veins
190:brain
155:palsy
115:brain
111:veins
101:, or
2123:2224
2107:MeSH
2096:OMIM
2085:9-CM
2023:2010
1996:PMID
1961:PMID
1916:2023
1881:2023
1836:PMID
1818:ISSN
1779:PMID
1736:PMID
1705:2018
1680:2022
1653:2010
1615:PMID
1597:ISSN
1559:2022
1526:PMID
1508:ISSN
1469:PMID
1451:ISSN
1404:2022
1365:PMID
1334:2010
1298:PMID
1252:2010
1220:2021
1186:ISBN
1158:PMID
1150:ISSN
1088:2010
1060:2010
1028:PMID
980:2019
952:2022
879:and
807:and
780:Onyx
663:Yes
636:Yes
578:Age
552:Yes
523:Yes
247:and
179:pain
153:and
141:and
109:and
103:BAVM
95:cAVM
91:CAVM
2081:ICD
2066:ICD
2051:ICD
1988:doi
1951:PMC
1943:doi
1826:PMC
1810:doi
1771:doi
1728:doi
1605:PMC
1589:doi
1516:PMC
1500:doi
1496:158
1459:PMC
1441:doi
1357:doi
1288:PMC
1280:doi
1142:doi
1018:doi
1014:124
651:No
624:No
538:No
509:No
2445::
2398:,
2212:/
2156::
2145::
2121::
2110::
2099::
2088::
2073::
2070:10
2058::
2055:11
1994:.
1984:73
1982:.
1959:.
1949:.
1939:49
1937:.
1933:.
1900:.
1889:^
1872:.
1866:.
1834:.
1824:.
1816:.
1806:10
1804:.
1800:.
1777:.
1767:40
1765:.
1742:.
1734:.
1724:23
1722:.
1696:.
1669:.
1627:^
1613:.
1603:.
1595:.
1585:76
1583:.
1579:.
1561:.
1550:.
1546:.
1524:.
1514:.
1506:.
1494:.
1490:.
1467:.
1457:.
1449:.
1439:.
1427:.
1421:.
1393:.
1371:.
1363:.
1353:65
1351:.
1310:^
1296:.
1286:.
1276:35
1274:.
1270:.
1228:^
1208:.
1170:^
1156:.
1148:.
1138:25
1136:.
1096:^
1068:^
1040:^
1026:.
1012:.
1008:.
988:^
969:.
941:.
714:.
666:1
654:0
639:1
627:0
612:3
600:2
588:1
555:1
541:0
526:1
512:0
497:3
485:2
473:1
283:.
231:.
204:,
181:.
173:,
145:,
125:.
97:,
93:,
89:,
81:A
2402:)
2394:(
2359:/
2224:/
2199:e
2192:t
2185:v
2083:-
2068:-
2053:-
2043:D
2025:.
2002:.
1990::
1967:.
1945::
1918:.
1883:.
1842:.
1812::
1785:.
1773::
1750:.
1730::
1707:.
1682:.
1655:.
1621:.
1591::
1532:.
1502::
1475:.
1443::
1435::
1429:7
1406:.
1379:.
1359::
1336:.
1304:.
1282::
1254:.
1222:.
1194:.
1164:.
1144::
1090:.
1062:.
1034:.
1020::
982:.
954:.
851:(
420:"
192:(
85:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
