52:
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If hypoxia results in coma, the length of unconsciousness is often indicative of long-term damage. In some cases coma can give the brain an opportunity to heal and regenerate, but, in general, the longer a coma, the greater the likelihood that the person will remain in a vegetative state until death.
686:
applied within 6 hours of cerebral hypoxia effectively improves survival and neurological outcome. In adults, however, the evidence is less convincing and the first goal of treatment is to restore oxygen to the brain. The method of restoration depends on the cause of the hypoxia. For mild-to-moderate
207:
Cerebral hypoxia refers to oxygen levels in brain tissue, not blood. Blood oxygenation will usually appear normal in cases of hypemic, ischemic, and hystoxic cerebral hypoxia. Even in hypoxic hypoxia blood measures are only an approximate guide; the oxygen level in the brain tissue will depend on
168:
per minute. Initially the body responds to lowered blood oxygen by redirecting blood to the brain and increasing cerebral blood flow. Blood flow may increase up to twice the normal flow but no more. If the increased blood flow is sufficient to supply the brain's oxygen needs then no symptoms will
356:
and places the patient at increased risk for a major stroke in the future. In a broad study in 1998, more than 11 million people were estimated to have experienced a stroke in the United States. Approximately 770,000 of these strokes were symptomatic and 11 million were first-ever silent MRI
609:– Limited oxygen in the environment causes reduced brain function. Divers, aviators, mountain climbers, and fire fighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term also includes oxygen deprivation due to obstructions in the lungs. Choking, strangulation, the crushing of the
216:
Cerebral hypoxia can be caused by any event that severely interferes with the brain's ability to receive or process oxygen. This event may be internal or external to the body. Mild and moderate forms of cerebral hypoxia may be caused by various diseases that interfere with breathing and
807:
of the brain (left side) typically causes problems with speech and language. Damage to the right side of the brain may interfere with the ability to express emotions or interpret what one sees. Damage on either side can cause paralysis of the opposite side of the body.
123:
are termed "anoxia", which can be hypoxic in origin (reduced oxygen availability) or ischemic in origin (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow). Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation either due to hypoxic or anoxic mechanisms are generally termed
791:
Mild and moderate cerebral hypoxia may result in seizures and impaired memory going forward. The outcome of severe cerebral hypoxia will depend on the success of damage control, amount of brain tissue deprived of oxygen, and the speed with which oxygen was restored.
404:. Sometimes, even an infant that is still in the womb may exhibit signs of HIE or other hypoxic ischemic injury. Fetal distress being one of the most common signs of HIE or other oxygen-depriving event. Other problems during pregnancy may include
834:
Long-term comas can have a significant impact on a patient's family. Families of coma patients often have idealized images of the outcome based on
Hollywood movie depictions of coma. Adjusting to the realities of ventilators, feeding tubes,
2178:
340:, slurred speech, and mental confusion. The symptoms of a TIA typically resolve within 24 hours, unlike a stroke. Brain injury may still occur in a TIA lasting only a few minutes. Having a TIA is a risk factor for eventually having a stroke.
443:
in the mother. Problems after delivery can include severe prematurity, severe lung or heart disease, serious infections, trauma to the brain or skull, congenital malformations of the brain or very low blood pressure in the baby and due to
172:
However, if blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does not correct the problem, symptoms of cerebral hypoxia will begin to appear. Mild symptoms include difficulties with complex learning tasks and reductions in
725:
There has long been a debate over whether newborn infants with cerebral hypoxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen
140:) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply, but the deprivation is not total. While HIE is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the neonate due to
204:, but is generally meaningless in other forms of hypoxia. In hypoxic hypoxia 95–100% saturation is considered normal; 91–94% is considered mild and 86–90% moderate. Anything below 86% is considered severe.
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cases of hypoxia, removal of the cause of hypoxia may be sufficient. Inhaled oxygen may also be provided. In severe cases treatment may also involve life support and damage control measures.
1272:"Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council"
783:
In severe cases it is extremely important to act quickly. Brain cells are very sensitive to reduced oxygen levels. Once deprived of oxygen they will begin to die off within five minutes.
2274:
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which does not have any outward symptoms, and the patient is typically unaware they have had a stroke. Despite its lack of identifiable symptoms, a silent stroke still causes
2098:
Konig P, et al. (1992). "Psychological counseling of the family of patients with craniocerebral injuries (psychological family counseling of severely ill patients)"".
2470:
897:
765:
683:
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1911:
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574:(embolic stroke). Focal cerebral ischemia constitutes a large majority of the clinical cases in stroke pathology with the infarct usually occurring in the
3777:
1788:
Davis, PG; Tan, A; O'Donnell, CPF; Schulze, A (2004). "Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
1888:
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Brain damage can occur both during and after oxygen deprivation. During oxygen deprivation, cells die due to an increasing acidity in the brain tissue (
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levels, and hemodilution (thinning of the blood) coupled with drug-induced hypertension are some treatment techniques currently under investigation.
336:
paralysis (opposite side of body from affected brain hemisphere), or sudden weakness or numbness. A TIA may cause sudden dimming or loss of vision,
416:, congenital fetal infections, substance/alcohol use, severe fetal anemia, cardiac disease, lung malformations, or problems with blood flow to the
3083:
2260:
981:
Robinson, LR; Micklesen, PJ; Tirschwell, DL; Lew, HL (Mar 2003). "Predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials for awakening from coma".
373:. The risk of silent stroke increases with age but may also affect younger adults. Women appear to be at increased risk for silent stroke, with
3063:
2736:
795:
If cerebral hypoxia was localized to a specific part of the brain, brain damage will be localized to that region. A general consequence may be
558:– A stroke occurring in a localized area that can either be acute or transient. This may be due to a variety of medical conditions such as an
3549:
3088:
2720:
1642:
316:(AHA/ASA) refined the definition of transient ischemic attack. TIA is now defined as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by
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Pressman B. D.; Tourje E. J.; Thompson J. R. (Sep 1987). "An early CT sign of ischemic infarction: increased density in a cerebral artery".
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and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.
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100:. There are four categories of cerebral hypoxia; they are, in order of increasing severity: diffuse cerebral hypoxia (DCH), focal cerebral
1654:
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The effects of certain kinds of severe generalized hypoxias may take time to develop. For example, the long-term effects of serious
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Cerebral hypoxia is typically grouped into four categories depending on the severity and location of the brain's oxygen deprivation:
177:. If oxygen deprivation continues, cognitive disturbances, and decreased motor control will result. The skin may also appear bluish (
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1839:"Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets"
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A deep coma will interfere with the body's breathing reflexes even after the initial cause of hypoxia has been dealt with;
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Even if the patient wakes up, brain damage is likely to be significant enough to prevent a return to normal functioning.
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120:
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Leary M. C.; Saver J. L. (2003). "Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: a preliminary estimate".
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Ferro J. M.; et al. (Dec 1996). "Diagnosis of transient ischemic attack by the nonneurologist: A validation study".
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3397:
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2504:
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623:– Reduced brain function is caused by inadequate oxygen in the blood despite adequate environmental oxygen. Anemia and
200:
Objective measurements of the severity of cerebral hypoxia depend on the cause. Blood oxygen saturation may be used for
1566:
Gardiner M, Eisen S, Murphy C. Training in paediatrics: the essential curriculum. Oxford
University Press, Oxford 2009.
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1438:""Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke". The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
1211:
313:
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Geraghty M. C.; Torbey M. T. (2006). "Neuroimaging and serologic markers of neurologic injury after cardiac arrest".
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1313:"Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
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Jacobs, Susan E; Berg, Marie; Hunt, Rod; Tarnow-Mordi, William O; Inder, Terrie E; Davis, Peter G (2013-01-31).
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build up. When oxygen enters the tissue these materials interact with oxygen to create high levels of oxidants.
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Details of the mechanism of damage from cerebral hypoxia, along with anoxic depolarization, can be found here:
31:
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may be difficult. Treatment decisions often involve complex ethical choices and can strain family dynamics.
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893:"Hypoxia induces apoptosis via two independent pathways in Jurkat cells: differential regulation by glucose"
428:
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1702:
This website provides hypoxia related safety tips for aviators working for the United States Navy aviators.
328:. The symptoms of a TIA can resolve within a few minutes, unlike a stroke. TIAs share the same underlying
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may all be tried in an effort to get the heart to resume pumping. Severe cerebral hypoxia can also cause
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as strokes; a disruption of cerebral blood flow. TIAs and strokes present with the same symptoms such as
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Wijdicks E. F. M.; Wijdicks C. A. (2006). "The portrayal of coma in contemporary motion pictures".
1834:
1397:"Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study"
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poisoning usually may take several weeks to appear. Recent research suggests this may be due to an
735:
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325:
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633:( or "stagnant hypoxia") – Reduced brain oxygen is caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain.
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Montgomery V, et al. (2002). "The effect of severe traumatic brain injury on the family".
1658:
799:. The long-term effects will depend on the purpose of that portion of the brain. Damage to the
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1194:. Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems (2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
1072:
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may cause stagnant hypoxia. Ischemic hypoxia can also be created by pressure on the brain.
413:
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552:– A mild to moderate impairment of brain function due to low oxygen levels in the blood.
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994:
942:"Increased neurogenesis after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in humans is age related"
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344:
333:
292:
268:
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2006:
1819:
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669:– Oxygen is present in brain tissue but cannot be metabolized by the brain tissue.
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3182:
2443:
2313:
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892:
857:
658:
642:
436:
405:
374:
366:
353:
165:
1903:
Richmond, T. S. (May 1997). "Cerebral
Resuscitation after Global Brain Ischemia",
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780:
levels showing a possible reduction in the overall systemic inflammatory process.
600:
Cerebral hypoxia can also be classified by the cause of the reduced brain oxygen:
2198:
1288:
1271:
764:
Techniques for preventing damage to brain cells are an area of ongoing research.
259:
Severe cerebral hypoxia and anoxia is usually caused by traumatic events such as
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3341:
2402:
2363:
2305:
2228:
2035:
1586:
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707:
455:
The severity of a neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury may be assessed using
445:
440:
321:
253:
194:
93:
1061:"Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: pathophysiology, neuropathology and mechanisms"
592:– A "stroke", caused by complete oxygen deprivation due to an interference in
17:
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3851:
3812:
3756:
3749:
3579:
2513:
2383:
2247:
1928:
Orozco-Gutierrez A, Rojas-Cerda L, Estrada RM, Gil-Rosales C (December 2010).
1790:
1528:"Child abuse by suffocation: A cause of apparent life-threatening events Info"
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1037:
958:
941:
816:
695:
682:
For newborn infants starved of oxygen during birth there is now evidence that
358:
1756:
1454:
1437:
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1312:
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3356:
3292:
3248:
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3226:
2623:
2574:
2562:
2545:
2477:
2204:
435:, excessive bleeding from the placenta, abnormal fetal position such as the
401:
156:
113:
2146:
2076:
1985:"Long-Term Effects of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Are an Autoimmune Reaction"
1945:
1866:
1811:
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1422:
1373:
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1002:
967:
918:
2111:
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1413:
1396:
1338:
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1077:
1060:
768:
is the only evidence-supported therapy, but antioxidant drugs, control of
694:
may be required. Additionally, severe cerebral hypoxia causes an elevated
474:
Floppiness, or unreactive to sights or sounds, or more tense and agitated.
3829:
3431:
3368:
3302:
3253:
2803:
2795:
2761:
2615:
2518:
1189:
1179:"The Maryland Medical Protocols for Emergency Medical Services Providers"
872:
796:
750:
742:
715:
711:
567:
559:
417:
329:
264:
234:
182:
178:
164:
The brain requires approximately 3.3 ml of oxygen per 100 g of
101:
2170:
229:
can cause some degree of diffuse cerebral hypoxia. Other causes include
1930:"Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of asphyxia in two newborn infants"
1576:
571:
337:
260:
1365:
538:
3222:
2842:
2583:
2550:
824:
820:
634:
614:
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362:
349:
226:
222:
109:
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181:) and heart rate increases. Continued oxygen deprivation results in
3098:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1657:. Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust. 1999-08-01. Archived from
1481:"What You Need To Know About Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)"
256:, and intense exercise at high altitudes prior to acclimatization.
3566:
2209:
1504:
537:
155:
208:
how the body deals with the reduced oxygen content of the blood.
144:, it can occur in all age groups, and is often a complication of
3598:
396:
Hypoxic-anoxic events may affect the fetus at various stages of
370:
186:
96:; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called
3186:
2256:
776:
is being evaluated with the reduction in total and myocardial
699:
464:
460:
1112:
1918:
at the
American Association of Critical-Care Nurses website.
1733:"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy"
718:, which put the patient at risk of self-injury, and various
698:, and in extreme cases the heart may tire and stop pumping.
617:
exacerbations may also lead to symptoms of hypoxic hypoxia.
819:
response caused by carbon monoxide-induced changes in the
108:, and global cerebral ischemia. Prolonged hypoxia induces
1889:
Norwegian paediatrician honoured by
University of Athens
486:
Weak breathing, no breathing at all, or rapid breathing.
1208:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1098:
1096:
2160:
722:
drugs may need to be administered before treatment.
471:
Low Apgar scores, <5 at 5 minutes and 10 minutes.
308:(TIA), is often referred to as a "mini-stroke". The
3944:
3879:
3870:
3805:
3765:
3720:
3624:
3606:
3597:
3565:
3525:
3430:
3390:
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3239:
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2980:
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2304:
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2164:
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1948:. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013
584:– A complete stoppage of blood flow to the brain.
566:occurring in the affected blood vessels due to a
2007:"'Rewired brain' revives patient after 19 years"
291:. It is also recreationally self-induced in the
1581:The Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
898:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
766:Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
684:hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
423:Problems during labor and delivery can include
459:, which is based on clinical presentation and
3198:
2268:
8:
1879:ILCOR Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines 2010
1635:Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injuries
757:and cause further damage (this is known as "
1899:
1897:
1713:"Cooling 'cure' averts infant brain damage"
3876:
3778:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
3603:
3275:
3236:
3205:
3191:
3183:
2993:
2984:
2753:
2421:
2412:
2301:
2275:
2261:
2253:
2161:
596:which affects multiple areas of the brain.
439:, prolonged late stages of labor, or very
50:
41:
1856:
1764:
1543:
1453:
1412:
1328:
1287:
1076:
957:
940:Mattiesen W. R.; et al. (May 2009).
544:one cause of hypoxic anoxic injury (HAI).
467:. Signs and symptoms of HIE may include:
160:CT in a person after generalized hypoxia.
1173:
1171:
562:that causes a hemorrhagic stroke, or an
1737:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1436:HerderscheĂŞ D, et al. (Sep 1992).
1395:Vermeer S. E.; et al. (Jan 2002).
1311:HerderscheĂŞ D, et al. (Sep 1992).
1202:
1200:
883:
613:all cause this sort of hypoxia. Severe
400:, during labor and delivery and in the
116:, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury.
3064:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2737:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1958:
661:and impede their absorption of oxygen.
489:Need for resuscitation after delivery.
3550:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1507:. Florida Neonatal Neurologic Network
1475:
1473:
627:are common causes of hypemic hypoxia.
483:Poor muscle tone and absent reflexes.
324:, or retinal ischemia, without acute
7:
3555:Generalized essential telangiectasia
2915:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1833:Kutzsche, S; Ilves, P; Kirkeby, OJ;
1711:Laurance, Jeremy (October 1, 2009).
1059:Busl K. M.; Greer D. M. (Jan 2010).
891:Malhotra R, et al. (Nov 2001).
1689:Naval Safety Center. Archived from
1633:Jun Chen, Zao C. Xu, Xiao-Ming Xu,
1270:Easton JD, et al. (Jun 2009).
1212:"Cerebral Hypoxia Information Page"
237:-rich environments, ascent from a
185:, long-term loss of consciousness,
3146:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2069:10.1212/01.wnl.0000210497.62202.e9
1677:Brooks, Kevin E. (May–June 2005).
995:10.1097/01.ccm.0000053643.21751.3b
521:anoxic depolarization in the brain
515:Anoxic depolarization in the brain
365:which are detected via the use of
25:
2849:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2652:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1116:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
361:. Silent strokes typically cause
3705:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2869:For more detailed coverage, see
2847:For more detailed coverage, see
2818:For more detailed coverage, see
2784:For more detailed coverage, see
2735:For more detailed coverage, see
2139:10.1097/00005373-200206000-00016
2030:Mayo Clinic staff (2006-05-17).
1907:8 (2). Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
1858:10.1203/00006450-200106000-00020
1150:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
911:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1596
191:cessation of brain stem reflexes
1102:Butterworth, Roger F. (1999). "
501:Seizures or abnormal movements.
134:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
3656:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2005:Phillips, Helen (2006-07-03).
1934:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
1749:10.1002/14651858.cd003311.pub3
542:Aneurysm in a cerebral artery,
92:), specifically involving the
1:
3468:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
3322:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3162:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3047:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2905:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1983:Medical Center (2004-09-06).
1804:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17189-4
1663:Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from
1585:Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from
1216:National Institutes of Health
1114:, 6th edition, Philadelphia:
431:, rupture of the placenta or
3773:Chronic venous insufficiency
3398:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
3131:Progressive muscular atrophy
1583:. The Gale Group, Inc. 2005.
1289:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.192218
1155:National Library of Medicine
734:after asphyxia. Research by
498:Excessive acid in the blood.
450:MĂĽnchausen syndrome by proxy
27:Oxygen shortage of the brain
3788:Inferior vena cava syndrome
3783:Superior vena cava syndrome
3510:Vertebral artery dissection
3500:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2641:Primary progressive aphasia
1914:September 27, 2007, at the
1679:"Are you a hypoxia expert?"
1637:, Humana Press; 1 edition,
381:being predisposing factors.
314:American Stroke Association
4005:
3889:Hypertensive heart disease
3540:Arteriovenous malformation
3515:Familial aortic dissection
2963:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2669:Posterior cortical atrophy
2490:Striatonigral degeneration
2341:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1981:University of Pennsylvania
1134:. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
753:interfere with the normal
512:
495:Bluish or pale skin color.
389:
310:American Heart Association
29:
3914:Renovascular hypertension
3857:Hepatic artery thrombosis
3505:Carotid artery dissection
3458:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
3308:Intermittent claudication
3271:Peripheral artery disease
3069:Spinal muscular atrophies
3037:Primary lateral sclerosis
2895:Intracranial hypertension
2675:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1965:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1249:10.1161/01.STR.27.12.2225
1106:". In: Siegel, George J.
1038:10.1016/j.ncl.2005.10.006
959:10.1007/s00401-009-0509-0
774:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
625:carbon monoxide poisoning
463:findings, and also using
305:Transient ischemic attack
58:
49:
3899:Hypertensive nephropathy
3712:Post-thrombotic syndrome
3693:Paget–Schroetter disease
3485:Coronary artery aneurysm
3463:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
3136:Progressive bulbar palsy
2927:Intracranial hypotension
2910:Choroid plexus papilloma
2324:Herpesviral encephalitis
1455:10.1161/01.str.23.9.1220
1330:10.1161/01.str.23.9.1220
673:is a well-known example.
582:Global cerebral ischemia
550:Diffuse cerebral hypoxia
3954:Orthostatic hypotension
3936:White coat hypertension
3413:Fibromuscular dysplasia
3377:Carotid artery stenosis
2648:Frontotemporal dementia
2334:Encephalitis lethargica
730:, which have a role in
570:(thrombotic stroke) or
556:Focal cerebral ischemia
392:Neonatal encephalopathy
126:hypoxic/anoxic injuries
3926:Pulmonary hypertension
3909:Secondary hypertension
3904:Essential hypertension
3894:Hypertensive emergency
3735:Portacaval anastomosis
3671:Portal vein thrombosis
3313:Critical limb ischemia
3214:Cardiovascular disease
2953:Hepatic encephalopathy
1104:Hypoxic Encephalopathy
983:Critical Care Medicine
778:creatine phosphokinase
692:mechanical ventilation
576:middle cerebral artery
545:
427:occlusion, torsion or
161:
74:Critical care medicine
63:Arteries beneath brain
3931:Systolic hypertension
3676:Renal vein thrombosis
3535:Arteriovenous fistula
3527:Vascular malformation
3495:Intracranial aneurysm
3382:Renal artery stenosis
3011:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2968:Static encephalopathy
2691:Mitochondrial disease
2529:Spasmodic torticollis
2439:Basal ganglia disease
2032:"Coma: Coping skills"
1613:10.2214/ajr.149.3.583
1532:Paediatr Child Health
1414:10.1161/hs0102.101629
1078:10.3233/NRE-2010-0531
541:
390:Further information:
225:and various sorts of
159:
3845:Paradoxical embolism
3840:Cholesterol embolism
3666:May–Thurner syndrome
3661:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3644:Deep vein thrombosis
3639:primarily lower limb
3418:Raynaud's phenomenon
2958:Toxic encephalopathy
2664:Lewy bodies dementia
1905:AACN Clinical Issues
1526:Bellemare S (2006).
30:For other uses, see
3921:Benign hypertension
3006:Friedreich's ataxia
2389:Meningoencephalitis
2329:Limbic encephalitis
2100:Zentralbl Neurochir
1798:(9442): 1329–1333.
1601:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1065:NeuroRehabilitation
823:sheath surrounding
736:Ola Didrik Saugstad
594:cerebral blood flow
589:Cerebral infarction
480:Low blood pressure.
297:erotic asphyxiation
254:supplemental oxygen
106:cerebral infarction
88:(reduced supply of
3835:Pulmonary embolism
3745:Esophageal varices
3683:upper limb / torso
3327:Arteriolosclerosis
3042:Pseudobulbar palsy
2780:Status epilepticus
2731:Multiple sclerosis
2568:Myoclonic epilepsy
2431:movement disorders
2377:Acute disseminated
2319:Viral encephalitis
2248:Hypoxia experiment
2220:External resources
1844:Pediatric Research
1687:United States Navy
1655:"What is Hypoxia?"
1485:Birth Injury Guide
1145:"Cerebral hypoxia"
905:(5): C1596–C1603.
759:reperfusion injury
732:reperfusion injury
666:Histotoxic hypoxia
657:exert pressure on
546:
441:low blood pressure
386:Pre- and postnatal
285:status asthmaticus
279:, crushing of the
231:status epilepticus
162:
152:Signs and symptoms
121:oxygen deprivation
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3806:Arteries or veins
3801:
3800:
3626:Venous thrombosis
3593:
3592:
3575:Cherry hemangioma
3475:Aortic dissection
3426:
3425:
3261:Buerger's disease
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
2976:
2975:
2881:
2880:
2820:Template:Headache
2786:Template:Epilepsy
2707:
2706:
2681:Vascular dementia
2524:Status dystonicus
2397:
2396:
2372:Encephalomyelitis
2243:
2242:
2127:Journal of Trauma
1643:978-1-60327-184-4
1366:10.1159/000071128
1243:(12): 2225–2229.
853:Altitude sickness
671:Cyanide poisoning
651:brain hemorrhages
410:maternal diabetes
398:fetal development
379:cigarette smoking
219:blood oxygenation
175:short-term memory
79:
78:
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3996:
3877:
3688:Mondor's disease
3631:Thrombophlebitis
3604:
3280:Arteriosclerosis
3276:
3237:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
2994:
2985:
2943:Brain herniation
2754:
2594:Intention tremor
2589:Essential tremor
2454:Postencephalitic
2422:
2413:
2302:
2283:Diseases of the
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2133:(6): 1121–1124.
2122:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2063:(9): 1300–1303.
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1919:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1728:
1722:
1709:
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1701:
1699:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1651:
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1631:
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1596:
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1584:
1573:
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1557:
1547:
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1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1448:(9): 1220–1224.
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1323:(9): 1220–1224.
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1282:(6): 2276–2293.
1267:
1261:
1260:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1141:
1135:
1128:Freely available
1100:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1021:
1015:
1014:
978:
972:
971:
961:
946:Acta Neuropathol
937:
931:
930:
888:
631:Ischemic hypoxia
504:Problems feeding
414:vascular disease
402:postnatal period
273:smoke inhalation
82:Cerebral hypoxia
60:Circle of Willis
54:
45:Cerebral hypoxia
42:
21:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3979:Brain disorders
3969:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3940:
3866:
3823:Microangiopathy
3818:Macroangiopathy
3797:
3761:
3730:Gastric varices
3716:
3629:
3620:
3589:
3561:
3521:
3453:Aortic aneurysm
3439:
3422:
3408:Erythromelalgia
3386:
3363:
3288:Atherosclerosis
3265:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3181:
3168:
3094:Congenital DSMA
3015:
2972:
2931:
2877:
2865:Sleep disorders
2853:
2830:Cerebrovascular
2824:
2790:
2747:
2741:
2703:
2685:
2610:
2556:Choreoathetosis
2429:
2406:
2393:
2357:
2291:
2281:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2215:
2214:
2173:
2159:
2154:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1916:Wayback Machine
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1743:(1): CD003311.
1730:
1729:
1725:
1718:The Independent
1710:
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1471:
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1393:
1389:
1354:Cerebrovasc Dis
1351:
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1269:
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1234:
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1205:
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1187:
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1177:
1176:
1169:
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1143:
1142:
1138:
1101:
1094:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1023:
1022:
1018:
980:
979:
975:
939:
938:
934:
890:
889:
885:
881:
863:Hypothermia cap
849:
813:carbon monoxide
805:Wernicke's area
789:
755:brain chemistry
720:anti-convulsant
680:
621:Hypemic hypoxia
606:Hypoxic hypoxia
543:
533:
528:
517:
511:
477:Low heart rate.
437:breech position
394:
388:
239:deep-water dive
214:
202:hypoxic hypoxia
154:
119:Cases of total
112:cell death via
98:cerebral anoxia
62:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cerebral anoxia
15:
12:
11:
5:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3971:
3970:
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3963:
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3957:
3956:
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3941:
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3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3872:Blood pressure
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3722:Varicose veins
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3635:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3585:Spider angioma
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3567:Vascular nevus
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3545:Telangiectasia
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3480:Aortic rupture
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3445:
3443:
3441:pseudoaneurysm
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:Oxycholesterol
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3284:
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3127:
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3121:
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3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
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3066:
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3051:
3050:
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3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
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3008:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
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2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:Cerebral edema
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:Template:Sleep
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
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2845:
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2806:
2800:
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2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2751:
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2739:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2699:Leigh syndrome
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2645:
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2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
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2473:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2435:
2433:
2426:Extrapyramidal
2419:
2410:
2408:encephalopathy
2399:
2398:
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2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
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2293:
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2285:nervous system
2282:
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2251:
2250:
2241:
2240:
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2201:
2190:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:Classification
2158:
2157:External links
2155:
2153:
2152:
2117:
2090:
2047:
2022:
1997:
1987:. ScienceDaily
1972:
1940:(4): 218–220.
1920:
1909:Free full text
1893:
1881:
1872:
1851:(6): 834–842.
1825:
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1723:
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1669:
1661:on 2003-09-21.
1646:
1626:
1591:
1568:
1559:
1538:(8): 493–495.
1518:
1496:
1469:
1428:
1387:
1360:(3): 280–285.
1344:
1303:
1262:
1227:
1210:(2018-03-08).
1196:
1167:
1136:
1132:NCBI Bookshelf
1092:
1051:
1032:(1): 107–121.
1016:
989:(3): 960–967.
973:
952:(5): 525–534.
932:
882:
880:
877:
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870:
868:Space exposure
865:
860:
855:
848:
845:
841:muscle wasting
788:
785:
679:
676:
675:
674:
662:
647:Cerebral edema
639:cardiac arrest
628:
618:
598:
597:
585:
579:
553:
532:
531:Classification
529:
527:
524:
513:Main article:
510:
507:
506:
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502:
499:
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493:
490:
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472:
457:Sarnat staging
425:umbilical cord
387:
384:
383:
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341:
277:drug overdoses
243:high altitudes
213:
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153:
150:
146:cardiac arrest
142:birth asphyxia
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3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Degos disease
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Reye syndrome
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Hydrocephalus
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2713:Demyelinating
2710:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Restless legs
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:Blepharospasm
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Hemiballismus
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:Brain abscess
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2012:
2011:New Scientist
2008:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
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1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
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1801:
1797:
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1772:
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1762:
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1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1693:on 2007-02-08
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:(3): 583–56.
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
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1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1505:"Parent Info"
1500:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
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1443:
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1172:
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1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
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1124:0-397-51820-X
1121:
1117:
1113:
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818:
814:
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793:
786:
784:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:blood glucose
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:free radicals
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:free radicals
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:defibrilation
701:
697:
693:
688:
685:
677:
672:
668:
667:
663:
660:
656:
655:hydrocephalus
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
608:
607:
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602:
601:
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494:
491:
488:
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466:
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458:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
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415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
346:
345:Silent stroke
342:
339:
335:
334:contralateral
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
300:
298:
294:
293:fainting game
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:strangulation
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
248:
247:unpressurized
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
209:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
170:
167:
158:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:is a form of
83:
75:
72:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3881:Hypertension
3793:Venous ulcer
3699:
3682:
3650:
3638:
3608:Inflammation
3489:
3448:
3337:Hyperplastic
3298:Fatty streak
3241:Inflammation
3156:
3055:
3028:
2989:Degenerative
2726:Inflammatory
2673:
2606:Stiff-person
2444:Parkinsonism
2417:Degenerative
2314:Encephalitis
2297:Inflammation
2287:, primarily
2227:
2203:
2192:
2177:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2106:(2): 78–84.
2103:
2099:
2093:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1975:
1961:cite journal
1950:. Retrieved
1937:
1933:
1923:
1904:
1884:
1875:
1848:
1842:
1835:Saugstad, OD
1828:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1682:
1672:
1659:the original
1649:
1634:
1629:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1407:(1): 21–25.
1404:
1400:
1390:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1159:. Retrieved
1157:. 2007-04-05
1148:
1139:
1111:
1107:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1029:
1025:
1019:
986:
982:
976:
949:
945:
935:
902:
896:
886:
858:Choking game
833:
829:
810:
801:Broca's area
794:
790:
782:
763:
740:
724:
689:
681:
664:
659:brain tissue
643:heart attack
630:
620:
604:
599:
587:
581:
555:
549:
534:
518:
454:
448:in cases of
422:
406:preeclampsia
395:
377:and current
375:hypertension
367:neuroimaging
357:infarcts or
354:brain damage
343:
303:
258:
241:, flying at
215:
206:
199:
189:, seizures,
171:
166:brain tissue
163:
137:
133:
129:
125:
118:
97:
81:
80:
36:
3946:Hypotension
3490:head / neck
3342:Cholesterol
3232:capillaries
3141:Fazio–Londe
2981:Both/either
2775:Generalised
2634:Early-onset
2629:Alzheimer's
2364:spinal cord
2229:MedlinePlus
2036:Mayo Clinic
1891:, Norway.gr
1665:Archive.org
1587:Answers.com
1188:(1.00
1071:(1): 5–13.
1026:Neurol Clin
708:epinephrine
446:suffocation
359:hemorrhages
322:spinal cord
318:focal brain
195:brain death
3973:Categories
3862:Vasculitis
3852:Thrombosis
3813:Angiopathy
3757:Varicocele
3750:Hemorrhoid
3580:Halo nevus
3436:dissection
3227:arterioles
2749:paroxysmal
2721:Autoimmune
2514:Dyskinesia
2384:Meningitis
2362:Brain and
2041:2007-04-13
2016:2007-04-13
1991:2007-04-13
1952:2013-06-06
1791:The Lancet
1697:2007-04-13
1511:28 January
1490:2021-10-05
1221:2007-04-13
1161:2007-04-13
879:References
817:autoimmune
696:heart rate
326:infarction
233:, work in
3616:Phlebitis
3357:Trans fat
3293:Foam cell
3249:Arteritis
3216:(vessels)
2746:Episodic/
2624:Tauopathy
2575:Akathisia
2563:Myoclonus
2546:Athetosis
2478:Tauopathy
2210:389088001
2205:SNOMED CT
2057:Neurology
1757:1465-1858
1577:"Hypoxia"
787:Prognosis
678:Treatment
637:, shock,
564:occlusion
526:Diagnosis
509:Mechanism
492:Weak cry.
221:. Severe
114:apoptosis
69:Specialty
3984:Ischemia
3830:Embolism
3432:Aneurysm
3369:Stenosis
3303:Atheroma
3254:Aortitis
3223:Arteries
3112:SMALED2B
3107:SMALED2A
2804:Migraine
2796:Headache
2762:epilepsy
2758:Seizures
2616:Dementia
2519:Dystonia
2147:12045640
2085:43411074
2077:16682658
1946:23111939
1912:Archived
1867:11385146
1837:(2001).
1820:24825982
1812:15474135
1775:23440789
1683:Approach
1554:19030315
1423:11779883
1382:33095581
1374:12865617
1298:19423857
1087:20130351
1046:16443133
1011:18080596
1003:12627012
968:19277687
927:10558756
919:11600423
873:Ulegyria
847:See also
837:bedsores
803:and the
797:epilepsy
751:Oxidants
743:acidosis
716:seizures
712:atropine
611:windpipe
568:thrombus
560:aneurysm
429:prolapse
418:placenta
369:such as
330:etiology
265:drowning
252:without
235:nitrogen
183:fainting
179:cyanosis
169:result.
110:neuronal
102:ischemia
3651:abdomen
3332:Hyaline
3124:SMA-PME
3119:SMA-PCH
3102:SMALED1
2814:Tension
2809:Cluster
2534:Meige's
2351:Amoebic
2199:D002534
2112:1636327
1766:7003568
1621:3497548
1545:2528639
1464:1519274
1339:1519274
1257:8969785
1214:. U.S.
1153:. U.S.
1110:(eds.)
825:neurons
572:embolus
363:lesions
338:aphasia
295:and in
281:trachea
261:choking
86:hypoxia
32:Hypoxia
3989:Oxygen
2843:Stroke
2657:Pick's
2584:Tremor
2551:Chorea
2234:001435
2145:
2110:
2083:
2075:
1944:
1865:
1818:
1810:
1773:
1763:
1755:
1641:
1619:
1552:
1542:
1462:
1442:Stroke
1421:
1401:Stroke
1380:
1372:
1337:
1317:Stroke
1296:
1276:Stroke
1255:
1237:Stroke
1186:
1122:
1108:et al.
1085:
1044:
1009:
1001:
966:
925:
917:
839:, and
821:myelin
710:, and
635:Stroke
615:asthma
578:(MCA).
433:uterus
350:stroke
287:, and
245:in an
227:anemia
223:asthma
212:Causes
193:, and
90:oxygen
3766:Other
3599:Veins
3449:torso
3391:Other
3157:both:
3089:DSMA1
3084:SMAX2
3079:SMAX1
3059:only:
3032:only:
2936:Other
2858:Other
2770:Focal
2403:Brain
2306:Brain
2188:437.9
2081:S2CID
1816:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1182:(PDF)
1007:S2CID
923:S2CID
412:with
348:is a
289:shock
250:cabin
94:brain
3700:head
3230:and
2760:and
2471:PKAN
2466:NBIA
2194:MeSH
2183:9-CM
2143:PMID
2108:PMID
2073:PMID
1967:link
1942:PMID
1863:PMID
1808:PMID
1771:PMID
1753:ISSN
1741:2013
1639:ISBN
1617:PMID
1550:PMID
1513:2012
1460:PMID
1419:PMID
1370:PMID
1335:PMID
1294:PMID
1253:PMID
1120:ISBN
1083:PMID
1042:PMID
999:PMID
964:PMID
915:PMID
761:").
653:and
641:and
371:fMRI
312:and
187:coma
3347:LDL
3074:SMA
3057:LMN
3030:UMN
3021:MND
2887:CSF
2838:TIA
2483:PSP
2459:NMS
2428:and
2289:CNS
2179:ICD
2135:doi
2065:doi
1853:doi
1800:doi
1796:364
1761:PMC
1745:doi
1609:doi
1605:149
1540:PMC
1450:doi
1409:doi
1362:doi
1325:doi
1284:doi
1245:doi
1190:MiB
1130:at
1073:doi
1034:doi
991:doi
954:doi
950:117
907:doi
903:281
700:CPR
465:MRI
461:EEG
138:HIE
132:).
130:HAI
3975::
3451::
3434:/
3225:,
2998:SA
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