840:, and eighteen cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. It had been proposed that inadvertent injection of COVID-19 vaccine into deltoid muscle vasculature may result in vaccine distribution to distant tissues that may be causing these rare adverse reactions. A causal link with the vaccine, however, had not been proven, but the EMA decided to conduct further analysis and to inform recipients of the remote possibility of such rare syndromes. EMA confirmed that the vaccine's benefits still outweigh the risks and later released updated product information. and issued warnings to patients and healthcare professionals. The British
425:
417:
663:, provided there are no other bleeding risks that would make these treatments unsuitable. Some experts discourage the use of anticoagulation if there is extensive hemorrhage; in that case, they recommend repeating the imaging after 7–10 days. If the hemorrhage has decreased in size, anticoagulants are started, while no anticoagulants are given if there is no reduction.
530:
57:
738:
of nineteen studies in 2006 showed that mortality is about 5.6% during hospitalisation and 9.4% in total, while of the survivors 88% make a total or near-total recovery. After several months, two thirds of the cases has resolution ("recanalisation") of the clot. The rate of recurrence was low (2.8%).
281:
Disorders that cause, or increase the risk for systemic venous thrombosis are associated with central venous thromboses. In children, head and neck infections and acute systemic illnesses are the primary cause of central venous thrombosis. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is more common in particular
696:
guideline recommends that thrombolysis is only used in people who deteriorate despite adequate treatment, and other causes of deterioration have been eliminated. It is unclear which drug and which mode of administration is the most effective. Bleeding into the brain and in other sites of the body is
733:
In 2004 the first adequately large scale study on the natural history and long-term prognosis of this condition was reported; this showed that at 16 months follow-up 57.1% of people had full recovery, 29.5%/2.9%/2.2% had respectively minor/moderate/severe symptoms or impairments, and 8.3% had died.
666:
The duration of warfarin treatment depends on the circumstances and underlying causes of the condition. If the thrombosis developed under temporary circumstances (e.g. pregnancy), three months are regarded as sufficient. If the condition was unprovoked but there are no clear causes or a "mild" form
790:
The first description of thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses is attributed to the French physician Ribes, who in 1825 observed thrombosis of the sagittal sinus and cerebral veins in a man who had had seizures and delirium. Until the second half of the 20th century it remained a diagnosis
485:
employs the same principles, but uses MRI as a scanning modality. MRI has the advantage of being better at detecting damage to the brain itself as a result of the increased pressure on the obstructed veins, but it is not readily available in many hospitals and the interpretation may be difficult.
189:. The neurologic deficits related to central venous thromboses does not necessarily affect one side of the body or one arterial or brain territory as is more common "arterial" strokes. Bilateral 6th cranial nerve palsies may occur, causing abnormalities related to eye movement, but this is rare.
750:
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is rare, with an estimated 3-4 cases per million annual incidence in adults. While it may occur in all age groups, it is most common in the third decade. 75% are female. Given that older studies show no difference in incidence between men and women, it has been
724:
may be used to try to prevent seizures. These situations include focal neurological problems (e.g. inability to move a limb) and focal changes of the brain tissue on CT or MRI scan. Evidence to support or refute the use of antiepileptic drugs as a preventive measure, however, is lacking.
781:
In children, a
Canadian study reported in 2001 that CVST occurs in 6.7 per million annually. 43% occur in the newborn (less than one month old), and a further 10% in the first year of life. Of the newborn, 84% were already ill, mostly from complications after childbirth and dehydration.
496:
with a sheath and advancing a thin tube through the blood vessels to the brain where radiocontrast is injected before X-ray images are obtained. It is therefore only performed if all other tests give unclear results or when other treatments may be administered during the same procedure.
611:: alterations in normal blood flow, injury to the blood vessel wall, and alterations in the constitution of blood (hypercoagulability). Most cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are due to hypercoagulability. The inflammatory response and prolonged immobilization of patients with
466:
or CTV), has a detection rate that in some regards exceeds that of MRI. The test involves injection into a vein (usually in the arm) of a radioopaque substance, and time is allowed for the bloodstream to carry it to the cerebral veins – at which point the scan is performed. It has a
646:
to suppress blood clot formation in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Before these trials had been conducted, there had been a concern that small areas of hemorrhage in the brain would bleed further as a result of treatment; the studies showed that this concern was unfounded.
813:
The
British gynecologist Stansfield is credited with the introduction, in 1942, of the just recently introduced anticoagulant heparin in the treatment of CVST in 1942. Clinical trials in the 1990s finally resolved the concern about using anticoagulants in most cases of CVST.
734:
Severe impairment or death were more likely in those aged over 37 years, male, affected by coma, mental status disorder, intracerebral hemorrhage, thrombosis of the deep cerebral venous system, central nervous system infection and cancer. A subsequent
587:
haemorrhages that may merge into large haematomas. Thrombosis of the sinuses is the main mechanism behind the increase in intracranial pressure due to decreased resorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The condition does not typically lead to
2891:
2868:
1068:
Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Bousser MG, Ji X, CanhĂŁo P, Roos YB, Crassard I, Nunes AP, Uyttenboogaart M, Chen J, Emmer BJ, Roosendaal SD, Houdart E, Reekers JA, van den Berg R, de Haan RJ, Majoie CB, Ferro JM, Stam J (1 August 2020).
592:, however, because there is no difference in pressure between various parts of the brain. However, those who have deep cerebral venous sinus thrombosis or oedema at basal ganglia are more prone to hydrocephalus development.
1726:
Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, Fang MC, Fisher M, Furie KL, Heck DV, Johnston SC, Kasner SE, Kittner SJ, Mitchell PH, Rich MW, Richardson D, Schwamm LH, Wilson JA (July 2014).
2724:
2710:
150:(MRI) to demonstrate obstruction of the venous sinuses. After confirmation of the diagnosis, investigations may be performed to determine the underlying cause, especially if one is not readily apparent.
633:
Central venous thromboses usually involve the dural sinuses with or without involvement of the cortical veins; isolated cortical venous thromboses are extremely rare with only about 100 cases reported.
770:(examination of the body after death) in nine percent of all people. Many of these were elderly and had neurological symptoms in the period leading up to their death, and many developed concomitant
517:
In most cases, the direct cause for the cerebral sinus thrombosis is not readily apparent. Identifying a source of infection is crucial; it is common practice to screen for various forms of
682:. In cases of VITT, intravenous immune globulins (IVIG) are recommended as they block the anti-PF4 antibody interaction with platelets and a non-heparin anticoagulant. In refractory cases,
844:(MHRA) confirmed 79 cases of thrombosis, including 19 fatalities, within the first 20 million vaccinations in Great Britain. Guidelines on management of suspected cases was issued by the
823:
1704:
692:(removal of the blood clot with "clot buster" medication) has been described, either systemically by injection into a vein or directly into the clot during angiography. The 2006
2751:
841:
2591:
856:
in the United States due to six cases of CVST that occurred 6 to 13 days after administration. The recommended pause was lifted on 23 April 2021 following a safety review.
3030:
1022:
1375:
Zuurbier SM, Arnold M, Middeldorp S, Broeg-Morvay A, Silvis SM, Heldner MR, Meisterernst J, Nemeth B, Meulendijks ER, Stam J, Cannegieter SC, Coutinho JM (1 May 2016).
249:
Focal neurologic deficits may occur hours to days after the headache in 50% of cases, this may present as hemiparesis (unilateral weakness) if due to infarction of the
670:
Heparin and platelet transfusions should not be used as a treatment for any form of cerebral venous thrombosis caused by immune thrombotic thrombocytopenias including
475:
of 81–100% (it would be incorrectly positive in 0–19%). In the first two weeks, the "empty delta sign" may be observed (in later stages, this sign may disappear). The
2476:
904:
Al Rawahi B, Almegren M, Carrier M (September 2018). "The efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in cerebral vein thrombosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
563:. In cerebral venous thrombosis, blood clots usually form both in the veins of the brain and the venous sinuses. The thrombosis of the veins themselves causes venous
742:
In children with CVST the risk of death is high. Poor outcome is more likely if a child with CVST develops seizures or has evidence of venous infarction on imaging.
2989:
2507:"Inadvertent injection of COVID-19 vaccine into deltoid muscle vasculature may result in vaccine distribution to distance tissues and consequent adverse reactions"
675:
693:
165:(enzymatic destruction of the blood clot) or mechanical thrombectomy is used, although evidence for this therapy is limited. The disease may be complicated by
3484:
697:
a major concern in the use of thrombolysis. American guidelines make no recommendation with regards to thrombolysis, stating that more research is needed.
215:
In the elderly, many of the aforementioned symptoms may not occur. Common symptoms in the elderly with this condition are otherwise unexplained changes in
4057:
849:
181:
Nine in ten people with cerebral venous thrombosis have a headache; this tends to worsen over the period of several days, but may also develop suddenly (
667:
of thrombophilia, 6 to 12 months is advised. If there is a severe underlying thrombosis disorder, warfarin treatment may need to continue indefinitely.
2622:
196:, although it is more common in women who develop sinus thrombosis peripartum (in the period before and after giving birth). These are mostly seizures
1071:"Effect of Endovascular Treatment With Medical Management vs Standard Care on Severe Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: The TO-ACT Randomized Clinical Trial"
2781:
833:
492:
may demonstrate smaller clots than CT or MRI, and obstructed veins may give the "corkscrew appearance". This, however, requires puncture of the
185:). The headache may be the only symptom. Many have symptoms of stroke: inability to move one or more limbs, weakness on one side of the face or
3023:
1978:"Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT)"
837:
3829:
2562:
3834:
3282:
2711:"MHRA issues new advice, concluding a possible link between COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca and extremely rare, unlikely to occur blood clots"
807:
2824:
238:) which may be experienced as visual obscurations. In severely raised intracranial pressure, the level of consciousness is decreased, the
50:
sinus thrombosis, (superior) sagittal sinus thrombosis, dural sinus thrombosis, intracranial venous thrombosis, cerebral thrombophlebitis
340:
2752:"Guidance produced from the Expert Haematology Panel (EHP) focussed on Covid-19 Vaccine induced Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia (VITT)"
2145:
Daif A, Awada A, al-Rajeh S, et al. (1 July 1995). "Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults. A study of 40 cases from Saudi Arabia".
3277:
3078:
440:
and venous infarction may be apparent on any modality, but for the detection of the thrombus itself, the most commonly used tests are
2058:
Jackson BF, Porcher FK, Zapton DT, Losek JD (September 2011). "Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children: diagnosis and treatment".
3068:
3016:
2477:"COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: benefits still outweigh the risks despite possible link to rare blood clots with low blood platelets"
795:
and others allowed for the clinical diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis, using characteristic signs and symptoms and results of
3601:
752:
671:
509:
blood test and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. This association however is not strong enough to rule out the diagnosis alone.
3616:
3477:
3229:
3073:
848:; it discouraged the use of heparin until it was clearer that heparin would not aggravate the thrombosis. On 13 April 2021 the
845:
3935:
2803:"FDA and CDC Lift Recommended Pause on Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 Vaccine Use Following Thorough Safety Review"
482:
3428:
1332:
Silvis S, Middeldorp S, Zuurbier S, Cannegieter S, Coutinho J (6 June 2016). "Risk
Factors for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis".
555:, both the superficial veins and the deep venous system, empty into the dural venous sinuses, which carry blood back to the
3747:
3234:
3972:
3093:
4052:
3677:
2993:
2968:
656:
158:
84:
3161:
630:. An analysis of earlier case reports concludes that this occurs in about 10% of cases, but has a very poor prognosis.
404:
and focal neurological abnormalities, or when alternative causes of headache and neurological abnormalities, such as a
4067:
4062:
3789:
3779:
3367:
2387:
Ray BS, Dunbar HS, Dotter CT (January 1951). "Dural sinus venography as an aid to diagnosis in intracranial disease".
648:
400:
The diagnosis may be suspected on the basis of the symptoms, for example the combination of headache, signs of raised
4168:
3819:
3794:
3611:
3540:
3470:
3203:
3136:
2182:"The syndrome of latent cerebral venous thrombosis: its frequency and relation to age and congestive heart failure"
445:
312:
147:
4193:
4136:
3784:
3737:
3587:
3550:
3272:
3239:
3131:
3121:
2627:
2599:
2567:
2481:
829:
701:
3945:
3940:
1471:
Smith E, Kumar V (June 2018). "BET 1: Does a normal D-dimer rule out cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)?".
4178:
3991:
3764:
3742:
3359:
3310:
3157:
2910:
1919:"Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after intracranial venous thrombosis"
1862:"Efficacy of stenting in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis-related cerebral venous sinus stenosis"
853:
720:). Venous stenting is emerging as a minimally invasive, safer alternative to shunting. In certain situations,
704:
is sometimes required. Raised intracranial pressure, if severe or threatening vision, may require therapeutic
700:
In those where a venous infarct or hemorrhage causes significant compression of surrounding brain structures,
802:
Improvements on the diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in life were made with the introduction of
4233:
4215:
3697:
3692:
3656:
3626:
3401:
3349:
3305:
3219:
3148:
3039:
405:
4205:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4014:
3950:
3592:
3493:
346:
220:
760:
320:
4210:
3955:
3814:
3806:
3774:
3661:
3423:
2802:
541:
401:
227:
166:
3152:
868:
was hospitalized on 30 December 2012, for anticoagulation treatment of venous thrombosis of the right
4124:
4119:
3923:
3715:
3183:
537:
533:
489:
205:
182:
116:
1567:
759:
found a substantially larger incidence at 7 cases per 100,000; this was attributed to the fact that
4200:
3967:
3446:
3324:
3262:
3173:
2895:
2653:"CoViD vaccines and thrombotic events: EMA issued warning to patients and healthcare professionals"
709:
472:
468:
455:
441:
316:
143:
4114:
4024:
3606:
3385:
3224:
2544:
2083:
1899:
1630:
1496:
1357:
1273:
1207:
1050:
972:
929:
627:
373:
305:
209:
608:
1729:"Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack"
872:, which is located at the base of the brain. Clinton's thrombotic episode was discovered on an
3905:
3854:
3754:
3344:
3339:
3178:
3126:
2921:
2692:
2674:
2536:
2528:
2453:
2404:
2369:
2317:
2268:
2203:
2162:
2127:
2075:
2040:
1999:
1958:
1891:
1883:
1842:
1791:
1750:
1687:
1669:
1622:
1545:
1488:
1450:
1398:
1349:
1314:
1265:
1199:
1149:
1100:
1042:
964:
921:
735:
679:
336:
136:
69:
3910:
3559:
3098:
3088:
3051:
3008:
2682:
2664:
2518:
2443:
2435:
2396:
2359:
2351:
2307:
2299:
2258:
2193:
2154:
2117:
2067:
2030:
1989:
1948:
1938:
1930:
1873:
1832:
1822:
1781:
1740:
1677:
1661:
1612:
1579:
1535:
1527:
1480:
1440:
1432:
1388:
1341:
1304:
1255:
1191:
1139:
1131:
1120:"Headache as the only neurological sign of cerebral venous thrombosis: a series of 17 cases"
1090:
1082:
1034:
956:
913:
869:
476:
424:
286:
Thrombophilia, a tendency to develop blood clots due to abnormalities in coagulation, e.g.
4260:
4102:
4097:
4009:
3732:
3687:
3567:
3083:
881:
865:
796:
792:
705:
683:
643:
384:
287:
258:
1811:"Role of Decompressive Craniectomy in the Management of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis"
17:
428:
A dural venous sinus thrombosis of the transverse sinus. Greater on the right than left.
4151:
4001:
3864:
3824:
3759:
3720:
3631:
3257:
3103:
2687:
2652:
2448:
2423:
2364:
2339:
2312:
2287:
1994:
1977:
1953:
1918:
1837:
1810:
1682:
1649:
1617:
1600:
1540:
1515:
1445:
1420:
1309:
1292:
1144:
1119:
1095:
1070:
947:
Silvis S, Aguiar de Sousa D, Ferro J, Coutinho J (2017). "Cerebral venous thrombosis".
721:
717:
572:
552:
493:
437:
416:
389:
239:
197:
170:
124:
2904:
1809:
Avanali R, Gopalakrishnan MS, Devi BI, Bhat DI, Shukla DP, Shanbhag NC (15 May 2019).
836:, general blood clotting rates were normal, but that it had identified seven cases of
4254:
4019:
3682:
2548:
2523:
2439:
1260:
1243:
1211:
771:
589:
568:
545:
518:
459:
270:
266:
254:
216:
154:
2950:
2900:
2087:
1903:
1878:
1861:
1634:
1601:"Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a syndrome rediscovered"
1500:
1361:
1277:
1054:
976:
933:
4160:
4072:
3887:
3577:
3520:
3462:
1934:
1665:
917:
756:
713:
689:
604:
556:
479:
is characterized by enhancement of the dural wall without intra-sinus enhancement.
433:
299:
250:
162:
2623:"COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca: Risk of thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders"
1484:
2915:
2563:"COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca – Update on ongoing evaluation of blood clot cases"
2071:
1786:
1769:
1745:
1728:
1393:
1376:
1086:
4225:
3621:
2953:
2122:
2105:
1436:
596:
378:
355:
243:
231:
2669:
2035:
2018:
1568:"Cerebral venous thrombosis and COVID-19: A silent killer during the pandemic?"
4141:
4131:
4092:
4036:
4029:
3859:
3195:
3113:
2926:
2885:
2881:
2725:"Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Incidence Is Higher Than Previously Thought"
2400:
1531:
1514:
Zuurbier SM, van den Berg R, Troost D, Majoie CB, Stam J, Coutinho JM (2015).
960:
877:
832:(EMA) announced that out of the around 20 million people who had received the
803:
775:
564:
351:
329:
235:
201:
112:
2972:
2678:
2532:
2158:
1887:
1827:
1673:
1135:
3895:
3636:
3572:
3528:
3511:
3506:
3377:
2945:
2877:
2263:
2246:
1584:
1566:
Gutiérrez-Zevallos JD, Guarniz-Huamán DA, Sánchez-Landers M (8 April 2021).
359:
325:
295:
291:
74:
2696:
2540:
2457:
2408:
2373:
2355:
2321:
2303:
2198:
2181:
2131:
2079:
2044:
2003:
1962:
1895:
1846:
1795:
1754:
1691:
1549:
1492:
1454:
1402:
1353:
1345:
1318:
1269:
1203:
1153:
1104:
1046:
968:
925:
880:
she had sustained 2.5 weeks previously, when she fell while suffering from
529:
2424:"Thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses as a cause of pseudotumor cerebri"
2272:
2207:
2166:
1626:
1195:
4109:
3711:
3648:
3582:
3533:
3415:
3168:
2506:
1244:"EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis"
1038:
873:
660:
619:
612:
584:
449:
128:
2860:
1943:
1709:
420:
CT venogram showing a filling defect in the sagittal sinus (black arrow)
3300:
2782:"Joint CDC and FDA Statement on Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine"
767:
755:
in women is behind the disparity between the sexes. A 1995 report from
652:
506:
262:
193:
186:
1976:
Ferro JM, CanhĂŁo P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F (2004).
1291:
Ferro JM, CanhĂŁo P, Bousser MG, Stam J, Barinagarrementeria F (2005).
212:(persistent or recurrent seizure activity for a long period of time).
27:
Presence of a blood clot in the dural venous sinuses or cerebral veins
3502:
3267:
3043:
2872:
607:. The three major mechanisms for such an imbalance are enumerated in
600:
169:, which may warrant surgical intervention such as the placement of a
132:
135:
such as weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body, and
763:, which increases risk of CVST, is more common in the Middle East.
282:
situations. 85% of people have at least one of these risk factors:
56:
3846:
3060:
2019:"Natural history of cerebral vein thrombosis: a systematic review"
560:
528:
423:
415:
120:
2990:"Clinical guideline Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Children"
1182:
Ropper AH, Klein JP (1 July 2021). "Cerebral Venous
Thrombosis".
810:, which has similar presenting signs and symptoms in many cases.
3878:
3143:
2825:"Hillary Clinton expected to make full recovery from blood clot"
774:. An estimated 0.3% incidence of CVST in patients infected with
623:
3466:
3012:
1118:
Cumurciuc R, Crassard I, Sarov M, Valade D, Bousser MG (2005).
1648:
Coutinho J, de Bruijn SF, Deveber G, Stam J (10 August 2011).
1293:"Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in elderly patients"
674:(HIT), auto-immune heparin induced thrombocytopenia (aHIT) or
448:(MRI), both using various types of radiocontrast to perform a
370:
Obesity, especially in combination with oral contraceptive use
2245:
Bousser MG, Chiras J, Bories J, Castaigne P (1 March 1985).
1860:
Li K, Ren M, Meng R, Ding Y, Rajah GB, Wang F, Ji X (2019).
471:
of 75–100% (it detects 75–100% of all clots present), and a
204:(occurring on one side), but occasionally the seizures are
2221:
Ribes MF (1825). "Des recherches faites sur la phlebite".
1242:
Einhäupl K, Bousser MG, de Bruijn SF, et al. (2006).
571:
and therefore insufficient blood supply). This results in
436:
investigations that may detect cerebral sinus thrombosis.
2104:
deVeber G, Andrew M, Adams C, et al. (August 2001).
1768:
Martinelli I, Franchini M, Mannucci PM (September 2008).
2340:"Puerperal cerebral thrombophlebitis treated by heparin"
824:
Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination
791:
generally made after death. In the 1940s, reports by Dr
354:
and infections of the ear, nose and throat area such as
2471:
2469:
2467:
1650:"Anticoagulation for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis"
618:
It is possible for the clot to break off and migrate (
1705:
National
Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
2850:
1599:
Diaz JM, Schiffman JS, Urban ES, Maccario M (1992).
1421:"Investigating suspected cerebral venous thrombosis"
308:, a kidney problem causing protein loss in the urine
4224:
4159:
4150:
4085:
4045:
4000:
3904:
3886:
3877:
3845:
3805:
3710:
3670:
3647:
3558:
3549:
3519:
3501:
3439:
3414:
3394:
3376:
3358:
3332:
3323:
3293:
3250:
3212:
3194:
3112:
3059:
3050:
2936:
2854:
1377:"Risk of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Obese Women"
842:
Medicines and
Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
157:(medications that suppress blood clotting) such as
80:
68:
42:
37:
2017:Dentali F, Gianni M, Crowther MA, Ageno W (2006).
806:in 1951, which also aided in the distinction from
678:(VITT) due to unpredictable effects of heparin on
676:vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia
2247:"Cerebral venous thrombosis—a review of 38 cases"
595:Any blood clot forms due to an imbalance between
536:bordered by hard meninges (shown in blue) direct
766:A 1973 report found that CVST could be found on
1023:"Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses"
716:treatment (optic nerve sheath fenestration or
599:(the formation of the insoluble blood protein
3478:
3024:
2969:"Intracranial venous thrombosis – Patient UK"
2657:Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice
2592:"Annex 1: Summary of Product Characteristics"
2333:
2331:
1917:Price M, GĂĽnther A, Kwan JS (21 April 2016).
1516:"Hydrocephalus in cerebral venous thrombosis"
694:European Federation of Neurological Societies
642:Various studies have investigated the use of
615:may also help explain the formation of CVST.
8:
2106:"Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children"
1466:
1464:
1414:
1412:
367:Medical procedures in the head and neck area
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
4156:
4058:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
3883:
3555:
3516:
3485:
3471:
3463:
3329:
3056:
3031:
3017:
3009:
2851:
2240:
2238:
2236:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
850:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
452:and visualise the veins around the brain.
131:, visual symptoms, any of the symptoms of
55:
34:
2750:Expert Haematology Panel (7 April 2021).
2686:
2668:
2522:
2447:
2363:
2311:
2262:
2197:
2121:
2034:
1993:
1952:
1942:
1877:
1836:
1826:
1785:
1744:
1721:
1719:
1681:
1616:
1583:
1539:
1444:
1392:
1308:
1259:
1143:
1094:
139:, which occur in around 40% of patients.
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
899:
897:
680:anti-platelet factor-4 antibodies (PF-4)
2099:
2097:
1923:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1654:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
893:
335:Particular blood disorders, especially
311:Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as
127:, or both. Symptoms may include severe
1866:Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
838:disseminated intravascular coagulation
659:in the initial treatment, followed by
3830:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1561:
1559:
1334:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
261:. Focal deficits may also present as
7:
3835:Generalized essential telangiectasia
3283:Partial anterior circulation infarct
2422:Ray BS, Dunbar HS (September 1951).
1770:"How I treat rare venous thromboses"
808:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
521:(a propensity to form blood clots).
505:There is an association between the
345:Use of estrogen-containing forms of
101:cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis
1184:The New England Journal of Medicine
834:Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
381:, primarily in infants and children
364:Direct injury to the venous sinuses
341:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
198:affecting only one part of the body
3278:Total anterior circulation infarct
3079:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
1995:10.1161/01.STR.0000117571.76197.26
1618:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05106.x
1310:10.1161/01.STR.0000177894.05495.54
25:
3069:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
2761:. British Society for Haematology
567:(damage to brain tissue due to a
538:blood outflow from cerebral veins
246:and there is abnormal posturing.
3985:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
3452:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2988:UCH Institute for Child Health.
2524:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141119
2440:10.1097/00000658-195113430-00009
1261:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01398.x
1124:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
672:Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
93:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
38:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
3230:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
3074:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
2729:The British Government (gov.uk)
1879:10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014328
846:British Society for Haematology
332:(the period after giving birth)
3936:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2572:(Press release). 25 March 2021
2486:(Press release). 18 March 2021
1935:10.1002/14651858.cd005501.pub4
1666:10.1002/14651858.CD002005.pub2
918:10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.023
269:(responsible for draining the
1:
3748:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
3602:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
3235:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
2731:(Press release). 7 April 2021
2651:Merchant HA (24 March 2021).
2286:Symonds CP (September 1940).
1710:Clinical guideline 68: Stroke
1485:10.1136/emermed-2018-207777.1
1419:Smith R, Hourihan MD (2007).
483:Magnetic resonance venography
4053:Chronic venous insufficiency
3678:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
2511:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2338:Stansfield FR (April 1942).
2072:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31822c9ccc
1787:10.1182/blood-2008-07-165969
1746:10.1161/STR.0000000000000024
1572:Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatria
1394:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0001
1087:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1022
657:low molecular weight heparin
649:Clinical practice guidelines
167:raised intracranial pressure
159:low molecular weight heparin
153:Treatment is typically with
142:The diagnosis is usually by
119:(which drain blood from the
85:Low molecular weight heparin
4068:Inferior vena cava syndrome
4063:Superior vena cava syndrome
3790:Vertebral artery dissection
3780:Intracranial berry aneurysm
2288:"Cerebral thrombophlebitis"
2123:10.1056/NEJM200108093450604
1437:10.1136/bmj.39154.636968.47
583:edema), and leads to small
4277:
4169:Hypertensive heart disease
3820:Arteriovenous malformation
3795:Familial aortic dissection
3204:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
3137:Lateral medullary syndrome
2670:10.1186/s40545-021-00315-w
2505:Merchant H (1 July 2022).
2036:10.1182/blood-2005-12-4795
1473:Emergency Medicine Journal
821:
751:suggested that the use of
446:magnetic resonance imaging
313:inflammatory bowel disease
148:magnetic resonance imaging
105:cerebral venous thrombosis
4194:Renovascular hypertension
4137:Hepatic artery thrombosis
3785:Carotid artery dissection
3738:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
3588:Intermittent claudication
3551:Peripheral artery disease
3429:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
3273:Transient ischemic attack
3240:Subclavian steal syndrome
3132:Medial medullary syndrome
3122:Brainstem stroke syndrome
2628:European Medicines Agency
2600:European Medicines Agency
2568:European Medicines Agency
2482:European Medicines Agency
2401:10.3171/jns.1951.8.1.0023
2066:(9): 874–80, quiz 881–3.
1532:10.1007/s00415-015-7652-4
961:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.104
830:European Medicines Agency
702:decompressive craniectomy
257:which are drained by the
228:pressure around the brain
63:
54:
18:Cerebral sinus thrombosis
4179:Hypertensive nephropathy
3992:Post-thrombotic syndrome
3973:Paget–Schroetter disease
3765:Coronary artery aneurysm
3743:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
3311:Transient global amnesia
3158:Lateral pontine syndrome
3094:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
3040:Cerebrovascular diseases
2159:10.1161/01.str.26.7.1193
1828:10.3389/fneur.2019.00511
1136:10.1136/jnnp.2004.056275
876:done for follow-up of a
864:U.S. Secretary of State
854:Janssen COVID-19 vaccine
208:and rarely they lead to
111:), is the presence of a
4234:Orthostatic hypotension
4216:White coat hypertension
3693:Fibromuscular dysplasia
3657:Carotid artery stenosis
3402:Intracranial hemorrhage
3220:Carotid artery stenosis
3149:Medial pontine syndrome
2264:10.1161/01.str.16.2.199
2180:Towbin A (1 May 1973).
1585:10.20453/rnp.v84i1.3933
406:subarachnoid hemorrhage
4206:Pulmonary hypertension
4189:Secondary hypertension
4184:Essential hypertension
4174:Hypertensive emergency
4015:Portacaval anastomosis
3951:Portal vein thrombosis
3593:Critical limb ischemia
3494:Cardiovascular disease
2356:10.1136/bmj.1.4239.436
2304:10.1136/bmj.2.4158.348
2199:10.1161/01.str.4.3.419
1815:Frontiers in Neurology
1346:10.1055/s-0036-1584132
852:paused the use of the
708:(removal of excessive
548:
429:
421:
408:, have been excluded.
347:hormonal contraception
221:level of consciousness
4211:Systolic hypertension
3956:Renal vein thrombosis
3815:Arteriovenous fistula
3807:Vascular malformation
3775:Intracranial aneurysm
3662:Renal artery stenosis
3424:Intracranial aneurysm
3213:Extracranial arteries
1196:10.1056/NEJMra2106545
542:internal jugular vein
532:
462:in the venous phase (
427:
419:
402:intracranial pressure
302:, or related problems
4125:Paradoxical embolism
4120:Cholesterol embolism
3946:May–Thurner syndrome
3941:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3924:Deep vein thrombosis
3919:primarily lower limb
3698:Raynaud's phenomenon
3360:Cerebral/Intra-axial
3306:Binswanger's disease
2223:Rev. Med. Fr. Etrang
2060:Pediatr. Emerg. Care
1520:Journal of Neurology
1039:10.1056/NEJMra042354
534:Dural venous sinuses
490:Cerebral angiography
265:or confusion if the
183:thunderclap headache
117:dural venous sinuses
4201:Benign hypertension
3447:Cerebral vasculitis
3325:Haemorrhagic stroke
3263:Cerebral infarction
906:Thrombosis Research
878:cerebral concussion
828:In March 2021, the
753:oral contraceptives
710:cerebrospinal fluid
456:Computed tomography
442:computed tomography
192:40% of people have
187:difficulty speaking
144:computed tomography
4115:Pulmonary embolism
4025:Esophageal varices
3963:upper limb / torso
3607:Arteriolosclerosis
3386:Duret haemorrhages
2996:on 2 February 2009
2937:External resources
1605:Acta Neurol. Scand
628:pulmonary embolism
559:and thence to the
553:veins of the brain
549:
432:There are various
430:
422:
374:Sickle cell anemia
306:Nephrotic syndrome
230:may rise, causing
210:status epilepticus
177:Signs and symptoms
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4086:Arteries or veins
4081:
4080:
3906:Venous thrombosis
3873:
3872:
3855:Cherry hemangioma
3755:Aortic dissection
3706:
3705:
3541:Buerger's disease
3460:
3459:
3410:
3409:
3319:
3318:
3184:Claude's syndrome
3179:Benedikt syndrome
2963:
2962:
2829:Los Angeles Times
2350:(4239): 436–438.
736:systematic review
337:polycythemia vera
234:(swelling of the
90:
89:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4268:
4157:
3968:Mondor's disease
3911:Thrombophlebitis
3884:
3560:Arteriosclerosis
3556:
3517:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3368:Intraventricular
3330:
3174:Weber's syndrome
3099:Watershed stroke
3089:Moyamoya disease
3057:
3052:Ischaemic stroke
3033:
3026:
3019:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2992:. Archived from
2984:
2982:
2980:
2971:. Archived from
2852:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2672:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2298:(4158): 348–52.
2283:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1739:(7): 2160–2236.
1723:
1714:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1620:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1263:
1239:
1216:
1215:
1179:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1018:
981:
980:
944:
938:
937:
901:
870:transverse sinus
818:COVID-19 vaccine
761:Behçet's disease
477:empty delta sign
321:Behçet's disease
290:, deficiency of
244:heart rate falls
219:and a depressed
59:
46:Cerebral venous
35:
21:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4238:
4220:
4146:
4103:Microangiopathy
4098:Macroangiopathy
4077:
4041:
4010:Gastric varices
3996:
3909:
3900:
3869:
3841:
3801:
3733:Aortic aneurysm
3719:
3702:
3688:Erythromelalgia
3666:
3643:
3568:Atherosclerosis
3545:
3509:
3497:
3491:
3461:
3456:
3435:
3406:
3390:
3372:
3354:
3315:
3289:
3246:
3208:
3190:
3108:
3084:Amaurosis fugax
3046:
3037:
2999:
2997:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2932:
2931:
2863:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2713:. 7 April 2021.
2709:
2708:
2704:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2632:. 24 March 2021
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2110:N. Engl. J. Med
2103:
2102:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1929:(4): CD005501.
1916:
1915:
1911:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1780:(13): 4818–23.
1767:
1766:
1762:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1713:. London, 2008.
1703:
1699:
1660:(8): CD002005.
1647:
1646:
1642:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1431:(7597): 794–5.
1418:
1417:
1410:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1241:
1240:
1219:
1181:
1180:
1161:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1027:N. Engl. J. Med
1021:Stam J (2005).
1020:
1019:
984:
946:
945:
941:
903:
902:
895:
890:
882:gastroenteritis
866:Hillary Clinton
862:
826:
820:
797:lumbar puncture
793:Charles Symonds
788:
748:
731:
722:anticonvulsants
706:lumbar puncture
684:plasma exchange
644:anticoagulation
640:
609:Virchow's triad
527:
515:
503:
414:
398:
385:Homocysteinemia
288:factor V Leiden
279:
273:) is affected.
259:vein of Trolard
179:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4154:
4152:Blood pressure
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4002:Varicose veins
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3915:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3865:Spider angioma
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3847:Vascular nevus
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3825:Telangiectasia
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3760:Aortic rupture
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3725:
3723:
3721:pseudoaneurysm
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3632:Oxycholesterol
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3268:Classification
3265:
3260:
3258:Brain ischemia
3254:
3252:
3251:Classification
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:Millard-Gubler
3155:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3104:Lacunar stroke
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2985:
2975:on 12 May 2008
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2907:
2888:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:Classification
2848:
2847:External links
2845:
2842:
2841:
2823:Paul Richter.
2815:
2794:
2772:
2742:
2716:
2702:
2643:
2614:
2583:
2554:
2497:
2463:
2414:
2379:
2327:
2278:
2257:(2): 199–213.
2232:
2213:
2172:
2137:
2093:
2050:
2029:(4): 1129–34.
2009:
1968:
1909:
1872:(3): 307–312.
1852:
1801:
1760:
1715:
1697:
1640:
1591:
1555:
1506:
1479:(6): 396–397.
1460:
1408:
1387:(5): 579–584.
1381:JAMA Neurology
1367:
1340:(6): 622–631.
1324:
1303:(9): 1927–32.
1283:
1248:Eur. J. Neurol
1217:
1159:
1110:
1081:(8): 966–973.
1075:JAMA Neurology
1060:
1033:(17): 1791–8.
982:
955:(9): 555–565.
949:Nat Rev Neurol
939:
892:
891:
889:
886:
861:
858:
819:
816:
787:
784:
747:
744:
730:
727:
651:now recommend
639:
636:
573:cerebral edema
526:
523:
514:
511:
502:
499:
494:femoral artery
438:Cerebral edema
413:
410:
397:
394:
393:
392:
390:Homocystinuria
387:
382:
376:
371:
368:
365:
362:
349:
343:
333:
323:
309:
303:
278:
275:
240:blood pressure
178:
175:
155:anticoagulants
125:cerebral veins
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4273:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Caput medusae
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Degos disease
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:(3): 376–86.
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2192:(3): 419–30.
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:(7): 1193–5.
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2116:(6): 417–23.
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1988:(3): 664–70.
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:(8): 1084–7.
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
898:
894:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:Notable cases
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
817:
815:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
785:
783:
779:
777:
773:
772:heart failure
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
745:
743:
740:
737:
728:
726:
723:
719:
715:
714:neurosurgical
711:
707:
703:
698:
695:
691:
687:
686:may be used.
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
637:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
590:hydrocephalus
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
546:base of skull
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
522:
520:
519:thrombophilia
513:Further tests
512:
510:
508:
500:
498:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
464:CT venography
461:
460:radiocontrast
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
418:
411:
409:
407:
403:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
380:
377:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
361:
357:
353:
350:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
283:
276:
274:
272:
271:temporal lobe
268:
267:vein of Labbe
264:
260:
256:
255:parietal lobe
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
217:mental status
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
176:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
146:(CT scan) or
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4248:
4161:Hypertension
4073:Venous ulcer
3984:
3979:
3962:
3930:
3918:
3888:Inflammation
3769:
3728:
3617:Hyperplastic
3578:Fatty streak
3521:Inflammation
3451:
3350:Subarachnoid
2998:. Retrieved
2994:the original
2977:. Retrieved
2973:the original
2944:
2920:
2909:
2890:
2867:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2775:
2763:. Retrieved
2758:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2728:
2719:
2705:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2598:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2517:(1161): e5.
2514:
2510:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2480:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2395:(1): 23–37.
2392:
2389:J. Neurosurg
2388:
2382:
2347:
2343:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2254:
2250:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2113:
2109:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1944:10722/226344
1926:
1922:
1912:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1736:
1732:
1708:
1700:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1611:(4): 390–6.
1608:
1604:
1594:
1578:(1): 19–24.
1575:
1571:
1526:(4): 931–7.
1523:
1519:
1509:
1476:
1472:
1428:
1424:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1254:(6): 553–9.
1251:
1247:
1190:(1): 59–64.
1187:
1183:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1030:
1026:
952:
948:
942:
909:
905:
863:
827:
812:
801:
789:
780:
765:
757:Saudi Arabia
749:
746:Epidemiology
741:
732:
699:
690:Thrombolysis
688:
669:
665:
641:
632:
626:, causing a
617:
605:fibrinolysis
594:
580:
576:
557:jugular vein
550:
525:Pathogenesis
516:
504:
488:
481:
463:
454:
434:neuroimaging
431:
399:
300:antithrombin
280:
248:
225:
214:
191:
180:
163:thrombolysis
152:
141:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
47:
29:
4226:Hypotension
3770:head / neck
3622:Cholesterol
3512:capillaries
3333:Extra-axial
3225:precerebral
912:: 135–139.
597:coagulation
473:specificity
469:sensitivity
379:Dehydration
356:mastoiditis
242:rises, the
232:papilledema
206:generalised
64:Dural veins
43:Other names
4142:Vasculitis
4132:Thrombosis
4093:Angiopathy
4037:Varicocele
4030:Hemorrhoid
3860:Halo nevus
3716:dissection
3507:arterioles
3196:Cerebellum
3114:Brain stem
3042:including
3000:28 October
2979:28 October
2922:DiseasesDB
2759:BSH.org.uk
2344:Br. Med. J
2292:Br. Med. J
888:References
822:See also:
804:venography
776:SARS-CoV-2
565:infarction
352:Meningitis
330:puerperium
236:optic disc
202:unilateral
161:. Rarely,
113:blood clot
3896:Phlebitis
3637:Trans fat
3573:Foam cell
3529:Arteritis
3496:(vessels)
3378:Brainstem
3153:Foville's
2954:radio/105
2951:neuro/642
2946:eMedicine
2834:1 January
2780:Marks P.
2679:2052-3211
2663:(1): 32.
2549:238229239
2533:0032-5473
2428:Ann. Surg
1888:1759-8486
1674:1469-493X
1212:235697487
729:Prognosis
638:Treatment
622:) to the
585:petechial
581:cytotoxic
577:vasogenic
569:congested
444:(CT) and
396:Diagnosis
360:sinusitis
326:Pregnancy
296:protein S
292:protein C
81:Treatment
75:Neurology
70:Specialty
4255:Category
4110:Embolism
3712:Aneurysm
3649:Stenosis
3583:Atheroma
3534:Aortitis
3503:Arteries
3416:Aneurysm
3345:Subdural
3340:Epidural
3169:Midbrain
2787:13 April
2765:29 April
2697:33761987
2636:25 March
2607:29 March
2576:25 March
2541:34588294
2490:18 March
2458:14869026
2409:14804146
2374:20784169
2322:20783290
2132:11496852
2088:11390572
2080:21926891
2045:16609071
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1692:21833941
1635:29728372
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1403:26974867
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1354:27272966
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1270:16796579
1204:34192432
1154:16024884
1105:32421159
1055:42126852
1047:15858188
977:54526187
969:28820187
934:51876550
926:30056293
874:MRI scan
718:shunting
661:warfarin
620:embolise
613:COVID-19
450:venogram
194:seizures
137:seizures
129:headache
3931:abdomen
3612:Hyaline
3395:General
3301:CADASIL
3127:Medulla
2916:D012851
2808:18 June
2735:8 April
2688:7988638
2449:1802934
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1446:1852020
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768:autopsy
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544:at the
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2570:(EMA)
2545:S2CID
2484:(EMA)
2084:S2CID
2023:Blood
1900:S2CID
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1358:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1208:S2CID
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624:lungs
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3144:Pons
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2981:2007
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