330:
258:
533:
412:
468:
517:
506:
756:
584:. The purpose of this test is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were variable in a systematic review looking at accuracy of the test. An abnormal Pap smear result may lead to a recommendation for
48:
122:) infection is necessary for the development of CIN, but not all with this infection develop cervical cancer. Many women with HPV infection never develop CIN or cervical cancer. Typically, HPV resolves on its own. However, those with an HPV infection that lasts more than one or two years have a higher risk of developing a higher grade of CIN.
345:". This system provides a uniform way to describe abnormal epithelial cells and determine specimen quality, thus providing clear guidance for clinical management. These abnormalities were classified as squamous or glandular and then further classified by the stage of dysplasia: atypical cells, mild, moderate, severe, and carcinoma.
1420:
Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Thomas Cox J, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, et al. (January 2013). "The Lower
Anogenital Squamous Terminology Standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for
849:
Between 250,000 and 1 million
American women are diagnosed with CIN annually. Women can develop CIN at any age but women generally develop it between the ages of 25 and 35. The estimated annual incidence of CIN in the United States among persons who undergo screening is 4% for CIN 1 and 5% for CIN 2
763:
Treatment for CIN 1, mild dysplasia, is not recommended if it lasts fewer than two years. Usually, when a biopsy detects CIN 1, the woman has an HPV infection, which may clear on its own within 12 months. Therefore, it is instead followed for later testing rather than treated. In young women closely
595:
Colposcopy is usually very painful and so researchers have tried to find which pain relief is best for women with CIN to use. Research suggests that the injection of a local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor (medicine that causes blood vessels to narrow) into the cervix may lower blood loss and pain
1144:
International
Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer (2006-09-01). "Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies".
599:
HPV testing can identify most of the high-risk HPV types responsible for CIN. HPV screening happens either as a co-test with the Pap smear or can be done after a Pap smear showing abnormal cells, called reflex testing. Frequency of screening changes based on guidelines from the
Society of Lower
792:
in future pregnancies. Surgical techniques that remove more cervical tissue come with less risk of the cancer recurring but a higher chance of giving birth prematurely. Due to this risk, taking into account the age, childbearing plans of the woman, the size and location of the cancer cells are
2027:
Agorastos T, Miliaras D, Lambropoulos AF, Chrisafi S, Kotsis A, Manthos A, Bontis J (July 2005). "Detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in uterine cervices with coexistent grade I and grade III intraepithelial neoplasia: biologic progression or independent lesions?".
1699:
Athanasiou, Antonios; Veroniki, Areti
Angeliki; Efthimiou, Orestis; Kalliala, Ilkka; Naci, Huseyin; Bowden, Sarah; Paraskevaidi, Maria; Arbyn, Marc; Lyons, Deirdre; Martin-Hirsch, Pierre; Bennett, Phillip; Paraskevaidis, Evangelos; Salanti, Georgia; Kyrgiou, Maria (2022-07-25).
2134:
Bosch FX, Burchell AN, Schiffman M, Giuliano AR, de
Sanjose S, Bruni L, Tortolero-Luna G, Kjaer SK, Muñoz N (August 2008). "Epidemiology and natural history of human papillomavirus infections and type-specific implications in cervical neoplasia".
308:
with directed biopsy is the standard for disease detection. Endocervical brush sampling at the time of Pap smear to detect adenocarcinoma and its precursors is necessary along with doctor/patient vigilance on abdominal symptoms associated with
2323:
2304:
2063:
Hillemanns P, Wang X, Staehle S, Michels W, Dannecker C (February 2006). "Evaluation of different treatment modalities for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): CO(2) laser vaporization, photodynamic therapy, excision and vulvectomy".
767:
The typical threshold for treatment is CIN 2+, although a more restrained approach may be taken for young persons and pregnant women. Treatment for higher-grade CIN involves removal or destruction of the abnormal cervical cells by
552:
and the
American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology came together in 2012 to publish changes in terminology to describe HPV-associated squamous lesions of the anogenital tract as LSIL or HSIL as follows below:
281:, are also commonly seen in CIN. While infection with HPV is needed for development of CIN, most women with HPV infection do not develop high-grade intraepithelial lesions or cancer. HPV is not alone enough causative.
1980:
Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. (April 2013). "2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors".
818:
However most CIN spontaneously regress. Left untreated, about 70% of CIN 1 will regress within one year; 90% will regress within two years. About 50% of CIN 2 cases will regress within two years without treatment.
3280:
800:
are currently undergoing clinical trials. The lifetime recurrence rate of CIN is about 20%, but it isn't clear what proportion of these cases are new infections rather than recurrences of the original infection.
829:
Progression to cancer typically takes 15 years with a range of 3 to 40 years. Also, evidence suggests that cancer can occur without first detectably progressing through CIN grades and that a high-grade
1272:
Soloman D (1989). "The 1988 Bethesda System for reporting cervical/vaginal cytologic diagnoses: developed and approved at the
National Cancer Institute workshop in Bethesda, MD, December 12-13, 1988".
193:
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate
985:
Boda D, Docea AO, Calina D, Ilie MA, Caruntu C, Zurac S, Neagu M, Constantin C, Branisteanu DE, Voiculescu V, Mamoulakis C, Tzanakakis G, Spandidos DA, Drakoulis N, Tsatsakis AM (March 2018).
4097:
1702:"Comparative effectiveness and risk of preterm birth of local treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
3273:
2166:
Monnier-Benoit S, Dalstein V, Riethmuller D, Lalaoui N, Mougin C, Prétet JL (March 2006). "Dynamics of HPV16 DNA load reflect the natural history of cervical HPV-associated lesions".
826:(CIS) occurs in approximately 11% of CIN 1 and 22% of CIN 2 cases. Progression to invasive cancer occurs in approximately 1% of CIN 1, 5% of CIN 2, and at least 12% of CIN 3 cases.
2201:
Kyrgiou M, Mitra A, Arbyn M, Paraskevaidi M, Athanasiou A, Martin-Hirsch PP, et al. (September 2015). Cochrane
Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer Group (ed.).
804:
Research to investigate if prophylactic antibiotics can help prevent infection in women undergoing excision of the cervical transformation zone found a lack of quality evidence.
1619:
1601:
735:
It is important to note that these vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV known to cause cancer. Therefore, screening is still recommended in vaccinated individuals.
3266:
807:
People with HIV and CIN 2+ should be initially managed according to the recommendations for the general population according to the 2012 updated ASCCP consensus guidelines.
1315:
Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, Moriarty A, O'Connor D, Prey M, et al. (April 2002). "The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology".
2754:
1780:"Adverse obstetric outcomes after local treatment for cervical preinvasive and early invasive disease according to cone depth: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2405:
796:
While retinoids are not effective in preventing the progression of CIN, they may be effective in causing regression of disease in people with CIN2. Therapeutic
115:. It can also occur in vaginal walls and vulvar epithelium. CIN is graded on a 1–3 scale, with 3 being the most abnormal (see classification section below).
4102:
3118:
1752:
348:
Depending on several factors and the location of the lesion, CIN can start in any of the three stages and can either progress or regress. The grade of
1564:
1350:
Melnikow J, Nuovo J, Willan AR, Chan BK, Howell LP (October 1998). "Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: a meta-analysis".
837:
Research suggests that treatment does not affect the chances of getting pregnant but it is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage in the
3194:
3103:
329:
2747:
3184:
3075:
945:
887:
257:
4092:
2912:
2874:
1605:
934:
Section 4 Gynecologic
Oncology > Chapter 29. Preinvasive Lesions of the Lower Genital Tract > Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in:
4067:
3113:
2830:
1039:"Clinical course of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 under active surveillance: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2696:
2398:
781:
277:, an area of unstable cervical epithelium that is prone to abnormal changes. Cellular changes associated with HPV infection, such as
3881:
3400:
3199:
3141:
2740:
2670:
2471:
532:
961:
3242:
2798:
2675:
549:
3237:
2514:
349:
2892:
580:
The two screening methods available are the Pap smear and testing for HPV. CIN is usually discovered by a screening test, the
3495:
2420:
560:
178:
119:
2250:
Insinga RP, Glass AG, Rush BB (July 2004). "Diagnoses and outcomes in cervical cancer screening: a population-based study".
234:
Additionally, a number of risk factors have been shown to increase an individual's likelihood of developing CIN 3/carcinoma
205:
gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
2391:
788:. While these surgical methods effectively reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer, they cause an increased risk of
273:, which is essentially undetectable by the woman. The majority of these changes occur at the squamocolumnar junction, or
3080:
2855:
1570:
304:, which is a screening device that allows for an examination of cells but not tissue structure, needed for diagnosis. A
2793:
300:
A test for HPV called the Digene HPV test is highly accurate and serves as both a direct diagnosis and adjuvant to the
4008:
129:, CIN is not cancer and is usually curable. Most cases of CIN either remain stable or are eliminated by the person's
4003:
3736:
3433:
2815:
467:
411:
4052:
3621:
3247:
1829:"Obstetric outcomes after conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial lesions and early invasive disease"
831:
604:
also has screening and treatment guidelines for precancerous cervical lesions and prevention of cervical cancer.
601:
126:
1385:
Nagi CS, Schlosshauer PW (August 2006). "Endocervical glandular involvement is associated with high-grade SIL".
4107:
3388:
3070:
2509:
2342:
108:
3162:
1827:
Kyrgiou M, Athanasiou A, Kalliala IE, Paraskevaidi M, Mitra A, Martin-Hirsch PP, et al. (November 2017).
987:"Human papilloma virus: Apprehending the link with carcinogenesis and unveiling new research avenues (Review)"
3936:
3886:
3842:
3500:
3222:
3108:
2442:
2203:"Fertility and early pregnancy outcomes after conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia"
138:
1576:
1037:
Tainio K, Athanasiou A, Tikkinen KA, Aaltonen R, Cárdenas J, Glazer-Livson S, et al. (February 2018).
563:, a marker for high-risk HPV, is referred to as LSIL. Those that are p16-positive are referred to as HSIL.
3914:
3490:
3329:
3289:
2945:
1876:
Helm, C. William; Lorenz, Douglas J; Meyer, Nicholas J; Rising, William WR; Wulff, Judith L (2013-06-06).
202:
194:
97:
815:
It used to be thought that cases of CIN progressed through grades 1–3 toward cancer in a linear fashion.
3919:
3773:
3716:
3641:
3579:
3440:
3232:
2998:
2902:
2716:
1778:
Kyrgiou M, Athanasiou A, Paraskevaidi M, Mitra A, Kalliala I, Martin-Hirsch P, et al. (July 2016).
536:
337:
Historically, abnormal changes of cervical epithelial cells were described as mild, moderate, or severe
1639:
Martin-Hirsch, Pierre PL; Paraskevaidis, Evangelos; Bryant, Andrew; Dickinson, Heather O (2013-12-04).
3931:
3356:
2820:
2584:
2467:
744:
391:
338:
266:
4042:
3981:
3837:
2940:
2887:
2691:
2327:
785:
516:
274:
104:
1565:"FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV"
3909:
3866:
3832:
3768:
3731:
3636:
3586:
3569:
3537:
3527:
3428:
3383:
3339:
3334:
3189:
3065:
3057:
2882:
2850:
2825:
2598:
2006:
1701:
1446:
1297:
1178:
1126:
619:
588:
of the cervix, an in office procedure during which the cervix is examined under magnification. A
575:
487:
Severe dysplasia with undifferentiated neoplastic cells that span more than 2/3 of the epithelium
2984:
1466:"Pain relief for women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia undergoing colposcopy treatment"
3924:
3822:
3505:
3393:
3006:
2767:
2721:
2519:
2371:
2267:
2232:
2183:
2148:
2116:
2081:
2045:
1998:
1962:
1913:
1895:
1858:
1809:
1731:
1678:
1660:
1546:
1495:
1438:
1402:
1367:
1332:
1289:
1254:
1213:
1170:
1162:
1118:
1068:
1016:
941:
883:
494:
64:
3258:
4047:
3976:
3778:
3606:
3373:
3312:
2837:
2775:
2259:
2222:
2214:
2175:
2140:
2108:
2073:
2037:
1990:
1952:
1944:
1903:
1885:
1848:
1840:
1799:
1791:
1760:
1721:
1713:
1668:
1652:
1536:
1526:
1485:
1477:
1430:
1394:
1359:
1324:
1281:
1244:
1205:
1154:
1110:
1058:
1050:
1006:
998:
838:
285:
284:
Of the over 100 different types of HPV, approximately 40 are known to affect the epithelial
215:
3854:
3797:
3706:
3670:
3611:
3552:
3410:
3321:
3157:
3136:
3090:
3037:
2976:
2964:
2935:
2922:
2605:
2437:
1931:
Kietpeerakool C, Chumworathayi B, Thinkhamrop J, Ussahgij B, Lumbiganon P (January 2017).
1614:
1610:
823:
525:
425:
382:
342:
150:
134:
93:
2732:
1933:"Antibiotics for infection prevention after excision of the cervical transformation zone"
1753:"Prevention of cervical cancer: what are the risks and benefits of different treatments?"
1908:
1877:
520:
Locations of CIN findings can be described in terms of quadrants, or corresponding to a
505:
4029:
3891:
3783:
3743:
3721:
3557:
3420:
3405:
3349:
3176:
3042:
3020:
2950:
2860:
2784:
2615:
2452:
2336:
2227:
2202:
1957:
1932:
1853:
1828:
1804:
1779:
1726:
1673:
1640:
1541:
1514:
1490:
1465:
1063:
1038:
1011:
986:
773:
314:
310:
2332:
2112:
1759:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023-11-10.
1717:
1209:
458:
Represents a mix of low- and high-grade lesions not easily differentiated by histology
433:
Represents a mix of low- and high-grade lesions not easily differentiated by histology
4086:
4037:
3562:
3547:
3510:
3445:
3363:
3214:
3204:
2959:
2630:
2610:
2504:
2462:
2457:
1450:
1363:
789:
777:
182:
130:
2010:
1301:
1182:
1130:
907:"Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners manual"
755:
3956:
3809:
3688:
3596:
3574:
3515:
3450:
3378:
3293:
2930:
2625:
2499:
2494:
2218:
1948:
1890:
1656:
1481:
2144:
17:
2347:
2041:
1994:
1878:"Retinoids for preventing the progression of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia"
1434:
1114:
3961:
3876:
3849:
3813:
3759:
3680:
3665:
3591:
3478:
3455:
3344:
2562:
2447:
2366:
2077:
1398:
1249:
1232:
797:
769:
613:
133:
without need for intervention. However, a small percentage of cases progress to
56:
2263:
1764:
208:
Some groups of women have been found to be at a higher risk of developing CIN:
4062:
3946:
3896:
3818:
3726:
3657:
3542:
3368:
3047:
3029:
2642:
2179:
1844:
585:
521:
305:
112:
69:
1899:
1664:
1328:
1166:
3951:
3941:
3827:
3297:
2665:
2652:
2524:
2317:
2313:
1231:
de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (June 2004).
581:
318:
278:
2271:
2236:
2187:
2152:
2085:
2049:
2002:
1966:
1917:
1862:
1813:
1735:
1682:
1550:
1499:
1442:
1406:
1336:
1258:
1196:
Beutner KR, Tyring S (May 1997). "Human papillomavirus and human disease".
1174:
1122:
1101:
Heard I (January 2009). "Prevention of cervical cancer in women with HIV".
1072:
1020:
2120:
1371:
1293:
1285:
1217:
1002:
4057:
3763:
3227:
3128:
2955:
2592:
2572:
2567:
2541:
906:
461:
CIN 2+ encompasses CIN 2, CIN 3, adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and cancer
301:
289:
743:
Appropriate management with monitoring and treatment is the approach to
2907:
2897:
2554:
2383:
47:
2296:
1795:
1158:
936:
Bradshaw KD, Schorge JO, Schaffer J, Halvorson LM, Hoffman BG (2008).
3698:
3469:
2308:
1531:
1054:
589:
270:
89:
2030:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
292:
area and have different probabilities of causing malignant changes.
317:. The diagnosis of CIN or cervical carcinoma requires a biopsy for
2763:
754:
531:
515:
343:
Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic Diagnoses
328:
256:
2099:
Rapp L, Chen JJ (August 1998). "The papillomavirus E6 proteins".
212:
Infection with a high-risk type of HPV, such as 16, 18, 31, or 33
2484:
3262:
2736:
2387:
455:
Moderate dysplasia confined to the basal 2/3 of the epithelium
198:
1464:
Gajjar K, Martin-Hirsch PP, Bryant A, Owens GL (July 2016).
1086:
DiSaia PJ, Creasman WT (2007). "Invasive cervical cancer.".
504:
466:
158:
Generally, signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include:
1090:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. p. 55.
265:
The earliest microscopic change corresponding to CIN is
88:, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the
2101:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
341:. In 1988 the National Cancer Institute developed "The
1606:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
882:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 718–721.
2286:
1620:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
1602:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
4028:
4021:
3996:
3863:
3796:
3752:
3697:
3679:
3656:
3524:
3477:
3468:
3419:
3320:
3311:
3304:
3213:
3175:
3150:
3127:
3089:
3056:
3028:
3019:
2997:
2975:
2921:
2873:
2808:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2709:
2684:
2650:
2641:
2583:
2553:
2535:
2483:
2430:
2419:
2357:
2290:
834:can occur without first existing as a lower grade.
96:. More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially
63:
37:
32:
764:monitoring CIN 2 lesions also appears reasonable.
4098:Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract
1575:(press release). 10 December 2014. Archived from
878:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN (2007).
747:of cervical cancer in cases of persons with CIN.
111:of the vagina and the columnar epithelium of the
1641:"Surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia"
1423:International Journal of Gynecological Pathology
962:"Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer"
539:invasion is associated with high-grade lesions.
107:of the cervix, a transitional area between the
930:
928:
926:
3274:
2748:
2399:
2252:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
155:There are no specific symptoms of CIN alone.
8:
2022:
2020:
1515:"Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines"
424:High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (
402:High rate of regression back to normal cells
181:infection of the vulva and vagina can cause
2207:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1937:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1833:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1596:
1594:
1470:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
399:Typically corresponds to infection with HPV
396:Confined to the basal 1/3 of the epithelium
381:Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (
174:abnormal appearance or palpation of cervix.
4025:
3802:
3483:
3474:
3317:
3308:
3281:
3267:
3259:
3025:
2805:
2789:
2780:
2755:
2741:
2733:
2647:
2427:
2406:
2392:
2384:
2287:
793:crucial for choosing the right procedure.
675:before sexual debut or shortly thereafter
592:is taken of any abnormal appearing areas.
410:
46:
29:
2697:Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)
2226:
1956:
1907:
1889:
1852:
1803:
1725:
1672:
1540:
1530:
1489:
1248:
1062:
1010:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
499:CIN 3+ encompasses CIN 3, AIS, and cancer
151:Cervical cancer § Signs and symptoms
2671:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
2661:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
624:
357:
3195:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
1882:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1645:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
859:
436:HSIL+ encompasses HSIL, AGC, and cancer
100:transformation of cells of the cervix.
2676:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
2139:. 26 Suppl 10 (Supplement 10): K1-16.
1983:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
1694:
1692:
3185:Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina
3076:Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia
1747:
1745:
1519:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
600:Genital Tract Disorders (ASCCP). The
7:
2913:Sex cord tumour with annular tubules
1421:Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology".
1233:"Classification of papillomaviruses"
1032:
1030:
901:
899:
493:May also be referred to as cervical
168:changes in bladder or bowel function
162:abnormal or post-menopausal bleeding
4068:Persistent genital arousal disorder
2831:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
618:HPV vaccination is the approach to
4103:Papillomavirus-associated diseases
3099:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
3071:Uterine papillary serous carcinoma
782:loop electrical excision procedure
241:Women who give birth before age 17
78:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
33:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
25:
3882:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3401:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
3200:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
3142:Gestational trophoblastic disease
2472:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
1513:Lowy DR, Schiller JT (May 2006).
991:International Journal of Oncology
723:(cause ≈20% of cervical cancers)
666:(cause ≈70% of cervical cancers)
622:of both CIN and cervical cancer.
3243:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
1364:10.1097/00006250-199810001-00046
1198:The American Journal of Medicine
700:Gardasil 9 - nonavalent vaccine
550:College of American Pathologists
139:cervical squamous cell carcinoma
103:CIN most commonly occurs at the
55:Positive visual inspection with
2515:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
1147:International Journal of Cancer
1103:Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS
634:HPV Genotypes Protected Against
350:squamous intraepithelial lesion
92:that could potentially lead to
3496:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
2219:10.1002/14651858.CD008478.pub2
1949:10.1002/14651858.cd009957.pub2
1891:10.1002/14651858.cd003296.pub3
1657:10.1002/14651858.cd001318.pub3
1482:10.1002/14651858.cd006120.pub4
566:CIN 3 is referred to as HSIL.
556:CIN 1 is referred to as LSIL.
490:May involve the full thickness
1:
3119:Villoglandular adenocarcinoma
2145:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.064
2113:10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00009-2
1718:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00334-5
1210:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00178-2
1088:Clinical Gynecologic Oncology
355:CIN is classified in grades:
3592:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
3563:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
3238:Extramammary Paget's disease
3081:Uterine clear-cell carcinoma
2856:Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma
2520:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2168:Journal of Clinical Virology
2042:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.11.024
1995:10.1097/LGT.0b013e318287d329
1571:Food and Drug Administration
1435:10.1097/PGP.0b013e31826916c7
1115:10.1097/COH.0b013e328319bcbe
940:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
726:females and males ages 9–26
658:6, 11 (cause genital warts)
269:, or surface lining, of the
4093:Infectious causes of cancer
4009:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2078:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.08.012
1399:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.12.029
1250:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033
669:females and males age 9-26
559:CIN 2 that is negative for
405:Usually managed expectantly
4124:
4004:Pelvic congestion syndrome
3434:Fallopian tube obstruction
3038:Uterine fibroids/leiomyoma
2893:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour
2816:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
2264:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.043
1765:10.3310/nihrevidence_60599
824:cervical carcinoma in situ
611:
573:
333:Normal cervical epithelium
171:pelvic pain on examination
148:
141:(SCC), if left untreated.
127:intraepithelial neoplasias
4053:Vestibular papillomatosis
3972:
3905:
3805:
3632:
3622:Metropathia haemorrhagica
3486:
3248:Bartholin gland carcinoma
3190:Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma
2846:
2622:Experimental techniques:
2180:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.001
1845:10.1002/14651858.cd012847
1352:Obstetrics and Gynecology
832:intraepithelial neoplasia
674:
655:Gardasil - quadrivalent
602:World Health Organization
54:
45:
3389:Follicular cyst of ovary
2875:Sex cord–gonadal stromal
2794:Glandular and epithelial
2510:Laryngeal papillomatosis
1329:10.1001/jama.287.16.2114
1274:Diagnostic Cytopathology
3887:Sexual arousal disorder
3843:Candidal vulvovaginitis
3501:Endometrial hyperplasia
1613:: an initiative of the
880:Robbins Basic Pathology
524:when the subject is in
364:Corresponding Cytology
248:1 full term pregnancies
105:squamocolumnar junction
59:of the cervix for CIN-1
3330:Endometriosis of ovary
2946:Endodermal sinus tumor
760:
544:Changes in terminology
540:
529:
509:
471:
334:
262:
195:tumor suppressor genes
118:Human papillomavirus (
3774:Vesicouterine fistula
3717:Cervical incompetence
3642:Recurrent miscarriage
3580:Premenstrual syndrome
3441:Fallopian tube cancer
3233:Papillary hidradenoma
3163:Mixed Müllerian tumor
3114:Glassy-cell carcinoma
2903:Granulosa cell tumour
2717:Georgios Papanikolaou
1989:(5 Suppl 1): S1–S27.
1286:10.1002/dc.2840050318
1003:10.3892/ijo.2018.4256
758:
649:Timing Recommendation
535:
519:
508:
470:
332:
260:
224:Multiple sex partners
3932:Rectovaginal fistula
3357:Poor ovarian reserve
3104:Clear-cell carcinoma
2821:Mucinous cystadenoma
2468:Head and neck cancer
2414:Human papillomavirus
2066:Gynecologic Oncology
1387:Gynecologic Oncology
938:Williams' Gynecology
759:Cervical cryotherapy
745:secondary prevention
739:Secondary prevention
680:Cervarix - bivalent
392:epithelial dysplasia
339:epithelial dysplasia
267:epithelial dysplasia
236:in situ (see below):
218:(e.g. HIV infection)
185:or be asymptomatic.
3982:Postcoital bleeding
3910:Urogenital fistulas
3838:Bacterial vaginosis
3491:Asherman's syndrome
2941:Embryonal carcinoma
2888:Sertoli cell tumour
2799:surface epithelial-
2692:Cervical conization
1706:The Lancet Oncology
786:cervical conization
596:during colposcopy.
275:transformation zone
261:Transformation zone
109:squamous epithelium
3867:Sexual dysfunction
3833:Atrophic vaginitis
3769:Retroverted uterus
3732:Female infertility
3712:Cervical dysplasia
3637:Female infertility
3429:Female infertility
3384:Corpus luteum cyst
3340:Ovulatory disorder
3335:Female infertility
3066:Endometrioid tumor
2883:Leydig cell tumour
2851:Endometrioid tumor
2826:Cystadenocarcinoma
2358:External resources
1579:on 10 January 2015
1358:(4 Pt 2): 727–35.
761:
620:primary prevention
608:Primary prevention
576:Cervical screening
541:
537:Endocervical gland
530:
510:
472:
335:
263:
227:Lack of condom use
165:abnormal discharge
145:Signs and symptoms
86:cervical dysplasia
41:Cervical dysplasia
18:Cervical dysplasia
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4017:
4016:
3992:
3991:
3925:Obstetric fistula
3823:Vaginal discharge
3792:
3791:
3737:Cervical stenosis
3652:
3651:
3506:Endometrial polyp
3464:
3463:
3394:Theca lutein cyst
3256:
3255:
3171:
3170:
3015:
3014:
3007:Adenomatoid tumor
2993:
2992:
2869:
2868:
2768:urogenital system
2730:
2729:
2722:Harald zur Hausen
2705:
2704:
2549:
2548:
2381:
2380:
1796:10.1136/bmj.i3633
1159:10.1002/ijc.21953
947:978-0-07-147257-9
911:screening.iarc.fr
889:978-1-4160-2973-1
733:
732:
692:females age 9-25
514:
513:
495:carcinoma in situ
315:ovarian carcinoma
230:Cigarette smoking
84:), also known as
75:
74:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4115:
4048:Kraurosis vulvae
4043:Bartholin's cyst
4026:
3977:Vaginal bleeding
3870:
3803:
3779:Uterine prolapse
3607:Menometrorrhagia
3531:
3484:
3475:
3374:Ovarian apoplexy
3318:
3309:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3026:
2936:Nongerminomatous
2838:Krukenberg tumor
2806:
2790:
2781:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2648:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1943:(10): CD009957.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1839:(11): CD012847.
1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1712:(8): 1097–1108.
1696:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1651:(12): CD001318.
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1532:10.1172/JCI28607
1510:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1153:(5): 1108–1124.
1141:
1135:
1134:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1055:10.1136/bmj.k499
1034:
1025:
1024:
1014:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
958:
952:
951:
932:
921:
920:
918:
917:
903:
894:
893:
875:
839:second trimester
625:
414:
361:Histology Grade
358:
216:Immunodeficiency
50:
30:
21:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4108:Cervical cancer
4083:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4013:
3988:
3968:
3901:
3864:
3859:
3855:Vaginal atresia
3788:
3748:
3707:Cervical cancer
3693:
3675:
3671:Uterine fibroid
3648:
3628:
3612:Polymenorrhagia
3553:Oligoamenorrhea
3525:
3520:
3460:
3415:
3411:Ovarian torsion
3300:
3290:Female diseases
3287:
3257:
3252:
3209:
3167:
3158:Uterine sarcoma
3146:
3137:Choriocarcinoma
3123:
3085:
3052:
3011:
2989:
2985:Meigs' syndrome
2971:
2965:Choriocarcinoma
2917:
2865:
2842:
2800:
2797:
2770:
2761:
2731:
2726:
2701:
2680:
2637:
2606:Bethesda system
2579:
2545:
2531:
2479:
2438:Cervical cancer
2422:
2415:
2412:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2353:
2352:
2299:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2213:(9): CD008478.
2200:
2199:
2195:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2026:
2025:
2018:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1884:(6): CD003296.
1875:
1874:
1870:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1615:ABIM Foundation
1611:Choosing Wisely
1600:
1599:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1476:(7): CD006120.
1463:
1462:
1458:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1036:
1035:
1028:
984:
983:
979:
970:
968:
960:
959:
955:
948:
935:
933:
924:
915:
913:
905:
904:
897:
890:
877:
876:
861:
856:
847:
822:Progression to
813:
790:premature birth
753:
741:
703:6, 11, 16, 18,
644:Number of Doses
616:
610:
578:
572:
546:
526:supine position
327:
298:
255:
253:Pathophysiology
244:Women who have
191:
153:
147:
135:cervical cancer
94:cervical cancer
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Ureterovaginal
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3892:Vaginal cancer
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3825:
3816:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3784:Uterine cancer
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3744:Nabothian cyst
3741:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3722:Cervical polyp
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3558:Oligomenorrhea
3555:
3550:
3545:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3423:
3421:Fallopian tube
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3406:Ovarian cancer
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:Oligoovulation
3347:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3043:Leiomyosarcoma
3040:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2999:Fallopian tube
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2951:Gonadoblastoma
2948:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2861:Brenner tumour
2858:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2766:of the female
2762:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:Cytotechnology
2613:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2320:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:Classification
2284:
2283:External links
2281:
2278:
2277:
2242:
2193:
2158:
2126:
2091:
2055:
2016:
1972:
1923:
1868:
1819:
1770:
1741:
1688:
1631:
1590:
1556:
1525:(5): 1167–73.
1505:
1456:
1412:
1377:
1342:
1323:(16): 2114–9.
1307:
1264:
1223:
1188:
1136:
1093:
1078:
1026:
997:(3): 637–655.
977:
953:
946:
922:
895:
888:
858:
857:
855:
852:
846:
843:
812:
809:
774:electrocautery
752:
749:
740:
737:
731:
730:
727:
724:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
681:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
656:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
612:Main article:
609:
606:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
545:
542:
512:
511:
502:
501:
500:
497:
491:
488:
483:
481:
474:
473:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
451:
449:
442:
441:
439:
438:
437:
434:
429:
422:
416:
415:
408:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
386:
379:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
326:
325:Classification
323:
297:
294:
254:
251:
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
213:
190:
187:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
146:
143:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4120:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Vulvar cancer
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Vesicovaginal
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Hypomenorrhea
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Endometriosis
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Hematosalpinx
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Mittelschmerz
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3205:Vaginal cysts
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Struma ovarii
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:stromal tumor
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2631:Cervicography
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Cytopathology
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2540:Acrochordon (
2538:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:(1): 105–13.
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:(1): 99–103.
2035:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:NIHR Evidence
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:(1): 76–115.
1428:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
967:
963:
957:
954:
949:
943:
939:
931:
929:
927:
923:
912:
908:
902:
900:
896:
891:
885:
881:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
860:
853:
851:
844:
842:
840:
835:
833:
827:
825:
820:
816:
810:
808:
805:
802:
799:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:laser cautery
775:
771:
765:
757:
750:
748:
746:
738:
736:
728:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
689:
685:
682:
679:
678:
671:
668:
665:
661:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
621:
615:
607:
605:
603:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
577:
569:
567:
564:
562:
557:
554:
551:
543:
538:
534:
527:
523:
518:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
489:
486:
485:
484:
482:
479:
476:
475:
469:
465:
460:
457:
454:
453:
452:
450:
447:
444:
443:
440:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
398:
395:
393:
389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
351:
346:
344:
340:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
252:
247:
243:
240:
239:
238:
237:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
201:gene and the
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
183:genital warts
180:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:immune system
128:
123:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3957:Sigmoidocele
3865:
3810:Hematocolpos
3711:
3689:Parametritis
3597:Metrorrhagia
3575:Dysmenorrhea
3528:Menstruation
3526:
3516:Endometritis
3451:Hydrosalpinx
3379:Ovarian cyst
3098:
2931:Dysgerminoma
2660:
2626:Speculoscopy
2563:HPV vaccines
2365:
2341:
2322:
2303:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2174:(3): 270–7.
2171:
2167:
2161:
2136:
2129:
2107:(1): F1-19.
2104:
2100:
2094:
2072:(2): 271–5.
2069:
2065:
2058:
2033:
2029:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1881:
1871:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1756:
1709:
1705:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1623:, retrieved
1609:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1568:
1559:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1393:(2): 240–3.
1390:
1386:
1380:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1280:(3): 331–4.
1277:
1273:
1267:
1243:(1): 17–27.
1240:
1236:
1226:
1204:(5A): 9–15.
1201:
1197:
1191:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1109:(1): 68–73.
1106:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1046:
1042:
994:
990:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:
956:
937:
914:. Retrieved
910:
879:
848:
845:Epidemiology
836:
828:
821:
817:
814:
806:
803:
795:
766:
762:
742:
734:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
687:
683:
663:
659:
648:
643:
639:Who Gets It?
638:
633:
628:
617:
598:
594:
579:
565:
558:
555:
547:
480:(Grade III)
477:
445:
419:
375:
367:Description
354:
347:
336:
319:histological
299:
283:
264:
245:
235:
233:
207:
197:such as the
192:
177:
157:
154:
137:, typically
124:
117:
102:
98:precancerous
85:
81:
77:
76:
3962:Urethrocele
3877:Dyspareunia
3850:Hydrocolpos
3814:Hydrocolpos
3760:Hematometra
3681:Parametrium
3666:Adenomyosis
3479:Endometrium
3456:Salpingitis
3345:Anovulation
3058:Endometrium
2367:MedlinePlus
2155:. 18847553.
1583:28 February
966:www.who.int
850:and CIN 3.
784:(LEEP), or
770:cryocautery
614:HPV vaccine
448:(Grade II)
125:Like other
57:acetic acid
38:Other names
4087:Categories
4063:Vulvodynia
3947:Enterocele
3897:Vaginismus
3819:Leukorrhea
3727:Cervicitis
3658:Myometrium
3543:Amenorrhea
3369:Oophoritis
3048:Adenomyoma
3030:Myometrium
2643:Colposcopy
971:2018-12-18
916:2018-12-20
854:References
586:colposcopy
522:clock face
378:(Grade I)
352:can vary.
321:analysis.
306:colposcopy
290:anogenital
279:koilocytes
149:See also:
113:endocervix
70:Gynecology
3952:Rectocele
3942:Cystocele
3828:Vaginitis
2923:Germ cell
2685:Treatment
2666:Koilocyte
2653:histology
2585:Screening
2542:skin tags
2525:Papilloma
1900:1465-1858
1790:: i3633.
1665:1465-1858
1625:August 1,
1451:205943774
1167:0020-7136
751:Treatment
582:Pap smear
570:Screening
302:Pap smear
296:Diagnosis
221:Poor diet
65:Specialty
4058:Vulvitis
4022:External
3937:Prolapse
3764:Pyometra
3305:Internal
3298:genitals
3228:Melanoma
3129:Placenta
2956:Teratoma
2593:Pap test
2573:Gardasil
2568:Cervarix
2423:diseases
2272:15295350
2237:26417855
2188:16214397
2153:18847553
2086:16169064
2050:15949888
2011:12551963
2003:23519301
1967:28109160
1918:23740788
1909:10468212
1863:29095502
1814:27469988
1736:35835138
1683:24302546
1551:16670757
1500:27428114
1443:23202792
1407:16472847
1337:11966386
1302:19684695
1259:15183049
1237:Virology
1183:29433753
1175:16570271
1131:25047280
1123:19339941
1073:29487049
1049:: k499.
1021:29393378
811:Outcomes
798:vaccines
3753:General
3292:of the
3151:General
2977:Fibroma
2908:Luteoma
2898:Thecoma
2785:Ovaries
2710:History
2651:Biopsy
2555:Vaccine
2500:plantar
2495:genital
2453:Vaginal
2443:cancers
2431:Cancers
2421:Related
2348:D018290
2228:6457639
2137:Vaccine
2121:9739758
1958:6464760
1854:6486192
1805:4964801
1727:9630146
1674:4170911
1542:1451224
1491:6457789
1372:9764690
1294:2791840
1218:9217657
1064:5826010
1012:5807043
629:Vaccine
420:CIN 2/3
311:uterine
288:of the
3798:Vagina
3699:Cervix
3618:Other
3603:Mixed
3587:Timing
3470:Uterus
3313:Adnexa
3294:pelvis
3177:Vagina
3091:Cervix
3021:Uterus
2776:Adnexa
2764:Tumors
2536:Others
2463:Penile
2458:Vulvar
2372:001491
2337:622.10
2270:
2235:
2225:
2186:
2151:
2119:
2084:
2048:
2009:
2001:
1965:
1955:
1916:
1906:
1898:
1861:
1851:
1812:
1802:
1734:
1724:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1549:
1539:
1498:
1488:
1449:
1441:
1405:
1370:
1335:
1300:
1292:
1257:
1216:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1129:
1121:
1071:
1061:
1019:
1009:
944:
886:
590:biopsy
370:Image
286:tissue
271:cervix
189:Causes
90:cervix
4030:Vulva
3997:Other
3322:Ovary
3215:Vulva
2599:stain
2485:Warts
2333:233.1
2007:S2CID
1573:(FDA)
1569:U.S.
1447:S2CID
1298:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1127:S2CID
478:CIN 3
446:CIN 2
390:Mild
376:CIN 1
3570:Pain
3538:Flow
3296:and
2809:CMS:
2505:flat
2448:Anal
2343:MeSH
2328:9-CM
2268:PMID
2233:PMID
2211:2016
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