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805:. Any attempts at restoration ended with the onset of World War I in 1914. The Château de Chambord was confiscated as enemy property in 1915, but the family of the duke of Parma sued to recover it, and that suit was not settled until 1932; restoration work was not begun until a few years after World War II ended in 1945. The Château and surrounding areas, some 5,440
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systems were put out of order. However, the château itself and its collections reportedly were undamaged. The foundation observed that paradoxically the natural disaster affected
Francis I's vision that Chambord appears to rise from the waters as if it were diverting the Loire. Repairs are expected to cost upwards of a quarter-million dollars.
652:, and work was slowed by dwindling royal funds and difficulties in laying the structure's foundations. By 1524, the walls were barely above ground level. Building resumed in September 1526, at which point 1,800 workers were employed in building the château. At the time of the death of King Francis I in 1547, the work had cost 444,070
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gyratory symmetry. Such a rotative design has no equivalent in architecture at this period of history, and appears reminiscent of
Leonardo da Vinci's works on hydraulic turbines or the helicopter. Had it been respected, it is believed that this unique building could have featured the quadruple-spiral open staircase, strangely described by
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massive rooms, open windows and high ceilings meant heating was impractical. Similarly, as the château was not surrounded by a village or estate, there was no immediate source of food other than game. This meant that all food had to be brought with the group, typically numbering up to 2,000 people at a time.
932:. For instance, the twin staircase towers, on the north façade, were inspired by the staircase tower at the château. However, following the theme of unparalleled luxury at Waddesdon, the windows of the towers at Waddesdon were glazed, unlike those of the staircase at Chambord, and were far more ornate.
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government ordered the sale of the furnishings; the wall panellings were removed and even floors were taken up and sold for the value of their timber, and, according to M de la
Saussaye, the panelled doors were burned to keep the rooms warm during the sales; the empty château was left abandoned until
673:
The château was built to act as a hunting lodge for King
Francis I; however, the King spent barely seven weeks there in total, that time consisting of short hunting visits. As the château had been constructed with the purpose of short stays, it was not practical to live in on a longer-term basis. The
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in the 17th century. In the drawings of the model, the main staircase of the keep is shown with two straight, parallel flights of steps separated by a passage and is located in one of the arms of the cross. According to Jean-Guillaume, this
Italian design was later replaced with the centrally located
498:
said of the staircase, "it is devised with four entries or ascents, which cross one another, so that though four persons meet, they never come in sight, but by small loopholes, till they land. It consists of 274 steps (as I remember), and is an extraordinary work, but of far greater expense than use
863:
described effects of the flooding on
Chambord's 13,000-acre (5,300 ha) property. The 20-mile (32 km) wall around the château was breached at several points, metal gates were torn from their framing, and roads were damaged. Trees were also uprooted and certain electrical and fire protection
840:
bomber crashed onto the château lawn on 22 June 1944. The image of the château has been widely used to sell commodities from chocolate to alcohol and from porcelain to alarm clocks; combined with the various written accounts of visitors, this made
Chambord one of the best known examples of France's
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As a result of all the above, the château was completely unfurnished during this period. All furniture, wall coverings, eating implements and so forth were brought specifically for each hunting trip, a major logistical exercise. It is for this reason that much furniture from the era was built to be
469:
The roofscape of
Chambord contrasts with the masses of its masonry and has often been compared with the skyline of a town: it shows 11 kinds of towers and three types of chimneys, without symmetry, framed at the corners by the massive towers. The design parallels are north Italian and Leonardesque.
636:
Archaeological findings by Jean-Sylvain
Caillou & Dominic Hofbauer have established that the lack of symmetry of some façades derives from an original design, abandoned shortly after the construction began, and which ground plan was organised around the central staircase following a central
437:
towers at the corners. The keep also forms part of the front wall of a larger compound with two larger towers. Bases for a possible further two towers are found at the rear, but these were never developed, and remain the same height as the wall. The château features 440 rooms,
372:
Chambord was altered considerably during the 28 years of its construction (1519–1547), during which it was overseen on-site by Pierre Neveu. With the château nearing completion, Francis showed off his enormous symbol of wealth and power by hosting his old archrival,
662:
620:, and a design more compatible with the French preference for spectacular grand staircases. However, "at the same time the result was also a triumph of the centralised layout—itself a wholly Italian element." In 1913 Marcel Reymond suggested that
433:, the internal layout is an early example of the French and Italian style of grouping rooms into self-contained suites, a departure from the medieval style of corridor rooms. The massive château is composed of a central keep with four immense
632:
for the King's mother, and his interests in central planning and double-spiral staircases; the discussion has not yet concluded, although many scholars now agree that
Leonardo was at least responsible for the design of the central staircase.
420:
Châteaux in the 16th century departed from castle architecture. Indeed, while they were off-shoots of castles, with features commonly associated with them, they did not have serious defences. Extensive gardens and water features, such as a
384:, some of the furnishings were sold and timber removed. For a time the building was left abandoned, though in the 19th century some attempts were made at restoration. During the Second World War, art works from the collections of the
527:
Chambord's towers are atypical of French contemporary design in that they lack turrets and spires. In the opinion of author Tanaka Hidemichi, who suggests Leonardo da Vinci influenced the château's design, they are closer in design to
502:
The château also features 128 metres (420 ft) of façade, more than 800 sculpted columns and an elaborately decorated roof. When Francis I commissioned the construction of Chambord, he wanted it to look like the skyline of
445:
The castle was never intended to provide any form of defence from enemies; consequently the walls, towers and partial moat are decorative, and even at the time were an anachronism. Some elements of architecture—open windows,
704:
had the great keep restored and furnished the royal apartments. The king then added a 1,200-horse stable, enabling him to use the château as a hunting lodge and a place to entertain for a few weeks each year, for example
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that is the centrepiece of the château. The two spirals ascend the three floors without ever meeting, illuminated from above by a sort of light house at the highest point of the château. There are suggestions that
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The Château de Chambord has further influenced a number of architectural and decorative elements across Europe. Château de Chambord was the model for the reconstruction and new construction of the original
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remarked on the dilapidation that had set in: "all is mournful and deserted. The grass has overgrown the pavement of the courtyard, and the rude sculpture upon the walls is broken and defaced". During the
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were moved to the Château de Chambord. The château is now open to the public, receiving 700,000 visitors in 2007. Flooding in June 2016 damaged the grounds but not the château itself.
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1755:
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Regardless of who designed the château, on 6 September 1519 Francis de Pontbriand was ordered to begin construction of the Château de Chambord. The work was interrupted by the
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The final attempt to make use of the colossus came from the Count of Chambord, but after the Count died in 1883, the château was left to his sister's heirs, the titular
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remarked, "the towers, cupolas, the gables, the lanterns, the chimneys, look more like the spires of a city than the salient points of a single building."
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For more than 80 years after the death of King Francis I, French kings abandoned the château, allowing it to fall into decay. Finally, in 1639 King
465:. The keep's façade is asymmetrical, with the exception of the north-west façade, latterly revised, when the two wings were added to the château.
1454:
425:, were common amongst châteaux from this period. Chambord is no exception to this pattern. The layout is reminiscent of a typical castle with a
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2134:
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1982:
1904:
1886:
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338:, which blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures. The building was constructed by the king of France,
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734:, who installed his military regiment there. Maurice de Saxe died in 1750, and once again the colossal château sat empty for many years.
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disassembled to facilitate transportation. After Francis died of a heart attack in 1547, the château was not used for almost a century.
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1493:
514:, enclosed by a 31-kilometre (19-mile) wall. The king's plan to divert the Loire to surround the château came about only in a novel;
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946:(2011) – in 2011, Château de Chambord served as the setting to represent the fictional kingdom of Serafia do Norte in the Brazilian
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Who designed the Château de Chambord is a matter of controversy. The original design is attributed, though with several doubts, to
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architectural history. Today, Chambord is a major tourist attraction, and in 2007 around 700,000 people visited the château.
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767:(1820–1883) who took the title Count of Chambord. A brief attempt at restoration and occupation was made by his grandfather King
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Yet in the later half of the 19th century, the château's style proliferated across the United Kingdom, influencing the
1911:
837:
2169:
928:, was built with similar architectural frameworks as the Château de Chambord, disseminated via the architect Gabriel-
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The château is surrounded by a 52.5-square-kilometre (13,000-acre) wooded park and game reserve maintained with
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The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes, previously inscribed as Chateau and Estate of Chambord
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1830:, published for the first time from the manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale in 1874. Paris: J. Baur.
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110:
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1861:
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954:
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852:, flooded its banks and the château's moat. Drone photography documented some of the peak flooding. The
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near Amboise, was responsible for the original design, which reflects Leonardo's plans for a château at
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349:; it was built to serve as a hunting lodge for Francis I, who maintained his royal residences at the
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After unusually heavy rainfall, Chambord was closed to the public from 1 to 6 June 2016. The River
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1962:
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1756:"Loir-et-Cher : le château de Chambord, décor naturel de "Comme un prince" avec Ahmed Sylla"
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763:. The château was subsequently purchased from his widow for the infant Duke of Bordeaux,
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875:, inspired by those at the Château de Chambord and disseminated by architect Gabriel-
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1865:, edited by Jane Turner, reprinted with minor corrections in 1998. New York: Grove.
2436:
1835:
1572:
726:, lived at Chambord. In 1745, as a reward for valour, the king gave the château to
654:
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17:
1619:
1070:(1885) found that there was "nothing Italianate ..., in thought or in form".
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828:
In 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the art collections of the
975:
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495:
471:
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2077:
520:, which Francis had translated. In the novel the château is referred to as the
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331:
1859:
Guillaume, Jean (1996). "Chambord, château of", vol. 6, pp. 415–417, in
152:
139:
1733:
1701:
1559:
963:
833:
773:
701:
2326:
457:
1936:
Reymond, Marcel (June 1913), "Leonardo da Vinci, architect de Chambord",
1555:"Video: France’s famed Chambord castle left heavily damaged after floods"
723:
689:, who saved the château from ruin by carrying out much restoration work.
511:
494:
may have designed the staircase, but this has not been confirmed. Writer
722:(Stanislas I), the deposed King of Poland and the father-in-law of King
611:, whose wooden model for the design survived long enough to be drawn by
1993:
Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle
1966:
1945:
Tanaka, Hidemichi (1992), "Leonardo da Vinci, Architect of Chambord?",
924:
in 1870. Between 1874 and 1889, the country house in Buckinghamshire,
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529:
434:
358:
1929:
845:
829:
486:
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958:(2021) – during World War II, six Jewish children are hidden by the
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866:
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819:
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411:
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1413:
Château de Chambord: Well Preserved Renaissance Château in France
1303:
416:
The château and decorative moat viewed from the north-west (2015)
810:
426:
422:
2330:
2081:
916:, designed by William Henry Crossland and the main building of
824:
Today, the Château de Chambord is a popular tourist attraction.
450:, and a vast outdoor area at the top—borrowed from the Italian
438:
282 fireplaces, and 84 staircases. Four rectangular
1914:(October 1952), "Leonardo da Vinci, Architect of Francis I",
978:
is sentenced to community service at the Château de Chambord.
2313:
715:
here. Nonetheless, Louis XIV abandoned the château in 1685.
485:
One of the architectural highlights is the spectacular open
2041:
221:
357:. The original design of the château is attributed to the
2074:
by the Media Center for Art History, Columbia University
1457:. Aerosteles.hydroretro.net. 31 May 2008. Archived from
1208:(2nd ed.). London: William Heinemann. p. 40.
1101:"The unsolved mystery of France's iconic Loire Valley"
836:) were stored at the Château de Chambord. An American
786:(1870–1871) the château was used as a field hospital.
454:—are less practical in cold and damp northern France.
2061:– Official website for tourism in France (in English)
1828:
Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des maisons royales
1526:"Sauvegarde Du Domaine De Chambord Après Inondations"
289:
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176:
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129:
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93:
85:
80:
34:
1317:
1315:
429:, corner towers, and defended by a moat. Built in
1877:Caillou, Jean-Sylvain; Hofbauer, Dominic (2016).
1068:Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française
817:), have belonged to the French state since 1930.
709:presented the premiere of his celebrated comedy,
2037:World History Encyclopedia - Chateau de Chambord
1647:. Emons Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
1455:"Liberator 22 juin 1944 – Chambord – Aérostèles"
1645:111 Places in Edinburgh That You Shouldn't Miss
1332:
1330:
1121:
27:Castle in Chambord, Centre-Val de Loire, France
2052:Rendez-vous at the National Domain of Chambord
1172:
616:spiral staircase, which is similar to that at
2516:Historic house museums in Centre-Val de Loire
2342:
2093:
1660:, published by Rothschild Waddesdon, 1998: 24
1359:
771:(1824–1830) but in 1830 both were exiled. In
334:in the world because of its very distinctive
8:
2556:Monuments historiques of Centre-Val de Loire
1395:
1393:
1217:
1215:
1563:. 6 August 2016. Accessed 24 December 2022.
1321:
1304:Château de Chambord programme archéologique
1279:
1187:
1185:
552:Northwest façade of the Château de Chambord
442:hallways on each floor form a cross-shape.
64:
2349:
2335:
2327:
2100:
2086:
2078:
1899:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1806:Creighton, Oliver; Higham, Robert (2003),
1677:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 October 2021
330:, France, is one of the most recognisable
31:
2065:360° Panoramas of Le Château de Chambord'
1788:Chirol, Serge; Seydoux, Philippe (1992),
1156:
1154:
1046:, their meaning is different. In French,
974:(2023) – the main character portrayed by
962:in the Château de Chambord to escape the
1145:
1133:
1054:more properly describes a country house.
222:Official site of the Chateau de Chambord
1697:"Valiant Hearts de Mona Achache (2021)"
1479:
1400:
1371:
1268:
1222:
1160:
1082:
1027:
986:
1761:La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest
1336:
1283:
1250:(Félibien's description of the model).
1234:
1191:
1176:
774:Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea
46:Aerial view of the Château de Chambord
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
832:and Compiègne museums (including the
369:may have also influenced the design.
317:
288:
278:
263:
255:
247:
239:
230:
7:
1099:Bernhard, Adrienne (17 March 2020).
914:Royal Holloway, University of London
871:One of the twin staircase towers at
738:French Revolution and modern history
2047:Programme archéologique de Chambord
1709:from the original on 7 October 2022
1494:"Drone Films Flooded French Castle"
1492:Atherton, Kelsey D. (3 June 2016).
896:was inspired by Château de Chambord
573:'s drawings based on a wooden model
404:Plan of the château as engraved by
2571:Renaissance architecture in France
801:, who died in 1907 and after him,
25:
2561:Ancien Régime French architecture
1879:Chambord, le projet perdu de 1519
2474:
2447:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1007:
998:
989:
593:
579:
541:
63:
56:
40:
2566:French Renaissance architecture
1991:Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene (1875),
645:, although it was never built.
336:French Renaissance architecture
175:
125:Chateau 41250, Chambord, France
2023:Les Châteaux de la Renaissance
1764:(in French). 14 December 2023.
1620:"Fettes College: The Building"
1431:. Chambord.org. Archived from
696:Louis XIV's ceremonial bedroom
669:of Château de Chambord in 1722
1:
2576:1547 establishments in France
1844:The Loire: a Cultural History
375:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2501:Châteaux of the Loire Valley
2109:Châteaux of the Loire Valley
1790:Chateaux of the Val de Loire
1658:A Hundred Years at Waddesdon
1594:, accessed 18 February 2019.
759:gave it to his subordinate,
380:In 1792, in the wake of the
2021:Gebbelin, François (1927),
1846:, Oxford University Press,
1783:(in French), Fernand Lanore
1579:, accessed 18 February 2019
1532:(in French). Archived from
1418:, accessed 18 February 2019
1309:, accessed 18 February 2019
1122:Creighton & Higham 2003
854:French Patrimony Foundation
481:The double-spiral staircase
406:Jacques Androuet du Cerceau
347:château in the Loire Valley
2602:
2541:Royal residences in France
2511:National museums of France
2005:The Architecture of Europe
1050:refers to a castle, while
920:in Edinburgh, designed by
779:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
777:, published in the 1830s,
461:The elaborately developed
234:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2472:
2367:
2311:
2115:
1975:The Decline of the Castle
1973:Thompson, M. W. (1994) ,
1895:Hanser, David A. (2006).
1630:. Retrieved 21 March 2009
1416:castlesandmanorhouses.com
1360:Chirol & Seydoux 1992
1175:, p. 189, quoted in
303:
299:
220:
51:
39:
2586:Henri, Count of Chambord
2546:Double spiral staircases
2531:Hunting lodges in France
2521:Houses completed in 1547
2496:Châteaux in Loir-et-Cher
2070:20 December 2012 at the
2007:, London: B. T. Batsford
1842:Garrett, Martin (2010),
761:Louis Alexandre Berthier
712:Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme
685:gave it to his brother,
650:Italian War of 1521–1526
624:, a guest of Francis at
452:Renaissance architecture
345:Chambord is the largest
319:[ʃɑtod(ə)ʃɑ̃bɔʁ]
2506:Museums in Loir-et-Cher
2402:Palace of Fontainebleau
1917:The Burlington Magazine
1589:Schöner als das Vorbild
1530:Fondation du Patrimoine
1259:Guillaume 1996, p. 416.
1206:A Little Tour in France
905:between 1845 and 1857.
687:Gaston, Duke of Orléans
487:double-spiral staircase
193:Design and construction
188:56 m (184 ft)
2442:Château de Saint-Cloud
2432:Château de Rambouillet
2318:
1938:Gazette des Beaux-Arts
1912:Heydenreich, Ludwig H.
1897:Architecture of France
1779:Boucher, J.J. (1980),
1729:"Like a Prince (2023)"
1626:6 January 2019 at the
1608:Times Higher Education
1385:Le Château de Chambord
1204:James, Henry (1907) .
1042:derive from the Latin
897:
880:
879:between 1874 and 1889.
825:
803:Elias, Prince of Parma
747:
697:
670:
482:
466:
417:
409:
72:Location within France
2317:
1881:. Faton. p. 64.
1862:The Dictionary of Art
1810:, Shire Archaeology,
1639:Gillian Tait (2016).
930:Hippolyte Destailleur
891:
877:Hippolyte Destailleur
870:
848:, a tributary of the
823:
799:Robert, Duke of Parma
745:
720:Stanisław Leszczyński
695:
664:
480:
460:
415:
403:
315:French pronunciation:
102:Classical Renaissance
2457:Palace of Versailles
2427:Château de la Muette
2397:Château de Compiègne
1947:Artibus et Historiae
1573:"Schweriner Schloss"
892:The architecture of
390:Château de Compiègne
169:Construction started
153:47.61611°N 1.51722°E
2382:Château de Chambord
2057:6 June 2016 at the
2042:Château de Chambord
1604:"Original features"
1307:chambord-archeo.com
1294:Hanser 2006, p. 47.
1173:Viollet-le-Duc 1875
793:, then resident in
784:Franco-Prussian War
746:On the second floor
718:From 1725 to 1733,
667:Pierre-Denis Martin
609:Domenico da Cortona
522:Palace of Firm Isle
363:Domenico da Cortona
328:Centre-Val de Loire
311:Château de Chambord
208:Structural engineer
202:Domenico da Cortona
149: /
94:Architectural style
81:General information
35:Château de Chambord
18:Château of Chambord
2319:
1536:on 13 October 2016
1435:on 7 November 2013
1148:, pp. 117–120
1066:, however, in his
936:In popular culture
910:Founder's Building
898:
881:
826:
757:Napoleon Bonaparte
748:
698:
671:
586:Façade of the keep
483:
467:
418:
410:
280:Reference no.
98:French Renaissance
2581:Castles in France
2536:Palaces in France
2483:
2482:
2422:Château de Meudon
2412:Luxembourg Palace
2392:Palais de la Cité
2387:Château de Choisy
2372:Château d'Amboise
2324:
2323:
2240:Plessis-lez-Tours
1984:978-1-8542-2608-2
1905:978-0-313-31902-0
1888:978-2-8784-4228-1
1871:978-1-8844-4600-9
1853:978-0-19-976839-4
1817:978-0-7478-0546-5
1799:978-0-8656-5134-0
1792:, Vendôme Press,
1610:. 5 February 2009
1461:on 21 August 2009
1387:(Blois) 1865 etc.
960:French Resistance
732:Marshal of France
622:Leonardo da Vinci
492:Leonardo da Vinci
431:Renaissance style
382:French Revolution
367:Leonardo da Vinci
307:
306:
275:
158:47.61611; 1.51722
16:(Redirected from
2593:
2478:
2452:Tuileries Palace
2417:Château de Marly
2377:Château of Blois
2361:royal residences
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2215:Montreuil-Bellay
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2025:
2008:
1996:
1987:
1969:
1941:
1932:
1924:(595): 277–285,
1892:
1856:
1820:
1808:Medieval Castles
1802:
1784:
1766:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:"Fettes College"
1637:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1577:schwerin.m-vp.de
1570:
1564:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1502:. Archived from
1489:
1483:
1482:, pp. 78–79
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1339:, pp. 92–93
1334:
1325:
1322:Heydenreich 1952
1319:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1280:Heydenreich 1952
1277:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1189:
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1158:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1096:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1032:
1011:
1002:
993:
943:Cordel Encantado
862:
797:. First left to
600:Plan of the keep
597:
583:
545:
532:of 15th-century
351:Château de Blois
321:
316:
269:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
67:
66:
60:
44:
32:
21:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2526:Hunting museums
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2470:
2459:(including the
2363:
2355:
2325:
2320:
2309:
2260:Selles-sur-Cher
2210:Meung-sur-Loire
2145:La Bourdaisière
2111:
2106:
2072:Wayback Machine
2059:Wayback Machine
2033:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2014:Further reading
2011:
2001:Yarwood, Doreen
1999:
1990:
1985:
1977:, Magna Books,
1972:
1959:10.2307/1483458
1944:
1935:
1910:
1889:
1876:
1854:
1841:
1824:Félibien, André
1818:
1805:
1800:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1656:Girouard, Mark
1655:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1628:Wayback Machine
1618:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1506:on 19 June 2016
1499:Popular Science
1491:
1490:
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1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
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1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1349:HISTORY UNFOLDS
1347:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1246:Félibien 1681,
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
938:
926:Waddesdon Manor
903:Schwerin Palace
894:Schwerin Palace
886:
873:Waddesdon Manor
856:
795:Austria-Hungary
740:
728:Maurice de Saxe
643:Andrea Palladio
605:
604:
603:
602:
601:
598:
589:
588:
587:
584:
575:
574:
565:
563:Royal ownership
560:
555:
554:
553:
551:
546:
517:Amadís de Gaula
398:
377:, at Chambord.
314:
236:
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
101:
76:
75:
74:
73:
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47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2599:
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2573:
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2553:
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2419:
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2365:
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2307:
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2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Plessis-Bourré
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Azay-le-Rideau
2127:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2031:External links
2029:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1970:
1953:(25): 85–102,
1942:
1933:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1874:
1857:
1852:
1839:
1821:
1816:
1803:
1798:
1785:
1775:
1768:
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1747:
1720:
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1662:
1649:
1632:
1612:
1596:
1581:
1565:
1547:
1517:
1484:
1472:
1446:
1429:"Presentation"
1420:
1405:
1403:, p. xxii
1389:
1376:
1364:
1352:
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1311:
1296:
1287:
1272:
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1227:
1211:
1196:
1181:
1165:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:Viollet-le-Duc
1056:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1004:
997:
995:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
967:
955:Valiant Hearts
951:
937:
934:
918:Fettes College
885:
882:
838:B-24 Liberator
791:Dukes of Parma
739:
736:
613:André Félibien
599:
592:
591:
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2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
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2477:
2466:
2465:Petit Trianon
2462:
2461:Grand Trianon
2458:
2455:
2453:
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2440:
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2407:Louvre Palace
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2141:
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2126:
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2110:
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2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:, vol. 3
1994:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
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1822:
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1809:
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1801:
1795:
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1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
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1762:
1757:
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1748:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1708:
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1703:
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1600:
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1501:
1500:
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1386:
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1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:, p. 282
1323:
1318:
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1285:
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1197:
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1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1163:, p. 323
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Thompson 1994
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Thompson 1994
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1102:
1095:
1093:
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1080:
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1065:
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1037:
1031:
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1024:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
982:
977:
973:
972:
971:Like a Prince
968:
965:
961:
957:
956:
952:
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796:
792:
787:
785:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
765:Henry Charles
762:
758:
753:
752:Revolutionary
750:In 1792, the
744:
737:
735:
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729:
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721:
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241:Official name
235:
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223:
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211:Pierre Nepveu
210:
206:
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200:
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84:
79:
59:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2437:Palais-Royal
2381:
2154:
2022:
2004:
1992:
1974:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1921:
1915:
1896:
1878:
1860:
1843:
1836:Google Books
1827:
1807:
1789:
1780:
1772:Bibliography
1771:
1770:
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:memoriaglobo
1674:
1671:"BASTIDORES"
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1635:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1558:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:the original
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1497:
1487:
1480:Garrett 2010
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:the original
1423:
1415:
1408:
1401:Garrett 2010
1384:
1379:
1374:, p. 34
1372:Boucher 1980
1367:
1362:, p. 53
1355:
1344:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1275:
1269:Reymond 1913
1264:
1255:
1242:
1237:, p. 85
1230:
1225:, p. 78
1223:Garrett 2010
1205:
1199:
1194:, p. 96
1179:, p. 85
1168:
1161:Yarwood 1974
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1077:
1076:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1048:château-fort
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1020:
969:
953:
941:
907:
899:
843:
827:
813:; 21.0
788:
772:
749:
717:
710:
699:
680:
676:
672:
665:Painting by
653:
647:
635:
606:
526:
521:
515:
509:
501:
499:or beauty."
484:
468:
444:
419:
396:Architecture
379:
371:
344:
310:
308:
198:Architect(s)
115:Loir-et-Cher
29:
1681:22 February
1337:Tanaka 1992
1284:Tanaka 1992
1235:Tanaka 1992
1192:Tanaka 1992
1177:Tanaka 1992
1136:, p. 1
1124:, p. 6
976:Ahmed Sylla
922:David Bryce
857: [
639:John Evelyn
496:John Evelyn
472:Henry James
156: /
131:Coordinates
2490:Categories
2305:Villesavin
2230:Montsoreau
2220:Montpoupon
2170:Châteaudun
2165:Chenonceau
2135:Beauregard
1740:11 January
1713:4 December
1399:Quoted in
1383:Saussaye,
1221:Quoted in
1017:References
948:telenovela
815:sq mi
683:Louis XIII
630:Romorantin
361:architect
265:Designated
144:01°31′02″E
141:47°36′58″N
2551:Stairways
2300:Villandry
2225:Montrésor
1940:: 413–460
1734:Unifrance
1702:Unifrance
1560:France 24
1248:pp. 28–29
1078:Footnotes
1044:castellum
1034:Although
964:Holocaust
884:Influence
834:Mona Lisa
769:Charles X
702:Louis XIV
626:Clos Lucé
340:Francis I
260:i, ii, vi
177:Completed
2295:Valençay
2285:Troussay
2250:Le Rivau
2190:Langeais
2175:Cheverny
2160:Chaumont
2155:Chambord
2068:Archived
2055:Archived
2003:(1974),
1826:(1681).
1781:Chambord
1707:Archived
1624:Archived
1465:27 March
1107:18 March
809:(13,400
807:hectares
724:Louis XV
571:Félibien
530:minarets
512:red deer
463:roofline
388:and the
332:châteaux
324:Chambord
257:Criteria
252:Cultural
117:, France
111:Chambord
107:Location
2265:Serrant
2150:Brissac
2120:Amboise
1967:1483458
1540:18 June
1510:18 June
1439:15 June
1052:château
1036:château
983:Gallery
707:Molière
558:History
470:Writer
448:loggias
440:vaulted
435:bastion
355:Amboise
272:session
216:Website
122:Address
2358:French
2255:Saumur
2205:Menars
2195:Loches
2185:Gizeux
2180:Chinon
2125:Angers
1981:
1965:
1930:870959
1928:
1903:
1885:
1869:
1850:
1814:
1796:
1592:svz.de
1040:castle
846:Cosson
830:Louvre
655:livres
408:(1576)
386:Louvre
359:Tuscan
294:Europe
290:Region
185:Height
89:Extant
86:Status
2280:Tours
2275:Talcy
2270:Sully
2245:Réaux
2140:Blois
1963:JSTOR
1926:JSTOR
1103:. BBC
1022:Notes
861:]
850:Loire
811:acres
700:King
618:Blois
534:Milan
322:) in
270:(5th
268:1981
2463:and
2290:Ussé
2200:Lude
1979:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1832:Copy
1812:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1742:2024
1715:2023
1683:2024
1542:2016
1512:2016
1467:2011
1441:2013
1109:2020
1038:and
641:and
427:keep
423:moat
353:and
309:The
249:Type
180:1547
172:1519
1955:doi
1834:at
1643:in
912:at
284:933
2492::
1961:,
1951:13
1949:,
1922:94
1920:,
1758:.
1731:.
1705:.
1699:.
1673:.
1622:.
1606:.
1575:.
1557:.
1528:.
1496:.
1392:^
1329:^
1314:^
1282:;
1214:^
1184:^
1153:^
1085:^
859:fr
730:,
658:.
536:.
524:.
507:.
365:;
342:.
326:,
113:,
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2350:e
2343:t
2336:v
2101:e
2094:t
2087:v
1957::
1907:.
1891:.
1873:.
1838:.
1744:.
1717:.
1685:.
1544:.
1514:.
1469:.
1443:.
1111:.
966:.
950:.
313:(
274:)
100:,
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