2688:. However, word order varies and VOS is not always grammatical: factors including animacy, definiteness, topicalization and focus contribute to determining which word order is appropriate. A Ch'ol simple transitive phrase is comprised minimally of a single transitive verb in the form of . In the case of
2728:
Within Chʼol transitive verbs, there exist two primary categories: simple forms and derived forms. The former modifies the primary arguments within the verb by cross-referencing the transitive subject in Set A and the object in Set B. In the perfective aspect, this category incorporates a status
594:
points that the calendar was a creation of the lowland Maya. Ch'ol has been considered one of the closer languages to several Mayan glyphs inscriptions. Lounsbury suggested that the ancient
Palenqueños spoke a Proto-cholean language. A certain Palenque ruler has the glyph of a
1891:
The former can go with proper names, nominalize verbs, and be prefixed to some terms that refer to animals. The latter can also go with proper names and with the name of some animals, but additionally it can be prefixed to the name of some trees and plants.
2773:
is appended, based on the aspect. Unlike the simple forms, the suffix does not need to be in harmony with the root vowel. The direct arguments in this category are identified via Set A and Set B inflections.
2511:
language: its morphosyntactic alignment varies according to aspect. With perfective aspect, ergative-absolutive alignment is used, whereas with imperfective aspect, we rather observe nominative-accusative.
2618:
There are three plural markers for plural case marking in Ch'ol – two clitics and one suffix. The two clitics can be attached either before the singular person markers or after the verbal roots.
3345:]. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves", No. 121. Emily Stairs (electronic reproduction with March 2005 corrections, 2nd ed.). Coyoacán, D.F.:
2146:
into the root. This process is accompanied by a reduction of the number of core arguments from two to one, and the remaining argument referring to the patient is the subject of the verb.
2870:
This construction does not take aspect markers, in contrast to verbal predicates. It can be headed by nouns, adjectives, positionals, etc. The core argument only takes Set B markers.
3541:
3531:
3517:
3507:
2672:
Both are used interchangeably, except when it is attached before a singular marker, in which case only the shorter form is allowed. The plural suffix -ob is often realized as
3432:
3346:
3569:
663:
There are 21 consonantal segments in Chʼol. Below is the consonant inventory of Chʼol. Corresponding orthography is presented in the angle brackets next to the
3000:
Primera Mesa
Redonda de Palenque : a Conference on the Art, Iconography, and Dynastic History of Palenque, Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico, December 14–22, 1973
365:
Chʼol of Tumbalá spoken by 90,000 people of whom 30,000 are monolinguals in the villages of Tumbalá, Sabanilla, Misijá, Limar, Chivalita and
Vicente Guerrero.
3117:
An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology and vocabulary. In
Phoneticism in Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing, ed. by John Justeson and Lyle Campbell, 77-166
3091:
An outline of Proto-Cholan phonology, morphology and vocabulary. In
Phoneticism in Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing, ed. by John Justeson and Lyle Campbell, 77-166
4152:
331:
4654:
2685:
3489:
3469:
3464:(in Spanish). México : El Instituto; Chiapas: Gobierno del Estado. Secretaría de Educación : Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas.
3391:
664:
1038:
988:
358:
Chʼol of Tila spoken by 43,870 people of whom 10,000 are monolinguals in the villages of Tila, Vicente
Guerrero, Chivalito and Limar in
2584:
Set B markers are suffixes. These markers usually denote the patients of transitive verbs or the core arguments of intransitive verbs.
2705:
884:
3562:
3354:
4639:
3440:
1480:
Although complex onsets and complex codas exist, the former only occur across morpheme boundaries, and the latter are limited to
917:
849:
4649:
3424:
2729:
suffix, which is a vowel in harmony with the root vowel. Conversely, the imperfective aspect does not take such status suffix.
1180:
225:
2515:
Set A markers are generally considered as suffixes; however, Martínez Cruz (2007) and Arcos López (2009) categorized them as
2692:
intransitive verbs, the cross-reference of the single argument is accomplished with either Set A or Set B depending on the
4145:
3884:
2331:
There are many suffixes in Chʼol since suffixation is the main way of derivation and inflection. For instance, the suffix
1153:
3555:
1192:
1100:
907:
839:
211:
4105:
1143:
1081:. Another property of the consonant inventory is that only the labial has a voiced segment , which corresponds to the
874:
1758:, can be heard in the first part of a compound word. This weak stress usually goes on the ultima of the first part.
1211:
1071:
1050:
778:
727:
715:
2978:
3834:
1082:
1078:
927:
615:
that occurs only with posterior date indicators retains resemblance with the idea of past time of Ch'ol, such in
20:
4369:
3786:
1273:
Chʼol can have CV, CVC, CVCC, CCVC, CCVCC as possible syllable structures. The most common ones are CV and CVC.
4644:
4138:
4095:
4019:
3923:
3809:
1163:
265:
235:
4323:
2967:
Houston, S., O. Chinchilla, Stuart D. "The
Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing", U. of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
4604:
4532:
4288:
4282:
3864:
3854:
807:
737:
647:
304:
300:
289:
285:
4343:
4178:
3706:
766:
4485:
3894:
3510:. Significant amount of audio and video recordings in Chʼol with transcriptions and Spanish translations.
4597:
4573:
4271:
4235:
4110:
4090:
4014:
3711:
3663:
3613:
3336:
2139:
1015:
946:
639:
324:
316:
281:
135:
24:
4516:
4495:
3683:
1389:
syllables, which means words that appear to start with vowel in fact have a glottal stop as the onset.
4590:
4256:
3874:
3741:
1569:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1094:
1086:
958:
643:
293:
105:
4537:
4194:
4169:
4100:
4009:
3964:
3949:
3909:
3824:
3756:
3701:
3648:
3643:
3578:
2701:
2569:
Note that all markers have phonologically conditioned allomorphs: 1st singular marker changes from
1074:
830:
788:
708:
3486:
4490:
4465:
3904:
3849:
3628:
3059:
2717:
2693:
2336:
1588:
1067:
865:
759:
680:
631:
are far from complete, it is not possible to establish some cognates between these languages and
4385:
3939:
2980:
INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF CHOL (MAYAN): With a Sketch of the
Grammar of Chol
4659:
4547:
4542:
4451:
4425:
4364:
4230:
4209:
4049:
3979:
3944:
3929:
3869:
3859:
3839:
3791:
3766:
3678:
3633:
3465:
3360:
3350:
3051:
3043:
3004:
2913:
2709:
2697:
979:
695:
685:
3523:
2581:
and 2nd singular and 3rd singular markers have glides inserted when they precede consonants.
4511:
4410:
4309:
4304:
4184:
4069:
4064:
4029:
3999:
3934:
3889:
3829:
3726:
3721:
3673:
3658:
3623:
3618:
3527:
3035:
2937:
2713:
2508:
1731:
1701:
1671:
1386:
973:
800:
675:
628:
1754:
Compound words also have the main stress on the ultima. A secondary stress, indicated by a
4359:
4161:
4074:
4054:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4004:
3969:
3914:
3844:
3819:
3746:
3731:
3716:
3603:
3493:
2689:
2504:
2500:
2048:
1006:
940:
690:
257:
97:
89:
3537:
3513:
3499:
3093:. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany, 1984; p.86-88
2918:
2241:
For the other use of infixation, the derivations come mostly from positionals and verbs.
261:
70:
3373:
4620:
4565:
4214:
4059:
3959:
3899:
3776:
3761:
3668:
3638:
3458:
Chꞌol: Ityoj tsꞌijbuñtyel laktyꞌañ chꞌol / Chꞌol: Norma de escritura de la lengua chꞌol
3023:
2908:
2354:
derives some intransitive verbs by passivization of the corresponding transitive verb.
608:
380:
160:
3375:
Diccionario chꞌol de Tumbalá, Chiapas, con variaciones dialectales de Tila y
Sabanilla
3343:
Chʼol
Dictionary of Tumbalá, Chiapas with dialectal variations from Tila and Sabanilla
3338:
Diccionario Chʼol de Tumbalá, Chiapas, con variaciones dialectales de Tila y Sabanilla
3119:. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York, Albany, 1984; p.85
323:
are believed to be the modern languages that best reflect their relationship with the
203:
4633:
4480:
4430:
4338:
3954:
3879:
3814:
3781:
3751:
3736:
2496:
2135:
1125:
1577:
638:
An alternative hypothesis developed by Houston, Robertson, and Stuart proposed that
4446:
3919:
3771:
3520:. Audio and video recordings in Chʼol with transcriptions and Spanish translations.
3503:
2138:
and as a mean of deriving numeral classifiers. First, some transitive roots reduce
1755:
1584:
747:
624:
167:
3433:"Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015"
3063:
2997:
Matthews, Peter; Schele, Linda (1974). "Lords of Palenque: The Glyphic Evidence".
4122:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
3974:
1573:
1137:
1120:
632:
216:
3456:
1860:
1130:
3047:
3008:
2495:
Like almost all other Mayan languages, Ch'ol has two sets of person markers:
3544:. Contains many recordings in Chʼol as well as Chuj, another Mayan language.
3364:
2661:
2343:
1580:
1203:
1174:
1032:
899:
824:
591:
335:
308:
196:
180:
3055:
299:
The Cholan branch of the Mayan languages is considered to be particularly
187:
1872:
1864:
343:
312:
277:
243:
231:
60:
3608:
1868:
702:
596:
359:
320:
273:
269:
239:
56:
52:
3547:
3384:
650:
than Ch'ol language. However, there is no consensus around the topic.
4039:
2998:
2516:
1112:
Chʼol has a six vowel system, as shown below in the vowel inventory.
339:
41:
2507:
is to label the former as Set A and the latter as Set B. Chʼol is a
379:
Chʼol writers have agreed upon the following alphabet, based on the
3039:
4130:
3496:, website with links to unpublished scholarly work on the language
3410:
3242:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.177-178
4134:
3551:
3534:. Contains a recording of a Chʼol narrative from Tila, Chiapas.
3385:"Complementation in Chol (Mayan): A Theory of Split Ergativity"
3022:
Houston, Stephen; Robertson, John; Stuart, David (2000-06-01).
2696:
of the verb. Verbal predicates can have the following aspects:
2519:. These markers usually denote the agents of transitive verbs.
3268:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.21–22
3255:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.80-83
3216:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.66-67
1875:. Suffixes are considerably more abundant than the other two.
599:
head for his name and because the word for Quetzal in Chol is
3080:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p.34-35
3003:. Robert Louis Stevenson School, Pre-Columbian Art Research.
1883:
There are two derivational prefixes – the noun class markers
1233:. According to Kaufman and Norman (1984), long vowels in the
3320:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.267
3307:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.266
3294:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.265
3281:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.263
3229:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.74
3203:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.65
3187:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; pp.64
2953:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p. 3.
1583:. In the following examples, the stress is indicated by an
3171:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p.44
3158:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p.43
3145:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p.47
3132:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p.46
3106:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin, 2011; p.41
242:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2051:
inflections are prefixed to nouns (10a) and verbs (10b).
256:(Chol) language is a member of the western branch of the
3455:
Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI) (2011).
642:
inscriptions between A.D. 250 and 850 convey to Eastern
3378:(in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
1863:
is the main way of word formation in Chʼol. There are
1385:
Like many other Mayan languages, Chʼol does not allow
1249:. These segments went under a sound change, in which
3542:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
3532:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
3518:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
3508:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
4582:
4564:
4525:
4504:
4473:
4464:
4439:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4378:
4352:
4331:
4322:
4297:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4223:
4202:
4193:
4168:
4083:
3992:
3800:
3692:
3594:
3585:
3195:
3193:
3179:
3177:
2938:
Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020
303:and Ch'ol along with its two closest relatives the
210:
194:
178:
173:
157:
142:
128:
86:
76:
66:
47:
37:
32:
1092:Alveolar sounds are only heard as allophones of /
3372:de Aulie, Wilbur H.; de Aulie, Evelyn W. (2009).
3335:Aulie, H. Wilbur; Evelyn W. Aulie, eds. (1998) .
2977:Hopkins, Nicholas A.; Josserand, Kathryn (2010).
1568:The main stress of a word typically falls on the
383:, proposed and developed by Diaz Peñate in 1992.
1229:is a distinctive segment in Chʼol, as in other
4146:
3563:
2765:To form derived transitive verbs, the suffix
330:Ch'ol-language programming is carried by the
8:
2940:. INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
3024:"The Language of Classic Maya Inscriptions"
623:'five days ago.' As vocabularies of Ch'ol,
603:, it is conjectured that his name was Lord
4470:
4415:
4406:
4328:
4261:
4252:
4199:
4153:
4139:
4131:
3591:
3570:
3556:
3548:
2453:
2422:
2391:
2360:
2020:
1994:
1968:
1942:
1828:
1807:
1785:
1764:
1723:
1693:
1663:
1641:
1619:
1597:
29:
3115:Kaufman, Terrence and William M. Norman.
3089:Kaufman, Terrence and William M. Norman.
2620:
2586:
2521:
1237:merged with their short counterparts in
1114:
669:
385:
280:in Mexico. This language, together with
2930:
1572:in Chʼol. This is true for most of the
236:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3419:Warkentin, Viola; Scott, Ruby (1980).
354:There are two main dialects of Chʼol:
3392:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
141:
7:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2346:some intransitive verbs. The suffix
3318:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3305:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3292:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3279:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3266:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3253:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3240:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3227:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3214:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3201:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3185:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3169:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3156:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3143:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3130:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3104:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
3078:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
2951:A Grammar of Chol, a Mayan Language
590:The absence of glyphic material in
3502:of Juan Jesús Vázquez Álvarez and
14:
1210:
1191:
1179:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1099:
1093:
1049:
1037:
1014:
987:
957:
945:
926:
916:
906:
883:
873:
848:
838:
806:
787:
777:
765:
746:
736:
726:
714:
16:Mayan language of Chiapas, Mexico
3407:La lengua Chol de Tila (Chiapas)
2448:'to buy something for somebody'
2350:derives ditransitive verbs, and
3425:Summer Institute of Linguistics
3347:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
4655:Indigenous languages of Mexico
3405:Schumann, Otto Gálvez (1973).
586:Relationship with Mayan glyphs
1:
3316:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3303:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3290:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3277:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3264:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3251:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3238:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3225:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3212:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3199:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3183:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3167:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3154:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3141:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3128:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3102:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3076:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
2949:Vázquez Álvarez, Juan Jesús.
3516:of Carol Rose Little at the
4106:Plains Indian Sign Language
3540:of Nicholas Hopkins at the
4676:
3538:Mayan Languages Collection
3524:Mayan Languages Collection
2664:marker has a shorter form
1083:voiced bilabial implosive
1079:palato-alveolar affricates
488:
82:250,000 (2020 census)
18:
4614:
4119:
2858:
2847:
2758:
2577:when it precedes another
2540:
2234:
2223:
2122:
1031:
972:
939:
898:
823:
745:
701:
672:
534:
222:
4096:Albarradas Sign Language
2684:The basic word order is
2417:'to make him/her sleep'
1066:For the segments in the
4640:Agglutinative languages
2454:
2423:
2392:
2361:
2134:Infixation is used for
2021:
1995:
1969:
1943:
1829:
1808:
1786:
1765:
1724:
1694:
1664:
1642:
1620:
1598:
19:For similar terms, see
4650:Mesoamerican languages
3383:Coon, Jessica (2010).
1735:
1705:
1675:
224:This article contains
21:Chʼol (disambiguation)
4353:Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek
4111:Chatino Sign Language
4091:Mexican Sign Language
2866:Non-verbal predicates
325:Classic Maya language
317:Chontal Maya language
294:Cholan language group
25:Chol (disambiguation)
3388:(electronic version)
3028:Current Anthropology
2859:'I inhabitated it.'
2662:exclusive 1st plural
2335:on nouns can derive
1235:Proto-Mayan language
338:, broadcasting from
4324:Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
4101:Mayan Sign Language
3579:Languages of Mexico
2623:
2589:
2524:
2216:⟨pas⟩
1075:alveolar consonants
889:⟨chʼ⟩
879:⟨tsʼ⟩
783:⟨tyʼ⟩
619:'five days hence,'
260:family used by the
3712:Chontal de Tabasco
3492:2012-06-17 at the
2668:and a longer form
2621:
2587:
2522:
2479:'to be talked to'
2337:intransitive verbs
1269:Syllable Structure
854:⟨ch⟩
844:⟨ts⟩
793:⟨kʼ⟩
771:⟨pʼ⟩
732:⟨ty⟩
646:, more related to
4627:
4626:
4621:extinct languages
4605:Classical Kʼicheʼ
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4460:
4459:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4318:
4317:
4244:
4243:
4128:
4127:
3988:
3987:
3810:Chontal of Oaxaca
3471:978-607-7538-54-7
3437:site.inali.gob.mx
2900:
2899:
2863:
2862:
2763:
2762:
2680:Verbal predicates
2658:
2657:
2616:
2615:
2567:
2566:
2541:k- ~ j- (/ __ k)
2483:
2482:
2324:
2323:
2268:'large and thin'
2239:
2238:
2127:
2126:
2045:
2044:
1848:
1847:
1752:
1751:
1576:native words and
1561:
1560:
1478:
1477:
1383:
1382:
1239:Chʼolan languages
1231:Chʼolan languages
1223:
1222:
1216:⟨a⟩
1197:⟨o⟩
1185:⟨e⟩
1168:⟨u⟩
1158:⟨ä⟩
1148:⟨i⟩
1064:
1063:
1055:⟨y⟩
1043:⟨w⟩
1020:⟨r⟩
993:⟨l⟩
963:⟨ñ⟩
951:⟨m⟩
932:⟨j⟩
922:⟨x⟩
912:⟨s⟩
812:⟨b⟩
752:⟨-⟩
742:⟨k⟩
720:⟨p⟩
644:Ch'olan languages
583:
582:
334:'s radio station
305:Ch'orti' language
292:, constitute the
250:
249:
232:rendering support
228:phonetic symbols.
4667:
4471:
4466:Greater Quichean
4416:
4407:
4329:
4262:
4257:Cholan–Tzeltalan
4253:
4224:Yucatec–Lacandon
4200:
4185:Huastec (Wastek)
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
3835:Chichimeca Jonaz
3592:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3528:Victoria Bricker
3475:
3463:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3439:. Archived from
3428:
3414:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3379:
3368:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2891:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2777:
2776:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2724:Transitive verbs
2624:
2590:
2525:
2457:
2426:
2395:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2250:'large and thin'
2244:
2243:
2224:'S/he called me'
2219:
2217:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2149:
2148:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2084:
2054:
2053:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1946:
1937:'a proper name'
1915:'a proper name'
1895:
1894:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1697:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1217:
1214:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1115:
1103:
1097:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1021:
1018:
1009:
994:
991:
982:
964:
961:
952:
949:
933:
930:
923:
920:
913:
910:
890:
887:
880:
877:
868:
855:
852:
845:
842:
833:
813:
810:
803:
794:
791:
784:
781:
772:
769:
762:
753:
750:
743:
740:
733:
730:
721:
718:
711:
670:
386:
206:
190:
183:
163:
102:Cholan–Tzeltalan
92:
30:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4645:Mayan languages
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4610:
4578:
4552:
4521:
4500:
4474:Quichean proper
4456:
4435:
4390:
4374:
4348:
4314:
4293:
4240:
4219:
4189:
4164:
4162:Mayan languages
4159:
4129:
4124:
4115:
4079:
3984:
3924:whistled speech
3802:
3796:
3732:Sierra Popoluca
3694:
3688:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3576:
3514:Chol Collection
3500:Chol Collection
3494:Wayback Machine
3483:
3478:
3472:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3431:
3421:Gramática Chʼol
3418:
3404:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3382:
3371:
3357:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2905:
2889:
2885:
2868:
2848:'They see it.'
2841:
2837:
2832:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2759:'They see it.'
2752:
2748:
2743:
2726:
2682:
2622:Plural markers
2505:Mayan tradition
2493:
2488:
2329:
2235:'I was called'
2215:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2174:
2132:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2082:
1881:
1858:
1853:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1780:(male+chicken)
1777:
1774:
1771:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1427:
1425:a type of fruit
1424:
1421:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1215:
1196:
1184:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1110:
1054:
1042:
1019:
1005:
992:
978:
962:
950:
931:
921:
911:
888:
878:
864:
853:
843:
829:
811:
799:
792:
782:
770:
758:
751:
741:
731:
719:
707:
661:
656:
648:Chorti language
588:
377:
372:
352:
230:Without proper
202:
186:
179:
164:
159:
138:
131:
124:
93:
90:Language family
88:
79:
78:Native speakers
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4566:Mixed language
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:Western Apache
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3693:10,000-100,000
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3521:
3511:
3497:
3482:
3481:External links
3479:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3452:
3429:
3416:
3402:
3380:
3369:
3355:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3189:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3040:10.1086/300142
3034:(3): 321–356.
3014:
2989:
2969:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2914:Lakandon Chʼol
2911:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2725:
2722:
2681:
2678:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2509:split ergative
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2386:'to be a man'
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1989:'the quetzal'
1987:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1880:
1877:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:(jaguar+tree)
1833:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1602:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1267:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
985:
983:
976:
970:
969:
967:
965:
955:
953:
943:
937:
936:
934:
924:
914:
904:
902:
896:
895:
893:
891:
881:
871:
869:
861:
860:
858:
856:
846:
836:
834:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
814:
804:
796:
795:
785:
775:
773:
763:
755:
754:
744:
734:
724:
722:
712:
705:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
660:
657:
655:
652:
627:, Chorti, and
587:
584:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
381:Latin alphabet
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
351:
348:
258:Mayan language
248:
247:
234:, you may see
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
200:
192:
191:
184:
176:
175:
174:Language codes
171:
170:
165:
161:Writing system
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
132:
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
51:North Central
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4672:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:Mamean proper
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:Mototzintleco
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:Chicomuceltec
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3443:on 2019-10-26
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3356:968-31-0291-3
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2896:'I saw him.'
2895:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:. The suffix
2338:
2334:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:passivization
2129:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:In addition,
2040:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:'the opossum'
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:'proper name'
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:'proper name'
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:(forest+pig)
1813:
1810:
1809:matyè'chityám
1806:
1805:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:, except for
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:column, are
1069:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
996:
990:
986:
984:
981:
977:
975:
971:
968:
966:
960:
956:
954:
948:
944:
942:
938:
935:
929:
925:
919:
915:
909:
905:
903:
901:
897:
894:
892:
886:
882:
876:
872:
870:
867:
863:
862:
859:
857:
851:
847:
841:
837:
835:
832:
828:
826:
822:
819:
817:
815:
809:
805:
802:
798:
797:
790:
786:
780:
776:
774:
768:
764:
761:
757:
756:
749:
739:
735:
729:
725:
723:
717:
713:
710:
706:
704:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
668:
666:
658:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
585:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
384:
382:
374:
369:
364:
361:
357:
356:
355:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
221:
218:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
198:
193:
189:
185:
182:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
150:
147:
146:
145:
137:
133:
127:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4616:
4603:
4598:Classic Maya
4596:
4589:
4574:Cauque Mayan
4281:
4276:
4236:Yucatec Maya
4177:
4121:
4015:Plautdietsch
3993:Non-official
3801:Under 10,000
3653:
3624:Tzotzil Maya
3619:Tzeltal Maya
3614:Yucatec Maya
3504:Jessica Coon
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3436:
3420:
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3374:
3342:
3337:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3184:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2999:
2992:
2979:
2972:
2950:
2945:
2933:
2919:Manche Chʼol
2877:
2869:
2802:
2784:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2738:i-k'el-ø-o'
2727:
2702:imperfective
2690:non-agentive
2683:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2617:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2514:
2494:
2491:Case marking
2473:
2461:'to talk to'
2442:
2411:
2380:
2351:
2347:
2344:causativizes
2340:
2332:
2330:
2314:
2288:
2262:
2240:
2176:
2156:
2143:
2142:by infixing
2133:
2074:
2057:
2046:
1975:'the killer'
1949:'the robber'
1888:
1884:
1882:
1859:
1756:grave accent
1753:
1585:acute accent
1578:polysyllabic
1567:
1481:
1479:
1384:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1226:
1224:
1111:
1091:
1065:
662:
640:Classic Maya
637:
633:Mayan glyphs
620:
616:
612:
607:. The affix
604:
600:
589:
378:
353:
329:
301:conservative
298:
262:Ch'ol people
253:
251:
223:
195:
136:Classic Maya
113:
110:Chol–Chontal
71:Ch'ol people
4591:Proto-Mayan
4543:Sipakapense
3875:Matlatzinca
3707:Tojol-abʼal
2909:Acala Chʼol
2714:terminative
2706:progressive
2676:in speech.
2041:'cilantro'
2012:x-ch'ujtye'
1830:bajlä̀mtyé'
1802:(red+deer)
1499:my forehead
1087:Proto-Mayan
1077:, and are
1072:palatalized
665:IPA symbols
370:Orthography
238:instead of
4634:Categories
4538:Sakapultek
4370:Qʼanjobʼal
4344:Tojolabʼal
4203:Mopan–Itza
4010:Portuguese
3910:Texistepec
3845:Chocholtec
3825:Chiricahua
3787:Qʼanjobʼal
3702:Tarahumara
3588:Indigenous
3447:2019-10-26
3397:2010-07-15
3328:References
2698:perfective
2654:-ob ~ -o'
2517:proclitics
2501:absolutive
2399:'to sleep'
2294:'rounded'
2276:'to round'
2123:'I sleep'
2112:'my pants'
2038:x-kulañtya
1970:aj-tsänsaj
1963:'the fox'
1861:Affixation
1856:Affixation
1851:Morphology
1574:bisyllabic
1247:*a (short)
1243:*aa (long)
1225:The vowel
659:Consonants
540:Lowercase
493:Uppercase
439:Lowercase
389:Uppercase
315:, and the
130:Early form
4619:indicate
4517:Poqomchiʼ
4496:Tzʼutujil
4491:Kaqchikel
4298:Tzeltalan
4195:Yucatecan
4170:Huastecan
3905:Kaqchikel
3885:Mezcalero
3850:Pima Bajo
3757:Popolocan
3684:Purépecha
3664:Chinantec
3586:Official/
3048:0011-3204
3009:834378616
2801:k-otyoty-
2718:potential
2710:inceptive
2635:1st (ex)
2627:1st (in)
2320:'folded'
2302:'to fold'
2247:jäl (POS)
2218:-iv-ep-b1
2181:y-i-y-oñ
2027:'the owl'
1944:aj-xujch'
1766:tyàtymúty
1581:loanwords
1387:onsetless
900:Fricative
831:voiceless
825:Affricate
709:voiceless
654:Phonology
592:Guatemala
336:XEXPUJ-AM
309:Guatemala
197:Glottolog
181:ISO 639-3
67:Ethnicity
4548:Uspantek
4452:Tektitek
4426:Awakatek
4365:Jakaltek
4289:Chʼortiʼ
4283:Chʼoltiʼ
4231:Lacandon
4050:Japanese
4020:Venetian
3980:Awakatek
3975:Ayapanec
3870:Jakaltek
3860:Lacandón
3840:Huarijío
3803:speakers
3767:Cuicatec
3742:Tepehuán
3695:speakers
3679:Tlapanec
3597:speakers
3595:100,000+
3490:Archived
3487:El chʼol
3365:42692322
3056:10768879
2903:See also
2638:l(oj)oñ
2497:ergative
2476:-el (DI)
2445:-eñ (DV)
2430:'to buy'
2414:-añ (TV)
2327:Suffixes
2196:tv-ep-bv
2179:⟩
2175:⟨
2077:-wäy-el
2015:'cedar'
1898:aj-Maria
1879:Prefixes
1873:suffixes
1865:prefixes
1744:scissors
1725:tyexeléx
1517:my chair
866:ejective
760:ejective
681:Alveolar
375:Alphabet
350:Dialects
344:Campeche
313:Honduras
290:Ch'olti'
286:Ch'orti'
278:Campeche
244:Help:IPA
204:chol1282
143:Dialects
61:Campeche
4617:Italics
4583:History
4533:Qʼeqchi
4512:Poqomam
4486:Kʼicheʼ
4419:Ixilean
4403:Eastern
4332:Chujean
4310:Tzotzil
4305:Tzeltal
4272:Chontal
4249:Western
4070:Chinese
4065:Italian
4030:Catalan
4000:English
3965:Cochimí
3895:Kʼicheʼ
3890:Ixcatec
3855:Qʼeqchí
3830:Tacuate
3792:Tepehua
3727:Chatino
3722:Huichol
3674:Mazahua
3659:Huastec
3649:Mazatec
3644:Totonac
3634:Zapotec
3609:Nahuatl
3604:Spanish
3530:at the
3506:at the
2876:wäy-äl-
2840:-house-
2533:/ __ V
2530:/ __ C
2472:pejkäñ-
2299:päk (V)
2273:wol (V)
2159:-ä-y-oñ
2140:valence
2130:Infixes
2104:-sleep-
1996:aj-'uch
1986:x-k'uk'
1912:x-Maria
1869:infixes
1787:chä̀kmé
1775:rooster
1732:Spanish
1730:‹
1714:cookies
1706:galleta
1702:Spanish
1700:‹
1695:kayetáj
1676:naranja
1672:Spanish
1670:‹
1589:nucleus
1587:on the
1535:pumping
1379:CV.CVC
1358:CV.CVC
1309:to burn
1288:chicken
1261:became
1253:became
1126:Central
1068:palatal
980:lateral
703:Plosive
696:Glottal
686:Palatal
629:Tzotzil
625:Chontal
597:Quetzal
360:Chiapas
321:Tabasco
282:Chontal
274:Tabasco
270:Chiapas
264:in the
240:Unicode
151:Tumbalá
57:Tabasco
53:Chiapas
4526:others
4411:Mamean
4386:Mochoʼ
4360:Akatek
4075:German
4055:Korean
4045:Romani
4040:Arabic
4035:Hebrew
4025:Basque
4005:French
3970:Kiliwa
3960:Olutec
3950:Pápago
3945:Kumiai
3940:Qatoʼk
3935:Cucapá
3920:Kikapú
3915:Paipai
3820:Akatek
3747:Triqui
3717:Amuzgo
3629:Mixtec
3468:
3363:
3353:
3064:741601
3062:
3054:
3046:
3007:
2884:sleep-
2753:b3-pl3
2716:, and
2694:aspect
2670:lojoñ.
2588:Set B
2563:(i)y-
2523:Set A
2503:. The
2486:Syntax
2455:pejkañ
2379:wiñik-
2194:-call-
2085:-pants
2022:aj-kuj
1920:aj-Wañ
1839:orange
1818:banana
1736:tijera
1684:orange
1665:alaxáx
1654:banana
1570:ultima
1564:Stress
1526:ch'ujm
1108:Vowels
974:Liquid
801:voiced
676:Labial
621:hobixi
340:Xpujil
288:, and
276:, and
266:states
106:Cholan
48:Region
42:Mexico
4660:Chʼol
4505:Poqom
4277:Chʼol
4265:Chʼol
4215:Mopan
4210:Itzaʼ
4060:Greek
3900:Lipan
3777:Yaqui
3762:Huave
3654:Chʼol
3639:Otomí
3462:(PDF)
3341:[
3060:S2CID
2984:(PDF)
2925:Notes
2842:dt-b3
2820:dt-b3
2818:-see-
2783:k-il-
2751:-see-
2604:-ety
2441:pmäñ-
2368:'man'
2362:wiñik
2049:Set A
1960:x-wax
1934:x-Wañ
1643:jaʼás
1621:okʼól
1553:navel
1508:ktyem
1467:tooth
1404:chili
1363:wiñik
1351:woman
1330:water
1121:Front
1033:Glide
1007:trill
941:Nasal
691:Velar
617:hobix
609:Landa
254:Ch'ol
168:Latin
114:Chʼol
98:Mayan
33:Chʼol
4481:Achi
4431:Ixil
4339:Chuj
4084:Sign
3955:Ixil
3930:Teko
3880:Seri
3815:Chuj
3782:Pame
3752:Cora
3737:Mayo
3669:Mixe
3466:ISBN
3411:UNAM
3361:OCLC
3351:ISBN
3052:PMID
3044:ISSN
3005:OCLC
2886:stat
2833:prfv
2811:imfv
2798:tyi
2744:imfv
2660:The
2651:3rd
2643:2nd
2609:3rd
2601:2nd
2596:-oñ
2593:1st
2557:3rd
2552:aw-
2546:2nd
2538:1st
2499:and
2458:(TV)
2427:(TV)
2410:wäy-
2396:(IV)
2383:(IV)
2213:call
2209:prfv
2187:prfv
2097:imfv
2060:-wex
1887:and
1871:and
1610:corn
1599:ixím
1544:mujk
1490:kpam
1474:CVC
1453:CVC
1446:foot
1432:CVC
1411:CVC
1342:ixik
1337:CVC
1316:CVC
1295:CVC
1279:muty
1257:and
1245:and
1138:High
1131:Back
311:and
252:The
217:Chol
148:Tila
23:and
4447:Mam
3772:Mam
3526:of
3036:doi
2805:-ø
2787:-ø
2780:mi
2771:-Vñ
2769:or
2735:mi
2686:VOS
2674:-o'
2666:loñ
2646:la
2630:la
2612:-ø
2573:to
2560:i-
2549:a-
2424:mäñ
2393:wäy
2365:(N)
2352:-ty
2341:-is
2333:-añ
2170:tyi
2157:päy
2152:tyi
2144:-j-
1889:x-.
1885:aj-
1797:mud
1632:mud
1484:C.
1395:ich
1372:man
1321:ja'
1300:pul
1251:*aa
1204:Low
1175:Mid
1104:/.
1085:in
885:tʃʼ
875:tsʼ
779:tʲʼ
611:'s
605:Kuk
601:kuk
564:tyʼ
558:tsʼ
555:ts
517:Tyʼ
511:Tsʼ
508:Ts
451:chʼ
401:Chʼ
332:CDI
319:of
307:of
268:of
226:IPA
212:ELP
188:ctu
4636::
3435:.
3423:.
3409:.
3390:.
3359:.
3349:.
3192:^
3176:^
3058:.
3050:.
3042:.
3032:41
3030:.
3026:.
2958:^
2890:b1
2878:oñ
2838:a1
2816:a1
2785:añ
2767:-V
2749:a3
2720:.
2712:,
2708:,
2704:,
2700:,
2579:k,
2474:ty
2412:is
2381:añ
2348:-b
2313:pä
2287:wo
2261:jä
2192:a3
2173:pä
2155:i-
2106:nf
2102:a1
2083:a1
2071:mi
1867:,
1734::
1704::
1674::
1591:.
1458:ej
1437:ok
1416:ax
1265:.
1259:*a
1101:ts
1098:,
1089:.
850:tʃ
840:ts
789:kʼ
767:pʼ
728:tʲ
667:.
635:.
579:ä
570:w
561:ty
543:pʼ
535:-
523:W
514:Ty
496:Pʼ
484:p
469:l
466:kʼ
454:e
448:ch
434:P
419:L
416:Kʼ
404:E
398:Ch
346:.
342:,
327:.
296:.
284:,
272:,
59:,
55:,
4154:e
4147:t
4140:v
3926:)
3922:(
3571:e
3564:t
3557:v
3474:.
3450:.
3427:.
3415:.
3413:.
3400:.
3367:.
3066:.
3038::
3011:.
2986:.
2888:-
2803:i
2575:j
2571:k
2443:b
2317:k
2315:j
2291:l
2289:j
2265:l
2263:j
2177:j
2075:k
2058:k
1842:'
1836:'
1821:'
1815:'
1800:'
1794:'
1790:'
1778:'
1772:'
1747:'
1741:'
1717:'
1711:'
1687:'
1681:'
1657:'
1651:'
1635:'
1629:'
1613:'
1607:'
1556:'
1550:'
1538:'
1532:'
1520:'
1514:'
1502:'
1496:'
1482:j
1470:'
1464:'
1449:'
1443:'
1428:'
1422:'
1407:'
1401:'
1375:'
1369:'
1354:'
1348:'
1333:'
1327:'
1312:'
1306:'
1291:'
1285:'
1263:ä
1255:a
1227:ä
1212:a
1193:o
1181:e
1164:u
1154:ɨ
1144:i
1095:ɲ
1051:j
1039:w
1016:r
989:l
959:ɲ
947:m
928:x
918:ʃ
908:s
808:b
748:ʔ
738:k
716:p
613:I
576:y
573:x
567:u
552:t
549:s
546:r
532:Ä
529:Y
526:X
520:U
505:T
502:S
499:R
481:o
478:ñ
475:n
472:m
463:k
460:j
457:i
445:b
442:a
431:O
428:Ñ
425:N
422:M
413:K
410:J
407:I
395:B
392:A
362:.
246:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.