2445:
347:
clashing with the Chʼorti people over land disputes from the 1800s, which puts the people (and thus the language) at risk. In 1997, 2 prominent Chʼorti leaders were assassinated. This assassination is just one example of many cases where Chʼorti advocates have been harmed or killed. Every one of these killings reduces the number of Chʼorti speakers. As of right now, there are only 10 remaining native speakers in
Honduras.
3258:
3185:
276:
331:
248:" of Mayan languages. Chʼortiʼ is an important tool for interpreting the contents of Maya glyphic writings, some of which are not yet fully understood. For several years, many linguists and anthropologists expected to grasp the Chʼortiʼ culture and language by studying its words and expressions. Chʼortiʼ is spoken mainly in and around
1047:
The aspectual system of Chʼortiʼ language changed to a tripartite pronominal system which comes with different morphemes used for the subject of transitive verbs, the object of transitive verbs and the subject of intransitive completive verbs, and a third set of pronouns only used for the subject of
355:
The government of
Guatemala has been more supportive of Chʼorti speakers and has promoted programs that encourage the learning and teaching of Chʼorti. The Chʼorti's in Guatemala wear traditional clothing, unlike their counterparts in Honduras, who wear modern-day clothing. Currently there are about
346:
The government of
Honduras has been trying to promote a uniform national language of Spanish, and therefore discourages the use and teaching of native languages such as Chʼorti. The Chʼortiʼ people in Honduras face homogenization and have to assimilate to their surroundings. The government has been
364:
The majority of Chʼortiʼ live in the
Chiquimula Department of Guatemala, approximately 52,000. The remaining 4,000 live in Copán, Honduras. The Kʼicheʼ Maya however, dominated the Chʼortiʼ dating back to the early fifteenth century. Warfare as well as disease devastated much of the Chʼortiʼ during
1015:
When two vowels are put together in Chʼortiʼ the second vowel always takes precedence and then is always followed by a glottal stop. Chʼortiʼ doesn't have any long vowels. According to historians, long vowels occur in
Classical Mayan, but have been lost in modern Chʼortiʼ.
303:(also known as Mayan Glyphs). The language of the Mayan Glyphs is described as 'Classic Chʼoltiʼan' by John Robertson, David Stuart, and Stephen Houston. The language of the Mayan script is thus the ancestor of Chʼortiʼ. The relationship is shown in the chart below.
365:
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Much of their land was lost to the
Guatemalan government in the nineteenth century as well. More recently, 25 percent of the Guatemalan Chʼortiʼ went to the United States during the 1980s to escape political persecution.
283:
The name Chʼortiʼ (with unglottalized <ch>) means 'language of the corn farmers', a reference to the traditional agricultural activity of Chʼortiʼ families. It is one of the three modern descendants of the Chʼolan language, which constitute a sub-group of
337:
This region is the only region in the world that Chʼorti speakers can be found. Although the area is completely shaded in, the majority of speakers reside in
Guatemala, while the rest are sparsely distributed throughout the rest of the area.
1623:
According to "A Dictionary of Chʼortiʼ Maya, Guatemala" by Kerry Hull, some words may be used as nouns (as shown above) or can double as a verb as well. For example "Witzir" can mean mountain as a noun, or 'to go uphill' as a verb.
272:. Because the Classic Mayan language was ancestral to the modern Chʼorti, it can be used to decipher the ancient language. Researchers realized that the ancient language was based more on phonetics than previously thought.
308:
1255:
In the Chʼortiʼ language and other Mayan sentences it always starts with verbs but also there are agents or patients added and in which they are commonly represented by the acronym VOS, meaning
322:, one of the cultural capitals of the ancient Maya area. This covers parts of modern-day Honduras and Guatemala. Chʼorti is considered an endangered language as well as an endangered culture.
2282:• McAnany, Patricia, and Shoshaunna Parks. "Casualties of Heritage Distancing Children, Chʼortiʼ Indigeneity, and the Copan Archaeoscape." Current Anthropology 53.1 (2012): 80–107. Print.
279:
A map showing the present-day locations of the Mayan
Languages. The colors of the language names show closely-related groups. The size of the name shows the relative number of speakers.
1262:
In most of the Chʼortiʼ language there are phrases surrounding transitive verbs and they are order subject first (first-most) and it's followed by the verb then the object (SVO).
3534:
2295:
2532:
299:
There are some debates among scholars about how Chʼolan should be classified. John
Robertson considered the direct ancestor of colonial Chʼoltiʼ to be the language of the
3564:
3221:
3559:
3064:
373:
The Chʼortiʼ have their own standard way of writing their language. However, inaccurate ways to represent phonemes led to some variation among recent publications.
236:
were written. Chʼortiʼ is the modern version of the ancient Mayan language Chʼolan (which was actively used and most popular between the years of A.D 250 and 850).
307:
356:
55,250 Chʼorti speakers in
Guatemala. Even though Guatemala has established Spanish as its official language, it supports the teaching of these native languages.
296:. These three descendants are still spoken today. Chʼortiʼ and Chʼolti are two sub-branches belonging to Eastern Chʼolan; Chʼolti is, however, already extinct.
1415:
Chʼortiʼ has many other different forms, in the following sentence the words that appear to be bold is a preposition and underline one is a relational noun.
2565:
817:. Classic Mayan differentiated between the two. This differentiation can be seen in some Chʼortiʼ literature, such as with the texts by Wisdom.
3214:
763:
3057:
2321:
743:
2299:
654:
2213:
Houston, S, J Robertson, and D Stuart. "The language of Classic Maya inscriptions." Current Anthropology 41.3 (2000): 321–356. Print.
2524:
2019:
These are the only instances encountered. It is worthy of notice that ixkaʼr "wife", chʼurkabʼ "baby" and ar "offspring" take -ob'.
3554:
1019:
In Chʼortiʼ language, aa or a꞉ is used as aʼ or Aʼ, we can see this pattern with all vowel clusters including eʼ, Iʼ, oʼ and uʼ.
687:
619:
1317:
The adjective works together with the nouns as a modifier formed with a noun phrase that plays some syntactic role, object etc.
3584:
3569:
3207:
887:
177:
3579:
3574:
3050:
824:
The consonants of Chʼortiʼ include glottal stop , b, bʼ, ch, chʼ, d, g, j, k, kʼ, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, tʼ, tz, tzʼ, w, x, y.
2372:
Pérez Martínez, Vitalino(1994) Gramática del idioma chʼortíʼ. Antigua, Guatemala: Proyecto Lingüístico Francisco Marroquín.
2558:
2511:
2535:, containing several hundred recordings of Chʼortiʼ made between 1964 and 1967 in Guatemala, field notes and photographs.
2470:
894:
677:
609:
163:
2250:
866:
812:
644:
2296:"Minority Rights Group International : Honduras : Lenca, Miskitu, Tawahka, Pech, Maya, Chortis and Xicaque"
908:
753:
471:
461:
3170:
804:
697:
512:
3344:
2782:
2224:
3549:
3516:
2551:
873:
187:
3321:
2736:
3589:
3387:
3103:
3017:
2945:
2695:
566:
554:
483:
3230:
3165:
2756:
2591:
522:
396:
3367:
2898:
2521:
3476:
3073:
3010:
2986:
2684:
2648:
718:
431:
421:
289:
225:
118:
3402:
3382:
2929:
2908:
221:
58:
3003:
2669:
2117:
1986:
1938:
1883:
1832:
810:
802:
580:
93:
3521:
3417:
3392:
3149:
2950:
2607:
2582:
1256:
635:
534:
505:
408:
1080:
3372:
3354:
3311:
3244:
2903:
2878:
391:
386:
2798:
2022:
obʼ is a general plural. The suffix can be found in nouns, verbs, adjectives, and participials.
3466:
3451:
3425:
3407:
3397:
3339:
3306:
3291:
3108:
2960:
2955:
2864:
2838:
2777:
2689:
2643:
2622:
546:
293:
2329:
3486:
3461:
3456:
3377:
3283:
3263:
3118:
3087:
2924:
2823:
2722:
2717:
2597:
2419:
786:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3329:
3189:
2772:
2574:
2528:
710:
415:
403:
285:
85:
77:
3430:
3128:
3113:
3033:
2978:
2627:
2407:
2079:
213:
155:
3543:
3362:
3334:
3296:
3123:
2893:
2843:
2751:
2349:
2097:
2075:
1970:
1919:
1915:
1868:
1864:
1813:
599:
454:
245:
229:
2408:"Split Ergativity In The History Of The Chʼolan Branch Of The Mayan Language Family"
3301:
3133:
2859:
2382:
2265:
493:
300:
217:
275:
1774:
Examples of inflected verbs from Isidro González's stories (John Fought, 1972):
860:
848:
735:
330:
233:
168:
38:
1501:
The following list contains examples of common words in the Chʼortiʼ language:
3253:
2516:
2190:
2185:
902:
853:
257:
253:
249:
2538:
881:
669:
594:
261:
148:
132:
30:
318:
The Chʼortiʼ people are descendants of the people who lived in and around
139:
3199:
2322:"Copan: Collaboration for Identity, Equity and Sustainability (Honduras)"
319:
269:
265:
195:
183:
48:
34:
3042:
2483:
Quizar, Robin. 1994. "Motion Verbs in Chʼortiʼ." Función 15–16. 211–229.
2012:
max-tak "children, young ones, family" (max does not occur without -tak)
448:
191:
2298:. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Archived from
2251:"Verbal art and performance in Chʼortiʼ and Maya hieroglyphic writing"
2328:. Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). Archived from
2232:
2065:
2423:
2543:
1143:
1088:
329:
274:
2111:
DEF.ART bird-3.PL PROG {3A-pull up-THEM-3.PL} {1A.SG-maize plant}
2101:
3203:
3046:
2547:
2138:
2087:
2055:
1923:
1817:
1470:
1205:
2134:
2083:
2051:
1209:
1147:
1092:
1084:
801:
has two pronunciations, as either a voiceless velar fricative
1051:
Chʼortiʼ tripartite pronominal system (data from Hull 2005)
2036:
224:
or Chʼortiʼ Maya. Chʼortiʼ is a direct descendant of the
194:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2383:"Chorti Maya Pronunciation Guide, Alphabet and Phonology"
2040:
1320:
Predicative adjective indicate the size, color or state
2406:
Law, Danny; Robertson, John; Houston, Stephen (2006).
2533:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
2290:
2288:
2225:"'Lost' Sacred Language of the Maya Is Rediscovered"
1259:. The following rules apply VSO, SVO, SOV,OVS, OSV.
3509:
3439:
3416:
3353:
3320:
3282:
3273:
3237:
3158:
3142:
3096:
3080:
2995:
2977:
2938:
2917:
2886:
2877:
2852:
2831:
2822:
2815:
2791:
2765:
2744:
2735:
2710:
2677:
2668:
2661:
2636:
2615:
2606:
2581:
2512:
Online version of Wisdom's Chorti Dictionary (1950)
2320:Chenier, Jacqueline; Sherwood, Steve (2013-10-27).
264:, as well as in adjacent areas of parts of western
162:
146:
130:
125:
111:
74:
64:
54:
44:
26:
21:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2244:
2242:
1022:Some examples of words with vowel clusters are꞉
2163:small-3.PL {small variety of} {gourd container}
3215:
3058:
2559:
2418:(4). University of Texas at Austin: 415–450.
2412:International Journal of American Linguistics
2166:And then come two little gourds,... (f330040)
8:
2343:
2341:
2339:
1492:"The horse passed in front of the children"
1120:'The boy chops the wood (into tiny pieces)'
3279:
3222:
3208:
3200:
3065:
3051:
3043:
2883:
2828:
2819:
2741:
2674:
2665:
2612:
2566:
2552:
2544:
2517:Oral Histories of the Chʼortiʼ Maya (2011)
2350:"A Dictionary of Chʼortiʼ Maya, Guatemala"
18:
2522:Mayan Languages Collection of John Fought
1489:The horse passed in.front.of the child-PL
917:The vowels consist of a, e, i, o, and u.
2471:"The grammar of Chʼortiʼ Maya Folktales"
1776:
1636:
1503:
924:
842:
785:/b/, /d/ and /ɡ/ usually only appear in
380:
326:Geographic location of Chʼortiʼ speakers
16:Mayan language spoken in Central America
3565:Indigenous languages of Central America
2178:
778:
188:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2266:"Maya Hieroglyphs and Mayan Languages"
2005:Tak is plural for women and childrenʼ
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2368:
2366:
2114:The birds are pulling my maize plant.
240:Relationship to other Mayan languages
7:
2253:. The University of Texas at Austin.
1313:Adjectives with attributive function
2539:Information about Chʼortiʼ language
2108:e mut-obʼ war u-bʼax-i-obʼ ni-jinaj
2116:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1985:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1937:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1882:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1831:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
360:Ethnonyms: Cholotí, Chorté, Chortí
14:
1243:def sun C-1-go.out prep going sun
1175:'The tomato turned out delicious'
1048:incompletive intransitive verbs.
907:
893:
886:
872:
865:
809:or a voiceless glottal fricative
762:
752:
742:
717:
696:
686:
676:
653:
643:
618:
608:
579:
565:
553:
533:
521:
511:
492:
482:
470:
460:
430:
420:
244:Chʼortiʼ can be called a living "
220:people who are also known as the
3256:
3183:
306:
2495:A CHʼORTIʼ MORPHOLOGICAL SKETCH
2446:"GRAMÁTICA PEDAGÓGICA Chʼortiʼ"
953:Like regular a but held longer
2029:e mutobʼ war ubʼaxyobʼ nijinaj
1:
3560:Verb–object–subject languages
2469:Dugan, James (May 20, 2013).
2264:Mathews, Peter; Bíró, Péter.
1638:Verb Inflections in Chʼortiʼ
1240:e kʼin a-lokʼoy ta ixner kʼin
1117:def boy A-3-chop-B-3 def wood
1409:{I am selling} green tomato
1357:{E bʼikʼit} yurwobʼ chamobʼ
1308:"Grandma sells vegetables."
1172:sweet go.out-B-3 def tomato
1035:Tunoʼron = everyone, todos
3606:
2444:Pérez, Lauro (2004–2008).
2223:Keys, David (2003-12-07).
2009:ijchʼok-tak "little girls"
1246:'The sun sets in the west'
1029:Weʼr = meat, carne
3251:
3179:
3171:Bay Islands Sign Language
3027:
2326:srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu
2025:Examples on possessives:
1778:Verb Inflection Examples
1735:
1698:
1661:
1642:
1181:Intransitive incompletive
906:
734:
709:
668:
593:
491:
447:
414:
383:
369:Phonology and orthography
174:
3517:Guatemalan Sign Language
2493:Wichmann, Søren (1999).
2387:www.native-languages.org
1403:inchoni {e yaxax} pe'ych
1363:{The little} chicks died
1305:sells vegetables grandma
1169:intzaj lokʼoy-Ø e peʼych
1009:Like u only held longer
995:Like o only held longer
981:Like i only held longer
967:Like e only held longer
3555:Agglutinative languages
2249:Hull, Kerry M. (2003).
2196:(subscription required)
1126:Intransitive completive
939:Chʼortiʼ pronunciation
232:inscriptions using the
3585:Mesoamerican languages
3570:Languages of Guatemala
3231:Languages of Guatemala
3166:Honduran Sign Language
1114:e sitzʼ u-buyi-Ø e siʼ
1032:Bʼiʼx = seed, semilla
334:
280:
176:This article contains
3580:Languages of Honduras
3575:Chiquimula Department
3074:Languages of Honduras
2766:Qʼanjobʼalan–Jakaltek
333:
314:Language Endangerment
278:
228:in which many of the
226:Classic Maya language
3097:Indigenous languages
2348:Hull, Kerry (2005).
2160:Yar-obʼ bʼikʼit ruch
1935:“they guard over it”
1299:Uchoni {e kar} enoya
933:Sometimes also used
288:. The other two are
3522:Mayan Sign Language
3190:Honduras portal
3150:Bay Islands English
2737:Qʼanjobalan–Chujean
2126:Yarobʼ bʼikʼit ruch
1779:
1639:
1506:
1497:Vocabulary Examples
1406:verb adjective noun
1360:adjective noun verb
1302:verb object subject
1257:verb-object-subject
1038:Kuʼm = egg, huevo
926:
659:⟨chʼ⟩
649:⟨tzʼ⟩
3535:Linguamón Ch'orti'
2527:2020-09-26 at the
2270:research.famsi.org
1777:
1637:
1504:
930:Characters we use
925:
624:⟨ch⟩
614:⟨tz⟩
539:⟨kʼ⟩
527:⟨tʼ⟩
517:⟨bʼ⟩
335:
281:
70:30,000 (2000)
3530:
3529:
3505:
3504:
3238:Official language
3197:
3196:
3081:Official language
3040:
3039:
3034:extinct languages
3018:Classical Kʼicheʼ
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2873:
2872:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2731:
2730:
2657:
2656:
2194:(18th ed., 2015)
1996:
1995:
1783:Uninflected Verb
1772:
1771:
1621:
1620:
1026:Jaʼx = Her, ella
1013:
1012:
915:
914:
833:⟨y⟩
829:⟨w⟩
799:⟨j⟩
775:
774:
768:⟨w⟩
758:⟨y⟩
748:⟨l⟩
723:⟨r⟩
702:⟨j⟩
692:⟨x⟩
682:⟨s⟩
638:
602:
585:⟨g⟩
571:⟨d⟩
559:⟨b⟩
549:
508:
498:⟨ʼ⟩
488:⟨k⟩
476:⟨t⟩
466:⟨p⟩
457:
436:⟨n⟩
426:⟨m⟩
206:Chʼortiʼ language
202:
201:
184:rendering support
180:phonetic symbols.
3597:
3280:
3266:
3264:Guatemala portal
3261:
3260:
3259:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
2884:
2879:Greater Quichean
2829:
2820:
2742:
2675:
2670:Cholan–Tzeltalan
2666:
2637:Yucatec–Lacandon
2613:
2598:Huastec (Wastek)
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
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2441:
2428:
2427:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2334:
2333:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2231:. Archived from
2220:
2214:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2148:small variety of
2140:
2136:
2121:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2015:ixik-tak "women"
1990:
1972:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1836:
1819:
1815:
1780:
1759:
1743:
1722:
1706:
1685:
1669:
1640:
1507:
1472:
1251:Basic word order
1211:
1207:
1149:
1145:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
927:
911:
897:
890:
876:
869:
843:
835:are semivowels.
834:
830:
818:
816:
808:
800:
796:
790:
783:
769:
766:
759:
756:
749:
746:
724:
721:
703:
700:
693:
690:
683:
680:
660:
657:
650:
647:
634:
625:
622:
615:
612:
600:
586:
583:
572:
569:
560:
557:
545:
540:
537:
528:
525:
518:
515:
504:
499:
496:
489:
486:
477:
474:
467:
464:
453:
437:
434:
427:
424:
381:
310:
216:, spoken by the
208:(sometimes also
158:
142:
135:
90:Cholan–Tzeltalan
80:
19:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3550:Mayan languages
3540:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3501:
3435:
3412:
3349:
3316:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3233:
3228:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3154:
3143:Other languages
3138:
3092:
3076:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3023:
2991:
2965:
2934:
2913:
2887:Quichean proper
2869:
2848:
2803:
2787:
2761:
2727:
2706:
2653:
2632:
2602:
2577:
2575:Mayan languages
2572:
2529:Wayback Machine
2508:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2431:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2158:
2156:gourd container
2150:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2091:
2069:
2059:
2044:
2030:
2003:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1961:
1954:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1881:
1872:
1855:
1848:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1803:
1796:
1786:Inflected Verb
1757:
1741:
1737:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1635:
1633:Verb inflection
1630:
1499:
1494:
1474:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1437:
1427:
1413:
1401:
1390:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1344:
1333:
1315:
1310:
1297:
1286:
1275:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1045:
923:
841:
832:
828:
822:
821:
798:
797:
793:
784:
780:
767:
757:
747:
722:
701:
691:
681:
658:
648:
623:
613:
584:
570:
558:
538:
526:
516:
497:
487:
475:
465:
435:
425:
398:
379:
371:
362:
353:
344:
328:
316:
286:Mayan languages
242:
218:indigenous Maya
182:Without proper
154:
138:
131:
121:
114:
107:
81:
78:Language family
76:
67:
66:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3510:Sign languages
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3159:Sign languages
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2979:Mixed language
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2506:External links
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:. p. 153.
2485:
2476:
2461:
2429:
2424:10.1086/513056
2398:
2374:
2362:
2335:
2332:on 2007-06-14.
2312:
2284:
2275:
2256:
2238:
2235:on 2003-12-19.
2229:mayanmajix.com
2215:
2199:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2151:
2143:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2092:
2070:
2060:
2045:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1932:E3-guard-A3-PL
1910:
1909:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1498:
1495:
1464:
1456:
1446:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1368:
1345:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1249:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1152:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1097:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
969:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
931:
922:
921:Vowel clusters
919:
913:
912:
905:
899:
898:
891:
884:
878:
877:
870:
863:
857:
856:
851:
846:
840:
837:
820:
819:
791:
777:
776:
773:
772:
770:
760:
750:
740:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
725:
715:
713:
707:
706:
704:
694:
684:
674:
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
651:
641:
639:
631:
630:
628:
626:
616:
606:
604:
597:
591:
590:
588:
576:
574:
562:
550:
542:
541:
531:
529:
519:
509:
501:
500:
490:
480:
478:
468:
458:
451:
445:
444:
442:
440:
438:
428:
418:
412:
411:
406:
401:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
370:
367:
361:
358:
352:
349:
343:
340:
327:
324:
315:
312:
241:
238:
214:Mayan language
200:
199:
186:, you may see
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
136:
128:
127:
126:Language codes
123:
122:
117:
115:
112:
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3602:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:Mamean proper
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:Mototzintleco
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:Chicomuceltec
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2302:on 2013-10-29
2301:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:Common Words
1502:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
984:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
920:
918:
910:
904:
901:
900:
896:
892:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
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25:
20:
3477:Plautdietsch
3446:
3181:
3029:
3016:
3011:Classic Maya
3009:
3002:
2987:Cauque Mayan
2701:
2694:
2649:Yucatec Maya
2590:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2464:
2454:November 17,
2452:. Retrieved
2415:
2411:
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2356:
2330:the original
2325:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2278:
2269:
2259:
2233:the original
2228:
2218:
2189:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2129:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:-maize plant
2096:
2093:
2074:
2072:u-bʼax-i-obʼ
2071:
2064:
2061:
2049:
2046:
2035:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2004:
1997:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1914:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1880:“he sees it”
1879:
1876:
1873:
1863:
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1852:
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1828:
1825:
1822:
1811:
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1414:
1411:
1408:
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1402:
1398:
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1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:I am selling
1376:
1373:
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1365:
1362:
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1341:
1338:
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1018:
1014:
916:
826:
823:
794:
781:
372:
363:
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345:
336:
317:
305:
301:Mayan script
298:
282:
260:department,
243:
209:
205:
203:
175:
147:
119:Classic Maya
98:
3398:Sipakapense
3322:Qʼanjobalan
3312:Chalchiteco
3004:Proto-Mayan
2956:Sipakapense
2001:Possessions
1829:"they went"
1453:in.front.of
936:IPA symbol
789:loan words.
736:Approximant
270:Copán Ruins
234:Maya script
190:instead of
39:El Salvador
3544:Categories
3393:Sakapultek
3345:Qʼanjobʼal
3274:Indigenous
2951:Sakapultek
2783:Qʼanjobʼal
2757:Tojolabʼal
2616:Mopan–Itza
2392:2020-12-17
2306:2013-10-25
2191:Ethnologue
2173:References
1904:“to guard”
1768:aʼ...-obʼ
1762:u-...-obʼ
1655:Subjective
1650:Absolutive
1628:Morphology
1331:The little
1284:vegetables
1056:Transitive
1003:ū, uꞏ, u꞉
989:ō, oꞏ, o꞉
975:ī, iꞏ, i꞉
961:ē, eꞏ, e꞉
947:ā, aꞏ, a꞉
377:Consonants
258:Chiquimula
113:Early form
3418:Yucatecan
3403:Tzʼutujil
3383:Poqomchiʼ
3373:Kaqchikel
3276:languages
3032:indicate
2930:Poqomchiʼ
2909:Tzʼutujil
2904:Kaqchikel
2711:Tzeltalan
2608:Yucatecan
2583:Huastecan
2357:FAMSI.org
2078:-pull up-
1983:“he goes”
1877:E3-see-A3
1519:Chʼortiʼ
1486:e max-tak
1385:adjective
1328:adjective
1325:E bʼikʼit
670:Fricative
636:glottalic
601:voiceless
595:Affricate
506:glottalic
455:voiceless
351:Guatemala
268:near the
262:Guatemala
149:Glottolog
133:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
31:Guatemala
3590:Chʼortiʼ
3482:Lebanese
3467:Japanese
3452:Garifuna
3408:Uspantek
3388:Qʼeqchiʼ
3355:Quichean
3340:Jakaltek
3307:Tektitek
3292:Awaketek
3109:Garifuna
2961:Uspantek
2865:Tektitek
2839:Awakatek
2778:Jakaltek
2702:Chʼortiʼ
2696:Chʼoltiʼ
2644:Lacandon
2525:Archived
2186:Chʼortiʼ
2094:ni-jinaj
1929:ukojkobʼ
1912:ukojkobʼ
1853:“to see”
1826:go-A3-PL
1742:singular
1705:singular
1672:in-/ni-
1668:singular
1657:(Set C)
1652:(Set B)
1647:(Set A)
1645:Ergative
1614:mountain
1594:beverage
1513:Chʼortiʼ
1202:a-lokʼoy
1139:lokʼoy-Ø
1077:u-buyi-Ø
399:alveolar
392:Alveolar
387:Bilabial
342:Honduras
266:Honduras
222:Chʼortiʼ
196:Help:IPA
169:Ch'orti'
156:chor1273
99:Chʼortiʼ
59:Chʼortiʼ
35:Honduras
22:Chʼortiʼ
3487:Italian
3462:Chinese
3447:Chʼorti
3378:Poqomam
3368:Kʼicheʼ
3245:Spanish
3134:Tolupan
3119:Miskito
3104:Ch'orti
3088:Spanish
3030:Italics
2996:History
2946:Qʼeqchi
2925:Poqomam
2899:Kʼicheʼ
2832:Ixilean
2816:Eastern
2745:Chujean
2723:Tzotzil
2718:Tzeltal
2685:Chontal
2662:Western
2531:at the
2145:bʼikʼit
2130:Yar-obʼ
2047:mut-obʼ
1959:“to go”
1918:-guard-
1823:ixinobʼ
1809:ixinobʼ
1801:"to go"
1738:person
1701:person
1664:person
1617:witzir
1589:winik'
1575:noxibʼ
1572:husband
1533:kʼajkʼ
1516:English
1510:English
1466:max-tak
1382:e yaxax
1371:inchoni
1347:chamobʼ
1336:yurwobʼ
1295:grandma
1292:subject
1212:-go.out
1142:go.out-
787:Spanish
449:Plosive
409:Glottal
290:Chontal
254:Camotán
250:Jocotán
212:) is a
192:Unicode
3497:Romani
3492:French
3472:Korean
3330:Akatek
3284:Mamean
2939:others
2824:Mamean
2799:Mochoʼ
2773:Akatek
2133:small-
1758:plural
1721:plural
1684:plural
1561:tukʼa
1482:numuy
1469:child-
1443:passed
1399:tomato
1393:pe'ych
1342:chicks
1281:object
1267:Uchoni
1165:tomato
1162:peʼych
1131:intzaj
1087:-chop-
1043:Syntax
839:Vowels
547:voiced
210:Chorti
94:Cholan
45:Region
3457:Xinca
3440:Other
3431:Mopan
3426:Itzaʼ
3114:Lenca
2918:Poqom
2690:Chʼol
2678:Chʼol
2628:Mopan
2623:Itzaʼ
2449:(PDF)
2353:(PDF)
2050:bird-
1980:S3-go
1977:aʼxin
1967:aʼxin
1901:kojko
1897:kojko
1874:uwira
1867:-see-
1861:uwira
1765:-obʼ
1608:earth
1597:uchʼe
1569:txʼiʼ
1555:insis
1547:tara
1527:nixiʼ
1440:numuy
1435:horse
1388:green
1289:enoya
1278:e kar
1273:sells
1228:going
1225:ixner
1134:sweet
1069:sitzʼ
861:Close
849:Front
815:]
811:[
807:]
803:[
711:Trill
416:Nasal
404:Velar
397:Post-
320:Copán
294:Chʼol
86:Mayan
49:Copán
3363:Achi
3335:Chuj
3297:Ixil
3129:Sumo
3124:Pech
2894:Achi
2844:Ixil
2752:Chuj
2456:2020
2153:ruch
2118:help
2080:THEM
2066:PROG
1987:help
1956:ixin
1952:ixin
1939:help
1884:help
1833:help
1798:ixin
1794:ixin
1731:ix-
1728:-ox
1712:-et
1694:ka-
1691:-on
1688:ka-
1678:in-
1675:-en
1600:moon
1583:kʼin
1558:what
1552:cold
1544:here
1538:bird
1530:fire
1484:tu't
1480:chij
1449:tu't
1431:chij
1396:noun
1374:verb
1353:died
1350:verb
1339:noun
1270:verb
1233:kʼin
1220:prep
1194:kʼin
1110:wood
903:Open
854:Back
831:and
827:The
292:and
252:and
204:The
3302:Mam
2860:Mam
2420:doi
2188:at
2062:war
2041:ART
2037:DEF
1973:-go
1850:ira
1846:ira
1812:go-
1752:a-
1749:-Ø
1746:u-
1736:3rd
1725:i-
1715:i-
1709:a-
1699:2nd
1662:1st
1611:rum
1603:uj
1586:man
1580:day
1566:dog
1541:mut
1524:big
1461:the
1425:The
1236:sun
1197:sun
1189:def
1157:def
1107:siʼ
1102:def
1072:boy
1064:def
1000:uu
986:oo
972:ii
958:ee
944:aa
882:Mid
655:tʃʼ
645:tsʼ
178:IPA
164:ELP
140:caa
3546::
2432:^
2416:72
2414:.
2410:.
2385:.
2365:^
2355:.
2338:^
2324:.
2287:^
2268:.
2241:^
2227:.
2202:^
2139:PL
2120:);
2102:SG
2098:1A
2088:PL
2076:3A
2056:PL
1989:);
1971:S3
1941:);
1924:PL
1920:A3
1916:E3
1886:);
1869:A3
1865:E3
1835:);
1818:PL
1814:A3
1471:PL
1217:ta
1006:u
992:o
978:i
964:e
950:a
620:tʃ
610:ts
587:)
573:)
561:)
535:kʼ
523:tʼ
256:,
37:,
33:,
3223:e
3216:t
3209:v
3066:e
3059:t
3052:v
2567:e
2560:t
2553:v
2473:.
2458:.
2426:.
2422::
2395:.
2359:.
2309:.
2272:.
2137:.
2135:3
2100:.
2086:.
2084:3
2082:-
2054:.
2052:3
2039:.
2033:e
1922:-
1816:-
1477:E
1458:e
1421:E
1210:1
1208:-
1206:C
1186:e
1154:e
1148:3
1146:-
1144:B
1099:e
1093:3
1091:-
1089:B
1085:3
1083:-
1081:A
1061:e
909:a
895:o
888:e
874:u
867:i
813:h
805:x
764:w
754:j
744:l
719:r
698:x
688:ʃ
678:s
581:ɡ
578:(
567:d
564:(
555:b
552:(
513:ɓ
494:ʔ
484:k
472:t
462:p
432:n
422:m
198:.
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