441:
and Kinh militia at a terrified 'genocidal level', by using abhorrent methods such as slow slicing or rampant mass killings with dead, mutilated bodies littered all over the area, and all those
Vietnamese war crimes were well witnessed in both Vietnamese royal documents and Cham sources. The same notorious method Minh Mang had employed in suppressing many previous rebellions and Christian revolts, however, quickly went out of control and turned into an ethnocide in Champa. Contemporary local hand accounts also noticed the ground zero: "Hue awards each soldier money and award for collecting three Cham heads every morning." Unstoppable, Vietnamese royal troops and Kinh paramilitary units were competing at hunting down and murdering innocent Cham civilians to receive task prizes.
572:
33:
1663:
827:
284:, refrained from following Khaṭīb Sumat's prophecies after having a dispute with the khatib about motivation and planning. Sumat's uprising quickly fell apart due to the same reason. Ja Thak Wa criticized Sumat for his fanatical Islamic extremism and sycophant behaviors. He splintered his band from Sumat in late 1833 to the western mountains (
452:, the current in-office governor-general of Cambodia, to govern Panduranga in disguise. Then he expected a hiatus by retracting his agenda and bribing the Cham aristocrats who have been adverse from the beginning to sabotage the revolution's core supporters. His administration granted amnesty to the former king
288:). Ja Thak Wa was a moderate Bani dignitary and his movement in chiaroscuro was not motivated by Islamism. His desires were restoring an independent state of Champa with multiethnic and multicultural harmonies from Vietnamese rules, urging the Cham natives to revolt and drive Vietnamese settlers out of Champa.
440:
In March 1835, Minh Mang promised good remittances for soldiers who killed and beheaded a rebel to liquidate the revolt. Subsequently, what happened in Old
Panduranga was a bloody reign of terror, systematic mass killings against armless Cham and indigenous civilians undertaken by Vietnamese soldiers
300:
In
October, the insurrection entered its second offensive, hailing from the mountains to the lowland. Ja Thak Wa believed 'the revolution could only succeed if it gained fully passionate commitment and support from the lowland mass,' the rebels forced people to reach affidavits by launching a terror
511:
After all, to prevent further Cham resistance, Minh Mang decided to displace the Cham population and scatter them interleaved next to Kinh villages while shutting off communication between lowlander Cham and highlander tribes. Cham religious life and customs were practically wiped out. Indigenous
504:
was lit on fire. Most Cham villages and towns, especially aquatic villages along the coast, had been razed and annihilated. Around seven to twelve Cham villages were scrambled to the ground. A Cham document recounts: "If you go along the coast from
Panrang to Parik, you will see, Prince and Lord,
373:
Situations in
Panduranga quickly submerged into horror. Violence and terrorism escalated. The Vietnamese military deployed terrorist tactics to cut down supplies, such as burning down Cham villages and farmlands, blazing a trail of destruction, and carrying out considerable violent abuses against
296:
In August 1834, Ja Thak Wa's forces began the first uprising by organizing attacks on
Vietnamese military garrisons in coastal Bình Thuan and rallied people to revolt. An account calls his forlorn homeland quaked and awakened by resentful "holy fire" (Apuei Kadhir). But the Cham leadership in the
476:
The revolutionaries still fiercely resisted until July in a futile hope of warding off the
Vietnamese but soon succumbed and surrendered. Many revolutionaries and people involved in the uprising were immediately executed after their surrender, and some others were sent to exile or (slave) labor
436:
Upon learning of his territorial losses to the Cham rebels, Minh Mang dispatched a reinforcement of 3,000 royal troops forward to the old Thuan Thanh to return his grips over
Panduranga and put down the revolution. He fired several local officials that were blamed for having mismanaged and
345:(Prince of the Sun) and Ja Yok Ai, a Cham leader, as the military commander. Notably, many prolific members of the high royal family of Panduranga also joined the resistance. The assembly's panel also arbitrated hostilities between Balamon and Bani communities. These actions, historian
365:
Vietnamese military force, numbering around one thousand stationary troops supported by Kinh militia, established a naval blockade around coastal Ninh Thuan-Binh Thuan, then moved troops into villages to dislodge the rebels and set up interdiction efforts against rebels' logistics.
460:. He dismissed the killing competition he previously ordered by himself and demanded punishment for troops and corrupted officials who abused and killed unarmed civilians. He exonerated some 200 Cham prisoners in April while launching a disinformation campaign against Ja Thak Wa.
499:
In the summer of 1835, Minh Mang issued the destruction of Champa to release his anger. Historic sites were not exempted from the destruction. Cham cemeteries and royal tombs were smashed and vandalized. Temples were demolished. The temple of the king
361:
Upon learning news of the uprising, Minh Mang was furious as he complained about Ja Thak Wa's movement "anti-Viet idiotic and barbarous highlands led by traitorous and disobedient mobs." He ordered troops in the provinces to put down the rebellion.
444:
On the other hand, Minh Mang ordered his troops to destroy salt and rice storage houses to prevent Ja Thak Wa's troops from resupplying and brought war elephants to battle the rebels who did not have firearms to counter the elephant charge.
369:
The
Vietnamese court initially underestimated rebels and waged conventional warfare against them but could not match both popular uprisings and guerrilla fighters. Ja Thak Wa organized his army into small, mobile bands of guerilla fighters.
352:
Accordingly, Ja Thak Wa believed that the proclamation of the Champa provisional assembly would eventually drive the movement to the ultimate and inevitable goal – the liberation of Champa as an independent, sovereign state.
321:) were put under a newly established provisional assembly, an aggregate made up of an anti-Vietnamese coalition of the suffered, namely Cham Bani and Cham Balamons, the highlanders,... The assembly's plebiscite then elected
468:
A blow struck the leadership of Neo Champa in the summer of 1835. The Raglai king Po War Palei was killed in action while battling against Nguyen troops in May 1835. Ja Thak Wa was wounded in Hamu Linang hamlet, near
1413:
428:
had not yet been pacified. The
Siamese were agitating anti-Minh Mang rebellions in northern Vietnam while conducting raids in Cambodia, Vietnam's newly annexed territory.
382:
By early 1835, the Nguyen army had been driven out after being outflanked by rebels and losing battles at key towns of An Phước, Hòa Ða, Tuy Tịnh districts, and the
2906:
2529:
Weber, Nicholas (2016), "The Cham Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Patterns of Historical, Political, Social and Economic Development", in Engelbert, Jörg Thomas (ed.),
508:
After Ja Thak Wa, Vietnamese royal documents also recorded one more uprising in the former Panduranga, led by two Cham sisters, Thị Tiết and Thị Cân Oa, in 1836.
1691:
2901:
788:
32:
2001:
538:
prohibited Kinh discrimination and prejudice against Cham and indigenous highland peoples, putting an end to Vietnamese cultural genocide of the Cham.
1367:
305:. The Vietnamese daily chronicles of Minh Mang claims that the rebels had committed great slaughters against lowland Chams as well as Kinh settlers.
2734:
2724:
647:
2641:
1613:
1344:
523:
reverted most of their grandfather's harsh policies on religion and ethnic assimilation, and the Cham was reallowed to practice their faiths.
2610:
2591:
2572:
2546:
2481:
2462:
2434:
505:
that there are no more Cham houses (on the coast)." Consequently, the Cham had lost their ancestors' seafaring and shipbuilding traditions.
1090:
389:
Ja Thak Wa's reviving Champa then quickly expanded unprecedentedly, gaining control over a vast area in Central Vietnam, stretching from
1110:
1070:
2754:
675:
241:
186:
699:
1484:
2677:
1618:
1598:
1207:
1820:
1554:
349:
commented, an emphasis that manifests the polyethnic, antiracist, and democratic intentions of Ja Thak Wa's independence movement.
2423:
Cambodia's Muslims and the Malay World: Malay Language, Jawi Script, and Islamic Factionalism from the 19th Century to the Present
1684:
2916:
953:
781:
2744:
206:
181:
2830:
1574:
1061:
2911:
1603:
1304:
709:
374:
innocent civilians, intimidating the Cham population support and probable involvement for the insurgency of Ja Thak Wa.
2729:
1677:
1643:
1628:
1623:
1608:
1294:
806:
449:
314:
285:
1080:
421:
2815:
402:
383:
2896:
2702:
1147:
943:
774:
551:
527:
571:
2634:
534:
in the late 1880s had been finished only a tiny fraction, 40,000 Cham people in the old Panduranga remained. The
1020:
908:
1638:
394:
420:
The revolt's success jeopardized the stance of the Nguyen court and destabilized the Vietnamese empire. The
898:
2627:
1710:
1534:
1388:
50:
2667:
2500:
Weber, Nicolas (2012). "The destruction and assimilation of Campā (1832–35) as seen from Cam sources".
1247:
1237:
983:
586:
38:
1715:
918:
681:
301:
campaign, mass killing of disloyal Cham and Kinh settlers, especially those who allied with the king
297:
lowland were too afraid if they denounced the Vietnamese and joined the rebellion against Minh Mang.
281:
2717:
642:
2875:
2749:
1720:
1705:
1437:
1167:
1100:
687:
670:
485:
457:
326:
237:
2835:
2672:
1257:
592:
199:
2820:
2795:
2769:
2517:
1284:
1275:
1128:
1011:
836:
815:
763:
745:
414:
318:
264:. It was dissolved in the following year when Vietnamese forces crushed the resistance movement.
1043:
2759:
2712:
2707:
2659:
2606:
2587:
2568:
2542:
2477:
2458:
2430:
1564:
1326:
963:
856:
740:
560:
54:
1544:
1187:
2870:
2739:
2534:
2509:
2426:
1633:
1377:
1315:
993:
973:
535:
531:
1227:
410:
2825:
512:
highland peoples, their livelihoods, and their tracks were kept under heavy surveillance.
1197:
1157:
448:
Facing brutal Cham defiance, Minh Mang then was intrigued into deliberation about asking
398:
386:
governance fell to the revolutionaries. Ja Thak Wa obtained control over old Panduranga.
277:
2790:
2785:
1667:
1648:
1427:
1137:
750:
256:
in 1834 upon the launching of his large-scale Cham revolution against Vietnamese ruler
2858:
2682:
1033:
604:
2890:
2853:
2521:
1399:
1353:
1217:
1177:
730:
334:
390:
337:
background from Cadang village, as king of New Champa. The assembly then anointed a
1524:
1514:
481:
453:
338:
322:
302:
78:
473:, was then captured by the Vietnamese, and he was sentenced to the death penalty.
846:
489:
273:
233:
2692:
826:
2538:
2513:
929:
877:
867:
249:
888:
516:
470:
346:
257:
248:
of Vietnam in August 1832. In response, the Cham resistance movement led by
245:
2584:
The Minority Muslim Experience in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Different Path
2863:
2810:
2687:
933:
610:
2805:
1504:
1455:
501:
493:
406:
330:
224:
2800:
2650:
1494:
1474:
636:
520:
425:
253:
2531:
Vietnam's Ethnic and Religious Minorities: A Historical Perspective
2619:
1464:
735:
598:
480:
In July 1835, Minh Mang ordered the executions of the former king
2697:
616:
2623:
2565:
The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Mass Atrocity, and Genocide
2493:
Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-1835)
313:
In late 1834, the revolution's headquarters (located in the
2474:
A Journey of Ethnicity: In Search of the Cham of Vietnam
2400:
2398:
2603:
Whiter: Asian American Women on Skin Color and Colorism
2265:
2263:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2195:
2193:
2846:
2778:
2658:
378:
Initial Vietnamese defeats, revolutionary expansion
220:
144:
134:
122:
114:
100:
88:
72:
60:
46:
18:
432:Vietnamese offensives (March 1835) and atrocities
2563:Brown, Sara E.; Smith, Stephen D., eds. (2021).
2635:
2448:. Ho Chi Minh: Parkstone Press International.
1685:
782:
464:Ending of the Champa resistance and aftermath
8:
2642:
2628:
2620:
2455:Le Campā: Géographie, population, histoire
1692:
1678:
800:
789:
775:
545:
437:procrastinated suppression of the revolt.
31:
15:
2088:
2533:, Peter Lang Edition, pp. 157–202,
488:, reportedly being accused of inspiring
329:'s brother-in-law, a descendant of king
2765:New Champa (Champa resistance movement)
2069:
1737:
814:
803:
559:
548:
280:, originally a distinguished leader of
276:religious leader from Văn Lâm village,
2907:Former countries in Vietnamese history
2735:Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor
2404:
2377:
2329:
2254:
2160:
2100:
309:Establishment of a New state of Champa
2365:
2353:
2054:
2041:
143:
133:
129:
99:
95:
87:
71:
67:
59:
7:
1414:Provisional Revolutionary Government
1025:
526:Nevertheless, it was until when the
260:'s wake of oppression over the old
2902:Former countries in Southeast Asia
2502:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2389:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2242:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2184:
2172:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2076:
1943:
1903:
1890:
1868:
1846:
1833:
1807:
1794:
1754:
700:Front for the Liberation of Champa
333:'s dynasty, and being a person of
14:
2495:. International Office of Champa.
2476:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
1661:
1358:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
825:
630:Medieval and early modern period
570:
492:'s a plot against the court, by
456:and the sister of the vice king
252:established a second Kingdom of
204:
179:
2745:Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)
2453:Lafont, Pierre-Bernard (2007).
2341:a variant of the Sanskrit word
1867:DNTLCB, XVI, pp. 69, 129-143. (
2444:Hubert, Jean-François (2012).
1368:Provisional Central Government
536:French colonial administration
61:King (Po Patrai) of New Champa
1:
1823:chính biên), XVI, pp. 118-119
528:French acquisition of Vietnam
292:First phase of the revolution
1485:Cát Tiên archaeological site
710:Champa independence movement
2791:List of dynasties of Champa
2755:Principality of Thuận Thành
2730:Mongol invasion (1283–1285)
2601:Khanna, Nikki, ed. (2020).
2421:Bruckmayr, Philipp (2019).
1418:(Republic of South Vietnam)
676:Principality of Thuận Thành
242:Principality of Thuận Thành
187:Principality of Thuận Thành
2933:
2786:List of monarchs of Champa
1148:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
693:Champa resistance movement
2539:10.3726/978-3-653-05334-0
2514:10.1017/S0022463411000701
158:
154:
130:
110:
96:
84:
68:
30:
25:
2713:Javanese raid of 774–787
2586:. Taylor & Francis.
2040:MMCY, VI, pp. 160-161. (
1081:Trung sisters' rebellion
2801:Main capitals of Champa
1933:DNTLCB, XVI, pp. 69, 82
1744:CM 24 (5), pp. 168-169
1575:Principality of Hà Tiên
515:Ming Mang's successors
2917:1835 disestablishments
2582:Goodman, John (2021).
2472:Nakamura, Rie (2020).
2053:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 289. (
2031:CAM 30 (17), pp. 49-53
2002:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
1942:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 129. (
1880:DNTLCB, XVI, pp. 78-79
1784:CAM 30 (17), pp. 50-51
1711:Nduai Kabait rebellion
1456:Non-Vietnamese history
1208:4th Chinese domination
1111:3rd Chinese domination
1091:2nd Chinese domination
1071:1st Chinese domination
146:• Disestablished
51:Revolutionary republic
1889:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 79. (
1845:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 77. (
1832:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 84. (
1753:CM 23, pp. 167-168. (
1404:(Republic of Vietnam)
1321:1887–1945 / 1945–1954
1309:1883–1945 / 1946–1948
1299:1883–1945 / 1945–1948
1289:1862–1945 / 1945–1949
2725:Cham–Vietnamese wars
2708:Golden Age of Champa
1716:Katip Sumat uprising
1389:North–South division
1238:Later Lê Restoration
944:Phùng Nguyên culture
682:Katip Sumat uprising
648:Cham–Vietnamese wars
357:Vietnamese reactions
268:Origin of Ja Thak Wa
118:Provisional Assembly
2912:1834 establishments
2847:Society and culture
2760:Dissolution in 1832
2491:Po, Dharma (2013).
2175:, pp. 147–148.
2022:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 279
1964:CAM 30, XVII, p. 51
1955:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 198
1902:CM 29, stanza 29. (
1806:MMCY , V, p. 180. (
1793:CM 29, stanza 20. (
1721:Ja Thak Wa uprising
1706:Ja Lidong rebellion
1614:Historical capitals
1535:Nung-Zhuang kingdom
882:12,000 BC–10,000 BC
861:20,000 BC–12,000 BC
688:Ja Thak Wa uprising
671:Panduranga (Champa)
136:• Established
2796:Military of Champa
2770:Timeline of Champa
2457:. Indes savantes.
2308:, pp. 160–61.
2296:, pp. 159–60.
1924:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 94
1915:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 79
1766:DNTLCB, XVI, p. 71
1668:Vietnam portal
1285:French Cochinchina
903:10,000 BC–8,000 BC
619:5th–6th century AD
484:and the vice king
422:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
319:Khanh Hoa province
2897:History of Champa
2884:
2883:
2612:978-1-47988-108-6
2593:978-1-000-41534-6
2574:978-0-36732-150-5
2548:978-3-63166-042-3
2483:978-1-52755-034-6
2464:978-2-84654-162-6
2436:978-9-00438-451-4
1982:CHCPI CAM 1, p. 8
1702:
1701:
1583:
1582:
1565:Sip Song Chau Tai
1446:
1445:
1419:
1405:
1359:
1335:
1334:
1327:Empire of Vietnam
1266:
1265:
1119:
1118:
1052:
1051:
1021:Hồng Bàng dynasty
1002:
1001:
988:(1,000 BC–200 AD)
978:(1,000 BC–100 AD)
958:1,500 BC–1,000 BC
948:2,000 BC–1,500 BC
923:4,000 BC–3,000 BC
913:8,000 BC–6,000 BC
909:Quỳnh Văn culture
799:
798:
450:Trương Minh Giảng
315:Central Highlands
286:Central Highlands
244:, was annexed by
230:
229:
216:
215:
212:
211:
200:Empire of Vietnam
192:
191:
102:• 1834–1835
74:• 1834–1835
39:Panduranga Champa
2924:
2668:Sa Huỳnh culture
2644:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2597:
2578:
2551:
2525:
2496:
2487:
2468:
2449:
2440:
2427:Brill Publishers
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:CM 29, stanza 43
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1821:Đại Nam thực lục
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1461:
1460:
1417:
1403:
1378:State of Vietnam
1357:
1350:
1349:
1316:French Indochina
1281:
1280:
1218:Later Lê dynasty
1178:Later Lý dynasty
1168:Early Lê dynasty
1134:
1133:
1101:Early Lý dynasty
1067:
1066:
1027:
1017:
1016:
984:Sa Huỳnh culture
974:Dong Son culture
954:Đồng Đậu culture
842:
841:
829:
819:
801:
791:
784:
777:
587:Sa Huỳnh culture
574:
564:
546:
282:Sumat's uprising
208:
207:
196:
195:
183:
182:
176:
175:
160:
159:
35:
16:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2842:
2774:
2718:Khmer–Cham wars
2654:
2648:
2613:
2600:
2594:
2581:
2575:
2562:
2559:
2557:Further reading
2554:
2549:
2528:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:MMCY, V, p. 181
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1698:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1416:
1402:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1248:Tây Sơn dynasty
1131:
1121:
1120:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1014:
1004:
1003:
899:Bắc Sơn culture
839:
817:
810:
795:
757:
756:
755:
725:
717:
716:
664:
656:
655:
643:Khmer–Cham wars
631:
623:
622:
582:
562:
555:
544:
466:
434:
380:
359:
311:
294:
270:
205:
180:
147:
137:
103:
75:
42:
37:The Kingdom of
21:
12:
11:
5:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2703:Sui–Lâm Ấp war
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2598:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2526:
2508:(1): 158–180.
2497:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2407:, p. 224.
2394:
2392:, p. 162.
2382:
2380:, p. 218.
2370:
2368:, p. 165.
2358:
2356:, p. 184.
2346:
2334:
2332:, p. 217.
2322:
2320:, p. 161.
2310:
2298:
2286:
2284:, p. 159.
2274:
2272:, p. 156.
2259:
2257:, p. 216.
2247:
2245:, p. 155.
2228:
2226:, p. 172.
2216:
2214:, p. 157.
2204:
2202:, p. 154.
2189:
2187:, p. 149.
2177:
2165:
2163:, p. 215.
2153:
2151:, p. 152.
2141:
2139:, p. 151.
2129:
2117:
2115:, p. 147.
2105:
2103:, p. 214.
2093:
2091:, p. 31b.
2089:Bruckmayr 2019
2081:
2079:, p. 146.
2068:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:, p. 165)
2046:
2044:, p. 165)
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1946:, p. 157)
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1906:, p. 155)
1895:
1893:, p. 155)
1882:
1873:
1871:, p. 153)
1860:
1851:
1849:, p. 155)
1838:
1836:, p. 149)
1825:
1812:
1810:, p. 153)
1799:
1797:, p. 153)
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1757:, p. 146)
1746:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:Indochina Wars
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:Jarai kingdoms
1551:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:Subsidy period
1424:
1423:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:Nguyễn dynasty
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
989:
986:
980:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
964:Gò Mun culture
960:
959:
956:
950:
949:
946:
940:
939:
937:
925:
924:
921:
919:Đa Bút culture
915:
914:
911:
905:
904:
901:
895:
894:
892:
884:
883:
880:
874:
873:
871:
863:
862:
859:
857:Sơn Vi culture
853:
852:
850:
840:
835:
834:
831:
830:
822:
821:
812:
811:
804:
797:
796:
794:
793:
786:
779:
771:
768:
767:
759:
758:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
706:Modern status
704:
703:
702:
697:
696:
695:
685:
678:
673:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
652:
651:
645:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:3rd century AD
608:
602:
596:
590:
589:1000 BC–200 AD
583:
581:Ancient period
580:
579:
576:
575:
567:
566:
557:
556:
549:
543:
540:
465:
462:
433:
430:
379:
376:
358:
355:
343:Yang Aia Harei
310:
307:
293:
290:
272:Ja Thak Wa, a
269:
266:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
202:
193:
190:
189:
184:
172:
171:
166:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:Art of Champa
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2605:. NYU Press.
2604:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:. Routledge.
2566:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2446:Art of Champa
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2127:, p. 23.
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2004:), XII, p. 43
2003:
1997:
1994:
1991:QTCB , p. 198
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:South Vietnam
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:North Vietnam
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:French Tonkin
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1048:204 BC–111 BC
1047:
1045:
1044:Triệu dynasty
1042:
1041:
1038:257 BC–179 BC
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
997:
995:
994:Óc Eo culture
992:
991:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
936:
935:
931:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
900:
897:
896:
893:
891:
890:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
875:
872:
870:
869:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
854:
851:
849:
848:
844:
843:
838:
833:
832:
828:
824:
823:
820:
813:
808:
802:
792:
787:
785:
780:
778:
773:
772:
770:
769:
766:
765:
761:
760:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
721:
720:
711:
708:
707:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
683:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
666:
663:Modern period
660:
659:
649:
646:
644:
640:
639:
638:
634:
633:
627:
626:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
578:
577:
573:
569:
568:
565:
558:
553:
547:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
513:
509:
506:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
486:Cei Dhar Kaok
483:
478:
474:
472:
463:
461:
459:
458:Cei Dhar Kaok
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
431:
429:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
356:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Cei Dhar Kaok
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
298:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
223:
221:Today part of
219:
203:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:Cei Dhar Kaok
105:
91:
83:
80:
77:
63:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
24:
17:
2806:Kandapurpura
2764:
2740:Islamization
2678:Chinese rule
2602:
2583:
2564:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2473:
2454:
2445:
2422:
2414:Bibliography
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2250:
2219:
2207:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2049:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2013:QTCB, p. 196
2009:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1749:
1740:
1525:Dali Kingdom
1515:Khmer Empire
1442:1986–present
1387:
1314:
1295:French Annam
1188:Trần dynasty
1158:Đinh dynasty
1075:111 BC–40 AD
1034:Thục dynasty
968:1,000–800 BC
928:
887:
866:
845:
762:
692:
601:48 BC–192 AD
599:Chinese rule
525:
514:
510:
507:
498:
494:slow-slicing
482:Po Phaok The
479:
475:
467:
454:Po Phaok The
447:
443:
439:
435:
419:
388:
381:
372:
368:
364:
360:
351:
342:
323:Po War Palei
312:
303:Po Phaok The
299:
295:
271:
261:
231:
169:Succeeded by
168:
163:
79:Po War Palei
2673:Hồ Tôn Tinh
2405:Lafont 2007
2378:Lafont 2007
2330:Lafont 2007
2255:Lafont 2007
2161:Lafont 2007
2101:Lafont 2007
1775:CAM 1, p. 3
1619:Immigration
1599:Agriculture
1228:Mạc dynasty
1138:Ngô dynasty
847:Paleolithic
837:Prehistoric
816:History of
736:Cham People
593:Hồ Tôn Tinh
561:History of
490:Le Van Khoi
164:Preceded by
115:Legislature
55:Confederacy
41:before 1832
2891:Categories
2871:Cham music
2831:Panduranga
2779:Government
2750:Rump state
2366:Weber 2012
2354:Weber 2016
2343:Pāṇḍuraṅga
2055:Weber 2012
2042:Weber 2012
1727:References
1198:Hồ dynasty
998:(1–630 AD)
878:Hoabinhian
868:Mesolithic
635:Classical
530:and later
403:Bình Thuận
399:Ninh Thuận
384:Bình Thuận
341:leader to
278:Ninh Thuận
250:Ja Thak Wa
238:Panduranga
47:Government
2821:Indrapura
2811:Simhapura
2522:154818297
2065:Citations
1604:Dynasties
1579:1707–1832
1569:1600–1954
1559:1100–1904
1549:1061–1432
1545:Ngưu Hống
1539:1042–1052
1432:1975–1986
1422:1969–1976
1408:1955–1975
1394:1954–1976
1382:1949–1955
1372:1948–1949
1362:1945–1976
1262:1802–1945
1252:1778–1802
1242:1533–1789
1232:1527–1592
1222:1428–1527
1212:1407–1427
1202:1400–1407
1192:1225–1400
1182:1009–1225
1062:Dominated
934:Iron Ages
889:Neolithic
595:legendary
532:Indochina
517:Thieu Tri
471:Phan Rang
395:Khánh Hòa
347:Po Dharma
258:Minh Mang
246:Minh Mang
236:kingdom,
232:The last
89:Vice king
26:1834–1835
2864:Po Nagar
2816:Virapura
2688:Quduqian
2653:articles
1819:DNTLCB (
1629:Monarchs
1624:Military
1592:By topic
1529:937–1253
1519:802–1431
1479:192–1832
1345:Republic
1276:Colonial
1172:980–1009
1129:Dynastic
807:a series
805:Part of
764:Timeline
751:Monarchs
746:Military
724:By Topic
611:Quduqian
552:a series
550:Part of
542:See also
415:Lâm Đồng
411:Đồng Nai
317:east of
2660:History
2390:Po 2013
2318:Po 2013
2306:Po 2013
2294:Po 2013
2282:Po 2013
2270:Po 2013
2243:Po 2013
2224:Po 2013
2212:Po 2013
2200:Po 2013
2185:Po 2013
2173:Po 2013
2149:Po 2013
2137:Po 2013
2125:Po 2013
2113:Po 2013
2077:Po 2013
2000:DNNTC (
1944:Po 2013
1904:Po 2013
1891:Po 2013
1869:Po 2013
1847:Po 2013
1834:Po 2013
1808:Po 2013
1795:Po 2013
1755:Po 2013
1609:Economy
1509:738–902
1505:Nanzhao
1499:550–781
1489:300–800
1438:Đổi Mới
1162:968–980
1152:965–968
1142:939–965
1115:602–938
1105:544–602
1028:–258 BC
1026:2879 BC
1012:Ancient
818:Vietnam
741:History
607:192–629
502:Po Rome
477:camps.
407:Di Linh
391:Phú Yên
331:Po Rome
240:or the
225:Vietnam
123:History
2859:Mỹ Sơn
2836:Panrik
2826:Vijaya
2693:Boliao
2683:Lâm Ấp
2651:Champa
2609:
2590:
2571:
2545:
2520:
2480:
2461:
2433:
1495:Chenla
1475:Champa
1469:68–627
1095:43–544
930:Bronze
809:on the
637:Champa
605:Lâm Ấp
563:Champa
554:on the
521:Tu Duc
426:Saigon
413:, and
335:Raglai
262:Champa
254:Champa
126:
92:
64:
20:Champa
2518:S2CID
1732:Notes
1644:Women
1639:Naval
1634:Names
1465:Funan
1085:40–43
339:Churu
2876:Ware
2698:Xitu
2607:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2431:ISBN
1331:1945
932:and
617:Xitu
519:and
274:Cham
234:Cham
150:1835
140:1834
2535:doi
2510:doi
731:Art
424:at
2893::
2541:,
2516:.
2506:43
2504:.
2429:.
2425:.
2397:^
2262:^
2231:^
2192:^
496:.
417:.
409:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
325:,
53:,
2643:e
2636:t
2629:v
2615:.
2596:.
2577:.
2537::
2524:.
2512::
2486:.
2467:.
2439:.
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
790:e
783:t
776:v
684:)
680:(
650:)
641:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
