414:
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Empire—Australia, New
Zealand, Canada and South Africa—had been granted self government, the whole Empire would automatically support the mother country in any war which the British government in London thought advisable or necessary...But the Chanak incident marked the beginning of a family quarrel within the British, which weakened it. The mother country's children were no longer prepared to go to war simply because mother said so". The crisis changed the relations between the Dominions and London, paving the way for the
27:
404:
328:
316:
201:
101:
957:
1274:, who considered that the Prime Minister had been manoeuvring behind his back. Following the Carlton Club decision Lloyd George resigned as Prime Minister, never to hold office again. Although many expected a new coalition to be formed under a Conservative Prime Minister, the Conservatives, under returned party leader
1292:
The Chanak crisis fundamentally challenged the assumption that the
Dominions would automatically follow Britain into war. The British journalist Mark Arnold-Forster wrote: "1922 was a year in which accepted doctrines fell like ninpins...It had been assumed till then that although parts of the British
1076:
Another night a destroyer ... stopped a boatload of
Turkish women who were crossing from Asia Minor ... On being searched for arms it turned out all the women were men. They were all armed and later proved to be Kemalist officers sent over to organize the Turkish population in the suburbs
1054:
to attempt to smooth things over. Poincaré, however, had already ordered the withdrawal of the French detachment at Chanak but persuaded the Turks to respect the neutral zone. Curzon reached Paris on 20 September and, after several angry meetings with
Poincaré, reached agreement to negotiate an
1262:
should fight the next general election as an independent party. This decision had dire ramifications for Lloyd George, as the
Conservative Party made up the vast majority of the 1918–1922 post-war coalition. Indeed, they held an outright majority in the Commons and could have
1023: ... We must have our capital and I should in that case be obliged to march on Constantinople with my army, which will be an affair of only a few days. I much prefer to obtain possession by negotiation, though naturally I cannot wait indefinitely." The
1125:
against supporting the Greeks but ignored them. Furthermore, the
British public were alarmed by the Chanak episode and the possibility of going to war again. It further undercut Lloyd George that he had not fully consulted the Dominion prime ministers.
489:
1221:
to the Turks, thus forcing Greeks to abandon it without a fight. This convinced Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks and on 28 September he told the
British that he had ordered his troops to avoid any incident at Chanak, nominating
937:'s definition of Britain and the dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of the domestic or internal affairs, though united by a common allegiance to
1093:
were pro-Turk and rejected war. Lloyd George's position as head of the coalition became untenable. The Lloyd George cabinet was influenced by false intelligence, including the possibility that Turkey would conclude a military agreement with
1145:
should decide on the course of action the country would follow. King was offended by the telegram he received from
Churchill asking for Canada to send troops to Chanak to support Britain, and sent back a telegram, which was couched in
920:
The crisis quickly ended when Turkey, having overwhelmed the Greeks, agreed to a negotiated settlement that gave it the territory it wanted. Lloyd George's mishandling of the crisis contributed to his downfall via the
482:
475:
2505:
1158:
MPs who were supporting King's minority government, it is likely that Canada would have declared neutrality if the crisis came to war. The Chanak issue badly divided
Canadian public opinion with
1313:
Zekeriya Türkmen, (2002), İstanbul'un işgali ve İşgal Dönemindeki
Uygulamalar (13 Kasım 1918 – 16 Mart 1920), Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, XVIII (53): pages 338–339. (in Turkish)
1927:
1693:
517:
92:
2263:
1880:
1836:
1940:
105:
British pilots of 203 Squadron look on as ground personnel service the engine of one of the squadron's Nieuport Nightjar fighters whilst detached to Gallipoli, Turkey, in 1922
2535:
898:
997:, but Harington rejected the advice because he believed such an attack was not likely and that the small force could be an effective deterrent. In an interview published on
1271:
1031:
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2019:
757:
1900:
1810:
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saying Canada should not issue "blank cheques" to Britain like that issued in 1914 and supporting King's implicit decision for neutrality. By contrast, the
2450:
1115:
838:
403:
327:
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205:
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1042:, on the grounds that Turkey had violated the Treaty of Sèvres. On 18 September, on his return to London, Curzon pointed out that this would enrage the
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1059:
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language, declaring that Canada would not automatically support Britain if it came to war with Turkey. Given that the majority of the MPs of King's
2346:
2419:
2226:
640:
1401:
1251:
1190:, the threat at Chanak had passed. Nonetheless, King made his point: the Canadian Parliament would decide the role that Canada would play in
2429:
1425:
Eleftheria Daleziou, Britain and the Greek-Turkish War and Settlement of 1919–1923: The Pursuit of Security by 'Proxy' in Western Asia Minor
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2009:
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Ferris, John. "'Far too dangerous a gamble'? British intelligence and policy during the Chanak crisis, September–October 1922."
1110:
undoing the result of the war, which was widely lambasted and embarrassed the British government. Lloyd George was warned by the
1058:
Meanwhile, the Turkish population living in Constantinople were being organised for a possible offensive against the city by the
946:
1716:
942:
2221:
635:
1460:
1182:
criticized King and declared: "When Britain's message came, then Canada should have said, 'Ready, aye ready, we stand by you.
1027:
met on the same day and decided that British forces should maintain their positions. On the following day, in the absence of
2216:
1285:
British and French forces were ultimately withdrawn from the neutral zone in summer 1923, following the ratification of the
630:
1815:
1805:
1626:
Ferris, John. "Intelligence and diplomatic signalling during crises: The British experiences of 1877–78, 1922 and 1938."
897:. British public opinion did not want a war. The British military did not either, and the top general on the scene, Sir
165:
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reported that Turkey and Soviet Russia were already drifting apart, the Cabinet continued to express concern about a
744:
41:
35:
2515:
2246:
1910:
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865:. The crisis was caused by Turkish efforts to push the Greek armies out of Turkey and restore Turkish rule in the
2302:
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1744:
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665:
2128:
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1989:
739:
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52:
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1119:
1043:
2052:
1994:
1950:
1008:
780:
537:
266:
1972:
1611:
1194:
and could diverge from the British government. The other dominion prime ministers—with the two exceptions of
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1935:
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547:
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2118:
1962:
1870:
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1984:
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1203:
1090:
890:
866:
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217:
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1967:
1226:
as the venue for peace negotiations. The parties met there on 3 October and agreed to the terms of the
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100:
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2165:
2027:
1774:
1227:
1147:
1142:
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in particular did not automatically consider itself active in the conflict. Instead, Prime Minister
981:(Smyrna) on 9 September and were advancing on Constantinople in the neutral zone established by the
2369:
2341:
2211:
2196:
1905:
1264:
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344:
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intervention. Churchill published a pro-war manifesto warning of a massive Turkish offensive into
1011:
stated that "Our demands remain the same after our recent victory as they were before. We ask for
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2434:
2095:
2037:
1286:
1243:
1211:
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began to express concerns over the viability of the Greek Army and urged a British withdrawal to
910:
906:
862:
770:
706:
320:
159:
146:
2201:
2138:
901:, refused to relay an ultimatum to the Turks because he counted on a negotiated settlement. The
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615:
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1957:
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605:
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1831:
1504:
1424:
1325:
1035:
929:, and was Canada's first assertion of diplomatic independence from London. Historian
2171:
1875:
1255:
970:
585:
960:
Locations of the Turkish Straits: the Bosphorus (red) and the Dardanelles (yellow)
854:
395:
126:
1218:
1130:
1103:
882:
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neutral zone. For a time, war between Britain and Turkey seemed possible, but
1592:
London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922
467:
1411:
1275:
1081:
In British politics, Lloyd George, Winston Churchill, and the Conservatives
994:
938:
448:(French and Italian forces withdrew as soon as the ultimatum was delivered.)
1636:
Laird, Michael. "Wars averted: Chanak 1922, Burma 1945–47, Berlin 1948."
1391:
1297:, which gave statutory recognition to the autonomy of the six Dominions.
1039:
1012:
978:
874:
858:
391:
153:
1393:
The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933
1223:
1179:
1016:
1134:
1107:
1072:
at the time as a war correspondent, wrote about a specific incident:
886:
881:. Turkish troops marched against British and French positions in the
878:
433:
236:
130:
1230:
on 11 October, two hours before British forces were due to attack.
1237:
1051:
1509:
William Lyon Mackenzie King: a Life Guided by the Hand of Destiny
1659:
The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933
1038:
threatening Turkey with a declaration of war by Britain and the
1675:
471:
1099:
1089:
were pro-Greek and wanted war; all other Conservatives of the
20:
1438:
Macfie, A. L. "The Chanak Affair (September–October 1922)",
925:. The crisis raised the issue of who decided on war for the
1650:
Sales, Peter M. "WM Hughes and the Chanak Crisis of 1922."
1606:
Darwin, J. G. "The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet",
1561:
Darwin, J. G. "The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet",
1154:
were opposed to going to war with Turkey together with the
445:
c. 51,300 soldiers (411 machine guns, 57 artillery pieces)
1640:(1996) 19#3 pp: 343–364. DOI:10.1080/01402399608437643
1270:
Lloyd George also lost the support of the influential
1250:
Lloyd George's rashness resulted in the calling of a
1217:
On 23 September, the British cabinet decided to give
1837:
United States during the Turkish War of Independence
905:
in Britain's coalition government refused to follow
2506:
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom
2378:
2355:
2327:
2320:
2285:
2262:
2152:
2094:
2061:
2018:
1926:
1919:
1824:
1798:
1735:
1709:
1258:on 19 October 1922, which passed a motion that the
1661:(Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2005) pp 114–19
1324:
1479:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 174–75.
1186:" By the time the issue had been debated in the
837:, was a war scare in September 1922 between the
1500:
1498:
1496:
1074:
949:enacted Balfour's formula into law through the
85:
1574:
1687:
1202:, which each offered a battalion— and allies
483:
8:
1652:Australian Journal of Politics & History
1476:Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century
2536:History of the foreign relations of Canada
2324:
1923:
1694:
1680:
1672:
941:, and freely associated as members of the
490:
476:
468:
82:
843:Government of the Grand National Assembly
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1565:, Feb 1980, Vol. 65 Issue 213, pp 32–48.
1434:
1432:
955:
34:This article includes a list of general
1306:
1077:in case of an attack on Constantinople.
1550:William Lyon Mackenzie King: 1874–1923
2526:Diplomatic crises of the 20th century
1602:. London: William Collins & sons.
1519:
1517:
1034:, certain Cabinet ministers issued a
7:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1331:. Oxford University Press. pp.
869:-occupied territories, primarily in
1442:1979, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 309–341.
1396:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1003:, 15 September 1922, leader of the
166:Allied evacuation of Constantinople
1645:Britain Between The Wars 1918-1940
1628:Intelligence and National Security
152:Withdrawal of British forces from
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1548:Dawson, Robert Macgregor (1958).
1511:. Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre
1455:, p 278 Simon and Schuster, 2012
1362:. Faber & Faber. p. 68.
2420:Conference of London (1921–1922)
1529:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
432:
422:
412:
402:
380:
360:
338:
326:
314:
296:
284:
272:
260:
235:
223:
211:
199:
184:
99:
25:
2546:Turkey–United Kingdom relations
2511:Canada–United Kingdom relations
2486:1922 in international relations
1946:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
1717:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
1359:The Decline of Power, 1915–1964
943:British Commonwealth of Nations
1816:Grand National Assembly (1923)
1811:Grand National Assembly (1920)
1525:"Çanak (Chanak) crisis (1922)"
933:says the Chanak crisis led to
1:
1897:Ankara Government and Georgia
1598:Arnold-Forster, Mark (1973).
1473:Alfred F. Havighurst (1985).
1162:and Canadian nationalists in
1009:Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk)
93:Anglo-Turkish War (1918–1923)
2277:Liberation of Constantinople
2010:Liberation of Constantinople
1638:Journal of Strategic Studies
16:1922 Anglo-Turkish war scare
2561:William Lyon Mackenzie King
2551:Turkish War of Independence
2400:Conference of London (1920)
1703:Turkish War of Independence
1295:Statute of Westminster 1931
1252:meeting of Conservative MPs
1139:William Lyon Mackenzie King
1091:coalition in his government
951:Statute of Westminster 1931
2582:
2531:History of the Dardanelles
2501:1922 in the United Kingdom
2496:1922 in the Ottoman Empire
1911:Yalova Peninsula massacres
1755:Sultanahmet demonstrations
1282:with an overall majority.
1188:House of Commons of Canada
1055:armistice with the Turks.
2447:
1806:Ottoman Parliament (1919)
1745:Turkish National Movement
1630:(2006) 21#5 pp: 675–696.
1620:(2003) 14#2 pp: 139–184.
1327:English History 1914–1945
1267:alone if they so wished.
1015:, Thrace up to the River
511:
453:
373:
353:
250:
177:
109:
98:
90:
2541:Modern history of Turkey
2471:1922 in British politics
2207:Summer Offensive of 1920
2000:Summer Offensive of 1920
1654:(1971) 17#3 pp: 392–405.
1618:Diplomacy and Statecraft
1610:(1980) 65#213 pp 32–48.
1323:A. J. P. Taylor (1965).
1120:Supreme Allied Commander
1044:Prime Minister of France
889:refused to agree as did
117:September – October 1922
2247:Liberation of Balıkesir
2048:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
1790:Grand National Assembly
1278:, subsequently won the
989:. On September 10, the
55:more precise citations.
2430:Conference of Lausanne
2390:Treaty of Alexandropol
2347:Paris Peace Conference
1647:(1955) pp 116–19, 138.
1643:Mowat, Charles Loch.,
1390:Steiner, Zara (2005).
1247:
1242:A cartoon drawn after
1116:Imperial General Staff
1079:
1069:The Toronto Daily Star
1062:forces. For instance,
961:
826:
251:Commanders and leaders
2272:Bombardment of Samsun
1842:Bombardment of Samsun
1727:King–Crane Commission
1356:Robert Blake (2013).
1280:1922 general election
1241:
975:defeated Greek forces
959:
917:was calling for war.
621:1920 Summer Offensive
548:1920 Summer Offensive
454:Casualties and losses
390:All Allied forces in
2425:Armistice of Mudanya
2405:Cilicia Peace Treaty
2337:Conference of London
1228:Armistice of Mudanya
1148:Canadian nationalist
1143:Parliament of Canada
923:Carlton Club meeting
676:Turkish–Armenian War
143:Armistice of Mudanya
2342:San Remo conference
1963:Battle of Babaçiçek
1906:Samsun deportations
1901:Population exchange
1892:Personae non gratae
1575:Arnold-Forster 1973
983:Armistice of Mudros
829:), also called the
267:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
2521:David Lloyd George
2435:Treaty of Lausanne
2038:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
1770:Balıkesir Congress
1451:Ernest Hemingway,
1287:Treaty of Lausanne
1260:Conservative Party
1248:
1244:David Lloyd George
1141:insisted that the
1129:Unlike 1914, when
1118:, and even former
1087:Austen Chamberlain
962:
911:David Lloyd George
863:Dardanelles Strait
707:Franco-Turkish War
321:David Lloyd George
160:David Lloyd George
147:Treaty of Lausanne
2516:Conflicts in 1922
2458:
2457:
2443:
2442:
2316:
2315:
2252:Capture of Smyrna
2028:Koçgiri rebellion
1968:Özdemir Operation
1958:Tal Afar uprising
1859:Burning of Smyrna
1775:Alaşehir Congress
1722:Khilafat Movement
1668:(Macmillan, 1969)
1666:The Chanak Affair
1403:978-0-19-151881-2
1265:formed government
1214:gave no support.
1029:Foreign Secretary
915:Winston Churchill
899:Charles Harington
814:
813:
641:Kütahya–Eskişehir
566:Greco-Turkish War
518:Anglo-Turkish War
466:
465:
369:Occupation forces
333:Winston Churchill
191:Ankara Government
173:
172:
81:
80:
73:
2573:
2410:Treaty of Ankara
2395:Treaty of Moscow
2370:Treaty of Sèvres
2325:
2144:Alemdar Incident
1990:Şehzadebaşı raid
1981:Eskişehir (1920)
1941:Al-Jazeera Front
1924:
1886:Menemen massacre
1871:Kaç Kaç incident
1765:Erzurum Congress
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1603:
1600:The World At War
1594:(1995) pp 207–11
1590:Adelson, Roger.
1578:
1577:, p. 17-19.
1572:
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1540:
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1464:
1453:Hemingway on War
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1416:
1415:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1192:external affairs
1185:
1168:Oscar D. Skelton
1160:French Canadians
1066:, reporting for
1064:Ernest Hemingway
1048:Raymond Poincaré
1005:Turkish national
987:Treaty of Sèvres
945:". In 1931 the
857:, a city on the
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2237:Great Offensive
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2043:Battle of Geyve
2033:Konya rebellion
2014:
1915:
1820:
1794:
1785:Amasya Protocol
1760:Amasya Circular
1750:Karakol society
1737:
1731:
1705:
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1664:Walder, David.
1657:Steiner, Zara.
1597:
1587:
1585:Further reading
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1183:
1178:in a speech in
1166:like professor
1083:Lord Birkenhead
1050:, and left for
1025:British Cabinet
977:and recaptured
967:
909:Prime Minister
835:Chanak incident
827:Çanakkale Krizi
815:
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809:
651:Great Offensive
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2016:
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1997:
1992:
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1982:
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1965:
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1955:
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1936:Constantinople
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1930:
1921:
1917:
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1914:
1913:
1908:
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1898:
1895:
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1868:
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1864:Responsibility
1856:
1854:Fire of Manisa
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1780:Sivas Congress
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1567:
1554:
1552:. pp. 401–416.
1541:
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1444:
1440:Balkan Studies
1428:
1417:
1402:
1375:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1246:'s resignation
1235:
1232:
1176:Arthur Meighen
1164:English Canada
1123:Ferdinand Foch
1112:Foreign Office
1021:Constantinople
971:Turkish troops
966:
963:
935:Arthur Balfour
927:British Empire
877:) and Eastern
871:Constantinople
839:United Kingdom
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526:Constantinople
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501:Turkish War of
497:
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354:Units involved
351:
350:
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2491:1922 in Italy
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2365:Misak-ı Millî
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2298:Artvin (1921)
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2293:Artvin (1919)
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2198:
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2110:
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2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Chanak crisis
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
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1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
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1849:Chanak crisis
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
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1832:Amasya trials
1830:
1829:
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1505:Levine, Allan
1501:
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1486:9780226319704
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1369:9780571298259
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1173:
1169:
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1153:
1152:Liberal Party
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1096:Soviet Russia
1092:
1088:
1084:
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996:
992:
988:
984:
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976:
973:had recently
972:
964:
958:
954:
952:
948:
947:UK Parliament
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
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904:
903:Conservatives
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Chanak affair
828:
824:
820:
819:Chanak crisis
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
795:
792:
789:
787:
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779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Ahmet Anzavur
764:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
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741:
738:
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664:
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619:
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584:
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571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
558:Chanak crisis
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
523:
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294:
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176:
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128:
124:
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112:
108:
102:
97:
94:
89:
86:Chanak crisis
84:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2449:
2162:Smyrna, 1919
2086:Alexandropol
2004:
1890:
1876:Malta exiles
1848:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
1508:
1475:
1468:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1420:
1392:
1358:
1351:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1256:Carlton Club
1249:
1234:Consequences
1216:
1196:Newfoundland
1172:Conservative
1128:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1057:
998:
968:
931:Robert Blake
919:
861:side of the
850:
834:
830:
818:
816:
797:
756:
705:
699:Alexandropol
674:
564:
557:
516:
503:Independence
442:
441:
389:
178:Belligerents
158:Fall of the
141:
91:Part of the
67:
61:October 2020
58:
39:
18:
1272:Lord Curzon
1219:East Thrace
1200:New Zealand
1156:Progressive
1133:broke out,
1131:World War I
1104:Soviet Navy
1098:. Although
1032:Lord Curzon
913:, who with
883:Dardanelles
805:1922 Samsun
543:1920 Samsun
531:Şehzadebaşı
291:Fevzi Pasha
279:İsmet Pasha
53:introducing
2465:Categories
2321:Agreements
2242:Dumlupınar
2166:Occupation
2134:Kanlıgeçit
1461:1476716048
1301:References
1204:Yugoslavia
1036:communiqué
1013:Asia Minor
1000:Daily Mail
991:War Office
965:The events
853:refers to
745:Kanlıgeçit
689:Sarikamish
666:2nd Smyrna
656:Dumlupınar
579:Occupation
574:1st Smyrna
162:government
36:references
2566:War scare
2227:Eskişehir
2222:2nd İnönü
2217:1st İnönü
2197:Tellidede
2129:Kovanbaşı
2119:Karboğazı
2076:Sarıkamış
1973:Köysancak
1920:Campaigns
1799:Elections
1738:awakening
1276:Bonar Law
1040:Dominions
1007:movement
995:Gallipoli
939:the Crown
859:Anatolian
855:Çanakkale
740:Kovanbaşı
730:Karboğazı
661:Balıkesir
636:2nd İnönü
631:1st İnönü
611:Tellidede
396:Çanakkale
127:Çanakkale
2556:Ultimata
2451:Timeline
2382:Assembly
2380:National
1736:National
1710:Concepts
1507:(2001).
1412:86068902
1060:Kemalist
875:Istanbul
841:and the
833:and the
553:Tal Afar
392:Istanbul
374:Strength
154:Anatolia
122:Location
2357:Ottoman
2303:Ardahan
2286:Georgia
2232:Sakarya
2187:Erbeyli
2182:Bergama
2124:Kaç Kaç
2063:Armenia
2020:Revolts
1951:Taşlıca
1928:British
1608:History
1563:History
1534:30 July
1254:at the
1224:Mudanya
1212:Romania
1180:Toronto
1174:leader
1017:Maritsa
907:Liberal
823:Turkish
791:Koçgiri
758:Revolts
735:Kaç Kaç
646:Sakarya
601:Erbeyli
596:Bergama
49:improve
2329:Allies
2308:Batumi
2192:Erikli
2177:Malgaç
2114:Aintab
2104:Marash
2096:French
2053:Yozgat
1985:Samsun
1825:Issues
1632:online
1622:online
1612:online
1483:
1459:
1410:
1400:
1366:
1339:
1135:Canada
1114:, the
1108:Europe
891:France
887:Canada
879:Thrace
867:Allied
851:Chanak
847:Turkey
781:Yozgat
725:Aintab
715:Marash
606:Erikli
591:Malgaç
443:Total:
418:19,069
408:27,419
386:28,000
242:Greece
218:France
138:Result
131:Turkey
38:, but
2212:Gediz
2202:Aydın
2154:Greek
2139:Fadıl
1995:Akbaş
1881:Media
1335:–92.
1208:Italy
1052:Paris
979:İzmir
895:Italy
873:(now
798:Naval
786:Konya
776:Geyve
771:İzmit
750:Fadıl
626:Gediz
616:Aydın
538:Akbaş
428:3,992
230:Italy
2264:U.S.
2172:Urla
2109:Urfa
2081:Kars
2071:Oltu
1536:2024
1481:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1408:OCLC
1398:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1210:and
1198:and
1085:and
1019:and
985:and
969:The
893:and
817:The
720:Urfa
694:Kars
684:Oltu
586:Urla
462:None
459:None
394:and
114:Date
1333:190
1100:MI6
845:in
438:795
2467::
1527:.
1516:^
1495:^
1431:^
1406:.
1378:^
1289:.
1206:,
1046:,
953:.
849:.
825::
129:,
2168:)
2164:(
1695:e
1688:t
1681:v
1538:.
1489:.
1463:,
1414:.
1372:.
1345:.
1184:'
821:(
491:e
484:t
477:v
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
