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space due to factors in climate change, river flow, geological distribution, productive force, and economic structure. Settlement areas were closer to rivers during the
Neolithic Age, and then moved to warmer and more humid areas during the Shang-Zhou dynasties. Microclimates near rivers and foothills supplied agriculture. Economic growth also boosted settlement in high-altitude area with more fertile soil.
49:
79:
217:
The Shang-Zhou
Dynasties (3.55-2.72 ka BP) was the most culturally flourished era for the Chao Lake basin, with around 120 archaeological sites. The increase in population also caused clearance of surrounding forests to transform land for agricultural and residential use. Settlement across time and
229:
Between East Han
Dynasty and West Han Dynasty was the age of the Three Kingdoms. Cao Cao, the emperor of the Wei Kingdom, dug the Chao-Fei channel to connect Chao Lake to the Yangtze River. The channel connected multiple water ways in the area but decayed after the Han Dynasty as economic center
166:
Nanling
Village is about 2km southwest to Chao Lake. Archaeologists study Holocene vegetation in relation to human activity. Human influence on vegetation increased over time from 10,500 cal B.P. to after 3,750 cal B.P. based on transition from an evergreen forest to terrestrial herbs. Increased
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Towards the end of the Han
Dynasty, natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes destroyed agriculture and economy, inciting relocation. Chinese economic and cultural development shifted south, where the climate is warmer and more stable. The division of South and North caused political
158:
climate. The first stage was warm and dry weather with low-water levels following the late-glacial period from 9870 to 6040 calibrated years BP. The relative dry climate induced natural fire, but also increased human fire activity with charcoal usage.
106:
and
Fanghushan) surrounding the lake, allowing settlement and activity areas of ancient communities. Hundreds of archaeological sites of ancient settlements are discovered in the Chao Lake basin. In the Chao Lake basin, there are 52 sites from the
237:
struggles, which also stimulated migrations. Tangzui Site, a flourished city, was flooded by water in ~2090 BP. A sharp decrease in population occurred as communities move to areas with more moderate weather conditions and economic stability.
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The second stage was humid climate with flourishing vegetation from 6040 to 4960 cal. a BP. The third stage was the
Holocene Optimum, characterized by optimal water and heat conditions, from 5840 to 5500 cal. a. BP.
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Chao Lake is used as source of drinking water, irrigation, and fisheries, while its surrounding deciduous forests and fertile soil were foundation of agricultural development. There are ten rivers (
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farming and population pressure during the time period reduced natural vegetation by turning forests into cultivated land. Local
Agriculture included rice, wheat, cotton, tobacco.
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After Han, Chao Lake Basin remained a critical point for warfare between the South and North with its crucial geographical and climate conditions.
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The Han
Dynasty (2.15-1.73 ka BP) thrived after the Shang-Zhou Dynasties. Chao Lake’s culture declined during this period due to climate change.
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18:
366:"Holocene fire in relation to environmental change and human activity reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal of Chaohu Lake, East China"
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kingdoms, representing North and South China, engaged in warfare for the jade production technology developed by the
Linjiatan Culture.
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71:. The lake has formed for about 10 thousand years, with currently 5 million residents in the surrounding communities. Located in the
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Bronze and jade artifacts, potteries, and silverware evolved with designs of Square pattern, Hongwen pattern, and Shenwen pattern.
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originated in the basin during the Neolithic Age and spread to East Asia. The basin is also constantly occupied by wars between
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basin (31°31′47.1″N, 117°22′29.8″E) includes the geographical area around Chao Lake (Chinese: 巢湖 Chao Hu), 15km from
416:"Ancient culture decline after the Han Dynasty in the Chaohu Lake basin, East China: A geoarchaeological perspective"
322:"Holocene vegetation history with implications of human impact in the Lake Chaohu area, Anhui Province, East China"
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Wang, XinYuan; Zhang, GuangSheng; Wu, Li; Zhang, XiHui; Zhang, EnLou; Xiao, XiaYun; Jiang, QingFeng (2008-05-29).
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is suggested as one of the origin sites of paddy rice from reconstruction of diet and recovery of paddy fields.
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458:"Environmental changes during early-middle Holocene from the sediment record of the Chaohu Lake, Anhui Province"
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Agriculture thrived since the Holocene when human activities influenced natural vegetation and fire use.
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Wu, Li; Wang, Xinyuan; Zhu, Cheng; Zhang, Guangsheng; Li, Feng; Li, Lan; Li, Suyuan (2012-10-10).
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266:"Spatial distribution of archaeological sites in lakeshore of Chaohu Lake in China based on GIS"
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due to its geographical structure with waterways and mountains in the middle of Eastern China.
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zone, the weather has given rise to agriculture and economy as well as ruined settlements.
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179:(5.6-5.3 ka BP) was the earliest known Neolithic culture in Chao Lake Basin. The
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Wu, Li; Li, Linying; Zhou, Hui; Wang, Xinyuan; Zhang, Guangsheng (2019-02-25).
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Gao, Chao; Wang, Xinyuan; Jiang, Tong; Jin, Gaojie (2009-10-08).
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Chao Lake basin and the larger area at the lower reaches of the
98:, Niutun, Yuxi, Xi and Zhao) and five mountains (Yinpingshan,
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Sediment from Chao lake show three stages of evolvement of
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Chen, Wei; Wang, Wei-Ming; Dai, Xue-Rong (2008-08-13).
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Anhui Province on map of People's Republic of China
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190:Three prehistoric culture followed: the
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130:Paddy rice field in China with farmer
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69:five major freshwater lakes in China
63:, China. It is the largest lake in
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512:Archaeological sites in China
52:Chao Lake image taken by NASA
432:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.027
382:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.035
270:Chinese Geographical Science
528:
502:Paleoanthropological sites
198:(ca. 5.8–5.2 ka B.P.) and
474:10.1007/s11434-008-5009-4
338:10.1007/s00334-008-0173-7
283:10.1007/s11769-009-0333-4
420:Quaternary International
370:Quaternary International
34:31.529750°N 117.374944°E
90:, Fengle, Pai, Nanfei,
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39:31.529750; 117.374944
213:Shang-Zhou dynasties
202:(5.2–4.0 ka B.P.).
150:Holocene environment
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194:(7.0–5.8 ka B.P.),
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177:Linjiatan Culture
111:, 114 sites from
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25:117°22′29.8″E
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102:, Yefushan,
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22:31°31′47.1″N
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222:Han dynasty
121:Han Dynasty
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496:Categories
244:References
136:Paddy rice
61:Hefei City
482:2095-9273
440:1040-6182
426:: 23–29.
390:1040-6182
376:: 62–73.
346:0939-6314
292:1002-0063
230:shifted.
192:Majiabang
104:Dabieshan
57:Chao Lake
200:Liangzhu
156:Holocene
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196:Songze
96:Zhegao
92:Dianbu
88:Hangbu
144:South
140:North
113:Shang
478:ISSN
436:ISSN
386:ISSN
342:ISSN
288:ISSN
183:and
175:The
142:and
470:doi
428:doi
424:275
378:doi
374:507
334:doi
278:doi
185:Chu
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181:Wu
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