542:, scientists wrote that "some of the most catastrophic geologic events of the recent past resulted directly or indirectly from volcanism at the site of the Chaos Crags." Pyroclastic flows and avalanches from the formation reached the areas where parts of the Manzanita Lake visitor center facilities now reside. If the Chaos Crags resumed activity, they could erupt pumice, pyroclastic flows, or swift rockfalls, in addition to creating lava domes, though these would not pose major threats to human life should the surrounding area be evacuated promptly. These pyroclastic flows could reach regions directly surrounding the eruptive volcanic vent, and would extend at least 9.3 miles (15 km) into the nearby valley floors. The extent of tephra deposits would depend on wind strength and directions. However, given the sudden nature of rockfall-avalanches, these would be more dangerous than pyroclastic flows or tephra, as they could occur without warning, seriously endangering life within 3.1 miles (5 km) of the Crags.
489:. At dome E, the penultimate dome to be produced, non-bedded deposits with fine, granular pieces to blocks with lengths of up to 6.6 feet (2 m) occur, and many of the larger blocks have internal fractures. Domes D, C, and A have compositions that are extremely similar to dome F; dome B, too, is similar, but also has pumice deposits and mafic inclusions. At dome E and dome D, there are also talus blocks as large as 13 feet (4 m) in length. Partial collapses have taken place at dome D and E. There are three distinct pyroclastic flow deposits, one of which occurs underneath dome B but on top of dome A, and has coarse pumice of a white to gray color. The other two pyroclastic deposits, which were deposited as a single unit and closely resemble each other, feature fine pumice blocks in a gray to yellow matrix, with pink color on the tops of the rocks. Both units were emplaced before dome A and contain charcoalized wood dated to about 1,125 ± 15 years old.
378:. Some dacitic crystals were partially reabsorbed as a result of mixing of hot mafic magma with cool dacitic magma, and this along with undercooling of mixed magma led to phenocryst variation within certain domes exceeding variation between the domes. All three sequences — Bumpass, Eagle Peak, and Twin Lakes — formed from lava subjected to magma-mixing processes, accounting for their heterogeneous appearance and composition. Because of these mixing mechanisms, lavas may have different compositions but similar appearances, or similar compositions with different appearances. The eruption that produced the Chaos Crags consisted of more than 90% mixed magma, and likely resulted from the interaction of felsic and mafic magmas.
350:. These eruptions formed the Lassen dome field, staged as andesite lava flows surrounding two sequences of dacitic lava domes. The first sequence of lava domes, known as the Bumpass domes, formed between 300,000 and 190,000 years ago, while the production of the younger Eagle Peak domes began about 70,000 years ago. The andesite lava flows form the older and younger Twin Lakes sequences, and date to between 315,000 and 240,000 years ago and between 90,000 years ago and present, respectively. Beginning 190,000 years ago, eruptions ceased in the Lassen Volcanic center for 100,000 years. Dacitic magma at the Lassen center formed from
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263:. In addition to the possibility of forming additional lava domes, future activity at the Chaos Crags could pose hazards from pumice, pyroclastic flows, or rockfalls. Geological study of the Chaos Crags, which continues today, began in the late 1920s, when Howel Williams wrote about its pyroclastic rock deposits, rockfall avalanches, and eruptions. The area is monitored for rockslide threats, which could threaten the local area.
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936:. Crags Lake can be reached after about 1.7 miles (2.7 km) of the trail and can be used for swimming. Despite its accessibility, the area receives relatively few visitors, and swimming conditions are usually poor given the small size of the lake. An additional 1.6-mile (2.6 km) trail runs around Manzanita Lake.
393:, made of rhyodacite, which line up with the western edge of the Mount Tehama caldera. The youngest part of the Lassen volcanic center's dome field and the youngest domes in the Eagle Peak sequence, they reach an elevation of about 1,800 feet (550 m) above their surroundings. They lack a summit crater.
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The Chaos Crags and Crags Lake Trail, which lasts about three hours round-trip, spans 4.2 miles (6.8 km), commencing at
Manzanita Camp Road and traveling through a forested area next to the Jumbles. Gaining 850 feet (260 m) in elevation, the trail offers views of the Jumbles, the Crags, and
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The Crags and the surrounding area's lakes and forests support numerous plant and animal species. The area is not a popular destination for visitors, despite its accessibility. The Chaos Crags and Crags Lake Trail, which lasts about three hours round-trip, offers views of volcanic phenomena nearby,
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wrote about its pyroclastic rock deposits, rockfall avalanches, and the dome-producing eruptions. Though
Williams initially suggested that volcanic activity and the ensuing landslides took place about 200 years ago, additional study of the rockfalls by James P. Heath placed their age between 1,500
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Roughly 350 years ago, one of the Chaos Crags domes collapsed to produce the Chaos
Jumbles, an area where three enormous rockfalls in rapid succession transformed the local area and traveled as far as 4 miles (6.4 km) down the dome's slopes. The cause remains uncertain, but might have been an
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closed the visitor center and accommodations at
Manzanita Lake, fearing that these buildings would be in the way of a rockslide from Chaos Crags if an earthquake or volcanic eruption occurred in the area. In 2011, twenty wooden cabins, along with picnic tables, fire rings, and food lockers, were
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cone at the northern edge of the Crags, while lava dome A formed and magma in the eruptive conduit cooled to plug the eruptive vent. Domes B through F followed in that order, though their exact ages remain unclear. Lasting from 1125 years ago to 1060 years ago, this eruptive phase resembled the
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material, along with two pyroclastic flows, which had a volume of about 0.036 cubic miles (0.15 km). Six domes were originally formed, though after 70 years of quiescence, one was destroyed by a violent eruption that produced a pyroclastic flow and tephra deposits that can be detected in
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The Chaos
Jumbles deposits from the collapsed dome consist of lobed, non-bedded coarse to fine rubble, with blocks reaching widths of 16 feet (5 m). The debris includes pink, oxidized rhyodacite lava blocks, with rare prismatically jointed, gray blocks and andesite deposits from
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Dome F, the last dome to form, consists of porphyritic rhyodacite, with hornblende and biotite. The lava deposits are dense, with white, light-gray, and medium-gray colors and glassy to devitrified textures. The deposits also contain large amounts of quartz, especially
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Like the nearby
Devastated Area by Lassen Peak, the Chaos Jumbles have skipped the usual plant regrowth phase dominated by herbaceous plants, moving directly to conifer regrowth. Crags Lake hosts tadpoles and many frogs. The vegetation there is dominated by
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reinstalled in the
Manzanita Lake Campground. It had been determined in the 1980s that the rockslide danger had been overstated by the USGS (after the cabins were torn down), and therefore, the cabins were reintroduced to the park for nightly rental.
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makeup, suggesting that they have all been fed by the same reservoir of crystal-containing magma. This magma chamber has recycled old magma cooling for many thousands of years, eventually heating the mixture so that it can be erupted.
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activity within the Lassen volcanic center. The Chaos Crags event may have been fed by the same reservoir of crystal-containing magma as the 25,000BCE and 1914-1921 eruptions at Lassen Peak, based on shared
510:. The largest rockslide moved 400 feet (120 m) up nearby Table Mountain, then deflected and moved west. The rockslide moved at about 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), partly moving on a cushion of
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Lassen Peak eruptions in May 1915, though the Chaos Crag eruption had a magnitude 100 times greater, with an output volume of 0.34 cubic miles (1.4 km). The eruptions also created a cone made of
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Radiocarbon Dates from
Volcanic Deposits of the Chaos Crags and Cinder Cone Eruptive Sequences and Other Deposits, Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California: Open-File Report 02-290
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that acts as a basin to collect melted snow during the spring season. The lake has cool temperatures near the shores, and grows colder near its center. It usually dries up by the end of August.
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within the Lassen volcanic center since 2008. Thirteen seismometers in the vicinity, first installed in 1976 and since updated each decade, continually survey earthquakes within the locale.
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by damming
Manzanita Creek. The rockfall impeded soil development and tree growth in the Chaos Jumbles area, which has been slower than in the Devastated Area near Lassen Peak.
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with average vesicularity values at about 30%. Most of these vesicles exhibit oval shapes. Pumice from the eruption has high phenocryst content, with crystals of plagioclase,
73:
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2228:
Crandell, D. R.; Mullineaux, D. R.; Sigafoos, R. S.; Rubin, M. (1974). "Chaos Crags
Eruptions and Rockfall-Avalanches, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California".
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at their domes. The dome-forming eruptions at Chaos Crags, along with the eruption of Cinder Cone and the 1914–1921 eruptions of Lassen Peak, constitute the only
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The Chaos Crags are monitored for movement in case of future rockslides by the United States Geological Survey; GPS receivers have been in place to monitor
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2458:
100 Classic Hikes in Northern California: Sierra Nevada / Cascade Mountains / Klamath Mountains / Coast Range & North Coast / San Francisco Bay Area
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Unlike Lassen Peak, which has been altered by glaciers, the Chaos Crags have been unaffected by erosion. Their surfaces remain sharp with protrusions.
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The domes began forming about 1,100 years ago, beginning with vent-opening eruptions, then vigorous explosive eruptions of pumice and ash followed by
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2349:"Localized Rejuvenation of a Crystal Mush Recorded in Zircon Temporal and Compositional Variation at the Lassen VolcanicCenter, Northern California"
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259:), the rock debris traveled at about 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), flattened the forest before it, and dammed Manzanita Creek, forming
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activity. This created unstable edifices that partially collapsed and formed pyroclastic flows, similar to the most recent eruptions at the
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and 300 years ago. This was followed by mapping of the Manzanita Lake and Prospect Peak quadrangles in the 1960s by Gordon A. Macdonald.
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699:, which were removed from the endangered species list in 1999. In forested areas below 7,800 feet (2,400 m), animals include
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Between 385,000 and 315,000 years ago, volcanic activity in the Lassen volcanic center shifted dramatically from building
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Geologic Map of the Lassen Peak, Chaos Crags, and Upper Hat Creek Area, California: Geologic Investigations Series I-2723
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At the base of the Crags, a lake forms temporarily each year. Known as the Crags Lake or the Chaos Crater, it forms in a
303:, they have an elevation of about 8,448 feet (2,575 m). The Lassen Volcanic National Park area is surrounded by the
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Heiken, G.; Wohletz, K. (1987). "Tephra Deposits Associated with Silicic Domes and Lava Flows". In Fink, J. H. (ed.).
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Heiken, G.; Eichelberger, J. C. (May 1980). "Eruptions at Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California".
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2478:"Magmatic Interactions as Recorded in Plagioclase Phenocrysts of Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic Center, California"
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Survey, and were observed by Brewer and King in 1863. The name Chaos Crags was officially recognized by the
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can be found among mountain hemlock stands, and subalpine zones with sparse vegetation host populations of
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236:. Each year, a lake forms at the base of the Crags, and typically dries by the end of the summer season.
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lava domes and lava flows, along with pyroclastic rock deposits. The Chaos Crags consist of five small
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755:. Among scattered stands of pinemat manzanita, red fir, and lodgepole pine, animals include
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564:(pictured) are common near the Chaos Crags and the surrounding Lassen Volcanic National Park
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about 70 years later. The eruptions at the Chaos Crags mark one of just three instances of
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2262:(Third ed.). Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 73–98.
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1422:"Under the Volcano: How Crystals Record the Hidden Life of Lassen Peak and Chaos Crags"
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404:. Two of the pyroclastic flows were deposited as one unit, and pumice fell to build a
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activity within the Lassen volcanic center. The cluster of domes is located north of
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that undermined Chaos Crags' northwest slope 300 years ago. Riding on a cushion of
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Other sources disagree on the elevation, listing it as 8,504 feet (2,592 m).
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The six rhyodacite lava domes of Chaos Crags, where C and F are behind D and E.
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307:, which has an area of 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km). Nearby towns include
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2215:
Clynne, M. A.; Christiansen, R. L.; Trimble, D. A.; McGeehin, J. P. (2002).
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The various habitats in the Lassen Volcanic National Park support about 300
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101 Hikes in Northern California: Exploring Mountains, Valley, and Seashore
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Throughout Lassen Volcanic National Park, forests can be found featuring
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783:. Other animals found within the national park area include snakes like
1217:"Eruption History of the Lassen Volcanic Center and Surrounding Region"
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2203:
Geologic Map of Lassen Volcanic National Park and Vicinity, California
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Manzanita and Lost Creeks. Of the five remaining domes, two have had
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767:. Meadows at the bottoms of valleys along streams and lakes support
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2163:
The Creaky Knees Guide Northern California: The 80 Best Easy Hikes
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Geological study of the Chaos Crags began in the late 1920s, when
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and Little Glass Mountain, lava deposits from the Chaos Crags are
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75 Hikes in California's Lassen Park & Mount Shasta Regions
2260:
Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes
2003:
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385:, which includes the Chaos Crags, consists of seven dacite and
2181:
Christiansen, R. L.; Clynne, M. A.; Muffler, L. J. P. (2002).
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The Chaos Crags form part of the southernmost segment of the
1062:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Frequently Asked Questions"
216:
domes 1,100-1,000 years ago, one dome collapsing during an
2476:
Tepley III, F. J.; Davidson, J. P.; Clynne, M. A. (1999).
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The Emplacement of Silicic Domes and Lava Flows, Issue 212
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Journal of Research of the United States Geological Survey
2512:
Lassen Volcanic National Park: Your Complete Hiking Guide
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The Chaos Crags, with the Chaos Jumbles in the foreground
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and extending toward the northwest corner of the park is
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Geology of the Lassen Volcanic National Park, California
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Unlike the vesicular and aphyric pyroclastic rock at
1013:"Lassen Volcanic Center - Synonyms and Subfeatures"
481:-rimmed quartz crystals, with sparse appearance of
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2015:
1664:"Deformation Monitoring at Lassen Volcanic Center"
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928:the pyroclastic flow deposits, in addition to the
442:Chaos Crags and Lassen Peak seen from the side of
2249:Harris, A. G.; Tuttle, E.; Tuttle, S. D. (2004).
228:and form part of the southernmost segment of the
2347:Klemetti, E. W.; Clynne, M. A. (December 2014).
839:ducks; five species of native fish that include
346:stratovolcanoes to producing lava domes made of
299:. Located 2 miles (3.2 km) to the north of
2030:"Lassen Park brings back Manzanita Lake cabins"
1893:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Mountain Lions"
2301:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1694:"Seismic Monitoring at Lassen Volcanic Center"
1511:
1499:
1487:
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691:, which are listed as "Threatened" under the
8:
2123:"Lassen Volcanic Center: Geological Summary"
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616:. Other plants found in the area consist of
1918:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Amphibians"
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354:(rich in magnesium and iron) magma meeting
16:Mountain in the Cascade range in California
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1088:"Lassen National Forest: About the Forest"
291:. They lie in the northwest corner of the
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2200:Clynne, M. A.; Muffler, L. J. P. (2010).
1868:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Reptiles"
1110:
1108:
1991:
1843:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Animals"
989:United States Department of the Interior
1604:Christiansen, Clynne & Muffler 2002
1592:Christiansen, Clynne & Muffler 2002
1580:Christiansen, Clynne & Muffler 2002
1568:Christiansen, Clynne & Muffler 2002
1553:Christiansen, Clynne & Muffler 2002
1049:Christiansen, Clynne & Muffler 2002
959:
473:; it also has low vesicularity values.
2578:Volcanoes of Shasta County, California
1943:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Birds"
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1408:Tepley III, Davidson & Clynne 1999
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1265:Tepley III, Davidson & Clynne 1999
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585:tree at the eastern edge of the lake.
1968:"Lassen Volcanic National Park: Fish"
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35:Chaos Crags with Chaos Jumbles below.
7:
2109:
1179:
1007:
1005:
648:, catchflies, Fremont's butterweed,
980:Geographic Names Information System
901:Board on Geographic Names Decisions
2028:Christmas, L. (January 20, 2011).
895:The Chaos Crags were known to the
14:
1420:Klemetti, E. (December 3, 2014).
1116:"Lassen Volcanic Center: Summary"
815:; 216 species of birds including
773:Western terrestrial garter snakes
2016:Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 2004
1621:Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 2004
534:Potential hazards and monitoring
29:
2593:Lava domes of the United States
2455:Soares, J.; Soares, M. (2008).
2242:United States Geological Survey
2221:United States Geological Survey
2208:United States Geological Survey
2193:United States Geological Survey
1702:United States Geological Survey
1672:United States Geological Survey
1301:United States Geological Survey
1291:"Chaos Crags and Chaos Jumbles"
1227:United States Geological Survey
1124:United States Geological Survey
985:United States Geological Survey
753:golden-mantled ground squirrels
731:species. At higher elevations,
540:United States Geological Survey
2539:University of California Press
1698:California Volcano Observatory
1668:California Volcano Observatory
1455:Heiken & Eichelberger 1980
1296:California Volcano Observatory
1222:California Volcano Observatory
1120:California Volcano Observatory
693:Endangered Species Act of 1973
427:age spectra, composition, and
1:
2573:Lassen Volcanic National Park
687:, fish, and birds, including
293:Lassen Volcanic National Park
206:Lassen Volcanic National Park
114:Lassen Volcanic National Park
2380:10.1371/journal.pone.0113157
2326:10.1016/0377-0273(80)90042-6
1092:United States Forest Service
51:8,448 ft (2,575 m)
2412:The Volcano Adventure Guide
518:, causing the formation of
2609:
2501:10.1093/petrology/40.5.787
2461:. The Mountaineers Books.
2440:. The Mountaineers Books.
2417:Cambridge University Press
2035:Redding Record Searchlight
1512:Klemetti & Clynne 2014
1500:Klemetti & Clynne 2014
1488:Klemetti & Clynne 2014
89:40.5240482°N 121.5222036°W
2363:Public Library of Science
2251:Geology of National Parks
1536:Heiken & Wohletz 1987
1381:Clynne & Muffler 2010
1253:Heiken & Wohletz 1987
934:Thousand Lakes Wilderness
745:gray-crowned rosy finches
273:Thousand Lakes Wilderness
200:is the youngest group of
28:
2128:Global Volcanism Program
2098:Soares & Soares 2008
2086:Soares & Soares 2008
1018:Global Volcanism Program
885:California tortoiseshell
721:white-headed woodpeckers
581:. There is also a small
538:In a 1974 report by the
94:40.5240482; -121.5222036
61:581 ft (177 m)
2583:Volcanoes of California
2133:Smithsonian Institution
1023:Smithsonian Institution
863:fish species including
817:MacGillivray's warblers
781:mountain pocket gophers
485:and calcic-plagioclase
2434:Soares, J. R. (1996).
2258:Harris, S. L. (2005).
679:species like mammals,
640:, pinemat manzanitas,
565:
502:
446:
362:) magma chambers with
339:
305:Lassen National Forest
2065:National Park Service
1972:National Park Service
1947:National Park Service
1922:National Park Service
1897:National Park Service
1872:National Park Service
1847:National Park Service
1066:National Park Service
916:National Park Service
725:long-toed salamanders
638:red mountain heathers
560:
500:
441:
337:
239:From the base of the
212:. They formed as six
2515:. Wilderness Press.
2483:Journal of Petrology
2283:. Wilderness Press.
2160:Brown, A. M (2011).
2004:Crandell et al. 1974
1651:Crandell et al. 1974
1636:Crandell et al. 1974
789:common garter snakes
701:American black bears
642:greenleaf manzanitas
190:Cascade Volcanic Arc
2568:Holocene lava domes
2371:2014PLoSO...9k3157K
2318:1980JVGR....7..443H
2166:. Sasquatch Books.
1457:, pp. 443–481.
1324:, pp. 113–114.
1303:. December 13, 2011
1068:. November 30, 2016
809:rough-skinned newts
733:Clark's nutcrackers
717:mountain chickadees
668:, and a variety of
383:Eagle Peak Sequence
289:Northern California
234:Northern California
85: /
2509:White, M. (2016).
2067:. January 26, 2018
1396:Clynne et al. 2002
799:; amphibians like
793:striped whipsnakes
769:Pacific tree frogs
594:western white pine
592:, mountain alder,
566:
503:
447:
340:
319:in Shasta County.
218:explosive eruption
41:Highest point
2563:Cascade Volcanoes
2342:. pp. 55–76.
2277:Heid, M. (2015).
2006:, pp. 49–50.
1674:. January 3, 2012
1229:. October 1, 2012
853:Lahontan redsides
833:northern goshawks
821:Wilson's warblers
765:sagebrush lizards
697:peregrine falcons
402:Mono–Inyo Craters
195:
194:
2600:
2542:
2526:
2505:
2503:
2472:
2451:
2430:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2343:
2341:
2329:
2294:
2273:
2254:
2245:
2238:Denver, Colorado
2224:
2211:
2196:
2189:Denver, Colorado
2177:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1287:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
971:
948:
883:species include
757:dark-eyed juncos
646:bush chinquapins
600:, Jeffrey pine,
131:
122:California, U.S.
100:
99:
97:
96:
95:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
33:
21:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2588:Young volcanoes
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2492:Oxford Journals
2475:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2407:Lopes, R. M. C.
2405:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2257:
2253:. Kendall Hunt.
2248:
2227:
2214:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2040:Gannett Company
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:. June 18, 2012
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:, pp. 5–6.
1590:
1586:
1582:, pp. 4–5.
1578:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1368:
1360:
1347:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1011:
1010:
1003:
993:
991:
973:
972:
961:
956:
945:
942:
932:valley and the
925:
893:
877:fathead minnows
662:mariposa tulips
555:
536:
516:volcanic blocks
495:
360:silicon dioxide
332:
281:
271:valley and the
267:as well as the
129:
93:
91:
87:
84:
79:
76:
74:
72:
71:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:External links
2547:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2522:978-0899977997
2521:
2506:
2473:
2467:
2452:
2446:
2431:
2426:978-0521554534
2425:
2403:
2344:
2330:
2295:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2255:
2246:
2225:
2212:
2197:
2178:
2172:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2114:
2112:, p. 231.
2102:
2090:
2078:
2052:
2020:
2018:, p. 542.
2008:
1996:
1994:, p. 347.
1984:
1959:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1779:, p. 100.
1766:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1685:
1655:
1640:
1625:
1623:, p. 547.
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1557:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1459:
1444:
1412:
1410:, p. 789.
1400:
1385:
1366:
1364:, p. 121.
1345:
1326:
1314:
1269:
1267:, p. 802.
1257:
1240:
1201:
1184:
1182:, p. 232.
1169:
1154:
1137:
1126:. May 23, 2012
1104:
1079:
1053:
1034:
1001:
958:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
941:
938:
924:
921:
908:Howel Williams
892:
889:
873:golden shiners
849:speckled daces
813:Cascades frogs
727:, and several
713:brown creepers
658:mountain pride
602:ponderosa pine
598:lodgepole pine
573:, with sparse
554:
551:
535:
532:
520:Manzanita Lake
512:compressed air
494:
491:
451:Glass Mountain
444:Manzanita Lake
331:
328:
280:
277:
261:Manzanita Lake
253:compressed air
249:rock avalanche
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
152:
151:
150:Manzanita Lake
145:
139:
138:
133:
125:
124:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
69:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2605:
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2589:
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2579:
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2574:
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2561:
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2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2468:9781594852480
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2447:9780898864663
2443:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2428:
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2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
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2364:
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2356:
2355:
2350:
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2338:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2290:9780899977829
2286:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2269:0-87842-511-X
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2173:9781570617836
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2100:, p. 92.
2099:
2094:
2091:
2088:, p. 93.
2087:
2082:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:Williams 1932
1988:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:, p. 57.
1826:
1821:
1818:
1815:, p. 62.
1814:
1809:
1806:
1803:, p. 34.
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:, p. 24.
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:, p. 63.
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:, p. 33.
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:, p. 23.
1736:
1731:
1728:
1725:, p. 22.
1724:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1653:, p. 59.
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:, p. 49.
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:, p. 58.
1537:
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 38.
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 17.
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:, p. 13.
1501:
1496:
1493:
1490:, p. 18.
1489:
1484:
1481:
1478:, p. 94.
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1398:, p. 15.
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:, p. 93.
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:, p. 57.
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:, p. 58.
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:, p. 57.
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:, p. 56.
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
975:"Chaos Crags"
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
953:
947:
944:
943:
939:
937:
935:
931:
922:
920:
917:
914:In 1974, the
912:
909:
904:
902:
898:
891:Human history
890:
888:
887:butterflies.
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Tahoe suckers
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:rainbow trout
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:song sparrows
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:common snipes
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:montane voles
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:incense cedar
603:
599:
596:, white fir,
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
579:Jeffrey pines
576:
572:
563:
562:Jeffrey pines
559:
552:
550:
548:
543:
541:
533:
531:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
499:
493:Chaos Jumbles
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
445:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
421:
417:
412:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
336:
329:
327:
325:
320:
318:
314:
313:Tehama County
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Shasta County
294:
290:
286:
285:Cascade Range
278:
276:
274:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Chaos Jumbles
242:
237:
235:
231:
230:Cascade Range
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:
173:Mountain type
170:
167:
164:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
136:Cascade Range
134:
132:
126:
123:
119:
118:Shasta County
115:
112:
108:
103:
98:
70:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2534:
2531:Williams, H.
2511:
2487:
2481:
2457:
2436:
2411:
2358:
2352:
2335:
2305:
2299:
2279:
2259:
2250:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2202:
2183:
2162:
2137:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2061:"Day Hiking"
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1606:, p. 6.
1599:
1587:
1575:
1570:, p. 5.
1555:, p. 4.
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1435:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1403:
1383:, p. 8.
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1294:
1260:
1231:. Retrieved
1220:
1128:. Retrieved
1119:
1095:. Retrieved
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1056:
1051:, p. 1.
1026:. Retrieved
1016:
992:. Retrieved
978:
946:
926:
913:
905:
894:
881:invertebrate
879:. Prominent
829:spotted owls
674:
587:
567:
544:
537:
528:Mount Tehama
524:
504:
475:
448:
434:
395:
380:
341:
321:
282:
265:
244:
238:
197:
196:
185:Volcanic arc
130:Parent range
18:
2494:: 787–806.
2365:: e113157.
2312:: 443–481.
2139:January 30,
2071:February 1,
2045:February 1,
1977:January 11,
1952:January 11,
1927:January 11,
1902:January 11,
1877:January 11,
1852:January 11,
1813:Soares 1996
1801:Soares 1996
1789:Soares 1996
1777:Soares 1996
1762:Soares 1996
1747:Soares 1996
1735:Soares 1996
1723:Soares 1996
1708:January 10,
1678:January 10,
1524:Harris 2005
1476:Harris 2005
1437:January 31,
1341:Harris 2005
1307:January 31,
1233:January 31,
1130:January 30,
1097:January 10,
1072:January 30,
994:January 30,
869:brown trout
865:brook trout
859:; and four
805:salamanders
785:rubber boas
689:bald eagles
634:corn lilies
626:mule's ears
618:coyote mint
583:chokecherry
571:sugar pines
547:deformation
455:porphyritic
376:phenocrysts
301:Lassen Peak
226:Lassen Peak
198:Chaos Crags
161:Age of rock
92: /
80:121°31′20″W
67:Coordinates
24:Chaos Crags
2557:Categories
1825:White 2016
1432:Condé Nast
1362:Lopes 2005
1322:Lopes 2005
1197:Brown 2011
1165:Brown 2011
1150:Brown 2011
1028:2009-01-05
954:References
923:Recreation
837:bufflehead
685:amphibians
677:vertebrate
652:, granite
575:white firs
508:earthquake
487:xenocrysts
459:hornblende
429:phenocryst
416:landslides
391:lava domes
387:rhyodacite
324:depression
257:sturzstrom
210:California
202:lava domes
178:Lava domes
77:40°31′27″N
57:Prominence
2110:Heid 2015
1180:Heid 2015
930:Hat Creek
903:in 1927.
845:tui chubs
741:chipmunks
737:deer mice
705:mule deer
670:chaparral
666:creambush
650:buckwheat
471:magnetite
366:(rich in
358:(high in
344:andesitic
279:Geography
269:Hat Creek
105:Geography
47:Elevation
2533:(1932).
2409:(2005).
2399:25470726
2354:PLOS One
2310:Elsevier
2244:: 49–59.
861:invasive
681:reptiles
672:shrubs.
614:live oak
479:pyroxene
420:Holocene
398:effusive
368:feldspar
222:Holocene
166:Holocene
143:Topo map
110:Location
2390:4254462
2367:Bibcode
2314:Bibcode
2308:(3–4).
2187:(Map).
2152:Sources
897:Whitney
797:cougars
709:martens
622:lupines
610:juniper
590:red fir
553:Ecology
483:olivine
463:biotite
356:silicic
330:Geology
309:Mineral
155:Geology
2519:
2465:
2444:
2423:
2397:
2387:
2361:(12).
2287:
2266:
2170:
2135:. 2013
875:, and
855:, and
835:, and
811:, and
791:, and
779:, and
763:, and
751:, and
739:, and
695:, and
612:, and
469:, and
467:quartz
425:zircon
411:tephra
372:quartz
364:felsic
348:dacite
214:dacite
2490:(5).
2340:(PDF)
2236:(1).
1427:Wired
940:Notes
801:newts
749:pikas
654:gilia
630:ferns
352:mafic
317:Viola
295:, in
255:(see
241:crags
2517:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2395:PMID
2285:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2141:2018
2073:2018
2047:2018
1979:2018
1954:2018
1929:2018
1904:2018
1879:2018
1854:2018
1710:2018
1680:2018
1439:2018
1309:2018
1235:2018
1132:2018
1099:2018
1074:2018
996:2018
577:and
406:tuff
381:The
370:and
315:and
247:, a
148:USGS
2496:doi
2385:PMC
2375:doi
2322:doi
729:bat
311:in
287:in
232:in
204:in
2559::
2537:.
2488:40
2486:.
2480:.
2419:.
2415:.
2393:.
2383:.
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2206:.
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1970:.
1945:.
1920:.
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962:^
871:,
867:,
851:,
847:,
843:,
831:,
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823:,
819:,
807:,
803:,
795:;
787:,
775:,
771:,
759:,
747:,
735:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
711:,
707:,
703:,
683:,
664:,
660:,
656:,
644:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
624:,
620:,
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530:.
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